266:) as well as Irish and Pictish contexts, which are either known or assumed to have decorated the tips of drinking-horns. However the theory depended on the assumption that the holes and rivets used to attach the horns to the cap were all the work of a 19th-century restorer. Subsequent investigation suggested that this was not in fact the case, and "opinion has swung back" to support the original reconstruction, and by the late 1960s Piggott and Atkinson preferred "to think of the horns as yoke-terminals" for chariots. The possibility remains that the horns were made for a different function, but later attached to the cap at some time before its deposit.
131:
65:, which were found together, but whose relationship is one of many questions about these "famous and controversial" objects that continue to be debated by scholars. Most scholars agree that horns were added to the pony-cap at a later date, but whether they were originally made for this purpose is unclear; one theory sees them as mounts for drinking-horns, either totally or initially unconnected to the cap. The three pieces are decorated in a late stage of
22:
30:
207:
169:
The horns and cap are part of a small group of elaborately decorated objects that are the main evidence for one of the last phases of "Insular" La Tène style in
Britain and Ireland, known as "Style IV" in an extension of the scheme originally devised by de Navarro for Continental works. Other objects
77:
Whatever the original appearance and functions of the objects, and wherever they were made, they are very finely designed and skillfully executed, and form part of a small surviving group of elaborate metal objects found around the
British Isles that were commissioned by the elite of Iron Age British
253:
mounts, never joined to the cap in ancient times, was first proposed by
Professors Piggott and Atkinson in 1955, and was widely accepted for about three decades, leading to the horns being detached from the cap and displayed separately. The single surviving bird's head terminal is comparable to much
147:
duck. This probably originally had coral eyes; the other horn lacks its tip. The cap has holes for the ears of the pony; the angle at which the cap is currently displayed, as in the photo here, is designed to show the decoration clearly, and corresponds to that the cap would have had with the horse
122:, which was opened for public visits from 1833, soon after Scott's death. The horns are currently exhibited fixed onto the cap, pointing backwards, but were originally mounted pointing forwards, and have also been displayed detached from the cap. A replica was made and is on display at Abbotsford.
197:
In a
Scottish context, the cap has been seen as a leading example of a distinctive "Galloway style" of La Tène art, closely related to developments in northern Ireland, a short distance across the Irish Sea. Other scholars see the pieces as imported products, perhaps from "east-central England".
155:
element and swells outwards into a central design before tailing off into a delicate fan-shaped tip. A tiny full-face human mask has been incorporated into the central element of the larger horn." The pony-cap is 10.5 inches long, and the complete horn 16.5 inches along its curve, the
142:
with vegetal motifs, trumpet-spirals and bird heads, while the horns have "boldly asymmetric" engraved decoration including a human face and the single complete one terminates in a modelled bird head; it has been suggested that this represents specifically the head of a
238:'s head-mask", though thought to be medieval. It would have been held on by leather straps, with a plume rising from the top of the cap. No other metal champron from ancient times is known, but there appear to be Celtic and classical Greek examples in materials such as
233:
of the type familiar from the late Middle Ages, but has also been seen as intended to be worn by a human in ritual contexts. This was also the view of local antiquaries when the object was found; in its first publication in 1841 it was described as "a
110:(the bog being the bed of a drained loch). It was thought that the horns were detached from the cap at finding, but a recently unearthed contemporary newspaper report says they were attached. They were given by the local antiquarian and author
160:
missing, and three ancient repairs, using small plates, each decorated with patterns; in the photograph here one can be seen between the ear hole and the near horn, another vertical near the front edge of the cap.
579:
Green, 135, citing the recent authority of Prof. Martin Jope's article (see
Further reading). Archaeologists tend to use the archaic synonym "chamfrein", following the ancient tradition of their tribe since
73:
is called by archaeologists. The dates ascribed to the elements vary, but are typically around 200 BC; it is generally agreed that the horns are somewhat later than the cap, and in a rather different style.
652:
628:
Henig (1974), 374; see also the Museum of
Scotland web site. The objection that the horns were an "incongruous" shape for terminals to the conventional cow or ox-horn led to the suggestion that
896:
312:). In July 2015, an Iron Age burial of carefully arranged animal bones that included a horse's skull with a cow's horn on its forehead was unearthed in Dorset, England.
