948:
938:
109:
275:). These torques can be substantial, and in the case of shafts making equal angles to the hub shafts, will oppose one another at the steering rack, and so will cancel. These torques are strongly influenced by the position of the driveshaft constant-velocity joint in relation to the steering axis. However, due to other requirements such as achieving a small or negative
294:, intended to increase power transfer, actually make torque steer worse in suspensions that have not been designed to accommodate the LSD. These design features include the careful positioning of suspension pivot points and driveshaft CV joints (to keep the resultant torque steer to a manageable amount) and low steer/longitudinal force compliance.
58:
vehicles. For example, during heavy acceleration, the steering may pull to one side, which may be disturbing to the driver. The effect is manifested either as a tugging sensation in the steering wheel, or a veering of the vehicle from the intended path. Torque steer is directly related to differences
270:
flexes more than the shorter one. However, this is a short-term transient effect. To avoid fatigue failure, the amount of driveshaft torsional deflection must necessarily be small. Effects due to one wheel spinning more slowly than the other are usually negligible. Equal lengths of the driveshafts,
326:
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles still are affected by torque steer in the sense that any of the above situations will still apply a steering moment to the car (though from the rear wheels instead of the front). However, the torque-steer effect at the rear wheels will not send any torque response back
204:
to the present day in its midsize models upward. The key disadvantage is packaging; in the case of Audi, which mounts the power unit ahead of the front axle line, handling is compromised by front-heavy weight distribution. This configuration does however facilitate the easy addition of
271:
in the case of no asymmetric suspension deflection due to roll or bump, keep the drive shaft angles equal. The main component of torque steer occurs when the torques in the driveshaft and the hub are summed vectorially, giving a resultant torque vector around the steering pivot axis (
175:
layout combined with an end-mounted transmission unit; some manufacturers have mitigated this completely by mounting the engine longitudinally but still driving the front wheels—this indeed was the solution adopted on the earliest front-wheel-drive
Citroens. Early
265:
Have both driveshafts be of equal length by using an intermediate shaft (or "lay shaft") on one side of the transmission. This is already implemented on most modern cars. When the driveshafts have different length and excessive torque is applied, the longer
67:. The effect becomes more evident when high torques are applied to the drive wheels because of a high overall reduction ratio between the engine and wheels, high engine torque, or some combination of the two. Torque steer is distinct from
233:
Where unequal length driveshafts are used, their torsional stiffness must be made equal. This can be accomplished by making the shorter shaft hollow, and the longer shaft solid. This solution can be observed on the early
391:
361:
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213:
also uses the overhung longitudinal engine for the same reason, but mitigates the problem of an unbalanced center of gravity by using a "flat-four"
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Reduce the amount of torque from the front axle by passing part of torque to the rear axle. This is achieved on
692:
544:
315:
can be calibrated to directly suppress the torque effect at the handwheel, and the steer effect on the vehicle.
221:
the front axle line, but this compromises interior packaging since it forces the engine towards the firewall.
322:
bushings. The driver will experience torque steer when accelerating because of worn out control-arm bushings.
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This article is about unintentional torque disequilibrium. For intentional torque targeting, see
712:
599:
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279:, an optimum solution is not generally possible with simple suspension configurations such as
230:
Employ the use of a tire with proper sidewall ply design, mitigating the sidewall deformation.
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68:
55:
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280:
33:
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Different driveshaft torques left to right (due to wheel bearing or differential problems)
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through the steering column, so the driver will not have to fight the steering wheel.
307:(set on most modern cars) make the torque steer effect less noticeable to the driver.
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Equalise the torque better between the driveshafts by using a low friction
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The problems associated with unequal-length driveshafts are endemic to the
672:
525:
Ford RevoKnuckle and GM HiPer Strut
Explained - Car&Driver Tech Dept.
290:. The torque difference is zero if the differential is frictionless, and
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243:
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51:
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is usually employed on the longer shaft to combat whirling caused by
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47:
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732:
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84:
533:
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also hides the effect of torque steer from the driver.
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ply design allowing deformation of the tire sidewall.
