Landscape painting - Knowledge (XXG)

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the foreground. A type of image that had an enduring appeal for Japanese artists, and came to be called the "Japanese style", is in fact first found in China. This combines one or more large birds, animals or trees in the foreground, typically to one side in a horizontal composition, with a wider landscape beyond, often only covering portions of the background. Later versions of this style often dispensed with a landscape background altogether.

533: 2863: 2452: 2020: 2002: 2586: 89: 46: 3011: 610: 226: 5205: 2508:(1444) is often cited as the first Western rural landscape to show a specific scene. The landscape studies by Dürer clearly represent actual scenes, which can be identified in many cases, and were at least partly made on the spot; the drawings by Fra Bartolomeo also seem clearly sketched from nature. Dürer's finished works seem generally to use invented landscapes, although the spectacular bird's-eye view in his 2268: 5195: 2889: 697: 1892: 1987: 2288:

vertical format picture spaces with the landscape, though clouds are also typically shown in the sky, shown in a curling convention drawn from Chinese art. Usually, everything seen is fairly close to the viewer, and there are few distant views. Normally all landscape images show narrative scenes with figures, but there are a few drawn pure landscape scenes in albums.

141:. In other works, landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. Sky is almost always included in the view, and weather is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions, and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. 2914: 5215: 4572: 1681: 457: 2805: 667:

landscape and focusing on the humble, rural and even topographical, the Small Landscapes set the stage for Netherlandish landscape painting in the 17th century. After the publication of the Small Landscapes, landscape artists in the Low Countries either continued with the world landscape or followed the new mode presented by the Small Landscapes.

1808:. A different style, produced by workshops of professional court artists, painted official views of Imperial tours and ceremonies, with the primary emphasis on highly detailed scenes of crowded cities and grand ceremonials from a high viewpoint. These were painted on scrolls of enormous length in bright colour (example below). 2424: 1602: 922:

spiritual activity" In Clark's analysis, underlying European ways to convert the complexity of landscape to an idea were four fundamental approaches: the acceptance of descriptive symbols, a curiosity about the facts of nature, the creation of fantasy to allay deep-rooted fears of nature, and the belief in a

643:, and remained associated above all with hilly wooded Italian landscape, which was depicted by artists from Northern Europe who had never visited Italy, just as plain-dwelling literati in China and Japan painted vertiginous mountains. Though often young artists were encouraged to visit Italy to experience 2329: 1390: 168:. Such views, extremely common as prints in the West, are often seen as inferior to fine art landscapes, although the distinction is not always meaningful; similar prejudices existed in Chinese art, where literati painting usually depicted imaginary views, while professional artists painted real views. 2149:

Many more pure landscape subjects survive from the 15th century onwards; several key artists are Zen Buddhist clergy, and worked in a monochrome style with greater emphasis on brush strokes in the Chinese manner. Some schools adopted a less refined style, with smaller views giving greater emphasis to

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on paper became a distinct specialism, above all in England, where a particular tradition of talented artists who only, or almost entirely, painted landscape watercolours developed, as it did not in other countries. These were very often real views, though sometimes the compositions were adjusted for

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of the 17th century saw the dramatic growth of landscape painting, in which many artists specialized, and the development of extremely subtle realist techniques for depicting light and weather. There are different styles and periods, and sub-genres of marine and animal painting, as well as a distinct

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However, in the West, history painting came to require an extensive landscape background where appropriate, so the theory did not entirely work against the development of landscape painting – for several centuries landscapes were regularly promoted to the status of history painting by the addition of

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from tombs, which are presumed to follow the prevailing styles in painting, no doubt without capturing the full effect of the original paintings. The exact status of the later copies of reputed works by famous painters (many of whom are recorded in literature) before the 10th century is unclear. One

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had been a factor in the popularity of Dutch 17th-century landscape painting and in the 19th century, as other nations attempted to develop distinctive national schools of painting, the attempt to express the special nature of the landscape of the homeland became a general tendency. In Russia, as in

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Both the Roman and Chinese traditions typically show grand panoramas of imaginary landscapes, generally backed with a range of spectacular mountains – in China often with waterfalls and in Rome often including sea, lakes or rivers. These were frequently used, as in the example illustrated, to bridge

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Japan, where artists were generally professionals with a strong bond to their master and his school, rather than the classic artists from the distant past, from which Chinese painters tended to draw their inspiration. Painting was initially fully coloured, often brightly so, and the landscape never

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c. 1500. Painting and poem by Shen Zhou: "White clouds encircle the mountain waist like a sash,/Stone steps mount high into the void where the narrow path leads far./Alone, leaning on my rustic staff I gaze idly into the distance./My longing for the notes of a flute is answered in the murmurings of

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A curtain of mountains at the back of the landscape is standard in wide Roman views and even more so in Chinese landscapes. Relatively little space is given to the sky in early works in either tradition; the Chinese often used mist or clouds between mountains, and also sometimes show clouds in the

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brothers, was especially successful in reproducing effects of light and in a natural-seeming progression from the foreground to the distant view. This was something other artists were to find difficult for a century or more, often solving the problem by showing a landscape background from over the

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period, largely under Chinese influence. Rocky mountainous country is preferred, which is shown full of animals and plants which are carefully and individually depicted, as are rock formations. The particular convention of the elevated viewpoint that developed in the tradition fills most of the

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signaled a shift away from the imaginary, distant landscapes with religious content of the world landscape towards close-up renderings at eye-level of identifiable country estates and villages populated with figures engaged in daily activities. By abandoning the panoramic viewpoint of the world

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in Madrid since 1857. After studying with the great Flemish landscape masters, he developed his technique to paint outdoors. Back in Spain, Haes took his students with him to paint in the countryside; under his teaching the "painters proliferated and took advantage of the new railway system to

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and his followers began to acknowledge nature in their work, increasingly introducing elements of the landscape as the background setting for the action of the figures in their paintings. Early in the 15th century, landscape painting was established as a genre in Europe, as a setting for human

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confirmed, landscape painting was the "chief artistic creation of the nineteenth century", and "the dominant art", with the result that in the following period people were "apt to assume that the appreciation of natural beauty and the painting of landscape is a normal and enduring part of our

