323:
224:
649:
430:
782:
1115:
970:
1066:, especially when they feel guilty about their actions. Torture has corrupting effects on the institutions and societies that perpetrate it. Torturers forget important investigative skills because torture can be an easier way than time-consuming police work to achieve high conviction rates, encouraging the continued and increased use of torture. Public disapproval of torture can harm the international reputation of countries that use it, strengthen and radicalize violent opposition to those states, and encourage adversaries to themselves use torture.
1310:
1295:. Because the risk of torture is highest directly after an arrest, procedural safeguards such as immediate access to a lawyer and notifying relatives of an arrest are the most effective ways of prevention. Visits by independent monitoring bodies to detention sites can also help reduce torture. Legal changes that are not implemented in practice have little effect on the incidence of torture. Legal changes can be particularly ineffective in places where the law has limited legitimacy or is routinely ignored.
722:. Authoritarian regimes often resort to indiscriminate repression because they cannot accurately identify potential opponents. Many insurgencies lack the necessary infrastructure for a torture program and instead intimidate by killing. Research has found that state torture can extend the lifespan of terrorist organizations, increase incentives for insurgents to use violence, and radicalize the opposition. Another form of torture for deterrence is violence against migrants, as has been reported during
599:
institutional or individual level, and some perpetrators are motivated by the prospect of career advancement. Bureaucracy can diffuse responsibility for torture and help perpetrators excuse their actions. Maintaining secrecy is often essential to maintaining a torture program, which can be accomplished in ways ranging from direct censorship, denial, or mislabeling torture as something else, to offshoring abuses to outside a state's territory. Along with official denials, torture is enabled by
466:—has traditionally not been counted, even though some studies have suggested it is more common than torture in places of detention. There is even less information on the prevalence of torture before the twentieth century. Although it is often assumed that men suffer torture at a higher rate than women, there is a lack of evidence. Some quantitative research has estimated that torture rates are either stagnant or increasing over time, but this may be a measurement effect.
1302:, frustrating prevention efforts because torturers can find a way around rules. Safeguards against torture in detention can be evaded by beating suspects during round-ups or on the way to the police station. General training of police to improve their ability to investigate crime has been more effective at reducing torture than specific training focused on human rights. Institutional police reforms have been effective when abuse is systematic. Political scientist
838:
29:
378:(1954–1962), and the United Kingdom and Portugal also used torture in attempts to retain their respective empires. Independent states in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia often used torture in the twentieth century, but it is unknown whether their use of torture increased or decreased compared to nineteenth-century levels. During the first half of the twentieth century, torture became more prevalent in Europe with the advent of
254:. Societies used torture both as part of the judicial process and as punishment, although some historians make a distinction between torture and painful punishments. Historically, torture was seen as a reliable way to elicit the truth, a suitable punishment, and deterrence against future offenses. When torture was legally regulated, there were restrictions on the allowable methods; common methods in Europe included
7786:
532:
6087:
108:. Although most torturers are thought to learn about torture techniques informally and rarely receive explicit orders, they are enabled by organizations that facilitate and encourage their behavior. Once a torture program begins, it usually escalates beyond what is intended initially and often leads to involved agencies losing effectiveness. Torture aims to break the victim's
1123:
714:, torture was used to deter slaves from escaping or rebelling. Some defenders of judicial torture prior to its abolition argued that it deterred crime; reformers contended that because torture was carried out in secret, it could not be an effective deterrent. In the twentieth century, well-known examples include the
566:
argues that government authorization is a necessary but not sufficient condition for torture to occur, given that a specific order to torture rarely can be identified. In many cases, a combination of dispositional and situational effects lead a person to become a torturer. In most cases of systematic
1074:
Studies have found that most people around the world oppose the use of torture in general. Some hold definite views on torture; for others, torture's acceptability depends on the victim. Support for torture in specific cases is correlated with the belief that torture is effective and used in ticking
822:
as an effective interrogational method have fueled misconceptions that justify the use of torture. Experiments comparing torture with other interrogation methods cannot be performed for ethical and practical reasons, but most scholars of torture are skeptical about its efficacy in obtaining accurate
598:
The contribution of bureaucracy to torture is under-researched and poorly understood. Torturers rely on both active supporters and those who ignore it. Military, intelligence, psychology, medical, and legal professionals can all be complicit in torture. Incentives can favor the use of torture on an
546:
Since most research has focused on torture victims, less is known about the perpetrators of torture. Many torturers see their actions as serving a higher political or ideological goal that justifies torture as a legitimate means of protecting the state. Fear is often the motivation for torture, and
482:
and torture during armed conflicts receive more attention compared to torture of the poor or criminal suspects. Most victims of torture are suspected of crimes; a disproportionate number of victims are from poor or marginalized communities. Groups especially vulnerable to torture include unemployed
853:
motivated a shift to methods that do not leave marks to aid in deniability and to deprive victims of legal redress. As they faced more pressure and scrutiny, democracies led the innovation in clean torture practices in the early twentieth century; such techniques diffused worldwide by the 1960s.
848:
A wide variety of techniques have been used for torture. Nevertheless, there are limited ways of inflicting pain while minimizing the risk of death. Survivors report that the exact method used is not significant. Most forms of torture include both physical and psychological elements and multiple
1055:, most physical examinations are inconclusive. The effects of torture are one of several factors that usually result in inconsistent testimony from survivors, hampering their effort to be believed and secure either refugee status in a foreign country or criminal prosecution of the perpetrators.
663:
Torture for punishment dates back to antiquity and is still employed in the twenty-first century. A common practice in countries with dysfunctional justice systems or overcrowded prisons is for police to apprehend suspects, torture them, and release them without a charge. Such torture could be
348:
ideas about the value of the human person, the lowering of the standard of proof in criminal cases, popular views that no longer saw pain as morally redemptive, and the expansion of imprisonment as an alternative to executions or painful punishments. It is not known if torture also declined in
757:
for extracting a confession from a suspect, but presents a higher risk of false confession. Many torture victims will say whatever the torturer wants to hear to end the torture. Others who are guilty refuse to confess, especially if they believe it would only bring more torture or punishment.
