227:
772:. Captive rays have been observed lying still on the bottom and "pouncing" on fish that pass in front of them. At the moment of contact, the ray traps the prey against its body or the bottom by curling its pectoral fin disc around it, while delivering strong electric shocks. This strategy allows the sluggish ray to capture relatively fast-moving fish. Once subdued, the prey is maneuvered to the mouth with rippling motions of the disc and swallowed whole, head-first. The ray's highly distensible jaws allow surprisingly large prey to be ingested: an intact salmon weighing 2 kg (4 lb) has been found in the
824:, females bear up to 60 pups during the summer; the litter size increases with the size of the female. When the embryo is 14 cm (5.5 in) long, it has a pair of deep notches at the front of the disc marking the origin of the pectoral fins, and the curtain of skin between the nostrils has not yet developed; on the other hand, the eyes, spiracles, dorsal fins, and tail have reached adult proportions. Newborn rays measure 17–25 cm (6.7–9.8 in) long, and still have the anterior notches in the disc. Males and females reach
523:
86:
571:). The dorsal coloration is a plain dark brown to gray, sometimes with a few diffuse spots, and darkening at the fin margins. The underside is white, with dark fin margins. The largest of the electric rays, the Atlantic torpedo can measure 1.8 m (6 ft) long and weigh 90 kg (200 lb). However, a length of 0.6–1.5 m (2.0–4.9 ft) and weight of 30 lb (14 kg) is more typical. Females attain a larger size than males.
61:
1807:
42:
1795:
837:
865:(IUCN) assesses the Atlantic torpedo as Least Concern; it could be negatively affected by fishing mortality, though specific data on catch rates and population trends are lacking, as well as by the degradation of coral reefs that are important to juveniles. Its slow reproductive rate would limit its capacity to recover from population depletion.
687:, provided that it is well-fed and rested. The discharges from the electric organ occur in a series, or train, of closely spaced pulses each lasting around 0.03 seconds. Trains contain on average 12 pulses, but trains of over 100 pulses have been recorded. The ray regularly emits pulses even without an obvious external stimulus.
542:
are close to the mouth; there is a flap of skin between them three times as wide as long, with a sinuous rear margin. The mouth is wide and arched, with prominent furrows at the corners. The teeth are pointed and increase in number with age, ranging from 38 rows in juveniles to 66 rows in adults; the
844:
Though seldom life-threatening, the electric discharge of an
Atlantic torpedo is quite severe and may be enough to knock a person unconscious. However, a greater danger to divers is the disorientation that follows the shock. The Atlantic torpedo is of no commercial value, as its meat is flabby and
554:
are rounded and slightly overlapped by the disc at the front. The first dorsal fin is triangular with a rounded apex, originating in front of the pelvic fin insertions. The second dorsal fin is only one-half to two-thirds as large as the first; the distance between the dorsal fins is less than the
671:
in its disc, for both attack and defense. These organs comprise one-sixth of the ray's total weight and contain around half a million jelly-filled "electric plates" arranged in an average of 1,025–1,083 vertical hexagonal columns (visible beneath the skin). These columns essentially act as
650:
in habits, and adults are often encountered swimming in the open ocean. This species has been recorded from the surface to a depth of 800 m (2,600 ft); in the
Mediterranean, it is most common at depths of 200–500 m (660–1,640 ft). It is said to make long
690:
Solitary in nature, the
Atlantic torpedo is often seen resting on or half-buried in the substrate during the day, becoming more active at night. Large and well-defended from attack, it seldom falls prey to other animals. Known
351:
in nature and frequent open water. Up to 1.8 m (6 ft) long and weighing 90 kg (200 lb), the
Atlantic torpedo is the largest known electric ray. Like other members of its genus, it has an almost circular
1041:
1526:
1036:
1565:
534:
disc 1.2 times as wide as it is long, with a thick and nearly straight front margin. The eyes are small and are followed by much larger spiracles, which do not have
2120:
1971:
1229:
343:
in the east, occurring at depths of up to 800 m (2,600 ft), and in the
Mediterranean Sea. Younger individuals generally inhabit shallower, sandy or muddy
862:
436:
2090:
635:. The genus Tetronarce is represented by a single species in the Mediterranean Sea, easy to identify with its characteristic dark blue pattern.
1632:
1057:
Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the
Western Indian Ocean.
