Knowledge (XXG)

Topchanchi

Source 📝

57: 825: 90: 785:
hospital with 6 beds. Amongst the educational facilities, it has 2 primary schools, 15 middle schools, 1 secondary school and 1 senior secondary school. The general degree college is available at Gomoh. Amongst the recreational and cultural facilities, the nearest cinema theatre is available at Gomoh There is 1 auditorium/ community hall. It has the branch offices of 6 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank and 1 agricultural credit society.
849: 40: 530: 608: 513: 547: 400: 445: 407: 1246: 1238: 496: 564: 479: 1229: 1221: 1213: 581: 462: 837: 737:
of 214 Ac. The Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary covers a sprawling plot that measures approximately 8.75 square kilometers. Although the Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary is not that spacious yet it manages to preserve the innocuous essence of the wild beasts that reside in it. Grand truck road passes through the middle of topchanchi. You can catch a glimpse of the Parasnath hill from Topchanchi.
1510: 414: 163: 97: 64: 784:
12 km away. Buses are available in the town. It has 5 km roads and open drains. The two major sources of protected water supply are hand pumps and tap water from treated source. There are 914 domestic electric connections and 152 road lighting points. Amongst the medical facilities it has 1
736:
At Topchanchi a stream has been dammed by Jharia water Board at Rajdhato to form a big reservoir from where water is supplied to Dhanbad and its suburbs. This reservoir is famous as Topchanchi lake attracting thousands of tourists around the year. The Topchanchi Water Reservoir spreads over an area
772:, Topchanchi had a population of 5,397. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Topchanchi has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 43%. In Topchanchi, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. 765:, Topchanchi had a total population of 6,082 of which 3,109 (51%) were males and 2,973 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 830. The total number of literates in Topchanchi was 4,095 (77.97% of the population over 6 years). 1871: 1820: 1188: 1257: 713: 701: 362: 204: 705: 671:
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
1073: 717: 1166: 810: 697: 365: 199: 56: 1224: 709: 125: 1216: 330: 780:
Topchanchi has an area of 3.29 km. It is 35 km from the district headquarters Dhanbad. The nearest railway station is at
912: 317: 684:
city and is an extensive rural area with villages (particularly in the northern areas) scattered around hills. One of the many
380: 175: 1181: 966: 824: 692:(1,365.50 m), situated in neighbouring Giridih district, passes through the Topchanchi and Tundi areas of the district. The 89: 1825: 1611: 1845: 1099: 883: 794: 721: 1202: 301: 187: 1850: 1835: 1830: 1241: 1232: 1174: 369: 1047: 809:
St. Thomas High School was established at Topchanchi in 1997. It is a senior secondary school affiliated to the
1840: 1249: 996: 848: 39: 639: 406: 399: 1074:"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)" 836: 1339: 762: 529: 281: 1077: 621:
Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district
1354: 626:
Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
607: 289: 1379: 1374: 1025: 512: 1531: 1414: 1384: 685: 1784: 1494: 1469: 1198: 813:. It is a residential school. The foremost and the best school in the district of Dhanbad. 798: 725: 614: 546: 373: 192: 1571: 1359: 689: 444: 1161: 871: 1509: 1591: 1409: 1329: 261: 919: 1865: 1606: 1464: 1419: 1369: 693: 265: 1245: 1237: 624:
MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: Census Town, N: Neighbourhood, R: Rural/ Urban centre
1649: 1546: 1261: 1228: 1220: 1212: 971:
Administrative Structure of Dhanbad District – List of Thana and Outpost of Dhanbad
324: 974: 1709: 1674: 1619: 1551: 1459: 1449: 1434: 1284: 1266: 358: 1137: 1774: 1719: 1669: 1654: 1479: 1324: 1309: 696:
flows along the northern boundary. The region shown in the map covers several
654: 641: 140: 127: 1804: 1794: 1769: 1759: 1734: 1699: 1639: 1634: 1566: 1561: 1484: 1429: 1364: 1314: 1279: 495: 384: 311: 277: 272: 180: 1789: 1724: 1694: 1689: 1679: 1664: 1659: 1581: 1576: 1541: 1536: 1489: 1474: 1424: 1394: 1349: 1334: 1294: 1289: 1274: 563: 478: 1754: 1744: 1644: 1629: 1624: 1556: 1444: 1404: 1399: 1319: 681: 1739: 1729: 1704: 1684: 1454: 1389: 1304: 1299: 769: 944: 1799: 1779: 1764: 1749: 1714: 1596: 1586: 1439: 1344: 781: 667:. It has an average elevation of 304 metres (997 feet). 580: 461: 377: 168: 1100:"District Census Handbook, Dhanbad, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A" 1170: 1048:"2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)" 1225:
Cities, towns and locations in Paschim Bardhaman district
341: 1217:
Cities, towns and locations in Santhal Parganas division
753:
Headquarters of Topchanchi CD block is at Topchanchi.