177:
Torture is defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on someone under the control of the perpetrator. The treatment must be inflicted for a specific purpose, such as punishment and forcing the victim to confess or provide information. The definition put forth by the
575:
due to competitive masculinity. Elite and specialized police units are especially prone to torturing, perhaps because of their tight-knit nature and insulation from oversight. Although some torturers are formally trained, most are thought to learn about torture techniques informally.
6607:
453:
where there is a commitment to protecting human rights. Many torture survivors, especially those from poor or marginalized populations, are unwilling to report. Monitoring has focused on police stations and prisons, although torture can also occur in other facilities such as
992:
argued that it was "the most horrible event a human being can retain within himself" and that "whoever was tortured, stays tortured". Many torture victims, including Améry, later die by suicide. Survivors often experience social and financial problems. Circumstances such as
474:
institutions are ineffective at preventing torture against minorities or foreigners. Torture is more likely when a society feels threatened because of wars or crises, but studies have not found a consistent relationship between the use of torture and terrorist attacks.
749:. Despite the abolition of judicial torture, it sees continued use to elicit confessions, especially in judicial systems placing a high value on confessions in criminal matters. The use of torture to force suspects to confess is facilitated by laws allowing extensive
1044:. An average of 40 percent have long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a higher rate than for any other traumatic experience. Not all survivors or rehabilitation experts support using medical categories to define their experience, and many survivors remain
1240:. Even when it is illegal under national law, judges in many countries continue to admit evidence obtained under torture or ill treatment. It is disputed whether ratification of the CAT decreases, does not affect, or even increases the rate of torture in a country.
668:
to be tortured. This type of extrajudicial violence is often carried out in public to deter others. It discriminatorily targets minorities and marginalized groups and may be supported by the public, especially if people do not trust the official justice system.
523:, can lead to violent and arbitrary policing. Routine violence against poor and marginalized people is often not seen as torture, and its perpetrators justify the violence as a legitimate policing tactic; victims lack the resources or standing to seek redress.
469:
Although liberal democracies are less likely to abuse their citizens, they may practice torture against marginalized citizens and non-citizens to whom they are not democratically accountable. Voters may support violence against out-groups seen as threatening;
849:
methods are typically used on one person. Different methods of torture are popular in different countries. Low-tech methods are more commonly used than high-tech ones, and attempts to develop scientifically validated torture technology have failed. The
1095:
are correlated with higher support for torture; embrace of democratic values such as liberty and equality reduces support for torture. Public opinion is most favorable to torture, on average, in countries with low per capita income and high levels of
823:
information, although torture sometimes has obtained actionable intelligence. Interrogational torture can often shade into confessional torture or simply into entertainment, and some torturers do not distinguish between interrogation and confession.
960:
are universal torture methods and frequently instill a permanent sense of shame in the victim and in some cultures, humiliate their family and society. Cultural and individual differences affect how the victim perceives different torture methods.
1134:
The condemnation of torture as barbaric and uncivilized originated in the debates around its abolition. By the late nineteenth century, countries began to be condemned internationally for the use of torture. The ban on torture became part of the
610:
Once a torture program is begun, it is difficult or impossible to prevent it from escalating to more severe techniques and expanding to larger groups of victims, beyond what is originally intended or desired by decision-makers. Sociologist
1139:
justifying colonial rule on the pretext of ending torture, despite the use of torture by colonial rulers themselves. The condemnation was strengthened during the twentieth century in reaction to the use of torture by Nazi
Germany and the
805:
The use of torture to obtain information during interrogation accounts for a small percentage of worldwide torture cases; its use for obtaining confessions or intimidation is more common. Although interrogational torture has been used in
198:(CIDT), the threshold at which treatment can be classified as torture is the most controversial aspect of its definition; the interpretation of torture has broadened over time. Another approach, preferred by scholars such as
591:. In this context, people who cannot afford bribes are likely to become victims of torture. Understaffed or poorly trained police are more likely to resort to torture when interrogating suspects. In some countries, such as
551:. Studies of perpetrators do not support the common assumption that they are psychologically pathological. Most perpetrators do not volunteer to be torturers; many have an innate reluctance to employ violence, and rely on
444:
Most countries practice torture, although few acknowledge it. The international prohibition of torture has not completely stopped torture; instead, states have changed which techniques are used and denied, covered up, or
322:
285:
to convict someone in the absence of a confession. Torture was still a labor-intensive process reserved for the most severe crimes; most torture victims were men accused of murder, treason, or theft. Medieval
762:
details about the crime, and only allowing torture if there was already some evidence against the accused. In some countries, political opponents are tortured to force them to confess publicly as a form of
744:
denounced torture as "a sure way to acquit robust scoundrels and to condemn weak but innocent people". Similar doubts about torture's effectiveness had been voiced for centuries previously, including by
547:
it is typically not a rational response as it is usually ineffective or even counterproductive at achieving the desired aim. Torture victims are often viewed by the perpetrators as severe threats and
7631:
5633:
349:
non-Western states or
European colonies during the nineteenth century. In China, judicial torture, which had been practiced for more than two millennia, was banned in 1905 along with flogging and
1051:
Criminal prosecutions for torture are rare and most victims who submit formal complaints are not believed. Despite the efforts for evidence-based evaluation of the scars from torture such as the
7646:
7589:
7584:
405:
in Latin
America, with an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 victims of torture by United States–backed regimes. The only countries in which torture was rare during the twentieth century were the
1164:. Some contemporary philosophers argue that torture is never morally acceptable; others propose exceptions to the general rule in real-life equivalents of the ticking time-bomb scenario.
956:
works by forcing the person to adopt a stance, putting their weight on a few muscles, causing pain without leaving marks, for example standing or squatting for extended periods. Rape and
559:
finds that torturers act from a variety of motives such as ideological commitment, personal gain, group belonging, avoiding punishment, or avoiding guilt from previous acts of torture.