2221: 1158:, the school's generally acknowledged founder, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of European landscape paintings – a kind of secular faith in the spiritual benefits to be gained from the contemplation of natural beauty. Some of the later Hudson River School artists, such as 389:("mountain-water"), or "pure" landscape, in which the only sign of human life is usually a sage, or a glimpse of his hut, uses sophisticated landscape backgrounds to figure subjects, and landscape art of this period retains a classic and much-imitated status within the Chinese tradition. 1947: 2985: 2774: 2367: 760:, both French artists living in 17th century Rome and painting largely classical subject-matter, or Biblical scenes set in the same landscapes. Unlike their Dutch contemporaries, Italian and French landscape artists still most often wanted to keep their classification within the 2198: 1815:– naturally formed boulders, typically limestone from the banks of mountain rivers that has been eroded into fantastic shapes, were transported to the courtyards and gardens of the literati. Probably associated with these is the tradition of carving much smaller boulders of 400:, in East Asia the classic Chinese mountain-water ink painting was traditionally the most prestigious form of visual art. Aesthetic theories in both regions gave the highest status to the works seen to require the most imagination from the artist. In the West this was 929:

The 18th century was also a great age for the topographical print, depicting more or less accurately a real view in a way that landscape painting rarely did. Initially these were mostly centred on a building, but over the course of the century, with the growth of the

1671:. Zhang's original painting is revered by scholars as "one of Chinese civilization’s greatest masterpieces." The scroll begins at the right end, and culminates above as the Emperor boards his yacht to join the festive boats on the river. Note the exceptionally large 849:

In England, landscapes had initially been mostly backgrounds to portraits, typically suggesting the parks or estates of a landowner, though mostly painted in London by an artist who had never visited his sitter's rolling acres. The English tradition was founded by

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initially adapted Chinese styles to reflect their interest in narrative themes in art, with scenes set in landscapes mixing with those showing palace or city scenes using the same high view point, cutting away roofs as necessary. These appeared in the very long

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The earliest forms of art around the world depict little that could really be called landscape, although ground-lines and sometimes indications of mountains, trees or other natural features are included. The earliest "pure landscapes" with no human figures are

2352: 182:, around the start of the 17th century, purely as a term for works of art, with its first use as a word for a painting in 1598. Within a few decades it was used to describe vistas in poetry, and eventually as a term for real views. However the cognate term 1793:, often a poet as well, over those produced by professionals, though the situation was more complex than that. If they include any figures, they are very often such persons, or sages, contemplating the mountains. Famous works have accumulated numbers of red 2708:

depict a surface or ground from above, especially as seen from an airplane or spacecraft. (When the viewpoint is directly overhead, looking down, there is of course no depiction of a horizon or sky.) This genre can be combined with others, as in the aerial

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and others. By the beginning of the 19th century the English artists with the highest modern reputations were mostly dedicated landscape painters, showing the wide range of Romantic interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of

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Landscape views in art may be entirely imaginary, or copied from reality with varying degrees of accuracy. If the primary purpose of a picture is to depict an actual, specific place, especially including buildings prominently, it is called a

1774:. This shows the entourage riding through vertiginous mountains of the type typical of later paintings, but is in full colour "producing an overall pattern that is almost Persian", in what was evidently a popular and fashionable court style. 826:

or village scene. Though not named at the time as a specific genre, the popularity of Roman ruins inspired many Dutch landscape painters of the period to paint the ruins of their own region, such as monasteries and churches ruined after the

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pure landscapes became more common. The topographical print, often intended to be framed and hung on a wall, remained a very popular medium into the 20th century, but was often classed as a lower form of art than an imagined landscape.

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the gap between a foreground scene with figures and a distant panoramic vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists. The Chinese style generally showed only a distant view, or used dead ground or mist to avoid that difficulty.

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notes that "It has been said that the role of landscape art in Chinese painting corresponds to that of the nude in the west, as a theme unvarying in itself, but made the vehicle of infinite nuances of vision and feeling".

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Landscape backgrounds for various types of painting became increasingly prominent and skillful during the 15th century. The period around the end of the 15th century saw pure landscape drawings and watercolours from

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views are clearly intended to represent actual cities, with varying degrees of accuracy. Various techniques were used to simulate the randomness of natural forms in invented compositions: the medieval advice of

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copied cloud forms from a crumpled handkerchief held up against the light. The system of Alexander Cozens used random ink blots to give the basic shape of an invented landscape, to be elaborated by the artist.

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Dreikausen, Margret, "Aerial Perception: The Earth as Seen from Aircraft and Spacecraft and Its Influence on Contemporary Art" (Associated University Presses: Cranbury, NJ; London; Mississauga, Ontario: 1985)

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painting, mostly of landscapes, became an English specialty, with both a buoyant market for professional works, and a large number of amateur painters, many following the popular systems found in the books of

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The Romantic movement intensified the existing interest in landscape art, and remote and wild landscapes, which had been one recurring element in earlier landscape art, now became more prominent. The German

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is considered the most versatile of all Dutch Golden Age landscape painters. The popularity of landscapes in the Netherlands was in part a reflection of the virtual disappearance of religious painting in a

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monk; like their Western counterparts, monasteries and temples commissioned many such works, and these have had a better chance of survival than courtly equivalents. Even rarer are survivals of landscape

3516: 3475: 2519:, with additional elements. Several landscapists are known to have made drawings and watercolour sketches from nature, but the evidence for early oil painting being done outside is limited. The 4006: 961:

artistic effect. The paintings sold relatively cheaply, but were far quicker to produce. These professionals could augment their income by training the "armies of amateurs" who also painted.

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For a coherent depiction of a whole landscape, some rough system of perspective, or scaling for distance, is needed, and this seems from literary evidence to have first been developed in

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in 1399, has a gold sky populated not only by God and angels, but also a flying bird. A coastal scene in the Turin-Milan Hours has a sky overcast with carefully observed clouds. In

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Four from a set of sixteen sliding room partitions made for a 16th-century Japanese abbot. Typically for later Japanese landscapes, the main focus is on a feature in the foreground.

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has an episode where members of the court produce the best paintings from their collections for a competition. These were closer to Chinese shan shui, but still fully coloured.

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from Ancient Egypt, can give a strong sense of place, but the emphasis is on individual plant forms and human and animal figures rather than the overall landscape setting. The

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that were cheap and widely available, initially concentrated on the human figure, individually and in groups. But from the late 18th century landscape ukiyo-e developed under

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The "scaef" coming from the Old English "sceppan" meaning "to shape". OED "Landscape", Ingold, 126; Jackson, 156; Growth & Wilson, 2–3. See the "Etymology" section at

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Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L & Soper A, "The Art and Architecture of China", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675

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A major contrast between landscape painting in the West and East Asia has been that while in the West until the 19th century it occupied a low position in the accepted

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Paine, Robert Treat, in: Paine, R. T. & Soper A, "The Art and Architecture of Japan", Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1981, Penguin (now Yale History of Art),

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Although certainly less dominant in the period after World War I, many significant artists still painted landscapes in the wide variety of styles exemplified by

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a large blank space can cause the paper to sag during printing, so Dürer and other artists often include clouds or squiggles representing birds to avoid this.