745:
Topchanchi police station serves Topchanchi CD block.
1813: 1605: 1520: 1256: 997:"District Census Handbook 2011 Series 21 Part XIIB" 801:. A short stretch of local road links it to Gomoh. 336: 323: 310: 300: 288: 271: 257: 252: 244: 236: 231: 223: 215: 210: 198: 186: 174: 156: 23: 1846:Cities, towns and locations in Hazaribagh district 1054:. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India 680:The region shown in the map lies to the north of 967:"Dhanbad – Welcome to the Coal Capital of India" 945:"Places of tourist interest in Dhanbad district" 1851:Cities, towns and locations in Ramgarh district 1836:Cities, towns and locations in Koderma district 1831:Cities, towns and locations in Giridih district 1242:Cities, towns and locations in Giridih district 1233:Cities, towns and locations in Purulia district 1197:Cities, towns, locations and neighbourhoods in 1841:Cities, towns and locations in Chatra district 1250:Cities, towns and locations in Bokaro district 1182: 1109:. Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand 1006:. Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand 893:. Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand 728:cuts across the southern part of the region. 8: 1076:. Census Commission of India. Archived from 918:. Jharkhand Forest Division. Archived from 1189: 1175: 1167: 20: 1508: 891:Series 21, Part XIIA, pages 4-5, 5-6, 8 872:Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Topchanchi 864: 820: 335: 287: 270: 251: 230: 222: 209: 155: 120: 48: 36: 973:. Jharkhand Government. Archived from 322: 309: 299: 256: 243: 235: 214: 197: 185: 173: 7: 1872:Cities and towns in Dhanbad district 1138:"St. Thomas High School, Topchanchi" 1052:Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks 219:3.29 km (1.27 sq mi) 884:"District Census Handbook Dhanbad" 96: 63: 14: 1821:North Chotanagpur Division topics 1026:"CD Block/ Tehsil Map of Dhanbad" 1244: 1236: 1227: 1219: 1211: 847: 835: 823: 606: 579: 562: 545: 528: 511: 494: 477: 460: 443: 412: 405: 398: 161: 95: 88: 62: 55: 38: 18:Census Town in Jharkhand, India 1: 1826:Dhanbad Municipal Corporation 1612:Dhanbad Municipal Corporation 76:Location in Jharkhand, India 1524:other than cities and towns 248:1,800/km (4,800/sq mi) 1888: 1203:North Chotanagpur division 817:Topchanchi picture gallery 1506: 1209: 947:. District Administration 636:Topchanchi is located at 370:Dhanbad Sadar subdivision 121: 49: 37: 30: 1107:Pages 639-664 Statements 227:304 m (997 ft) 830:Bawan kothi tirpan dham 1514: 1513:Divisions of Jharkhand 797:(old numbering NH 2)/ 1512: 258: • Official 79:Show map of Jharkhand 1162:Photos of Topchanchi 913:"Name and Situatioj" 763:2011 Census of India 716:and a small part of 302:Vehicle registration 245: • Density 795:National Highway 19 724:(old number NH 2)/ 722:National Highway 19 720:. The Kolkata-Agra 651: /  137: /  1515: 977:on 24 October 2017 237: • Total 216: • Total 109:Topchanchi (India) 1859: 1858: 1525: 793:Topchanchi is on 768:As of 2001 India 732:Dam and reservoir 672: 352: 351: 112:Show map of India 1879: 1523: 1248: 1240: 1231: 1223: 1215: 1199:Dhanbad district 1191: 1184: 1177: 1168: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1104: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1001: 993: 987: 986: 984: 982: 963: 957: 956: 954: 952: 941: 935: 934: 932: 930: 924: 917: 909: 903: 902: 900: 898: 888: 880: 874: 869: 851: 839: 827: 799:Grand Trunk Road 726:Grand Trunk Road 670: 666: 665: 663: 662: 661: 656: 652: 649: 648: 647: 644: 616: 610: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 576: 571: 566: 559: 554: 549: 542: 537: 532: 525: 520: 515: 508: 503: 498: 491: 486: 481: 474: 469: 464: 457: 452: 447: 440: 435: 430: 423: 416: 415: 409: 402: 374:Dhanbad district 348: 345: 343: 167: 