409:
of the West, but torture was still used there, against ethnic minorities or criminal suspects from marginalized classes, and during overseas wars against foreign populations. After the
6514:
988:
Torture is one of the most devastating experiences that a person can undergo. Torture aims to break the victim's will and destroy the victim's agency and personality. Torture survivor
696:
is sometimes considered a form of psychological torture. Others do not consider corporal punishment with a fixed penalty to be torture, as it does not seek to break the victim's will.
6619:
6504:
1306:
criticizes torture prevention research for not figuring out "what to do when people are bad; institutions broken, understaffed, and corrupt; and habitual serial violence is routine".
207:
7679:
1032:
and pain-related disability are commonly reported, but there is scant research into this effect or possible treatments. Common psychological problems affecting survivors include
6600:
4546:
1229:
6588:
1221:
1291:
Torture prevention is complicated both by lack of understanding about why torture occurs and by lack of application of what is known. Torture proliferates in situations of
6675:
1008:
Death is not an uncommon outcome of torture. Understanding of the link between specific torture methods and health consequences is lacking. These consequences can include
135:
Torture has been carried out since ancient times. However, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many
Western countries abolished the official use of torture in the
920:
Psychological torture includes methods that involve no physical element as well as forcing a person to do something and physical attacks that ultimately target the mind.
861:
are the most common form of physical torture reported by about two-thirds of survivors. They may be either unsystematic or focused on a specific part of the body, as in
952:), humiliation (which can be based on sexuality or the victim's religious or national identity), and the use of animals such as dogs to frighten or injure a prisoner.
928:, or being forced to witness the torture of another person are often reported to be subjectively worse than being physically tortured and are associated with severe
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5850:
449:
torture programs. Measuring the rate at which torture occurs is difficult because it is typically committed in secrecy, and abuses are likelier to come to light in
371:
7560:
7609:
869:), repeated strikes against both ears, or shaking the detainee so that their head moves back and forth. Often, people are suspended in painful positions such as
7619:
7602:
1216:, meaning that it is forbidden for all states under all circumstances. Most jurists justify the absolute legal prohibition on torture based on its violation of
648:
273:
but became more common between 1200 and 1400. Because medieval judges used an exceptionally high standard of proof, they would sometimes authorize torture when
223:
7597:
6573:
5948:
1233:
89:
are used, often in combination; the most common form of physical torture is beatings. Beginning in the twentieth century, many torturers have preferred non-
1280:
571:
during training which can be a deliberate tactic to create torturers. Even when not explicitly ordered by the government to torture, perpetrators may feel
7550:
6535:
1275:. According to the Rome Statute, torture can also be a crime against humanity if committed as part of a systematic attack on a civilian population. In
73:, while others include non-state organizations. Most victims of torture are poor and marginalized people suspected of crimes, although torture against
7022:
6578:
6077:
1190:
179:
5392:
Bourgon, JĂ©rĂ´me (2003). "Abolishing 'Cruel
Punishments': A Reappraisal of the Chinese Roots and Long-term Efficiency of the Xinzheng Legal Reforms".
7722:
340:
Torture remained legal in Europe during the seventeenth century, but its practice declined. Torture was already of marginal importance to
European
7626:
6927:
6612:
684:, argue that capital punishment is inherently a form of torture carried out for punishment. Executions may be carried out in brutal ways, such as
7555:
242:
Torture was legally and morally acceptable in most ancient, medieval, and early modern societies. There is archaeological evidence of torture in
429:
6728:
6668:
5586:"Psychological, social, and welfare interventions for torture survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
5369:"The Abolitionist Movement Comes of Age: From Capital Punishment as Lawful Sanction to a Peremptory, International Law Norm Barring Executions"
195:
781:
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5150:
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performed in a police station, the victim's home, or a public place. In South Africa, the police have been observed handing suspects over to
607:
for the perpetrators. Public demand for decisive action against crime or even support for torture against criminals can facilitate its use.
7152:
7098:
6896:
206:, distinguishes torture from CIDT by considering only the torturer's purpose, and not the severity. Other definitions, such as that in the
182:
only considers torture carried out by the state. Most legal systems include agents acting on behalf of the state, and some definitions add
6076:
478:
Torture is directed against certain segments of the population, who are denied the protection against torture given to others. Torture of
194:). The most expansive definitions encompass anyone as a potential perpetrator. Although torture is usually classified as more severe than
7055:
7007:
6778:
6624:
6595:
6441:
1189:
launched a global campaign against torture, exposing its widespread use despite international prohibition and eventually leading to the
1176:
1114:
7636:
7579:
7357:
7157:
5899:
Milewski, Andrew; Weinstein, Eliana; Lurie, Jacob; Lee, Annabel; Taki, Faten; Pilato, Tara; Jedlicka, Caroline; Kaur, Gunisha (2023).
5486:
4520:
1075:
time bomb cases. Women are more likely to oppose torture than men. Nonreligious people are less likely to support the use of torture
710:
Torture may also be used indiscriminately to terrorize people other than the direct victim or to deter opposition to the government.
6661:
6451:
6421:
6139:
5979:
Weishut, Daniel J. N.; Steiner-Birmanns, Bettina (2024). "A Review of
Reasons for Inconsistency in Testimonies of Torture Victims".
414:
6694:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
5846:"The massacre mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten reveals new insights into collective violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe"
437:
5784:
5080:
266:, often only when some evidence already existed. In contrast, non-citizens such as foreigners and slaves were commonly tortured.
262:. In most societies, citizens could be judicially tortured only under exceptional circumstances and for a serious crime such as
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6499:
6274:
5821:
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4591:
758:
Medieval justice systems attempted to counteract the risk of false confession under torture by requiring confessors to provide
512:
307:
203:
969:
854:
Patterns of torture differ based on a torturer's time limits—for example, resulting from legal limits on pre-trial detention.
623:, and false confessions reinforce torturers' fears, leading to a spiral of paranoia and ever-increasing torture"—similar to a
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1244:
1225:
1021:
129:
5457:
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to subdue resistance and reached a peak during the anti-colonial wars in the twentieth century. An estimated 300,000 people
139:, although it continued to be used throughout the world. Public opinion research shows general opposition to torture. It is
5704:"State Torture: Interviewing Perpetrators, Discovering Facilitators, Theorizing Cross-Nationally - Proposing "Torture 101""
120:, and is cited as one of the most damaging experiences that a person can undergo. Many victims suffer both physical damage—
6446:
1197:
mobilizations against torture can prevent its use by governments that possess both motive and opportunity to use torture.