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artists working in England, but in the 18th century the works of Claude Lorrain were keenly collected and influenced not only paintings of landscapes, but the

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made special efforts in this direction, but it was not until the introduction of ready-mixed oil paints in tubes in the 1870s, followed by the portable "box

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remain among the most highly regarded in what has been an uninterrupted tradition to the present day. Chinese convention valued the paintings of the amateur

1663: 3498: 1236: 598:" a style of panoramic landscape with small figures and using a high aerial viewpoint, that remained influential for a century, being used and perfected by 283:

landscapes survive, from the 1st century BCE onwards, especially frescos of landscapes decorating rooms that have been preserved at archaeological sites of

3805:: Malarski żywot Józefa Chełmońskiego (Józef Chełmoński Painter's Life),Warsaw 1965, ed. "PIW" (ed.National Publishing Institute, 2nd edition – 1972); (In 3513: 1811:

Chinese sculpture also achieves the difficult feat of creating effective landscapes in three dimensions. There is a long tradition of the appreciation of "

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landscapes without ever bothering to make the trip. Indeed, certain styles were so popular that they became formulas that could be copied again and again.

4003: 1162:, created less comforting works that placed a greater emphasis (with a great deal of Romantic exaggeration) on the raw, even terrifying power of nature. 4034: 3456:

A major theme throughout both Sickman and Paine. See for example Sickmann pp. 132–133, 182–186, 203–204, 319, 352–356, and Paine pp. 160–168, 235–243.

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The monochrome Chinese tradition has used ink on silk or paper since its inception, with a great emphasis on the individual brushstroke to define the

2996: 2610:, New York City, is one of the two surviving landscapes of Toledo painted by him. The aggressive paint handling in the sky prefigures 20th century 910:. However all these had difficulty establishing themselves in the contemporary art market, which still preferred history paintings and portraits. 54: 2126:

illustrated below is from a scroll that in full measures 37.8 cm × 802.0 cm, for only one of twelve scrolls illustrating the life of a

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and John Fleming, A World History of Art,1st edn. 1982 & later editions, Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback.

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a famous screen composition, found in many 16th or 17th century versions, showing the colourful abstracted style of the professional painters.

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to become the foremost American landscape painter of the century. The best examples of Canadian landscape art can be found in the works of the

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The Dutch tended to make smaller paintings for smaller houses. Some Dutch landscape specialties named in period inventories include the

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and other subjects, mostly from the 12th and 13th centuries. The concept of the gentleman-amateur painter had little resonance in

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The shan shui tradition was never intended to represent actual locations, even when named after them, as in the convention of the

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Landscape painting has been called "China's greatest contribution to the art of the world", and owes its special character to the

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are probably a unique survival of what was a common subject. Several frescos of gardens have survived from Roman houses like the

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or "wrinkles" in mountain-sides, and the other features of the landscape. Western watercolour is a more tonal medium, even with

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sky far earlier than Western artists, who initially mainly use clouds as supports or covers for divine figures or heaven. Both

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combined this and the Persian style, and in miniatures of royal hunts often depicted wide landscapes. Scenes set during the

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There are increasingly sophisticated landscape backgrounds to figure subjects showing hunting, farming or animals from the

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for the first time making landscape painting the main source of general stylistic innovation across all types of painting.

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and miniatures in manuscripts usually had a patterned or gold "sky" or background above the horizon until about 1400, but

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are paved over areas like streets and sidewalks, large business complexes and housing developments, and industrial areas.

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rains, with dark clouds and flashes of lightning, are popular. Later, influence from European prints is evident.

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established a French landscape tradition that would become the most influential in Europe for a century, with the

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The Economics of Taste, Vol I: The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760–1960, Barrie and Rockliffe, London, 1961

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Traditionally, landscape art depicts the surface of the Earth, but there are other sorts of landscapes, such as

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to give landscapes a much greater and more prestigious place in 19th-century art than they had assumed before.

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gave picturesque excitement to his landscapes by showing wilder Southern Italian country, often populated by

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society, and the decline of religious painting in the 18th and 19th centuries all over Europe combined with

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or some other semi-precious stone into the shape of a mountain, including tiny figures of monks or sages.

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takes the garden even closer to being a work of sculpture, representing a highly abstracted landscape.

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was now known all over Europe, which allowed large and complex views to be painted very effectively.

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which, when depicting a battle from afar, are set within a landscape, seascape or even a cityscape.

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bathing in a pool, a favourite scene, here from 1548. The black stream is silver that has oxidized.

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Hindu painting had long set scenes amid lush vegetation, as many of the stories depicted demanded.

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tapestries. The frescos of figures at work or play in front of a background of dense trees in the

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Pittoresque et mélancolie : Une analyse du sentiment de la nature dans la culture européenne

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landscapes, and still others for constructing fantasy scenes for a particular commission such as

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Slive, Seymour; Hoetink, Hendrik Richard, "Jacob van Ruisdael" (Abbeville Press: New York: 1981

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The decisive shift to a monochrome landscape style, almost devoid of figures, is attributed to

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in increasingly large landscape settings. A particular advance is shown in the less well-known

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style of Italianate landscape. Most Dutch landscapes were relatively small, but landscapes in

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From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

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also developed a highly sophisticated aesthetic much earlier than those in the West; the

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civil servant, who valued expressiveness over delicacy, with collector's seals and poems.

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Though there are some landscape elements in earlier art, the landscape tradition of the

1937:(谿山行旅), ink and slight color on silk, dimensions of 6¾ ft x 2½ ft. 11th century, China. 1166:, a student of Cole, synthesized the ideas of his contemporaries with those of European 545:, 1565: Peace and agriculture in a pre-Romantic ideal landscape, without sublime terrors 88: 45: 5018: 5003: 4798: 4778: 4735: 4486: 3104: 3010: 2991: 2939: 2895: 2877: 2710: 2594: 2536: 2397: 2208: 2139: 2135: 1820: 1272: 1242: 1139: 1124: 1097: 1085: 1051: 899: 855: 757: 679: 609: 559: 508: 450: 374: 272: 265: 195: 176: 101: 791:, still usually peopled, were often very large, above all in the series of works that 225: 5243: 5155: 5070: 4930: 4925: 4412: 4382:

Peasant Scenes and Landscapes: The Rise of Pictorial Genres in the Antwerp Art Market

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were evolved which remain influential in modern photography and painting, notably by

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The popularity of exotic landscape scenes can be seen in the success of the painter

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were very important in the early development of landscape, especially series of the

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Hunting scenes, especially those set in the enclosed vista of the reed beds of the

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style that developed from the 16th century onwards, first in painting and then in