165: 164: 152: 151: 149: 148: 147: 142: 138: 135: 134: 133: 130: 113: 99: 98: 92: 80: 66: 65: 59: 42: 21: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1809: 1610: 1601: 1522: 1516: 1504: 1264: 1252: 1235: 1205: 1195: 1158: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1080:on 16 June 2004 1072: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1028:. Maps of India 1024: 1023: 1019: 1009: 1007: 999: 995: 994: 990: 980: 978: 965: 964: 960: 950: 948: 943: 942: 938: 928: 926: 925:on 13 July 2011 922: 915: 911: 910: 906: 896: 894: 886: 882: 881: 877: 870: 866: 862: 855: 854:Topchanchi Park 852: 843: 842:Topchanchi Lake 840: 831: 828: 819: 807: 791: 778: 759: 751: 743: 734: 690:Pareshnath Hill 678: 659: 657: 653: 650: 645: 642: 640: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 627: 625: 623: 618: 617: 613: 611: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 424: 421: 419: 417: 413: 410: 403: 393: 340: 296: 162: 160: 145: 143: 139: 136: 131: 128: 126: 124: 123: 117: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 105: 104: 100: 83: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 73: 72: 71: 67: 45: 44:Topchanchi lake 33: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 1885: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1815: 1814:Related topics 1811: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1607:Neighbourhoods 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1592:Pradhan Khunta 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1254: 1253: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1156:External links 1154: 1152: 1151: 1129: 1120: 1091: 1065: 1039: 1017: 988: 958: 936: 904: 875: 863: 861: 858: 857: 856: 853: 846: 844: 841: 834: 832: 829: 822: 818: 815: 806: 803: 790: 787: 777: 776:Infrastructure 774: 758: 755: 750: 747: 742: 741:Police station 739: 733: 730: 677: 674: 633: 630: 619: 612: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 578: 573: 568: 561: 556: 551: 544: 539: 534: 527: 522: 517: 510: 505: 500: 493: 488: 483: 476: 471: 466: 459: 454: 449: 442: 437: 432: 425: 418: 411: 404: 397: 396: 395: 394: 392: 389: 350: 349: 338: 334: 333: 328: 321: 320: 315: 308: 307: 304: 298: 297: 294: 292: 286: 285: 275: 269: 268: 259: 255: 254: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 229: 228: 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 158: 154: 153: 119: 118: 108: 102: 101: 94: 93: 87: 86: 85: 84: 75: 69: 68: 61: 60: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 24: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1884: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1519: 1511: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1465:Pondar Kanali 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1370:Jhinghipahari 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1108: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1005: 1004:Map on Page 3 998: 992: 989: 976: 972: 968: 962: 959: 946: 940: 937: 921: 914: 908: 905: 892: 885: 879: 876: 873: 868: 865: 859: 850: 845: 838: 833: 826: 821: 816: 814: 812: 804: 802: 800: 796: 788: 786: 783: 775: 773: 771: 766: 764: 756: 754: 748: 746: 740: 738: 731: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:Barakar River 691: 687: 683: 675: 673: 668: 664: 655:23.9°N 86.2°E 631: 622: 615: 609: 582: 565: 548: 531: 514: 497: 480: 463: 446: 408: 401: 390: 388: 386: 382: 379: 375: 371: 367: 364: 360: 356: 347: 339: 332: 329: 326: 319: 316: 313: 305: 303: 293: 291: 283: 279: 276: 274: 267: 263: 260: 247: 239: 226: 218: 206: 203: 201: 194: 191: 189: 182: 179: 177: 170: 159: 150: 141:23.9°N 86.2°E 122:Coordinates: 91: 58: 41: 29: 22: 16: 1547:Chota Ambona 1499: 1267:census towns 1142:. Retrieved 1132: 1123: 1111:. Retrieved 1106: 1094: 1082:. Retrieved 1078:the original 1068: 1056:. Retrieved 