344:
by its formal abolition in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Theories for why torture was abolished include the rise of
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1314:
1084:
516:
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2269:
2267:
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7656:
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5551:"Violence and torture against migrants and refugees attempting to reach the European Union through Western Balkans"
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4936:
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issue. Although prevention efforts have been of mixed effectiveness, institutional reforms and the elimination of
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7279:
7209:
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1276:
1181:
1045:
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Although it is often assumed that torture is ordered from above at the highest levels of government, sociologist
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7182:
7091:
7002:
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6798:
6329:
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20:
1236:
may not be admitted in court, and deporting a person to another country where they are likely to face torture
5901:"Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
5817:"From Norm Violations to Norm Development: Deviance, International Institutions, and the Torture Prohibition"
5806:
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7341:
7187:
7177:
6708:
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6207:
5900:
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5214:
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5168:
5142:
5119:
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1292:
776:
341:
274:
160:
60:
6132:
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1309:
7377:
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7172:
6738:
6723:
5741:
5735:
Jensena, Steffen; Kelly, Tobias; Andersen, Morten Koch; Christiansen, Catrine; Sharma, Jeevan Raj (2017).
5681:
Houck, Shannon C.; Repke, Meredith A. (2017). "When and why we torture: A review of psychology research".
5660:
4561:"Israel: Torture still used systematically as Israel presents its report to the Committee Against Torture"
1318:
1256:
1017:
740:
Torture has been used throughout history to extract confessions from detainees. In 1764, Italian reformer
459:
183:
172:
66:
874:
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7352:
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campaigns against torture have shown mixed results; they can be ineffective and even make things worse.
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and is explicitly forbidden by several treaties. Opposition to torture stimulated the formation of the
1323:
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are sometimes seen as forms of torture, but this label is internationally controversial. A variety of
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have had positive effects. Despite its decline, torture is still practiced in or by most countries.
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1185:, formed much of the basis for the definition of torture in international law. In the early 1970s,
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311:
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52:
6608:
European
Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
5782:
Kelly, Tobias (2019). "The
Struggle Against Torture: Challenges, Assumptions and New Directions".
5484:(2022). "How Torture Fails: Evidence of Misinformation from Torture-Induced Confessions in Iraq".
909:
are often used to torture, especially to avoid other methods that are more likely to leave scars.
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994:
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632:
595:, suspects are more likely to be tortured at the end of the month because of performance quotas.
86:
82:
74:
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and anti-communist regimes in Latin
America, who tortured and murdered their victims as part of
579:
Torture can be a side effect of a broken criminal justice system in which underfunding, lack of
556:
5137:
Kelly, Tobias; Jensen, Steffen; Andersen, Morten Koch (2020). "Fragility, states and torture".
1605:
1396:
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Although there is less research on the effects of torture on perpetrators, they can experience
462:. Torture that occurs outside of custody—including extrajudicial punishment, intimidation, and
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Torture as State Crime: A Criminological Analysis of the Transnational Institutional Torturer
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as torture is internationally controversial, although it is explicitly prohibited under the
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is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including
28:
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6540:
6406:
6384:
6304:
6289:
6236:
6164:
5944:"The Prohibition of Torture and Persons Living in Poverty: From the Margins to the Centre"
5364:
5211:
Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention
5188:
Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention
5139:
Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention
1237:
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37:
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are preferred by some torturers because they have legitimate uses and do not leave marks.
818:
is extremely rare, if not impossible, but is cited to justify torture for interrogation.
5925:
5863:
5056:
Beam, Sara (2020). "Violence and Justice in Europe: Punishment, Torture and Execution".
2163:
2161:
893:, but other instruments are also employed, including hot metal, hot fluids, the sun, or
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70:
1144:. Shocked by Nazi atrocities during World War II, the United Nations drew up the 1948
302:
used torture in cases where circumstantial evidence tied someone to a crime, although
246:
Europe, about 7,000 years ago. Torture is commonly mentioned in historical sources on
7804:
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1303:
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989:
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torture, the torturers were desensitized to violence by being exposed to physical or
484:
463:
418:
379:
356:
278:
199:
191:
105:
5737:"Torture and Ill-Treatment Under Perceived: Human Rights Documentation and the Poor"
1232:. The CAT specifies that torture must be a criminal offense under a country's laws,
7412:
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1350:
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1141:
1059:
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977:
921:
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858:
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387:
156:
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121:
5646:
5163:(2014). "Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment".
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
401:
Torture was also used by both communist and anti-communist governments during the
6075:
5604:
5567:
5002:
Tortured Logic: Why Some Americans Support the Use of Torture in Counterterrorism
3791:
3789:
2363:
2361:
2196:
2194:
2192:
753:. Research has found that coercive interrogation is slightly more effective than
7778:
7367:
7202:
7147:
6788:
6217:
6202:
6187:
5368:
5114:
Frahm, Eckart (2006). "Images of Assyria in 19th and 20th Century Scholarship".
4876:
1248:
1080:
715:
653:
631:
operations. Torture and specific techniques spread between different countries,
488:
383:
303:
117:
41:
6027:
5992:
5525:
5209:
Quiroga, José; Modvig, Jens (2020). "Torture methods and their health impact".
1363:
pain inflicted by judicial or ecclesiastical authority as a means of persuasion
1130:
in dark green, states that have signed the treaty in yellow, and others in gray
7419:
7197:
6793:
6394:
5962:
5943:
5445:
5407:
5285:
1299:
1172:
1153:
665:
624:
592:
588:
440:. The use of tear gas on protestors is sometimes considered a form of torture.
299:
6095:
was created from a revision of this article dated 14 September 2024
6000:
5971:
5774:
5719:
5576:
5533:
5415:
5384:
4992:
1247:, which regulates the conduct of war, torture was first outlawed by the 1863
1100:. Public opinion is an important constraint on the use of torture by states.