696: 17: 4467:, Albrecht Altdorfer and the Origins of Landscape, 1993, Reaktion Books, London, 4397: 3575: 5180: 5113: 4889: 4836: 4661: 4400:, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada 4317: 4013:, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada 3637: 3438:, but there are several others with only animal figures, surviving in fragments. 3399: 3220: 2547:

and other Italian artists had long shown plain blue skies. The single surviving

2505: 2493: 1805: 1762: 1529: 1325: 1252: 1171: 1155: 1093: 1038: 957: 914: 889: 873: 843: 742: 591: 563: 288: 276: 229: 191: 157: 149: 1801:(1711–1799) was a prolific adder of his own poems, following earlier Emperors. 1667:, an 18th-century copy of 12th century Song dynasty original by Chinese artist 1101:

America, the gigantic size of paintings was itself a nationalist statement. In

795:

painted for his own houses. Landscape prints were also popular, with those of

519:

for the rest of the century. The artist known as "Hand G", probably one of the

429:

interest in landscape disappears almost entirely, kept alive only in copies of

156:

and other philosophical traditions, but in the West only becomes explicit with

5053: 4770: 4330: 3835: 3117: 3089: 2740: 2680: 2548: 2497: 2460: 1770:

example is a famous 8th-century painting from the Imperial collection, titled

1620: 1210: 1167: 923: 749: 730: 442: 412:

small figures to make a narrative scene, typically religious or mythological.

253: 246: 80: 5123: 5075: 5022: 5008: 4788: 3945: 3928:

Spain beyond Spain : modernity, literary history, and national identity

3899: 3867: 3780:: Maksymilian Gierymski i jego czasy (Maksymilian Gierymski and His Times), 3418: 2726: 2718: 2699: 2686: 2668: 2651: 2509: 2476:

to copy ragged crags from small rough rocks was apparently followed by both

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activity, often expressed in a religious subject, such as the themes of the

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American sublime : landscape painting in the United States, 1820–1880

5043: 4846: 4651: 4636: 3270: 3260: 2796: 2674: 2589: 2556: 2467:

Most early landscapes are clearly imaginary, although from very early on

2415: 2400: 2284: 2254: 2231: 2132: 2127: 2105: 2007: 1898: 1320: 632: 575: 520: 31: 3034:, one of the earliest Western pure landscapes. He was the leader of the 1680: 456: 4717: 3175: 2854: 2560: 2477: 2436: 2296: 2162: 2154: 2046: 1958: 1684: 1616: 753: 655: 625: 284: 134: 118: 1123:

In Spain, the main promoter of the genre was the Belgium-born painter

515:, now largely destroyed by fire, whose developments were reflected in 3781: 3324:"Landscapes, Classical to Modern Curriculum (Education at the Getty)" 3046: 2750: 2544: 2540: 2377: 2373: 2316: 2312: 2115: 2065: 1910: 1859: 1766: 1750: 1585: 1102: 944: 640: 635:

ideal drawn from classical poetry which was first fully expressed by

314: 292: 257: 242: 153: 4509:

Büttner, Nils. "Landscape Painting. A History", New/York/London 2006

3514:

The landscape in Western Painting, Minneapolis Institute of the Arts

3614:

2011-09-28 at Wikiwix by Joseph Phelan, retrieved December 17, 2009

2665:

are depictions of clouds, weatherforms, and atmospheric conditions.

574:

in the early 16th century. However, the outsides of the wings of a

524:

top of a parapet or window-sill, as if from a considerable height.

3041: 3009: 2634: 2617: 2584: 2524: 2485: 2450: 2266: 2211:, which dominated Japanese brush painting until the 19th century, 2085: 1729: 1698: 1679: 1134: 1072: 1023: 937: 868: 713: 695: 674: 608: 531: 455: 344: 297: 224: 205: 111: 87: 65: 44: 2188:

monk, an early figure in the revival of Chinese styles in Japan.

647:, many Northern European artists could make their living selling 3120:

influenced by Chinese literati painting – 17th to 19th centuries

2516: 2432: 1816: 4593: 4301:

Everyday America: Cultural Landscape Studies After J.B. Jackson

620:

c. 1528, one of the earliest Western pure landscapes, from the

3430:

Honour & Fleming, 53. The only very complete example, the

3386: 2169:

to become much the best known type of Japanese landscape art.

4518:

Landscapes clear and radiant: the art of Wang Hui (1632–1717)

658:

in 1559 and 1561 of two series of a total of 48 prints (the

171:

The word "landscape" entered the modern English language as

4441:

The Great Japan Exhibition: Art of the Edo Period 1600–1868

1722:), 13th century, Southern Song (Chinese), Collected in the 662:) after drawings by an anonymous artist referred to as the 1132:

explore the furthest corners of the nation's topography."

1765:

onwards, with surviving examples mostly in stone or clay

4340:, Eds. Tim Oakes, Patricia Lynn Price, 2008, Routledge, 562:

and others, but pure landscape subjects in painting and

4489:

American paradise: the world of the Hudson River school

4403:

Wilton, Andrew; T J Barringer; Tate Britain (Gallery);

3566:, p. 302, 323; 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009. 3072:, 8th–16th centuries, also known as the literati school 2857:

a Modernist movement in Paris active from 1900 to 1907.

2463:

who was unusual in often painting landscapes from life.

2275:, with a river, Tabriz (?), 1st quarter of 14th century 2119:

overwhelms the figures who are often rather oversized.

1741:

1597. Dong Qichang was a high-ranking but cantankerous

1109:

painting, in the second part of the 19th century, were

279:

period, although no large-scale examples survive. More

2927:, oil on canvas, 60 x 73 cm, Musée Picasso, Paris 582:, dated to "about 1510–15", are the earliest from the 3550:

Honour & Fleming, 357, see Wood for full coverage

2925:

Paysage aux deux figures (Landscape with Two Figures)

1127:, one of the most active landscape professors at the 768:

by including small figures to represent a scene from

3368:

Topographical prints and drawings: glossary of terms

2997:

Le Chemin, Paysage à Meudon, Paysage avec personnage

5094: 4996: 4918: 4880: 4812: 4769: 4716: 4627: 4256:

Landscape painting, The art of Colorado's landscape

3982:. Washington: National Gallery of Art. p. 32. 2403:'s Lion Hunt, c. 1615, in a Persian-style landscape 2142:, which seem to have common in court circles – the 707:, c. 1630–1635, an example of the "tonal" style in 4494:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1987. 4485: 2376:bows at the glimpse of Krishna's golden palace in 602:. The Italian development of a thorough system of 4025:"'River of Wisdom' is Hong Kong's hottest ticket" 377:, Japan, 1593. 156.8 × 356 cm (61.73 × 140.16 in) 4452:The Great Age of British Watercolours, 1750–1880 3882:Spanish literature. Current debates on Hispanism 2418:hunting with a falcon, in Western-style country. 1689:Clearing Autumn Skies over Mountains and Valleys 926:of harmony and order, which might be retrieved. 4537:The Landscape in Twentieth-Century American Art 2689:or townscapes depict cities (urban landscapes). 2096:List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings) 748:Compositional formulae using elements like the 631:Landscapes were idealized, mostly reflecting a 366: 3736:, volume three, "Of the novelty of landscape". 3110:Hasegawa school mid-16th to early 18th century 1797:, and often poems added by later owners – the 358: 4605: 2319:fends off a lion. Probably an early work by 1955:Pure and Remote View of Streams and Mountains 1532:stylized interpretation of nature typical of 8: 4522:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2646:, 1955, USSR (Lithuania), Socialist realism. 1664:Along the River During the Qingming Festival 586:, and possibly in Europe. At the same time 1961:'s most important works, 13th century China 1050:had a distinctive style, influenced by his 190:for a cleared patch of land had existed in 175:(variously spelt), an anglicization of the 4612: 4598: 4590: 4333:, "Being Alive", 2011, Routledge, Abingdon 3852:. Bettagno, Alessandro. : Fonds Mercator. 3586:See the landscape work of Barent Gael and 1695:c. 1070, detail from a horizontal scroll. 1464:often, though by no means always, painted 4384:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012 4336:Jackson, John B., "The Word Itself", in 4303:, 2003, University of California Press, 4285:, 1949, page refs to Penguin edn of 1961 4131:Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers 3101:Tosa school 14th or 15th century to 19th 2874:Le séchage des voiles (The Drying Sails) 236:, a very early Chinese landscape, c. 600 3834:– Materiały do życiorysu i twórczości, 3315: 2770: 2492:The distinctive background view across 2301: 2171: 1927: 1874: 1837: 1772:The Emperor Ming Huang traveling in Shu 1753:(Daoist) tradition in Chinese culture. 1232: 329: 55:Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx 4584:History of European landscape painting 4144:Cambridge Illustrated History of China 3951: 3905: 3436:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 3348:Topographical collections: an overview 1935:Travellers among Mountains and Streams 1298:1859. Church was part of the American 882:Lake of Vico Between Rome and Florence 566:, still small, were first produced by 4405:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 3763:See Wilton & Lyles, for all these 2904:, oil on canvas, 72.5 × 100 cm, 992:, all in the late 18th century, and 7: 5214: 4129:Wang Hong (act. ca. 1131-ca. 1161), 3754:Wilton & Lyles, 11–28, 28 quoted 3086:Six Masters of the early Qing period 1880:Luxuriant Forest among Distant Peaks 1675:placed at the far edge of the inlet. 1129:Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando 685:Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia 335:Luxuriant Forest among Distant Peaks 268:(c. 1350 BC), are a famous example. 58:, 1515–1524. Patinir pioneered the " 4299:Growth, Paul Erling Wilson, Chris, 2901:Coucher de soleil no. 1 (Landscape) 2876:, oil on canvas, 82 × 101 cm, 2692:Battle scenes are a subdivision of 2108:scrolls of scenes illustrating the 4586:, from the National Gallery of Art 4514:Fong, Wen C.; et al. (2008). 4407:.; Minneapolis Institute of Arts. 3421:for further detail and references. 2051:Autumn Flowers and White Pheasants 1528:'s 1890's 'Scottish Highlands'; a 1037:, 1818. A classic image of German 505:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 25: 4238:"The art of Colorado's landscape" 4023:Seno, Alexandra A. (2010-11-02). 2459:of the Chinese literati style by 1458:Branch of the Seine near Giverny, 194:, though it is not recorded from 5213: 5204: 5203: 5193: 4761:Traditional ecological knowledge 4707: 4570: 4450:Andrew Wilton & Anne Lyles, 4092:Sickman, 182–183. p. 182 quoted. 4037:from the original on 2017-07-09. 3609:Poussin and The Heroic Landscape 3408:is the earliest cited by the OED 3081:Four Masters of the Ming Dynasty 3076:Four Masters of the Yuan Dynasty 3026:Danube landscape near Regensburg 2984: 2957: 2932: 2913: 2888: 2880:, Moscow. Exhibited at the 1905 2862: 2833: 2804: 2773: 2502:The Miraculous Draught of Fishes 2423: 2408: 2389: 2366: 2351: 2328: 2304: 2243: 2220: 2213:Zhou Maoshu Appreciating Lotuses 2197: 2174: 2058: 2039: 2019: 2000: 1985: 1966: 1946: 1891: 1840: 1650: 1601: 1557: 1541: 1518: 1499: 1473: 1446: 1418: 1389: 1360: 1332: 1307: 1281: 1259: 1235: 618:Danube landscape near Regensburg 144:Two main traditions spring from 5059:Science, technology and society 4244:from the original on 2015-09-23 4120:Princeton University Art Museum 3634:Willem van de Velde the Younger 2828:group active from 1911 to 1914. 1687:(Chinese: 郭熙; pinyin: Guō Xī), 803:usually considered the finest. 2207:, 15th century founder of the 1915: 1864: 1719: 1707: 799:and the experimental works of 664:Master of the Small Landscapes 507:, which conventionally showed 337:, detail, 10th century China, 319: 116:Landscape with scene from the 97: 27:Depiction of landscapes in art 1: 4900:Religion and environmentalism 4365:, Somogy éditions d'art, 2007 4338:The Cultural Geography Reader 3786:National Publishing Institute 3447:Honour & Fleming, 150–151 3191:Heidelberg School (Australia) 3166:Düsseldorf school of painting 3028: 3018: 2671:show the landscape of a moon. 2252:Biography of the Priest Ippen 2124:Biography of the Priest Ippen 1267:Joseph Mallord William Turner 1034:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 998:Joseph Mallord William Turner 485:Rest on the Flight into Egypt 71:Themistokles von Eckenbrecher 4963:Environmental interpretation 4101:Sickman, 184–186, and p. 203 3304:Category:Landscape paintings 2739:are landscape-like (usually 2628:Moonlit Night on the Dnieper 2515:shows an actual view in the 1953:Detail from the hand scroll 1716:Peasants Returning from Work 1380:, London, England, c. 1870. 1105:the main representatives of 517:Early Netherlandish painting 447:Palace of the Popes, Avignon 4936:Environmental communication 3704:were popular for a century. 