906:
269:
Though no actual comparable finds have been made, some parallels have been suggested in representations of similar caps, including a figure of the mythical horse
842:, ed. A. O'Connor and DV Clarke, 1983, 149–59, John Donald, Edinburgh – interprets Torrs as part of a mummer's costume. See also p. 130 in the same volume.
246:, a Roman outpost in Scotland. Another possibility is that the intended wearer was a wooden cult statue of a horse, which would help explain the small size.
148:
bowing its head. The photos on the museum website show the normal angle when worn better, with the edges on the sides roughly parallel with the ground.
911:
891:
309:
305:
301:
297:
151:
The engraved decoration on the horns is described by Lloyd Laing as "very neatly incised and very elaborate; each pattern begins with a circular
788:
752:
730:
698:
548:
511:
469:
424:
901:
881:
876:
780:
766:
744:
722:
690:
156:
dimensions meaning that the horse wearing the cap "would have had to be a very small one". The cap has a large piece at its back
819:
289:. The Pegasus appears to wear a cap from which rise two knobbed horns. The remains of horses found in the graves of the
130:
331:, Museum of Scotland database, accessed 27 June 2011; Sandars, 260–261; Hennig (1995), 18 ("famous and controversial")
62:
916:
886:
190:
in London, to the extent that Piggot designates a "Torrs-Wandsworth style"; all these three objects are in the
931:
926:
34:
936:
921:
243:
103:
95:
835:, Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland and Glasgow: Richard Drew Publishing, 1989, pp. 97–9.
598:
420:
363:
328:
653:"The boneyard of the bizarre that rewrites our Celtic past to include hybrid-animal monster myths"
144:
815:
805:
784:
776:
762:
748:
740:
726:
718:
694:
686:
544:
507:
501:
179:
538:
350:
171:
119:
115:
66:
21:
481:
Laings, 100–107; Sandars, 260–268 (using a different classification scheme for the styles).
657:
601:, Museum of Scotland database, accessed 27 June 2011 (with a better view of the engraving)
293:
218:
804:, Volume 7, December 1867, 334–341, Printed for the Society by Neill and Company, 1870,
534:
239:
191:
107:
91:
38:
870:
263:
250:
214:
175:
99:
849:. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1976, vol. 1, pp. 23–4; vol. 2, no. 1.
570:
In relation to the horns, "a reminder of Celtic conservatism" according to Laing, 71
353:(with map and bibliography but otherwise outdated, sticking to Piggot and Atkinson)
278:
230:
111:
393:
Sandars, 260–263 (quoted); Laing, 70; also Pigott and
Atkinson in Further reading.
468:
Sandars, 261, fig. 99, which shows the whole cap as a flat projection; see also
286:
274:
255:
157:
139:
29:
436:
Laing, 70; Sandars, 263, fig. 100 has drawings of the engravings on both horns.
206:
863:, XCVI, 197–235, 1955 – the paper proposing the "drinking-horn mounts" theory.
259:
187:
70:
812:"The Work of Angels", Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th–9th centuries AD
296:
in
Siberia were fitted with masks in the shape of stag heads, complete with
282:
619:
See Youngs, p.62, catalogue numbers 53 and 54 for Irish examples; Laing, 71
78:
and Irish society in the final centuries before the arrival of the Romans.
840:
From the Stone Age to the 'Forty-Five', studies presented to RBK Stevenson
290:
226:
87:
58:
540:
The Iron Age in northern
Britain: Celts and Romans, natives and invaders
86:
The artefacts were found together, "about 1820" and "before 1829", in a
41:; the engraving (lower left) is especially similar to that on the horns.
629:
270:
235:
183:
708:
205:
129:
28:
838:
Jope, E. M., "Torrs, Aylesford, and the
Padstow hobby-horse", in
797:, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.)
366:, Museum of Scotland database, accessed 27 June 2011; Smith, 334
285:(St Albans) between about 20 BC and 9 AD, and was the father of
211:
194:. The group includes other objects from Britain and Ireland.
500:
James Neil Graham Ritchie; Anna Ritchie (5 December 1991).
225:
The pony-cap is normally regarded as a Celtic example of a
118:, and long displayed with the horns attached to the cap at
854:
Art of the European Iron Age: a study of the elusive image
384:
Laing, 31. Apparently they were so displayed around 1979
25:
The Torrs Horns and Torrs Pony-cap, as displayed in 2011
610:
Henig (1974), 374, citing Piggott and Atkinson, 234–235
802:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
472:, Museum of Scotland database, accessed 27 June 2011.