1051: 1042: 1030:. Retrieved 1020: 1008:. Retrieved 1003: 991: 979:. Retrieved 975:the original 970: 961: 949:. Retrieved 939: 927:. Retrieved 920:the original 907: 895:. Retrieved 890: 878: 867: 808: 792: 779: 767: 760: 757:Demographics 752: 744: 735: 679: 669: 635: 620: 354: 353: 327:constituency 325:Vidhan Sabha 314:constituency 15: 1710:Jharia Khas 1675:Chhotaputki 1620:Angarpathar 1552:Dharmabandh 1460:Phulwartanr 1450:Panchmahali 1435:Nagri Kalan 1285:Babua Kalan 1127:Google maps 761:As per the 749:CD block HQ 714:Purbi Tundi 658: / 359:census town 144: / 32:Census Town 1775:Saraidhela 1720:Jorapokhar 1670:Chhatatanr 1655:Bokapahari 1500:Topchanchi 1480:Sansikhara 1355:Hariharpur 1325:Dumarkunda 1310:Bhimkanari 1084:1 November 860:References 702:Topchanchi 660:23.9; 86.2 597:Hariharpur 587:Topchanchi 427:Pareshnath 363:Topchanchi 355:Topchanchi 232:Population 205:Topchanchi 146:23.9; 86.2 103:Topchanchi 70:Topchanchi 25:Topchanchi 1805:Wasseypur 1795:Tetulmari 1770:Rohraband 1760:Pathardih 1735:Kenduadih 1700:Jeenagora 1640:Bhagatdih 1635:Bastacola 1567:Kumardubi 1562:Kaliasole 1521:Locations 1485:Sialgudri 1430:Nadkharki 1380:Kharkhari 1375:Karmatanr 1365:Jangalpur 1340:Gobindpur 1315:Chirkunda 1280:Aralgoria 1262:municipal 1032:8 October 1010:8 October 981:8 October 805:Education 789:Transport 706:Govindpur 698:CD blocks 519:Gobindpur 502:Karmatanr 485:Jangalpur 391:Geography 385:Jharkhand 312:Lok Sabha 273:Time zone 253:Languages 224:Elevation 181:Jharkhand 1866:Category 1790:Sudamdih 1725:Kailudih 1695:Jealgora 1690:Jamadoba 1680:Dhaunsar 1665:Chasnala 1660:Chandaur 1582:Moonidih 1577:Mohubani 1542:Belgaria 1537:Barwaada 1532:Baghmara 1490:Siuliban 1475:Sahnidih 1425:Muraidih 1415:Matigara 1395:Mahlidih 1385:Madhuban 1350:Gunghasa 1335:Egarkunr 1295:Bardubhi 1290:Baliapur 1275:Alagdiha 951:17 April 718:Baghmara 676:Overview 632:Location 553:Gunghasa 468:Barwaada 366:CD block 278:UTC+5:30 200:CD block 188:District 1755:Loyabad 1745:Lakarka 1645:Bhowrah 1630:Basaria 1625:Baliari 1557:Jatudih 1495:Suranga 1470:Rajganj 1445:Panchet 1405:Malkera 1400:Maithon 1320:Dhanbad 1144:11 July 1058:11 June 682:Dhanbad 646:86°12′E 643:23°54′N 536:Rajganj 376:in the 342:dhanbad 337:Website 318:Giridih 193:Dhanbad 157:Country 132:86°12′E 129:23°54′N 1785:Sindri 1740:Kustai 1730:Katras 1705:Jharia 1685:Godhar 1572:Latani 1455:Panrra 1390:Mahuda 1360:Harina 1305:Bhamal 1300:Barora 1258:Cities 1140:. STHS 1113:9 June 929:6 June 897:4 June 770:census 434:Latani 422:5miles 378:Indian 295:828402 166:  1800:Tisra 1780:Sijua 1765:Putki 1750:Lodna 1715:Jogta 1650:Bhuli 1597:Tundi 1587:Mugma 1440:Nirsa 1410:Marma 1345:Gomoh 1330:Dumra 1103:(PDF) 1000:(PDF) 923:(PDF) 916:(PDF) 887:(PDF) 782:Gomoh 710:Tundi 686:spurs 570:Gomoh 451:Tundi 381:state 357:is a 331:Tundi 262:Hindi 240:6,082 176:State 169:India 1420:Mera 1265:and 1146:2019 1115:2019 1086:2008 1060:2019 1034:2017 1012:2017 983:2017 953:2010 931:2010 899:2019 811:CBSE 429:Hill 344:.nic 266:Urdu 211:Area 1609:in 688:of 420:8km 383:of 372:of 368:in 361:in 346:.in 290:PIN 282:IST 1868:: 1260:, 1201:, 1105:. 1050:. 1002:. 969:. 889:. 712:, 708:, 704:, 700:– 602:CT 592:CT 575:CT 558:CT 541:CT 524:CT 507:CT 490:CT 387:. 306:JH 264:, 1190:e 1183:t 1176:v 1148:. 1117:. 1088:. 1062:. 1036:. 1014:. 985:. 955:. 933:. 901:. 473:R 456:R 439:R 284:) 280:(

Index

Topchanchi lake
Topchanchi is located in Jharkhand
Topchanchi is located in India
23°54′N 86°12′E / 23.9°N 86.2°E / 23.9; 86.2
India
State
Jharkhand
District
Dhanbad
CD block
Topchanchi
Hindi
Urdu
Time zone
UTC+5:30
IST
PIN
Vehicle registration
Lok Sabha
Giridih
Vidhan Sabha
Tundi
dhanbad.nic.in
census town
Topchanchi
CD block
Dhanbad Sadar subdivision
Dhanbad district
Indian
state

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.