936:
for use in lamps. Before the 1950s, its oil was also used in small quantities by fishermen in the United States as a treatment for muscle and stomach
1324:(Elasmobranchii : Torpedinidae). Remarks on their parasitic specificity and on the taxonomical position of the species previously attributed to
1945:
1984:
415:
of this species can be quite severe and painful, though it is not fatal. Because of its electrogenic properties, the
Atlantic torpedo was used in
1443:
Williams, H.H. (1968). "The taxonomy, ecology and host-specificity of some
Phyllobothriidae (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a critical revision of
1722:
1697:
1371:
Dollfus, R.P. (1969). "De quelques cestodes tetrarhynques (Heteracantes et
Pecilacanthes) recoltes chez des poissons de la Mediterranee".
2100:
1739:
1932:
1612:
1296:
1271:
1169:
2049:
1093:
2115:
2110:
1740:"A study of the effect of general anesthetics on lipid-protein interactions in acetylcholine receptor-enriched membranes from
1213:
2105:
1989:
514:
include
Atlantic electric ray, Atlantic New British torpedo, black torpedo, crampfish, electric ray, numbfish, or torpedo.
2010:
1799:
1893:
1192:
555:
length of the first dorsal fin base. The stout tail comprises about one-third of the total length, terminating in a
85:
668:
526:
Early illustration of an Atlantic torpedo; the outlines of the electric organs are visible outside of the eyes.
463:
216:
2067:
1663:
1483:
407:
and later maternally provided histotroph ("uterine milk"). Females give birth to up to 60 young following a
1823:
949:
507:
361:
1861:
1811:
1898:
1014:
793:
673:
396:
200:
2041:
2054:
1919:
1870:
1456:
944:
farm machinery. Along with several other species of electric rays, the Atlantic torpedo is used as a
854:
560:
448:
2095:
1373:
877:
50:
2002:
784:) 37 cm (15 in) long. This ray has been known to kill fish much larger than it can eat.
1655:
1557:
1503:
1425:
1353:
1212:
Capapé, C.; Guélorget, O.; Vergne, Y.; Quignard, J.P.; Ben Amor, M.M. & Bradai, M.N. (2006).
850:
444:
239:
80:
1250:
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and usually found at depths of 10–50 m (33–164 ft) over sandy or muddy flats, or near
1976:
1689:
1906:
1766:
1718:
1693:
1608:
1417:
1345:
1292:
1267:
1165:
885:
592:
412:
1312:
Tazerouti, F.; Euzet, L. & Kechemir-Issad, N. (2007). "Redescription of three species of
1774:
1758:
1681:
1647:
1549:
1495:
1464:
1409:
1337:
1009:
893:
861:
and on hook-and-line. When caught at sea, it is generally discarded or cut up for bait. The
821:
676:
408:
313:
226:
1195:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on November 30, 2009.
1048:. Catalog of Fishes electronic version (January 15, 2010). Retrieved on February 17, 2010.
736:. Some accounts suggest that this ray may be able to survive out of water for up to a day.
663:
Like other members of its family, the Atlantic torpedo is capable of generating a powerful
41:
2023:
1875:
1045:
991:
825:
812:-enriched histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Females have two functional
777:
564:
502:
478:"great torpedo" to this species is provisional. Another type of electric ray found in the
475:
340:
459:
The first scientific description of the Atlantic torpedo was published in 1835 by French
1460:
1396:
van Beneden (Cestoda), with a description of two new species from sharks, and a note on
956:
945:
664:
652:
632:
588:
580:
420:
320:
137:
127:
836:
356:
disk with a nearly straight leading margin, and a robust tail with a large triangular
2084:
1682:
1659:
1089:
1000:
901:
869:
761:
568:
70:
65:
1561:
1507:
1429:
1357:
1059:
Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa.
1911:
881:
858:
647:
612:
535:
531:
497:
479:
424:
383:
to subdue its prey or defend itself against predators. Its diet consists mainly of
353:
348:
316:
309:
167:
157:
912:
could attach to ships (although these early devices were more akin to modern-day
17:
2015:
1997:
1958:
1855:
1449:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
925:
828:
at lengths of 55 cm (22 in) and 90 cm (35 in) respectively.
616:
522:
511:
380:
336:
324:
1806:
579:
The Atlantic torpedo is widely distributed in cool waters on both sides of the
1651:
1553:
1499:
1413:
1341:
960:
913:
769:
643:
556:
551:
492:
483:
460:
392:
365:
357:
177:
1937:
1846:
1738:
Fraser, D.M.; R.W. Sonia; L.I. Louro; K.W. Horvath & A.W. Miller (1990).