210:, focus on the torturer's aim "to obliterate the personality of the victim".
7107:
6773:
5872:
5844:
Meyer, Christian; Lohr, Christian; Gronenborn, Detlef; Alt, Kurt W. (2015).
5797:
5510:(2023). "Understanding and Preventing Torture: a Review of the Literature".
5499:
5339:
5293:
4884:
4858:
4789:
1272:
886:
882:
870:
746:
421:. It is disputed whether torture increases, decreases, or remains constant.
259:
33:
6653:
6045:
5934:
5891:
5623:
5311:
Thomson, Mark; Bernath, Barbara (2020). "Preventing Torture: What Works?".
917:
is a form, inflicts torture on the victim by cutting off their air supply.
877:
in combination with beatings. People may also be subjected to stabbings or
5835:
5816:
5755:
5673:
5631:
Hassner, Ron E. (2020). "What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?".
7756:
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255:
125:
90:
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1037:
981:
945:
798:
685:
395:
351:
263:
247:
5736:
5232:
Rejali, Darius (2020). "The Field of Torture Today: Ten Years On from
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
6010:"Improving the assessment and treatment of pain in torture survivors"
5458:"The Fall and Rise of Torture: A Comparative and Historical Analysis"
5313:
Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality
5238:
Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality
77:, or during armed conflict, has received disproportionate attention.
3557:
3555:
2280:, Political and Institutional Influences on the Practice of Torture.
1224:
focus on the prevention of torture, which was already prohibited in
294:
used torture under the same procedural rules as secular courts. The
615:
argues that "torture can create a vicious cycle in which a fear of
5549:
Guarch-Rubio, Marta; Byrne, Steven; Manzanero, Antonio L. (2020).
5058:
The Cambridge World History of Violence: Volume 3: AD 1500–AD 1800
1308:
1121:
1113:
968:
836:
780:
647:
530:
428:
321:
222:
27:
6231:
5584:
Hamid, Aseel; Patel, Nimisha; Williams, Amanda C. de C. (2019).
4596:
3487:
3485:
2312:
2310:
1455:
1453:
363:
continued throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
228:
190:, or private individuals working in state-monitored facilities (
101:
7080:
6657:
6121:
5081:"The Ethics of Torture: Definitions, History, and Institutions"
4383:
4381:
2616:
2614:
2562:
2560:
905:, or other substances, or injections are also used as torture.
128:. Although torture survivors have some of the highest rates of
3716:
3714:
3376:
3374:
2643:
2641:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
627:. Escalation of torture is especially difficult to contain in
7076:
5634:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
4907:
Psychological Torture: Definition, Evaluation and Measurement
2472:
2470:
6073:
1726:
1724:
5336:
The Routledge International Handbook of Perpetrator Studies
4592:"It's now (even more) official: torture is legal in Israel"
3966:
3964:
2430:
2428:
1083:
increases opposition to torture. The personality traits of
542:'s corpse, after he was tortured to death by CIA personnel.
6117:
5262:; Flanagan, Mary (2020). "Torture and counter-terrorism".
5165:
The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict
2457:
2455:
1873:
1871:
1328:, features the body of a naked man in the position of the
1005:
in a safe country strongly impact survivors' well-being.
5656:"What Shapes Public Support for Torture, and Among Whom?"
2523:
2521:
1179:—found that a state practiced torture and it, along with
5334:
Wolfendale, Jessica (2019). "The Making of a Torturer".
3130:
3128:
3115:
3113:
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2962:
2960:
2252:
2250:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1807:
1805:
1571:
1569:
1567:
633:
especially by soldiers returning home from overseas wars
326:"The custody of a criminal does not require torture" by
6620:
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
4132:
4130:
3943:
3931:
3919:
3277:
3275:
2577:
2575:
1953:
1951:
1858:
1856:
1741:
1739:
1642:
1640:
507:
in particular leave poor people vulnerable to torture.
491:, refugees and migrants, ethnic and racial minorities,
208:
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
4527:. 1999. Archived from the original on 15 November 2002
4065:
4063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1768:
1766:
1482:
1480:
5085:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
4977:
Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli (1897).
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
5264:
Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism
1230:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
7731:
7700:
7535:
7453:
7329:
7230:
7138:
7127:
7021:
6894:
6699:
6633:
6564:
6523:
6515:
Torture during the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)
6482:
6347:
6260:
6178:
6155:
3062:
7046:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
5186:PĂ©rez-Sales, Pau (2020). "Psychological torture".
5035:Contesting Torture: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
1175:was the first time that an international body—the
5807:20.500.11820/4cc28414-d254-4ab9-829f-b73a2fffd322
5766:20.500.11820/f7a9a490-1825-42ab-802e-3b3825c72bb8
4980:The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: Dictionary
4881:Torture: A Sociology of Violence and Human Rights
4832:The Prevention of Torture: An Ecological Approach
1152:based on all major ethical frameworks, including
948:), exposure to extremes of light or noise (e.g.,
6008:Williams, Amanda C. de C.; Hughes, John (2020).
4545:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5851:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3506:
2237:
6086:
4714:
4654:
4630:
4435:
3871:
3859:
3811:
2843:
2167:
1279:, Israel became the only country in the world
635:, although this process is poorly understood.
16:Deliberate infliction of suffering on a person
7092:
6669:
6133:
5949:International & Comparative Law Quarterly
5683:Translational Issues in Psychological Science
4738:
4726:
4690:
4666:
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3907:
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3835:
3823:
3669:
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3609:
3585:
3573:
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3546:
3534:
3522:
3491:
3341:
2927:
2647:
2620:
2133:
2078:
1522:
1459:
1420:
8:
6574:Exclusion of evidence obtained under torture
4387:
4188:
4018:
3795:
2875:
2859:
2815:
2367:
2200:
2148:
1587:
1510:
1392:
69:restrict torture to acts carried out by the
6714:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
4399:
3895:
3883:
3732:
3720:
3705:
3693:
3645:
3633:
3476:
3452:
3392:
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3365:
3158:
2990:
2978:
2476:
1969:
1925:
1546:
1498:
1444:
1353:
1118:Proposed United States poster, 1942 or 1943
1079:, although for the latter group, increased
850:
104:, or due to limited resources, rather than
7728:
7135:
7099:
7085:
7077:
6676:
6662:
6654:
6536:Effectiveness of torture for interrogation
6175:
6140:
6126:
6118:
5000:Young, Joseph K.; Kearns, Erin M. (2020).
