609:
should create a strong vacuum polarization. In accordance with QED, deviations from the
Coulomb law are predicted at Compton scale distances from the centre of electron, 10 cm. Virtual processes in the Compton region determine the spin of electron and renormalization of its charge and mass. It shows that the Compton region of the electron should be considered as a coherent whole with its pointlike core, forming a physical ("dressed") electron. Notice that the Dirac theory of electron also exhibits the peculiar behaviour of the Compton region. In particular, electrons display
608:
of particle physics describes a pointlike electron with an intrinsic spin and magnetic moment. On the other hand, the usual assertion that an electron is pointlike may be conventionally associated only with a "bare" electron. The pointlike electron would have a diverging electromagnetic field, which
292:
The toroidal or "helicon" model did not demand a constant radius or inertial energy for a particle. In general its shape, size, and motion adjusted according to the external electromagnetic fields from its environment. These adjustments or reactions to external field changes constituted the
616:
The question of whether the electron has a substructure of any sort must be decided by experiment. All experiments to date agree with the
Standard Model of the electron, with no substructure, ring-like or otherwise. The two major approaches are high-energy electron–positron scattering and
621:, both of which agree that the electron is point-like at resolutions down to 10 m. At present, the Compton region of virtual processes, 10 cm across, is not exhibited in the high-energy experiments on electron–positron scattering.
613:
at the
Compton scale. From this point of view, the ring model does not contradict QED or the Dirac theory and some versions could possibly be used to incorporate gravity in quantum theory.
1180:
B. Odom, D. Hanneke, B. D'Urso, and G. Gabrielse, New
Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment Using a One-Electron Quantum Cyclotron, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 030801 (2006),
821:
770:
719:
875:, "A Magneton Theory of the Structure of the Atom", Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, Pub 2371, 80pp (Nov 1915) {Reprinted Pub 2419, V65, N11 (1916)}.
792:
1182:
909:
588:
The aspect of the Parson magneton with the most experimental relevance (and the aspect investigated by
Grondahl and Webster) was the existence of an
850:
515:
298:
1225:
511:
294:
662:
375:
326:, who in 1823 proposed tiny magnetic "loops of charge" to explain the attractive force between current elements. In that same era
589:
351:
191:
818:
355:
246:
111:". In general, this path of charge could assume any shape, but tended toward a circular form due to internal repulsive
286:
479:
716:
1215:
475:
335:
766:
1220:
789:
199:
906:
637:
323:
411:
359:
618:
507:
463:
343:
183:
165:
402:
sparked a revolution with experiments confirming the existence and properties of electrons, protons, and
1098:
847:
749:
471:
387:
242:
112:
985:
565:
522:
367:
327:
872:
534:
495:
339:
278:
239:
85:
81:
671:
988:, "Proceedings of the American Physical Society: Experimental Evidence for the Parson Magneton",
743:
642:"Sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques uniquement déduite de l'expérience"
434:
48:
952:, "The Theory of Electromagnetic Mass of the Parson Magneton and other Non-Spherical Systems",
644:[On the mathematical theory of electrodynamic phenomena only deduced from experience].
443:, suggested that something in the "resonators" themselves provided these discrete frequencies.
1075:
1057:
1039:
1021:
1003:
814:
712:
530:
399:
371:
265:
number of times as it proceeded around the ring. This requirement was thought to account for "
225:
67:
34:
1129:
1111:
1093:
967:
949:
931:
902:
577:
550:
546:
542:
467:
305:
for the particle. The model, then, claimed to explain how particles linked together to form
270:
210:
139:
394:". Then shortly before 1900, as scientists still debated over the very existence of atoms,
913:
854:
825:
796:
774:
723:
641:
499:
427:
331:
261:. Circuit completion demanded that each helical plasmoid fiber twisted around the ring an
203:
187:
127:
100:
666:
597:
1042:, "The Size and Shape of the Electron: II. The Absorption of High Frequency Radiation",
115:. In this configuration the charge elements circulated, but the ring as a whole did not
1006:, "The Size and Shape of the Electron – American Physical Society address (Dec 1917)",
610:
605:
601:
573:
558:
459:
403:
363:
347:
235:
231:
143:
135:
124:
120:
108:
1134:
1116:
1062:
1024:, "The Size and Shape of the Electron: I. TheScattering of High Frequency Radiation",
859:
830:
801:
728:
699:
677:
553:
wrote three papers connecting Parson's magneton with Page's oscillator and explaining
1209:
785:
690:
483:
447:
395:
383:
104:
1167:
478:
demanded from an accelerating charge, Bohr's electron radiated discretely when it "
17:
1080:
694:
1044:
1008:
990:
970:, "The Scattering of Alpha Rays as Evidence on the Parson Magnetron Hypothesis",
646:
Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France Académie des sciences
1026:
954:
889:
538:
142:
of the moving charge elements. These elements circulated around the ring at the
131:
107:
charge elements, which orbited or circulated along a common continuous path or "
936:
884:
843:
762:
593:
561:
526:
503:
455:
451:
407:
282:
450:
developed in the wake of all the new information, of which the 1913 model of
518:
423:
419:
302:
274:
216:
According to the model, electrons or protons could be viewed as bundles of "
150:
116:
1165:) at center-of-mass energies 192–208 GeV", Phys. Rev. D 64, 071701 (2001),
1132:, "The Angular Momentum and Some Related Properties of the Ring Electron",
819:
The
Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom
1200:
Spinning
Charged Ring Model of Electron Yielding Anomalous Magnetic Moment
1147:
D. Bourilkov, "Hint for axial-vector contact interactions in the data on
221:
73:
53:
918:
415:
289:
of the twist, was thought to distinguish the electron from the proton.