941:
933:
909:
745:
719:
628:
620:
596:
544:
384:
372:
360:. Distinctive characteristics include its uniform dark color, smooth-rimmed
97:
1715:
The War for All the Oceans: From Nelson at the Nile to Napoleon at Waterloo
1468:
1421:
1349:
888:
wrote of the application of live "dark torpedo" to patients afflicted with
1794:
1770:
1218:
Bonaparte 1835 Chondrichthyes: Torpedinidae, from two Mediterranean areas"
435:
oil was used as lamp fuel, but it is no longer of any economic value. The
1885:
1840:
1146:. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. pp. 80–104.
1102:
917:
873:
765:
749:
696:
692:
680:
584:
416:
332:
147:
117:
2028:
1762:
563:
with slightly convex margins. The skin is soft and completely devoid of
2062:
1950:
952:
897:
846:
813:
805:
773:
730:
639:
608:
604:
539:
471:
440:
428:
344:
305:
1963:
1484:"Amphibdellid (monogenean) parasites of electric rays (Torpedinidae)"
817:
797:
753:
624:
600:
400:
328:
107:
1817:
1684:
Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience
547:
are small, with the first and fifth pairs shorter than the others.
451:, but the impact of these activities on its population is unknown.
2036:
1542:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1488:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
937:
921:
835:
521:
432:
388:
1511:
905:
889:
820:, and a possibly biennial reproductive cycle. After a year-long
801:
684:
404:
376:
1924:
1821:
948:
in biomedical research because its electric organs are rich in
375:, the Atlantic torpedo is capable of generating up to 220
1072:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
809:
757:
1316:, 1893 (Tetraphyllidea : Phyllobothriidae) parasites of
1251:
http://www.ciesm.org/Guide/skatesandrays/tetronarce-nobiliana
990:
Finucci, B.; Derrick, D.; Dossa, J.; Williams, A.B. (2021).
896:. In 1800, the Atlantic torpedo became the namesake for the
1640:
Journal of the Biological Association of the United Kingdom
840:
The Atlantic torpedo is caught as bycatch but not utilized.
506:, in having generally plain coloration and smooth-margined
955:. These proteins play an important role in mediating many
1137:
1135:
1133:
959:
processes, such as those involved in the functioning of
924:
oil of this species was regarded as of equal quality to
1289:
Fishes of the Sea: The North Atlantic and Mediterranean
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
679:, enabling a large Atlantic torpedo to produce up to a
439:(IUCN) has listed this species as Least Concern; it is
364:(paired respiratory openings behind the eyes), and two
744:
The diet of the Atlantic torpedo consists mainly of
1830:
1447:Beneden, 1849 and comments on some allied genera".
1249:). Oct. 2022. Mendez L., Bacquet A. and F. Briand.
1164:(third ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 768.
1015:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T116861529A116861706.en
496:, which differs from the other genus in the family
1264:A Living Bay: the Underwater World of Monterey Bay
543:first several series of teeth are functional. The
1680:Whitaker, H.; Smith, C. & Finger, S. (2007).
1587:The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 2
1531:n. sp., a copepod parasitic on the electric ray,
1266:. University of California Press. p. 222.
1214:"Biological observations on the black torpedo,
1070:Fowler, H.W. (1911). "Notes on batoid fishes".
872:, including the Atlantic torpedo, were used in
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
863:International Union for Conservation of Nature
764:, though it has also been known to take small
490:. The Atlantic torpedo is placed in the genus
437:International Union for Conservation of Nature
8:
1144:Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 2
1142:Bigelow, H.B. & Schroeder, W.C. (1953).
904:began using the word "torpedo" to describe
776:of one individual, and another contained a
530:The Atlantic torpedo has a nearly circular
470:. Sixteen specimens were designated as the
1818:
1598:
1596:
1262:Langstroth, L. & Newberry, T. (2000).
638:Juvenile Atlantic torpedoes are primarily
225:
59:
40:
31:
1626:
1624:
1589:. Williams and Norgate. pp. 331–332.
1013:
916:). Before the widespread introduction of
583:. In the east, it is found from northern
1245:Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays (
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1155:
1153:
971:
615:. In the west, it occurs from southern
2121:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1580:
1578:
1287:Lythgoe, J. & Lythgoe, G. (1991).
1035:Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fricke, R. eds.