4109:
4085:
3254:
2831:
2755:
2659:
2632:
2605:
2551:
2434:
2395:
2316:
2301:
726:on the European Union's external borders.
6579:United Nations Convention against Torture
6035:
5961:
5924:
5881:
5871:
5834:
5805:
5764:
5754:
5613:
5603:
5566:
4288:
4276:
4240:
4006:
3982:
3780:
3744:
3090:
3078:
2566:
2539:
2446:
2419:
1993:
1877:
1784:
1558:
1191:United Nations Convention against Torture
555:, such as alcohol or drugs. Psychiatrist
180:United Nations Convention against Torture
7723:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
6103:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
4030:
3026:
694:psychological harm of capital punishment
587:undermines effective investigations and
6928:Right to an adequate standard of living
6613:Committee for the Prevention of Torture
5290:The Routledge Handbook of Global Ethics
4807:Carver, Richard; Handley, Lisa (2016).
4360:
4264:
4054:
4042:
3994:
3317:
3266:
3170:
3050:
2939:
2915:
2779:
2743:
2719:
2707:
2683:
2671:
2527:
1913:
1385:
1368:, ultimately from a Latin root meaning
1342:
1167:Torture stimulated the creation of the
132:, many are psychologically resilient.
6729:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
5116:Orientalism, Assyriology and the Bible
5097:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.326
4762:
4678:
4538:
4495:
4471:
4423:
4348:
4324:
4312:
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4228:
4216:
4204:
4176:
4164:
4148:
4121:
4069:
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3955:
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3681:
3597:
3464:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3353:
3329:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3146:
3134:
3119:
3102:
3038:
3014:
3002:
2966:
2791:
2767:
2695:
2593:
2581:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2461:
2407:
2289:
2256:
2183:
2114:
2102:
2066:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1981:
1957:
1942:
1901:
1862:
1835:
1811:
1796:
1745:
1730:
1703:
1658:
1646:
1575:
1486:
1064:trauma symptoms similar to the victims
1001:, and the uncertainty of applying for
980:recovering after his release from the
196:cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
155:, and it continues to be an important
6510:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
4750:
4702:
4507:
4483:
4459:
4372:
4336:
2951:
2903:
2891:
2803:
2731:
2383:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2277:
2216:
2090:
1679:
1631:
1534:
1471:
1432:
1408:
1298:Sociologically torture operates as a
1146:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
7153:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
4300:
4136:
4097:
3768:
1889:
1847:
1823:
1772:
1757:
1715:
1691:
1259:; it is recognized by both the 1949
1251:. Torture was prosecuted during the
889:. Burns are also common, especially
652:The mutilated body of a man who was
359:) as a means of execution, although
6625:American Convention on Human Rights
6596:European Convention on Human Rights
5033:(2022). "Why Perpetrators Matter".
3944:Weishut & Steiner-Birmanns 2024
3932:Weishut & Steiner-Birmanns 2024
3920:Weishut & Steiner-Birmanns 2024
1177:European Commission on Human Rights
932:. Other torture techniques include
785:Two United States soldiers and one
100:Torturers more commonly act out of
36:soldier, blindfolded and tied in a
7158:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
5917:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36629
5487:Journal of Global Security Studies
1606:"Torture in the Achaemenid Period"
619:leads to torture, torture creates
141:prohibited under international law
124:is particularly common—and mental
97:methods to maintain deniability.
14:
7647:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
6849:Right to refuse medical treatment
6452:Enhanced interrogation techniques
1228:under other treaties such as the
63:, or intimidating third parties.
7785:
7784:
7590:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
6541:Involvement of medical personnel
6085:
5785:Journal of Human Rights Practice
5474:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00300.x
4786:A Genealogy of the Torture Taboo
1204:The prohibition of torture is a
940:, withholding of food or water,
413:, the US government embarked on
7680:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
6500:Torture during the Algerian War
5822:International Studies Quarterly
5433:Review of International Studies
1604:Jacobs, Bruno (16 March 2017).
1281:to purportedly legalize torture
1234:evidence obtained under torture
820:Fictional portrayals of torture
308:evidence obtained under torture
7061:Sexual and reproductive health
6958:Right to a healthy environment
1245:international humanitarian law
1226:international human rights law
1022:sexually transmitted infection
1016:from extensive muscle damage,
231:chiefs flayed alive after the
130:post-traumatic stress disorder
40:by American forces during the
1:
6978:Right to public participation
5647:10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951
4954:Wisnewski, J. Jeremy (2010).
4830:Celermajer, Danielle (2018).
4809:Does Torture Prevention Work?
331:
306:has traditionally considered
281:if there were fewer than the
61:interrogation for information
7220:International Criminal Court
6998:Right to science and culture
6275:Biderman's Chart of Coercion
5981:Psychological Injury and Law
5605:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002919
5568:10.7146/torture.v30i3.120232
2954:, The Definition of Torture.
1315:Torture Never Again Monument
1269:International Criminal Court
1148:, which prohibited torture.
1110:Torture in international law
1089:social dominance orientation
810:, it is even more common in
674:judicial corporal punishment
438:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
376:Algerian War of Independence
79:Judicial corporal punishment
7620:Russian invasion of Ukraine
6824:Right to keep and bear arms
6734:Freedom from discrimination
5702:Huggins, Martha K. (2012).