266:
262:
176:
576:, who wrote a series of papers on the properties of the electron, and
379:
254:
179:
169:
77:
60:
604:, and also a magnetic moment. The highly successful modern theory,
545:
was inspired in part by Parson's model in developing his theory of
190:, and was also inversely proportional to its radius, and therefore
258:
250:
217:
97:
887:, "The Distribution of Energy in the Normal Radiation Spectrum",
600:
showed that a pointlike particle could have an intrinsic quantum
426:". Planck's famous paper, which incidentally calculated both the
1114:, "Optical Rotation, Optical Isomerism, and the Ring Electron",
592:; this dipole moment is indeed present. However, later work by
569:
554:
506:, depicting finite-sized particles with the ability to maintain
391:
306:
568:
confirmed the model with his experiments on free electrons in
234:
between charge elements of the same sign was balanced by the
1202:, Galilean Electrodynamics. Vol. 1, 63-67 (Sept./Oct. 1990).
253:
of the ring as they progressed around its radius, forming a
767:
322:
The development of the helicon or toroidal ring began with
972:
572:
wires. Parson's theory next attracted the attention of
619:
high-precision atomic tests of quantum electrodynamics
103:, the toroidal ring was conceived as a collection of
1060:, "Possible Magnetic Polarity of Free Electrons",
580:, whose papers also argued for a "ring electron".
422:of radiation emanating from these "particles" or "
458:proposed electrons in circular orbit around the
134:. The ring produced an overall magnetic field ("
717:Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction
934:, "Notes on Page's Theory of Heat Radiation",
1099:Proceedings of the Physical Society of London
1009:Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences
769:”, Annalen der Physik, V4, p. 553 ff (1901).
672:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
366:, an assumption that remains foundational to
8:
541:", able to store energy without radiating.
848:On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules
1198:David L. Bergman, J. Paul Wesley ;
919:Journal of the American Chemical Society
448:theories about the structure of the atom
629:
1048:, S2, V14, N3, pp. 247–259 (Sep 1919).
994:, S2, V10, N5, pp. 586–588 (Nov 1917).
805:, S6, V7, N39, pp. 237–265 (Mar 1904).
675:, V6, pp. 94–105 (1867) {reprinted in
958:, S2, V9, N6, pp. 484–499 (Jun 1917).
893:, S2, V7, N2, pp. 229–240 (Feb 1916).
410:added to the fire when he solved the
346:. When Maxwell expressed the laws of
7:
1030:, S2, V14, N1, pp. 20–43 (Jul 1919).
334:also uncovered foundational laws of
281:demanded the number of fibers to be
940:, S2, V8, N1, pp. 66–69 (Jul 1916).
285:, probably three, like a rope. The
1096:, "The Case for a Ring Electron",
1084:, V192, N2, pp. 145–155 (Aug 1921)
834:, S6, V21, pp. 669–688 (May 1911).
732:, S5, V47, pp. 109–163 (Jan 1899).
564:in terms of the magneton. In 1917
249:. These fibers twisted around the
25:
1081:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1102:, V31, N1, pp. 49–68 (Dec 1918).
486:of angular momentum to another.
863:, S6, V26, p. 1–25 (July 1913).
790:On the Structure of the Atom...
590:electron magnetic dipole moment
245:in the fibers of a bundle, per
1168:Physical Review Online Archive
198:. The theory claimed that the
72:. This physical model treated
1:
1138:, S6, V41, N6, p. 113 (1921).