3523:retrieved February 20, 2010 3114:Nanga ("Southern painting") 2271:A rare pure landscape in a 2070:Pine Pavilion Near a Spring 1340:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 1056:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 367: 5266: 4751:Environmental anthropology 4541:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4447:/Weidenfeld & Nicolson 4427:Style in the Arts of China 3848:Prado., Museo del (1996). 3251:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 2906:Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller 2608:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2602:1596–1600, oil on canvas, 2521:Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 2190:Reading in a Bamboo Grove, 2093: 2072:, 1675, collection of the 1884:Liaoning Provincial Museum 1641: 1408:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1182:, prominent in the 1920s. 1150:In the United States, the 1058:and other painters in the 876:in the English tradition, 814:, or moonlight scene; the 493:Saint Jerome in the Desert 339:Liaoning Provincial Museum 30:For related subjects, see 29: 5189: 4705: 2791:, Washington, D.C. Proto- 2677:depict oceans or beaches. 2531:became widely practiced. 2159:coloured woodblock prints 1995:, late 17th century China 1906: 1855: 1625:National Museum in Warsaw 964:Leading artists included 860:English landscape gardens 822:, or farm scene, and the 818:, or woodland scene; the 784:Dutch Golden Age painting 709:Dutch Golden Age painting 688:, 1682. The landscape as 600:Pieter Brueghel the Elder 570:and others of the German 537:Pieter Brueghel the Elder 310: 234:Strolling About in Spring 122:, Rome, c. 60–40 BCE 5166:Sustainable architecture 5104:Arts and Crafts movement 4968:Environmental journalism 4862:Environmental philosophy 4621:Environmental humanities 3973:Kelly, Franklin (1989). 3850:The Prado Museum : 3722:Reitlinger, 74–75, 85–87 3216:Luminism (Impressionism) 3146:American Barbizon school 2979:group active after 1905. 2753:is the Italian term for 2683:depict rivers or creeks. 2439:to Return Their Clothing 2359:Khusraw discovers Shirin 2340:Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp 2315:sleeps, while his horse 1436:The Museum of Modern Art 789:Flemish Baroque painting 478:During the 14th century 4988:Thematic interpretation 4941:Environmental education 4741:Ecological anthropology 4647:Environmental sculpture 4083:Sickman, 82–84, and 186 4030:The Wall Street Journal 3181:Group of Seven (Canada) 3156:Amsterdam Impressionism 3116:, professionals in the 3006:Landscape art movements 2767:Landscape and modernism 1590:National Museum, Kraków 1548:"Giving Directions" by 1349:National Gallery of Art 1084:, Polish 19th century 1020:19th and 20th centuries 1010:Anthony Copley Fielding 810:, or battle-scene; the 671:17th and 18th centuries 497:illuminated manuscripts 5139:Landscape architecture 5086:Sustainability studies 4895:Environmental theology 4539:, Selections from the 3958:: CS1 maint: others ( 3912:: CS1 maint: others ( 3642:Pauwels van Hillegaert 3560:Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn 3288:Landscape architecture 3151:American Impressionism 3107:15th to 19th centuries 3055: 3039: 2908:, Otterlo, Netherlands 2846:Landscape at Collioure 2647: 2632: 2615: 2464: 2276: 2091: 2076:, 17th century, China. 2053:, 17th century, China. 1939:National Palace Museum 1746: 1727: 1696: 1294:The Heart of the Andes 1176:Alexander von Humboldt 1147: 1089: 1048:Caspar David Friedrich 1042: 1029:Caspar David Friedrich 953: 885: 726: 711: 693: 628: 546: 475: 378: 359: 342: 237: 222: 123: 109: 106:National Palace Museum 94:Dongtian Mountain Hall 85: 63: 36:landscape architecture 4958:Environmental history 4857:Environmental justice 4579:at Wikimedia Commons 4445:Royal Academy of Arts 3976:Frederic Edwin Church 3788:, 2nd edition – 1976) 3140:19th and 20th century 3045: 3013: 2965:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 2785:Seacoast in Moonlight 2761:Landscape photography 2638: 2621: 2604:47.75 × 42.75 cm 2588: 2454: 2338:, Folio 22v from the 2283:really begins in the 2270: 2089: 1933:, c. 960 – c. 1030), 1733: 1702: 1683: 1661:Court style panorama 1485:Rain in an Oak Forest 1373:Lordship Lane Station 1289:Frederic Edwin Church 1195:Charles E. Burchfield 1164:Frederic Edwin Church 1138: 1111:Maksymilian Gierymski 1078:Maksymilian Gierymski 1076: 1027: 978:Michael Angelo Rooker 941: 888:In the 18th century, 872: 717: 699: 678: 612: 604:graphical perspective 535: 503:such as those in the 501:Labours of the Months 459: 348: 301: 228: 209: 115: 100:). 10th century, the 91: 73:(German, 1842–1921), 69: 48: 40:landscape photography 5134:Environmental design 5014:Biophilia hypothesis 4852:Environmental ethics 4822:Aesthetics of nature 4559:and Lisa Messinger. 4543:, Rizzoli, NY 1991, 4417:Princeton University 4133:(Xiao-Xiang ba jing) 3096:Japan—often dynastic 3038:in southern Germany. 2969:Naked Playing People 2950:Museum of Modern Art 2851:Museum of Modern Art 2781:Albert Pinkham Ryder 2640:Czeslaw Znamierowski 1886:, 10th century China 1795:"appreciation seals" 1633:East Asian tradition 1511:Above Eternal Peace, 1402:Mont Sainte-Victoire 1170:and the writings of 249:of around 1500 BCE. 92:Dong Yuan (934–962) 5176:Sustainable fashion 3832:Stanisław Masłowski 3490:Now removed to the 3211:Luminism (American) 3201:Hudson River School 3049:landscape painting 2789:Phillips Collection 2553:Melchior Broederlam 2482:Thomas Gainsborough 2122:The scene from the 1829:Japanese dry garden 1712:Dancing and Singing 1613:Łubin – Droga polna 1609:Stanisław Masłowski 1565:Stanisław Masłowski 1550:George Willis-Pryce 1300:Hudson River School 1152:Hudson River School 1144:Los Picos de Europa 1119:Stanisław Masłowski 1068:Post-Impressionists 1016:in the early 19th. 943:Cowley Place, near 770:classical mythology 762:hierarchy of genres 654:The publication in 509:small genre figures 489:Journey of the Magi 398:hierarchy of genres 373:, one of a pair of 291:and elsewhere, and 5250:Landscape painting 5199:Environment portal 5171:Sustainable design 4804:Outdoor literature 4731:Cultural landscape 4657:Landscape painting 4577:Landscape painting 4557:Lowery Stokes Sims 4551:. Introduction by 4465:Christopher S Wood 4369:Reitlinger, Gerald 4283:Landscape into Art 4279:Clark, Sir Kenneth 4125:2011-07-02 at the 4009:2016-03-12 at the 3678:Adriaen van Ostade 3666:Jacques van Artois 3588:Jacob van der Ulft 3519:2009-07-25 at the 3501:2012-08-12 at the 3373:2010-07-12 at the 3353:2010-07-21 at the 3266:White Mountain art 3246:Post-Impressionism 3056: 3040: 3015:Albrecht Altdorfer 2793:American Modernist 2648: 2633: 2616: 2465: 2277: 2092: 2031:Poet on a Mountain 2012:A Fisher in Autumn 1980:c. 1300 AD., China 1878:; 919–967), 1747: 1728: 1697: 1440:Post-Impressionism 1412:Post-Impressionism 1148: 1090: 1043: 990:John Warwick Smith 966:John Robert Cozens 954: 886: 878:John Robert Cozens 835:Jacob van Ruisdael 727: 712: 694: 629: 614:Albrecht Altdorfer 568:Albrecht Altdorfer 547: 476: 474:, Flanders c. 1425 433:works such as the 379: 343: 238: 223: 166:topographical view 127:Landscape painting 124: 110: 86: 64: 18:Topographical view 5237: 5236: 5129:Educational trail 5119:Ecological design 4978:Outdoor education 4973:Environmental law 4905:Spiritual ecology 4867:Predation problem 4694:Site-specific art 4642:Environmental art 4575:Media related to 4454:, 1993, Prestel, 4439:Watson, William, 4429:, 1974, Penguin, 4393:978-0-89659-226-1 4311:, 9780520229617, 4240:. 