1085:right-wing authoritarianism
509:Criminalization of the poor
415:an overseas torture program
366:Torture was widely used by
318:Abolition and continued use
7862:
7594:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
6551:Ticking time bomb scenario
6028:10.1016/j.bjae.2019.12.003
5993:10.1007/s12207-024-09498-4
5526:10.1007/s12142-023-00696-2
5062:Cambridge University Press
4960:Edinburgh University Press
4937:Princeton University Press
4836:Cambridge University Press
4813:Liverpool University Press
4715:Thomson & Bernath 2020
4655:Thomson & Bernath 2020
4631:Thomson & Bernath 2020
4436:Thomson & Bernath 2020
3872:Williams & Hughes 2020
3860:Williams & Hughes 2020
3812:Williams & Hughes 2020
1193:(CAT) in 1984. Successful
1128:Convention against Torture
1107:
833:List of methods of torture
830:
816:ticking time bomb scenario
774:
733:
703:
170:
18:
7771:
7280:Joint criminal enterprise
7210:Responsibility to protect
7114:
6988:Right to rest and leisure
6692:
6584:Committee Against Torture
6495:Use of torture since 1948
5963:10.1017/S0020589321000038
5446:10.1017/S0260210507007565
5408:10.1017/S0026749X03004050
5006:Columbia University Press
4853:Collard, Melanie (2018).
4739:Carver & Handley 2016
4727:Carver & Handley 2016
4691:Carver & Handley 2016
4667:Carver & Handley 2016
4643:Carver & Handley 2016
4619:Carver & Handley 2016
4448:Carver & Handley 2016
4412:Carver & Handley 2016
3908:Carver & Handley 2016
3848:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3836:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3824:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3670:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3658:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3622:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3610:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3586:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3574:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3562:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3547:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3535:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3523:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3492:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
3342:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
2930:, pp. 414, 422, 427.
2928:Quiroga & Modvig 2020
2794:, pp. 75, 82–83, 85.
2648:Carver & Handley 2016
2621:Carver & Handley 2016
2134:Carver & Handley 2016
2079:Carver & Handley 2016
1523:Carver & Handley 2016
1460:Carver & Handley 2016
1421:Carver & Handley 2016
1182:Ireland v. United Kingdom
1046:psychologically resilient
511:, through laws targeting
283:two eyewitnesses required
7003:Right to social security
6968:Right to Internet access
6913:Equal pay for equal work
6799:Presumption of innocence
6330:Welcome parade (torture)
4388:Saul & Flanagan 2020
4019:Saul & Flanagan 2020
3814:, pp. 133–134, 137.
3696:, pp. 79, 115, 165.
1511:Saul & Flanagan 2020
1393:Whitney & Smith 1897
692:, or dismemberment. The
680:. Some authors, such as
497:people with disabilities
342:criminal justice systems
21:Torture (disambiguation)
7747:Crimes against humanity
7585:Libyan civil war (2011)
7445:Wartime sexual violence
7393:Human trophy collecting
7378:Enforced disappearances
6879:right to be a candidate
6709:Equality before the law
6208:Pharmacological torture
5873:10.1073/pnas.1504365112
5423:Blakeley, Ruth (2007).
5317:Oxford University Press
5268:Edward Elgar Publishing
5242:Oxford University Press
5215:Edward Elgar Publishing
5192:Edward Elgar Publishing
5169:Oxford University Press
5143:Edward Elgar Publishing
5120:Sheffield Phoenix Press
5089:Oxford University Press
5079:Evans, Rebecca (2020).
2991:Young & Kearns 2020
1317:in Brazil, by sculptor
1293:incommunicado detention
777:Interrogational torture
460:youth detention centers
275:circumstantial evidence
161:incommunicado detention
145:under all circumstances
57:extracting a confession
7398:Indiscriminate attacks
7383:Extrajudicial killings
7254:Command responsibility
6739:Freedom of information
6724:Freedom of association
6081:
6061:Listen to this article
5742:Human Rights Quarterly
5661:Human Rights Quarterly
5508:Einolf, Christopher J.
5482:Einolf, Christopher J.
5454:Einolf, Christopher J.
4784:Barnes, Jamal (2017).
4110:Houck & Repke 2017
4086:Houck & Repke 2017
3255:Houck & Repke 2017
3245:, pp. 92–93, 106.
3005:, pp. 26, 38, 41.
1354:
1333:
1257:crime against humanity
1131:
1119:
1018:traumatic brain injury
985:
897:. Forced ingestion of
851:prohibition of torture
845:
802:
755:cognitive interviewing
672:The classification of
660:
543:
441:
337:
239:
184:non-state armed groups
173:Definitions of torture
45:
7718:List of global issues
7547:Gaza–Israel conflict
7373:Desecration of graves
7353:Collective punishment
7051:Intersex human rights
6859:Right of self-defense
6814:Right to a fair trial
6546:Psychology of torture
6285:Chinese water torture
6262:Psychological torture
6080:
5798:10.1093/jhuman/huz019
5756:10.1353/hrq.2017.0023
5674:10.1353/hrq.2021.0055
5654:Hatz, Sophia (2021).
5500:10.1093/jogss/ogab019
5234:Torture and Democracy
5031:Austin, Jonathan Luke
4956:Understanding Torture
4933:Torture and Democracy
4569:Amnesty International
3910:, pp. 84–86, 88.
2758:, pp. 89–90, 92.
2722:, pp. 57, 59–60.
2698:, pp. 78–79, 90.
1682:, History of Torture.
1312:
1187:Amnesty International
1169:human rights movement
1150:Torture is criticized
1125:
1117:
1108:Further information:
1077:than religious people
1010:peripheral neuropathy
972:
840:
797:prisoner of war near
784:
734:Further information:
706:Deterrence (penology)
651:
613:Christopher J. Einolf
603:from the victims and
581:judicial independence
534:
456:immigration detention
432:
325:
288:ecclesiastical courts
271:early medieval Europe
226:
149:human rights movement
31:
7773:‡ Does not apply to
7752:Crimes of aggression
7734:international crimes
7632:Sri Lankan Civil War
7440:Use of human shields
7338:humanitarian workers
6938:Right to development
6819:Right to family life
6769:Freedom from torture
6754:Freedom from slavery
6442:United Arab Emirates
6325:Solitary confinement
6247:Water cure (torture)
6242:Thumbscrew (torture)
6112:More spoken articles
5942:Oette, Lutz (2021).