859:
Piggott S. and Atkinson R., "The Torrs Chamfrein", '
427:, Museum of Scotland database, accessed 27 June 2011
759:
Art of the Celts: From 700 BC to the Celtic Revival
217:, with drinking-horn terminated in a bird's head,
897:Archaeological discoveries in the United Kingdom
703:Henig, Martin (1974). "A Coin of Tasciovanus",
106:, Scotland, the context suggesting they were a
445:Smith, 337, who measures many other dimensions
178:, and an especially closely related work is a
506:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 119–.
8:
761:, 1992, Thames & Hudson (World of Art),
349:quotes respectively from Smith, 334 and the
277:, the largely Romanized chief who ruled the
757:"Laings", Lloyd Laing and Jennifer Laing.
16:Iron Age bronze artifact found in Scotland
20:
907:Collection of National Museums Scotland
503:Scotland, archaeology and early history
320:
814:, 1989, British Museum Press, London,
455:
453:
451:
7:
254:later early medieval examples from
14:
847:Early Celtic art in North Britain
340:Laings, 101–104; Sandars, 258–268
912:History of Dumfries and Galloway
892:1820s archaeological discoveries
683:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth
249:The theory that the horns were
98:, in the historical county of
775:, 1979, Taylor & Francis,
739:, 1980, Taylor & Francis,
737:Celtic craftsmanship in bronze
632:horns were involved, Laing, 70
402:Museum of Scotland, Horns page
1:
33:Comparable decoration on the
651:Keys, David (10 July 2015).
53:(once together known as the
543:. Routledge. pp. 82–.
63:National Museum of Scotland
953:
258:burials (for example from
795:Prehistoric Art in Europe
707:, Vol. 5, 1974, 374–375,
229:or chamfrein, a piece of
61:bronze pieces now in the
902:Ancient Celtic metalwork
882:3rd-century BC artifacts
877:2nd-century BC artifacts
856:, Adams & Dart, 1970
715:The Art of Roman Britain
180:bronze shield boss found
138:The cap is decorated in
800:Smith, John Alexander,
735:Kilbride-Jones, H. E.,
470:cap from the other side
833:The Wealth of a Nation
713:Henig, Martin (1995).
535:Dennis William Harding
375:See Sandars, Plate 286
222:
135:
42:
35:Wandsworth shield boss
26:
771:Laing, Lloyd Robert.
490:Kilbride-Jones, 73–76
242:, including one from
209:
133:
104:Dumfries and Galloway
32:
24:
810:Youngs, Susan (ed),
793:Sandars, Nancy K.,
717:, Routledge, 1995,
685:, 1998, Routledge,
425:from the other side
845:MacGregor, Morna.
599:Pony cap of bronze
421:Pony cap of bronze
223:
145:northern shoveller
136:
100:Kirkcudbrightshire
43:
27:
917:Iron Age Scotland
887:1820s in Scotland
852:Megaw, J. V. S.,
789:978-0-7100-0131-3
753:978-0-7099-0387-1
731:978-0-415-15136-8
699:978-0-415-18588-2
641:Henig (1974), 374
550:978-0-415-30149-7
513:978-0-7486-0291-9
221:, 10th century AD
944:
681:Green, Miranda.
670:
669:
667:
665:
648:
642:
639:
633:
626:
620:
617:
611:
608:
602:
596:
590:
587:
581:
577:
571:
568:
562:
561:
559:
557:
531:
525:
524:
522:
520:
497:
491:
488:
482:
479:
473:
466:
460:
459:Henig (1995), 18
457:
446:
443:
437:
434:
428:
418:
412:
409:
403:
400:
394:
391:
385:
382:
376:
373:
367:
360:
354:
347:
341:
338:
332:
325:
165:Artistic context
120:Abbotsford House
116:Sir Walter Scott
114:to the novelist
952:
951:
947:
946:
945:
943:
942:
941:
867:
866:
831:Calder, Jenni.