9 August 2007. 3784:1970, ed. "PIW" ( 3654:Aert van der Neer 3366:British Library, 3346:British Library, 3226:Neo-Impressionism 2853:, New York City. 2812:Wassily Kandinsky 2706:Aerial landscapes 2694:military painting 2527:", that painting 2336:The Feast of Sada 2311:The Persian hero 2281:Persian miniature 2273:Persian miniature 2250:A scene from the 2236:Japanese painting 2228:The Bridge at Ubi 2049:and Jin Xiaozhu, 2014:, 1523 AD., China 1791:scholar-gentleman 1594:Sukiennice Museum 1489:Tretyakov Gallery 1438:, New York City. 932:Romantic movement 919:Sir Kenneth Clark 854:and other mostly 793:Peter Paul Rubens 552:Leonardo da Vinci 513:Turin-Milan Hours 480:Giotto di Bondone 472:Turin-Milan Hours 467:Baptism of Christ 425:In early Western 416:Western tradition 354:Pine Trees screen 333:; 919–967), 16:(Redirected from 5257: 5217: 5216: 5207: 5206: 5197: 5109:Acoustic ecology 4842:Ecophenomenology 4827:Critical realism 4726:Cultural ecology 4711: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4591: 4574: 4555:, and essays by 4553:Robert Rosenblum 4533: 4505: 4493: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4117: 4111: 4110:Sickman, 304–305 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4047:Sickman, 219–220 4045: 4039: 4038: 4020: 4014: 4002:"Landscapes" in 4000: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3911: 3903: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3845: 3839: 3820: 3814: 3811:Maciej Masłowski 3803:Maciej Masłowski 3795: 3789: 3778:Maciej Masłowski 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3688:See the work of 3686: 3680: 3676:See the work of 3674: 3668: 3664:See the work of 3662: 3656: 3652:See the work of 3650: 3644: 3632:See the work of 3630: 3624: 3623:Clark, Chapter 4 3621: 3615: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3511: 3505: 3488: 3482: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3364: 3358: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3320: 3241:Pont-Aven School 3130:Pre–19th century 3088:, including the 3033: 3030: 3023: 3020: 2988: 2961: 2936: 2917: 2892: 2866: 2837: 2822:Der Blaue Reiter 2817:Der Blaue Reiter 2808: 2795:associated with 2777: 2731:Yvonne Jacquette 2725:, or the aerial 2715:Georgia O'Keeffe 2605: 2601: 2555:, completed for 2455:An 18th-century 2427: 2412: 2393: 2370: 2355: 2332: 2308: 2263:Persia and India 2247: 2224: 2215:, hanging scroll 2201: 2178: 2062: 2043: 2023: 2004: 1989: 1978:Bamboos and Rock 1970: 1950: 1931: 1919: 1908: 1895: 1876: 1866: 1857: 1844: 1799:Qianlong Emperor 1721: 1709: 1654: 1644:Chinese painting 1605: 1561: 1545: 1526:Henry Bates Joel 1522: 1503: 1477: 1450: 1431:The Starry Night 1426:Vincent van Gogh 1422: 1393: 1368:Camille Pissarro 1364: 1336: 1311: 1285: 1263: 1239: 1191:Georgia O'Keeffe 1160:Albert Bierstadt 1115:Józef Chełmoński 1098:United Provinces 1006:John Sell Cotman 895:Alexander Cozens 864:Capability Brown 852:Anthony van Dyck 801:Hercules Seghers 766:history painting 690:history painting 660:Small Landscapes 616:(c. 1480–1538), 439:Hortus Conclusus 402:history painting 372: 370: 364: 331: 321: 312: 146:Western painting 129:, also known as 99: 21: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5185: 5090: 5081:Spirit of place 5064:science studies 5048:common property 5044:Property theory 5039:Popular science 5029:Natural history 4992: 4983:Psychogeography 4914: 4876: 4808: 4765: 4712: 4703: 4699:Sustainable art 4689:Sculpture trail 4623: 4618: 4568: 4530: 4513: 4502: 4484: 4481: 4479:Further reading 4423:Watson, William 4380:Silver, Larry, 4361:Plesu, Andrei, 4348:, 9781134113163 4275: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4254:The Denver Post 4247: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209:Pierce, 177–182 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4127:Wayback Machine 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4011:Wayback Machine 4001: 3997: 3990: 3979: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3860: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3821: 3817: 3796: 3792: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3733:Modern Painters 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3695: 3690:Roelant Roghman 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3581: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3521:Wayback Machine 3512: 3508: 3503:Wayback Machine 3492:Palazzo Massimo 3489: 3485: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3375:Wayback Machine 3365: 3361: 3355:Wayback Machine 3345: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3293:Vädersolstavlan 3279: 3171:Etching revival 3161:Barbizon School 3127: 3070:Southern School 3061: 3031: 3021: 3008: 3001: 2989: 2980: 2962: 2953: 2952:, New York City 2937: 2928: 2918: 2909: 2893: 2884: 2882:Salon d'Automne 2867: 2858: 2838: 2829: 2809: 2800: 2778: 2769: 2623:Arkhip Kuindzhi 2603: 2599: 2583: 2537:panel paintings 2474:Cennino Cennini 2449: 2442: 2428: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2394: 2385: 2382:Pahari painting 2380:. ca 1775-1790 2371: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2344:Sultan Mohammed 2333: 2324: 2321:Sultan Mohammed 2309: 2293:Mughal painting 2265: 2258: 2248: 2239: 2225: 2216: 2202: 2193: 2179: 2140:hanging scrolls 2136:folding screens 2098: 2084: 2077: 2074:Shanghai Museum 2063: 2054: 2044: 2035: 2024: 2015: 2005: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1971: 1962: 1951: 1942: 1896: 1887: 1845: 1821:Chinese gardens 1813:viewing stones" 1787:Southern School 1718:, Chinese: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1660: 1655: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1628: 1619:– A Cart way), 1606: 1597: 1562: 1553: 1546: 1537: 1523: 1514: 1504: 1495: 1478: 1469: 1451: 1442: 1423: 1414: 1394: 1385: 1365: 1356: 1355:Barbizon school 1353:Washington, DC. 1337: 1328: 1315:Ivan Aivazovsky 1312: 1303: 1286: 1277: 1264: 1255: 1240: 1231: 1082:A Hunting Party 1060:Barbizon School 1052:Danish training 1022: 904:J. M. W. Turner 739:Cornelis de Man 725:, 1643, etching 723:The Three Trees 673: 596:world landscape 594:developed the " 588:Joachim Patinir 530: 435:Utrecht Psalter 423: 418: 375:folding screens 361:Shōrin-zu byōbu 356: 350:Hasegawa Tōhaku 262:Tomb of Nebamun 221:, 1600–1500 BCE 215:Minoan painting 204: 60:world landscape 50:Joachim Patinir 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5263: 5261: 5253: 5252: 5242: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5211: 5201: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5026: 5019:Do it yourself 5016: 5011: 5006: 5004:Animal studies 5000: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4872:Social