1633:"Notes From the Plymouth Aquarium II"
1392:Sproston, N.G. (1948). "On the genus
1193:Biological Profiles: Atlantic Torpedo
7:
2068:F3C06F86-571A-4175-AEE4-6E64FC128995
2042:A8CBF853-0967-6C0F-E342-62A9F244F3A0
695:of the Atlantic torpedo include the
2091:IUCN Red List least concern species
1605:Reef Sharks & Rays of the World
1162:International Wildlife Encyclopedia
1001:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
646:. As they mature, they become more
631:and the Mediterranean and south of
1222:Annales, Series Historia Naturalis
25:
804:, which is later supplemented by
431:. Prior to the 19th century, its
1805:
1793:
1235:from the original on 2013-11-10.
399:species, wherein the developing
387:, though it also feeds on small
84:
1607:. Sea Challengers. p. 77.
1291:. Blandford Press. p. 32.
468:Iconografia della Fauna Italica
427:and became the namesake of the
1717:. Penguin Group. p. 138.
234:Range of the Atlantic torpedo
1:
667:from a pair of kidney-shaped
27:Species of cartilaginous fish
1744:using nitroxide spin-labels"
1400:sp. from the electric ray".
700:Calyptrobothrium occidentale
1314:Calyptrobothrium monticelli
2137:
2101:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
1008:: e.T116861529A116861706.
727:Amphibdelloides maccallumi
683:of electricity at 170–220
347:, whereas adults are more
1652:10.1017/s0025315400011516
1554:10.1017/s0025315400014867
1500:10.1017/s0025315400013552
1414:10.1017/S003118200008358X
1408:(1–2). Cambridge: 73–90.
1342:10.1007/s11230-006-9088-9
920:in the 19th century, the
538:on their inner rims. The
245:
238:
233:
224:
206:
199:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1092:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
792:The Atlantic torpedo is
723:Amphibdella flabolineata
575:Distribution and habitat
474:. The assignment of the
466:, in his principal work
464:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1330:Systematic Parasitology
900:when American inventor
591:, including the entire
2116:Strongly electric fish
2111:Fish described in 1835
1603:Michael, S.W. (1993).
1482:Llewellyn, J. (1960).
1469:10.1098/rstb.1968.0002
950:acetylcholine receptor
930:Physeter macrocephalus
880:. In the 1st century,
855:recreational fisheries
841:
716:Phyllobothrium gracile
527:
441:caught unintentionally
2106:Marine fish of Brazil
1688:. Springer. pp.
1631:Wilson, D.P. (1953).
1106:. April 2015 version.
839:
794:aplacental viviparous
782:Paralichthys dentatus
677:connected in parallel
525:
397:aplacental viviparous
331:in the west and from
319:. It is found in the
1802:at Wikimedia Commons
1529:Eudactylina rachelae
1247:Tetronarce nobiliana
994:Tetronarce nobiliana
734:Eudactylina rachelae
708:Grillotia microthrix
627:. It is rare in the
561:equilateral triangle
449:recreational fishers
301:Tetronarce nobiliana
276:Torpedo occidentalis
210:Tetronarce nobiliana
1763:10.1021/bi00463a007
1713:Adkins, L. (2008).
1461:1968RSPTB.253..231W
1328:Monticelli, 1893".
1228:(1). Koper: 19–28.
1160:Burton, R. (2002).
847:caught incidentally
659:Biology and ecology
653:migratory movements
486:may also belong to
51:Conservation status
1525:Green, J. (1958).
1044:2012-02-21 at the
1038:nobiliana, Torpedo
842:
832:Human interactions
607:, as well as from
528:
248:Torpedo emarginata
2078:
2077:
1876:Torpedo_nobiliana
1862:Torpedo nobiliana
1832:Torpedo nobiliana
1824:Taxon identifiers
1812:Torpedo nobiliana
1800:Torpedo nobiliana
1798:Media related to
1757:(11): 2664–2669.
1742:Torpedo nobiliana
1724:978-0-14-311392-8
1699:978-0-387-70966-6
1533:Torpedo nobiliana
1318:Torpedo marmorata
1216:Torpedo nobiliana
1096:Torpedo nobiliana
894:chronic headaches
886:Scribonius Largus
845:tasteless. It is
800:are sustained by
796:: the developing
593:Mediterranean Sea
411:of one year. The
403:are nourished by
368:of unequal size.