828:
826:Further reading
678:
673:
663:
661:
658:The Independent
650:
649:
645:
640:
636:
627:
623:
618:
614:
609:
605:
597:
593:
588:
584:
578:
574:
569:
565:
555:
553:
551:
533:
532:
528:
518:
516:
514:
499:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
476:
467:
463:
458:
449:
444:
440:
435:
431:
419:
415:
410:
406:
401:
397:
392:
388:
383:
379:
374:
370:
364:Horns of bronze
361:
357:
348:
344:
339:
335:
329:Horns of bronze
326:
322:
318:
310:another example
302:another example
294:Pazyryk culture
204:
167:
128:
90:at Torrs Loch,
84:
55:Torrs Chamfrein
17:
12:
11:
5:
950:
948:
940:
939:
934:
932:Horned helmets
929:
927:Drinking horns
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
869:
868:
865:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
827:
824:
823:
822:
808:
798:
791:
773:Celtic Britain
769:
755:
733:
711:
701:
677:
674:
672:
671:
643:
634:
621:
612:
603:
591:
589:Smith, 334–335
582:
572:
563:
549:
526:
512:
492:
483:
474:
461:
447:
438:
429:
413:
404:
395:
386:
377:
368:
355:
351:RCAHMS website
342:
333:
319:
317:
314:
240:boiled leather
203:
200:
192:British Museum
176:Witham Shields
166:
163:
127:
124:
108:votive deposit
92:Castle Douglas
83:
82:Modern history
80:
69:, as Iron Age
51:Torrs Pony-cap
39:British Museum
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
949:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
872:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
830:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
807:
803:
799:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
781:0-7100-0131-2
778:
774:
770:
768:
767:0-500-20256-7
764:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:0-7099-0387-1
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:0-415-15136-8
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:0-415-18588-2
688:
684:
680:
679:
675:
660:
659:
654:
647:
644:
638:
635:
631:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
604:
600:
595:
592:
586:
583:
576:
573:
567:
564:
552:
546:
542:
541:
536:
530:
527:
515:
509:
505:
504:
496:
493:
487:
484:
478:
475:
471:
465:
462:
456:
454:
452:
448:
442:
439:
433:
430:
426:
422:
417:
414:
408:
405:
399:
396:
390:
387:
381:
378:
372:
369:
365:
362:Laings, 102;
359:
356:
352:
346:
343:
337:
334:
330:
327:Laings, 102;
324:
321:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:on a coin of
272:
267:
265:
264:Taplow burial
261:
257:
252:
251:drinking-horn
247:
245:
244:Newstead Fort
241:
237:
232:
228:
220:
216:
215:Bullion Stone
213:
208:
201:
199:
195:
193:
189:
185:
182:in the river
181:
177:
173:
164:
162:
159:
154:
149:
146:
141:
132:
125:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
67:La Tène style
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
31:
23:
19:
937:Walter Scott
922:Scottish art
861:Archaeologia
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
811:
806:google books
801:
794:
772:
758:
736:
714:
704:
682:
662:. Retrieved
656:
646:
637:
624:
615:
606:
594:
585:
575:
566:
554:. Retrieved
539:
529:
517:. Retrieved
502:
495:
486:
477:
464:
441:
432:
416:
407:
398:
389:
380:
371:
358:
345:
336:
323:
279:Catuvellauni
268:
248:
231:horse armour
224:
196:
170:include the
168:
152:
150:
137:
112:Joseph Train
85:
76:
54:
50:
46:
44:
18:
411:Laings, 102
275:Tasciovanus
256:Anglo-Saxon
158:proper left
126:Description
47:Torrs Horns
871:Categories
820:0714105546
676:References
664:30 October
260:Sutton Hoo
188:Wandsworth
134:Wider view
71:Celtic art
705:Britannia
287:Cymbeline
283:Verlamion
172:Battersea
537:(2004).
291:Iron Age
262:and the
227:champron
202:Function
153:yin-yang
140:repoussé
88:peat bog
59:Iron Age
630:aurochs
298:antlers
271:Pegasus
212:Pictish
818:
787:
779:
765:
751:
743:
729:
721:
697:
689:
580:Smith.
556:3 July
547:
519:3 July
510:
236:mummer
184:Thames
96:Kelton
57:) are
709:JSTOR
316:Notes
306:horns
304:) or
281:from
219:Angus
816:ISBN
785:ISBN
777:ISBN
763:ISBN
749:ISBN
741:ISBN
727:ISBN
719:ISBN
695:ISBN
687:ISBN
666:2016
558:2011
545:ISBN
521:2011
508:ISBN
423:and
210:The
174:and
94:,
49:and
45:The
186:at
873::
783:,
747:,
725:,
693:,
655:.
450:^
102:,
37:,
668:.
560:.
523:.
308:(
300:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