1120:, S6, V40, N6, p. 426 (1920).
502:" as an improvement over the
472:radiating energy continuously
232:electrostatic repulsion force
1226:Obsolete theories in physics
84:, and was first proposed by
27:Model of subatomic particles
1078:, "The Magnetic Electron",
412:blackbody radiation problem
390:represented "the only true
1242:
922:, V38, pp. 762–786 (1916).
51:. It is also known as the
39:, known originally as the
907:The Atom and the Molecule
773:October 25, 2007, at the
703:, S5, V44, p. 293 (1897).
681:, V34, pp. 15–24 (1867)}.
525:. At about the same time
476:classical electrodynamics
454:came to predominate. The
336:classical electrodynamics
236:magnetic attraction force
47:, is a physical model of
418:particles, but discrete
200:proportionality constant
1183:PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
1135:Philosophical Magazine
1117:Philosophical Magazine
1063:Philosophical Magazine
860:Philosophical Magazine
831:Philosophical Magazine
802:Philosophical Magazine
729:Philosophical Magazine
700:Philosophical Magazine
678:Philosophical Magazine
113:electromagnetic forces
1066:, S6, V41 (Feb 1921).
1012:, pp. 330 (Jan 1918).
750:Rutherford experiment
523:electromagnetic waves
414:by assuming not only
388:Hermann von Helmholtz
338:, later collected by
224:" with total charge ±
328:Carl Friedrich Gauss
96:Instead of a single
82:elementary particles
537:assuming rotating "
535:blackbody radiation
496:Alfred Lauck Parson
378:suggested that the
344:Maxwell's equations
86:Alfred Lauck Parson
49:subatomic particles
18:Toroidal Ring Model
912:2007-09-18 at the
853:2007-07-04 at the
824:2007-02-05 at the
795:2007-09-09 at the
744:Thomson experiment
722:2007-09-08 at the
638:André-Marie Ampère
435:Boltzmann constant
324:André-Marie Ampère
130:since it remained
119:due to changes in
1076:Arthur H. Compton
1058:Arthur H. Compton
1040:Arthur H. Compton
1022:Arthur H. Compton
1004:Arthur H. Compton
815:Ernest Rutherford
713:Ernest Rutherford
400:Ernest Rutherford
372:quantum mechanics
368:relativity theory
360:differential form
194:to its frequency
164:, which depended
45:magnetic electron
16:(Redirected from
1233:
1216:Particle physics
1187:
1178:
1172:
1145:
1139:
1130:H. Stanley Allen
1127:
1121:
1112:H. Stanley Allen
1109:
1103:
1094:H. Stanley Allen
1091:
1085:
1073:
1067:
1055:
1049:
1037:
1031:
1019:
1013:
1001:
995:
986:Lars O. Grondahl
983:
977:
976:, S2 (Feb 1918).
968:David L. Webster
965:
959:
950:David L. Webster
947:
941:
932:David L. Webster
929:
923:
903:Gilbert N. Lewis
900:
894:
882:
876:
873:Alfred L. Parson
870:
864:
841:
835:
812:
806:
783:
777:
760:
754:
739:
733:
710:
704:
688:
682:
660:
654:
653:
634:
578:H. Stanley Allen
566:Lars O. Grondahl
551:David L. Webster
547:chemical bonding
543:Gilbert N. Lewis
468:angular momentum
271:angular momentum
211:angular momentum
209:, the conserved
21:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1221:Nuclear physics
1206:
1205:
1195:
1193:Further reading
1190:
1179:
1175:
1146:
1142:
1128:
1124:
1110:
1106:
1092:
1088:
1074:
1070:
1056:
1052:
1045:Physical Review
1038:
1034:
1027:Physical Review
1020:
1016:
1002:
998:
991:Physical Review
984:
980:
973:Physical Review
966:
962:
955:Physical Review
948:
944:
937:Physical Review
930:
926:
914:Wayback Machine
901:
897:
890:Physical Review
883:
879:
871:
867:
855:Wayback Machine
842:
838:
826:Wayback Machine
813:
809:
797:Wayback Machine
784:
780:
775:Wayback Machine
761:
757:
740:
736:
724:Wayback Machine
711:
707:
689:
685:
667:On Vortex Atoms
663:William Thomson
661:
657:
636:
635:
631:
627:
586:
492:
490:Parson magneton
442:
428:Planck constant
374:today. In 1867
364:point particles
332:Michael Faraday
320:
315:
204:Planck constant
182:increased when
94:
41:Parson magneton
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1208:
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1203:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1173:
1140:
1122:
1104:
1086:
1068:
1050:
1032:
1014:
996:
978:
960:
942:
924:
895:
877:
865:
836:
807:
778:
755:
734:
705:
683:
655:
628:
626:
623:
611:zitterbewegung
606:Standard Model
585:
584:Current status
582:
574:Arthur Compton
498:proposed his "
491:
488:
440:
386:discovered by
319:
316:
314:
311:
144:speed of light
138:") due to the
93:
90:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
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1213:
1211:
1201:
1197:
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1177:
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1150:
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1137:
1136:
1131:
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1119:
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1000:
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987:
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832:
827:
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798:
794:
791:
787:
786:J. J. Thomson
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779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
751:
746:
745:
738:
735:
731:
730:
725:
721:
718:
714:
709:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
691:J. J. Thomson
687:
684:
680:
679:
674:
673:
668:
664:
659:
656:
651:
648:(in French).