292:
291:
287:
280:
273:
269:Torpedo nobiliana
266:
259:
252:
192:T. nobiliana
74:
35:Atlantic torpedo
18:Torpedo nobiliana
16:(Redirected from
2128:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2016:NBNSYS0000178413
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
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1953:
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1940:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1819:
1810:Data related to
1809:
1797:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1773:. Archived from
1748:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1662:. Archived from
1637:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1585:Day, F. (1884).
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1564:. Archived from
1539:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:. Archived from
1479:
1473:
1472:
1455:(786): 231–301.
1440:
1434:
1433:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
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1237:
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1234:
1209:
1196:
1189:
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1157:
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1147:
1139:
1108:
1107:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:
987:
940:, as well as to
822:gestation period
565:dermal denticles
476:southern African
409:gestation period
296:Atlantic torpedo
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
255:Torpedo hebetans
250:
229:
212:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2027:
2024:Observation.org
2022:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1869:
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1859:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1826:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1190:
1179:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1111:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1046:Wayback Machine
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
989:
988:
973:
969:
870:electric fishes
834:
826:sexual maturity
790:
778:summer flounder
742:
669:electric organs
661:
640:bottom-dwelling
577:
559:shaped like an
520:
457:
341:southern Africa
283:Torpedo walshii
281:
274:
272:Bonaparte, 1835
267:
265:Guichenot, 1850
260:
253:
220:
214:
208:
195:
158:Torpediniformes
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1880:
1867:
1852:
1836:
1834:
1828:
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1822:
1816:
1815:
1814:at Wikispecies
1803:
1789:
1788:External links
1786:
1784:
1783:
1780:on 2011-07-21.
1730:
1723:
1705:
1698:
1672:
1669:on 2011-07-17.
1646:(1): 199–208.
1620:
1613:
1592:
1574:
1571:on 2011-07-17.
1517:
1514:on 2011-07-17.
1494:(3): 561–589.
1474:
1445:Phyllobothrium
1435:
1384:
1363:
1336:(3): 175–185.
1304:
1297:
1279:
1272:
1254:
1238:
1197:
1177:
1170:
1149:
1109:
1090:Froese, Rainer
1081:
1062:
1050:
1028:
970:
968:
965:
946:model organism
833:
830:
789:
786:
741:
738:
665:electric shock
660:
657:
633:North Carolina
589:Gulf of Guinea
581:Atlantic Ocean
576:
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519:
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456:
453:
421:Ancient Greeks
413:electric shock
321:Atlantic Ocean
290:
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286:Thompson, 1856
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1399:
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1388:
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1380:
1376:
1375:
1374:Vie et Milieu
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
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1300:
1298:0-262-12162-X
1294:
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1273:0-520-22149-4
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1078:(2): 468–475.
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902:Robert Fulton
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:classical era
875:
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859:bottom trawls
856:
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848:
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831:
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598:
595:(but not the
594:
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582:
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562:
558:
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548:
546:
541:
537:
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430:
426:
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386:
382:
378:
374:
371:Solitary and
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
288:
284:
277:
270:
263:
262:Torpedo nigra
256:
249:
244:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
218:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
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149:
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136:
133:
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119:
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112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1831:
1775:the original
1754:
1751:Biochemistry
1750:
1741:
1733:
1714:
1708:
1683:
1675:
1664:the original
1643:
1639:
1604:
1586:
1566:the original
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1512:the original
1491:
1487:
1477:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1405:
1402:Parasitology
1401:
1397:
1394:Dinobothrium
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:T. nobiliana
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1161:
1143:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1037:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1005:
999:
993:
957:neurological
929:
898:naval weapon
867:
843:
791:
788:Life history
781:
748:, including
743:
733:
726:
722:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
689:
662:
637:
613:South Africa
578:
549:
532:pectoral fin
529:
512:common names
501:
498:Torpedinidae
491:
488:T. nobiliana
487:
480:Indian Ocean
467:
458:
429:naval weapon
370:
354:pectoral fin
317:Torpedinidae
310:electric ray
300:
299:
295:
293:
282:
279:Storer, 1843
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
246:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
168:Torpedinidae
144:Superorder:
29:
1998:NatureServe
1959:iNaturalist
1856:Wikispecies
1548:: 113–116.
1191:Bester, C.
1021:19 November
926:sperm whale
876:during the
770:crustaceans
746:bony fishes
720:monogeneans
644:coral reefs
617:Nova Scotia
611:to western
552:pelvic fins
518:Description
395:. It is an
393:crustaceans
385:bony fishes
381:electricity
366:dorsal fins
337:West Africa
325:Nova Scotia
251:M'Coy, 1841
2096:Tetronarce
2085:Categories
1535:Bonaparte"
1381:: 491–542.