ecology 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4799:Nature writing 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4779:Ecocomposition 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4736:Ecolinguistics 4733: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4567: 4566:External links 4564: 4563: 4562: 4534: 4528: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4462: 4448: 4437: 4420: 4401: 4395: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4315: 4297: 4286: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4258: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4200:Paine, 269–272 4193: 4191:Paine, 107–108 4184: 4182:Paine, 153–154 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4135: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4065:Sickman, 54–55 4058: 4049: 4040: 4015: 3995: 3988: 3965: 3936: 3919: 3890: 3873: 3858: 3840: 3815: 3790: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3625: 3616: 3601: 3599:Silver, p. 6-7 3592: 3579: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3506: 3496:Commons images 3483: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3434:is now in the 3423: 3410: 3391: 3379: 3359: 3339: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3231:Norwich School 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2992:Albert Gleizes 2990: 2983: 2981: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2940:Henri Rousseau 2938: 2931: 2929: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2896:Jean Metzinger 2894: 2887: 2885: 2878:Pushkin Museum 2868: 2861: 2859: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2748: 2734: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2595:View of Toledo 2582: 2576: 2457:Korean version 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2398:Mughal emperor 2395: 2388: 2386: 2372: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2310: 2303: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2180: 2173: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2038: 2036: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1952: 1945: 1943: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1846: 1839: 1755:William Watson 1710:, 1160–1225), 1706:(Chinese: 1673:viewing stones 1657: 1656: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1462:Impressionists 1452: 1445: 1443: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1338: 1331: 1329: 1313: 1306: 1304: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1273:Petworth House 1265: 1258: 1256: 1243:John Constable 1241: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1180:Group of Seven 1140:Carlos de Haes 1125:Carlos de Haes 1064:Impressionists 1021: 1018: 956:Landscapes in 913:In Europe, as 900:John Constable 772:or the Bible. 758:Claude Lorrain 705:Dune landscape 680:Claude Lorrain 672: 669: 639:and the young 560:Fra Bartolomeo 556:Albrecht Dürer 542:The Harvesters 529: 526: 451:Villa of Livia 422: 419: 417: 414: 273:Ancient Greece 266:British Museum 203: 200: 196:Middle English 102:Five Dynasties 96:(Chinese: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5262: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Nature center 5154: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Simple living 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 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4535: 4531: 4529:9781588392916 4525: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4501:9780870994968 4497: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473:0-948462-46-9 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4413:Princeton, NJ 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398:Virtual Vault 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4357:0-14-056108-0 4354: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4326:0-333-37185-2 4323: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4295:0-87982-040-3 4292: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4164:Sickman, 322. 4161: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4004:Virtual Vault 3999: 3996: 3991: 3989:0-89468-136-2 3985: 3978: 3977: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3745:Clark, 15–16. 3742: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700:The ruins of 3697: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572:0-8709-9870-6 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474:Clark, 23-4; 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432:Spring Fresco 3427: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3329: 3328:www.getty.edu 3325: 3319: 3316: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3236:Peredvizhniki 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3206:Impressionism 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3196:Hoosier Group 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3135:Danube school 3134: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3036:Danube School 3027: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2977:Expressionist 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921:Pablo Picasso 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2841:Henri Matisse 2836: 2831: 2827: 2826:Expressionist 2823: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2717:, the aerial 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2612:Expressionism 2609: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205:Kanō Masanobu 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Tenshō Shūbun 2177: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2144:Tale of Genji 2141: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2111:Tale of Genji 2107: 2102: 2097: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1724:Palace Museum 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1645: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1560: 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Luxury 387:shan shui 330:Li Ch'eng 260:from the 188:landskipe 184:landscaef 180:landschap 108:, Taipei. 79:, on the 5244:Category 5224:Journals 5209:Category 5149:planning 4882:Religion 4847:Ecosophy 4682:wildlife 4652:Land art 4637:Crop art 4443:, 1981, 4415: : 4242:Archived 4155:Liu, 50. 4123:Archived 4035:Archived 4007:Archived 3946:56617356 3900:45223599 3868:38061864 3713:Slive 17 3612:Archived 3562:et al., 3517:Archived 3499:Archived 3371:Archived 3351:Archived 3277:See also 3271:Land art 3261:Tonalism 3024:–1538), 2994:, 1911, 2971:, 1910. 2948:, 1910, 2923:, 1908, 2898:, 1906, 2872:, 1905, 2849:, 1905, 2820:, 1903. 2797:Tonalism 2745:abstract 2737:Inscapes 2590:El Greco 2578:Related 2561:woodcuts 2557:Champmol 2500:peak in 2484:, while 2416:Jahangir 2401:Jahangir 2285:Ilkhanid 2255:yamato-e 2232:Yamato-e 2128:Buddhist 2106:yamato-e 2008:Tang Yin 1941:, Taipei 1917:Fàn Kuān 1899:Fan Kuan 1865:Lǐ Chéng 1848:Li Cheng 1779:Wang Wei 1623:, 1909 ( 1580:, 1884, 1577:Moonrise 1487:, 1891, 1434:, 1889, 1321:Caucasus 1317:, 1863, 1251:. 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