901:
816:
633:
580:
385:"Torque Steer Influences on McPherson Front Axles"
490:"Vehicle State Estimation Using Steering Torque"
217:. Renault, on the other hand, placed the engine
545:
469:https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/960717/%7C
250:, and was also later adopted on the original
159:Unequal traction forces due to road surface (
8:
418:"Car and Driver 2005 Pontiac Grand Prix GXP"
36:. For differential torque for steering, see
552:
538:
530:
225:Ways to reduce the effect of torque steer
200:models also adopted this layout, as does
358:"Theory of Ground Vehicles, 4th Edition"
348:
27:Unintentional steering by engine torque
502:from the original on 26 September 2007
397:from the original on 29 September 2007
450:from the original on 11 December 2007
242:front wheel drive models such as the
106:Unequal driveshaft length or diameter
7:
424:from the original on 21 October 2007
112:Torque-steer effect simulated using
668:Continuously variable transmission
301:(AWD) vehicles with full-time AWD.
79:Root causes for torque steer are:
25:
100:angles due to any combination of
973:Automotive steering technologies
947:
946:
936:
364:from the original on 1 June 2022
180:front-driven models such as the
120:Transient movement of the engine
46:is the unintended influence of
1:
703:Automated manual transmission
416:Tony Swan (20 October 2020).
163:-split) in combination with
778:Semi-automatic transmission
123:Tolerances in engine mounts
90:Excessive horsepower/torque
989:
615:Internal combustion engine
292:limited slip differentials
31:
932:
914:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
803:Transmission control unit
743:Limited-slip differential
708:Electrorheological clutch
567:
693:Dual-clutch transmission
663:Constant-velocity joint
495:. Stanford University.
444:"What is Torque Steer?"
305:Power assisted steering
643:Automatic transmission
116:
63:of the left and right
337:Differential steering
111:
59:in the forces in the
38:differential steering
748:Locking differential
683:Direct-shift gearbox
139:Suspension geometry
773:Preselector gearbox
753:Manual transmission
474:1 June 2022 at the
919:Electric generator
824:Wheel hub assembly
117:
960:
959:
713:Epicyclic gearing
582:Automotive engine
173:transverse engine
131:Single wheel bump
69:steering kickback
56:front-wheel-drive
16:(Redirected from
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817:Wheels and tires
788:Torque converter
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299:all-wheel-drive
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768:Park-by-wire
763:Parking pawl
678:Differential
653:Direct-drive
635:Transmission
625:Steam engine
570:Part of the
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504:. Retrieved
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452:. Retrieved
438:
426:. Retrieved
411:
399:. Retrieved
378:
366:. Retrieved
356:J. Y. Wong.
351:
325:
288:differential
277:scrub radius
218:
215:boxer engine
196:and certain
170:
144:scrub radius
93:
78:
65:drive wheels
44:Torque steer
43:
42:
29:
839:Alloy wheel
698:Drive wheel
688:Drive shaft
648:Chain drive
320:Control arm
256:mass damper
252:Ford Fiesta
236:Autobianchi
150:control arm
924:Alternator
572:Automobile
561:Powertrain
506:30 January
488:Paul Yih.
454:13 January
428:21 October
401:13 January
368:3 November
343:References
318:Check the
268:half shaft
98:driveshaft
95:Asymmetric
83:Incorrect
793:Transaxle
758:Manumatic
728:Gearshift
600:Fuel cell
260:resonance
188:Phase I,
127:Body roll
114:MSC Adams
967:Category
952:Category
891:Tubeless
876:Run-flat
856:Off-road
673:Coupling
595:Electric
497:Archived
472:Archived
448:Archived
422:Archived
392:Archived
362:Archived
331:See also
248:Fiat 127
244:Fiat 128
153:bushings
85:sidewall
52:steering
273:kingpin
178:Renault
165:kingpin
50:on the
942:Portal
902:Hybrid
866:Radial
844:Hubcap
658:Clutch
605:Hybrid
574:series
219:behind
211:Subaru
167:offset
142:Large
75:Causes
886:Spare
829:Wheel
733:Giubo
500:(PDF)
493:(PDF)
395:(PDF)
388:(PDF)
254:. A
148:Worn
881:Snow
871:Rain
851:Tire
508:2007
456:2007
430:2007
403:2007
370:2014
313:EPAS
246:and
240:Fiat
202:Audi
834:Rim
198:R21
194:R18
190:R12
969::
420:.
390:.
360:.
209:;
192:,
186:R5
184:,
182:R4
71:.
611:)
607:(
553:e
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539:v
510:.
458:.
432:.
405:.
372:.
283:.
262:.
238:/
161:μ
40:.
20:)
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