967:References
961:anesthesia
910:submarines
884:physician
851:commercial
750:flatfishes
729:, and the
557:caudal fin
545:gill slits
493:Tetronarce
484:Mozambique
461:naturalist
445:commercial
358:caudal fin
258:Lowe, 1838
179:Tetronarce
134:Subclass:
1660:250946991
1398:Monorygma
942:lubricate
766:catsharks
714:sp., and
712:Monorygma
697:tapeworms
693:parasites
674:batteries
629:North Sea
621:Venezuela
597:Black Sea
508:spiracles
373:nocturnal
362:spiracles
217:Bonaparte
186:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2003:2.103466
1977:10154289
1883:BioLib:
1841:Wikidata
1562:84436732
1508:53601268
1430:41323592
1422:18876880
1358:36105477
1350:17516135
1326:C-riggii
1230:Archived
1103:FishBase
1042:Archived
953:proteins
918:kerosene
874:medicine
868:Various
818:uteruses
704:C. minus
681:kilowatt
585:Scotland
540:nostrils
536:papillae
510:. Other
472:syntypes
455:Taxonomy
417:medicine
345:habitats
339:and off
333:Scotland
240:Synonyms
164:Family:
148:Batoidea
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2063:ZooBank
1951:5215510
1847:Q756985
1771:2161253
1457:Bibcode
814:ovaries
806:protein
798:embryos
774:stomach
740:Feeding
731:copepod
648:pelagic
609:Namibia
605:Madeira
599:), the
587:to the
503:Torpedo
419:by the
401:embryos
349:pelagic
323:, from
312:in the
306:species
304:) is a
174:Genus:
154:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2055:157868
1990:160834
1964:114246
1938:125042
1925:209952
1769:
1721:
1696:
1692:–127.
1658:
1611:
1560:
1506:
1428:
1420:
1356:
1348:
1295:
1270:
1168:
938:cramps
762:mullet
760:, and
754:salmon
718:, the
625:Brazil
603:, and
601:Azores
569:scales
425:Romans
389:sharks
329:Brazil
314:family
219:, 1835
2050:WoRMS
2037:Plazi
1972:IRMNG
1933:EUNIS
1912:57GDD
1899:78399
1886:15328
1778:(PDF)
1747:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1656:S2CID
1636:(PDF)
1569:(PDF)
1558:S2CID
1538:(PDF)
1504:S2CID
1426:S2CID
1354:S2CID
1233:(PDF)
922:liver
914:mines
908:that
906:bombs
882:Roman
685:volts
433:liver
377:volts
2029:2033
1985:ITIS
1946:GBIF
1894:BOLD
1767:PMID
1719:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1418:PMID
1346:PMID
1320:and
1293:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1023:2021
1006:2021
890:gout
853:and
816:and
808:and
802:yolk
768:and
758:eels
725:and
702:and
623:and
550:The
482:off
447:and
423:and
405:yolk
391:and
294:The
2011:NBN
1920:EoL
1907:CoL
1871:ADW
1759:doi
1690:126
1648:doi
1550:doi
1496:doi
1465:doi
1453:253
1410:doi
1338:doi
1010:doi
934:oil
892:or
857:in
849:by
810:fat
619:to
443:by
379:of
335:to
327:to
308:of
2087::
2065::
2052::
2039::
2026::
2013::
2000::
1987::
1974::
1961::
1948::
1935::
1922::
1909::
1896::
1873::
1858::
1843::
1765:.
1755:29
1753:.
1749:.
1654:.
1644:32
1642:.
1638:.
1623:^
1595:^
1577:^
1556:.
1546:37
1544:.
1540:.
1502:.
1492:39
1490:.
1486:.
1463:.
1451:.
1424:.
1416:.
1406:89
1404:.
1379:20
1377:.
1352:.
1344:.
1334:67
1332:.
1226:16
1224:.
1220:.
1200:^
1180:^
1152:^
1112:^
1100:.
1076:62
1074:.
1004:.
998:.
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963:.
932:)
756:,
752:,
710:,
706:,
655:.
500:,
1761::
1727:.
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1617:.
1552::
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1498::
1471:.
1467::
1459::
1432:.
1412::
1360:.
1340::
1301:.
1276:.
1174:.
1098:"
1094:"
1025:.
1012::
996:"
992:"
928:(
780:(
567:(
298:(
73:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