647:
643:
639:
633:
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620:
614:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
581:
579:
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571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:. Instead of
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:J. J. Thomson
393:
389:
385:
384:perfect fluid
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:, he assumed
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:James Maxwell
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
214:
213:of the ring.
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:
175:. The ring's
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156: =
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:infinitesimal
102:
99:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
69:
64:
62:
57:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
36:
30:
19:
1199:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1097:
1089:
1079:
1071:
1061:
1053:
1043:
1035:
1025:
1017:
1007:
999:
989:
981:
971:
963:
953:
945:
935:
927:
917:
898:
888:
880:
868:
858:
839:
829:
810:
800:
781:
758:
753:for details.
748:
742:
737:
727:
708:
698:
695:Cathode Rays
686:
676:
670:
658:
649:
645:
632:
615:
598:Alfred Landé
587:
529:developed a
493:
445:
437:
430:
321:
291:
269:" values of
247:Ampère's law
238:between the
226:
215:
206:
195:
192:proportional
172:
161:
157:
153:
146:
95:
66:
59:
52:
44:
40:
33:
31:
29:
539:oscillators
482:" from one
420:frequencies
382:rings of a
376:Lord Kelvin
1210:Categories
885:Leigh Page
844:Niels Bohr
763:Max Planck
625:References
594:Paul Dirac
562:scattering
533:theory of
527:Leigh Page
504:Bohr model
466:values of
456:Bohr model
452:Niels Bohr
424:resonators
408:Max Planck
318:Beginnings
299:absorption
184:compressed
132:stationary
37:ring model
531:classical
519:radiation
508:stability
494:In 1915,
464:quantized
446:Numerous
303:radiation
279:Chirality
275:radiation
222:plasmoids
186:, like a
166:inversely
151:frequency
149:, but at
88:in 1915.
74:electrons
910:Archived
851:Archived
822:Archived
793:Archived
771:Archived
720:Archived
640:(1823).
500:magneton
433:and the
416:discrete
295:emission
287:helicity
243:currents
240:parallel
202:was the
177:inertial
125:magnetic
121:electric
98:orbiting
54:plasmoid
35:toroidal
549:. Then
460:nucleus
352:Faraday
313:History
267:quantum
263:integer
168:on the
140:current
117:radiate
78:protons
68:helicon
652:: 175.
516:absorb
480:leaped
404:nuclei
380:vortex
356:Ampère
354:, and
257:-like
255:Slinky
230:. The
220:" or "
218:fibers
188:spring
180:energy
170:radius
128:fields
101:charge
92:Theory
61:vortex
559:alpha
521:from
484:state
474:, as
462:with
392:atoms
348:Gauss
307:atoms
259:helix
251:torus
65:, or
747:and
741:See
602:spin
596:and
570:iron
557:and
555:mass
514:and
512:emit
510:and
398:and
370:and
330:and
273:and
136:spin
109:loop
76:and
70:ring
63:ring
56:ring
32:The
916:",
905:, "
857:",
846:, "
828:",
817:, "
799:",
788:, "
765:, "
726:",
715:, "
697:",
693:, "
669:",
665:, "
358:in
342:as
301:of
297:or
283:odd
160:/2Ď€
123:or
80:as
43:or
1212::
1154:→
406:.
350:,
309:.
277:.
58:,
1186:.
1171:.
1163:Îł
1161:(
1159:e
1156:e
1152:e
1149:e
650:6
441:B
438:k
431:h
227:e
207:h
196:ν
173:R
162:R
158:c
154:ν
147:c
20:)
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