5395:Modern Asian Studies
5319:. pp. 471–492.
5296:. pp. 113–126.
5270:. pp. 354–370.
5217:. pp. 410–431.
5194:. pp. 432–454.
5171:. pp. 387–409.
5064:. pp. 389–407.
5039:Taylor & Francis
4911:Taylor & Francis
4521:"Torture by the GSS"
4462:, pp. 387, 401.
4100:, pp. 683, 688.
3648:, pp. 163, 333.
3332:, pp. 425, 443.
2850:, pp. 404, 408.
2782:, pp. 158, 165.
1838:, pp. 104, 109.
1760:, pp. 398, 405.
1611:Encyclopedia Iranica
1319:Demétrio Albuquerque
974:Norwegian resistance
938:solitary confinement
842:Electroshock weapons
720:forced disappearance
712:In the United States
564:Jonathan Luke Austin
549:enemies of the state
519:, or working in the
411:September 11 attacks
269:Torture was rare in
19:For other uses, see
7816:Human rights abuses
7610:Russo-Ukrainian War
7247:Civilian casualties
6749:Freedom of religion
6744:Freedom of movement
6719:Freedom of assembly
6701:Civil and political
6505:Marcos dictatorship
6310:Sensory deprivation
5864:2015PNAS..11211217M
5858:(36): 11217–11222.
5836:10.1093/isq/sqad043
5815:Lesch, Max (2023).
5708:State Crime Journal
5513:Human Rights Review
5462:Sociological Theory
5288:(2015). "Torture".
5244:. pp. 71–106.
4985:The Century Company
4657:, pp. 482–483.
4510:, pp. 397–398.
4438:, pp. 474–475.
4351:, pp. 108–109.
4303:, pp. 116–117.
4112:, pp. 276–277.
4033:, pp. 390–391.
3985:, pp. 195–196.
3886:, pp. 135–136.
3862:, pp. 133–134.
3783:, pp. 121–122.
3672:, pp. 415–416.
3624:, pp. 424–425.
3612:, pp. 426–427.
3600:, pp. 103–104.
3576:, pp. 421–422.
3564:, pp. 418–419.
3549:, pp. 414–415.
3537:, pp. 413–414.
3479:, pp. 271–272.
3431:, pp. 440–441.
3257:, pp. 277–278.
3185:, pp. 461–462.
2894:, pp. 408–409.
2834:, pp. 167–168.
2569:, pp. 193–194.
2554:, pp. 173–174.
2542:, pp. 191–192.
2449:, pp. 194–195.
2422:, pp. 192–193.
2398:, pp. 164–165.
2386:, pp. 329–330.
2319:, pp. 161–162.
2174:, pp. 406–407.
2008:, pp. 111–112.
1972:, pp. 148–149.
1892:, pp. 399–400.
1733:, pp. 107–108.
1513:, pp. 364–365.
1501:, pp. 279–280.
1435:, pp. 394–395.
1411:, pp. 396–397.
1026:pregnancy from rape
1012:, damage to teeth,
942:sensory deprivation
875:upside-down hanging
814:or civil wars. The
751:pre-trial detention
601:moral disengagement
569:psychological abuse
480:political prisoners
407:liberal democracies
277:tied a person to a
75:political prisoners
7826:Political violence
7713:War crime apologia
7627:Second Chechen War
7330:War crimes by type
7290:Military necessity
7285:Medical neutrality
7203:Protocol II (1977)
7168:Geneva Conventions
7119:List of war crimes
7066:Right to sexuality
6943:Right to education
6869:Security of person
6764:Freedom of thought
6082:
5695:10.1037/tps0000120
5373:Montana Law Review
5342:. pp. 84–94.
5145:. pp. 63–79.
5122:. pp. 74–94.
5041:. pp. 19–37.
4474:, pp. 60, 70.
4167:, pp. 13, 42.
3320:, pp. 16, 20.
3069:, pp. 69, 78.
2674:, pp. 47, 54.
2155:, pp. 73, 79.
1549:, pp. 3, 281.
1334:
1261:Geneva Conventions
1220:. The CAT and its
1199:Naming and shaming
1137:civilizing mission
1132:
1120:
1040:, depression, and
995:housing insecurity
986:
954:Positional torture
936:, overcrowding or
846:
803:
678:Geneva Conventions
661:
544:
503:and the resulting
442:
390:, and the rise of
338:
240:
87:methods of torture
83:capital punishment
46:
7821:Philosophy of law
7798:
7797:
7767:
7766:
7708:War crimes trials
7536:War crimes by war
7325:
7324:
7305:Protected persons
7198:Protocol I (1977)
7074:
7073:
6973:Right to property
6933:Right to clothing
6918:Fair remuneration
6886:Right to homeland
6834:Right to petition
6759:Freedom of speech
6651:
6650:
6589:Optional Protocol
6566:International law
6531:Ethics of torture
6343:
6342:
6320:Sleep deprivation
6078:
5905:JAMA Network Open
5349:978-1-315-10288-7
5326:978-0-19-009752-3
5303:978-1-315-74452-0
5277:978-1-78897-222-2
5251:978-0-19-009752-3
5224:978-1-78811-396-0
5201:978-1-78811-396-0
5178:978-0-19-163269-3
5152:978-1-78811-396-0
5129:978-1-905048-37-3
5106:978-0-19-084662-6
5071:978-1-107-11911-6
5048:978-1-000-72592-6
5015:978-0-231-54809-0
4969:978-0-7486-8672-8
4946:978-1-4008-3087-9
4920:978-1-317-20647-7
4894:978-0-415-51806-2
4868:978-1-315-45611-9
4845:978-1-108-63389-5
4822:978-1-78138-868-6
4799:978-1-351-97773-9
4729:, pp. 79–80.
4693:, pp. 69–70.
4645:, pp. 67–68.
4621:, pp. 13–14.
4279:, pp. 68–69.
4255:, pp. 64–65.
4243:, pp. 42–43.
4207:, pp. 51–52.
4179:, pp. 48–49.
3973:, pp. 90–91.
3958:, pp. 53–55.
3735:, pp. 60–61.
3708:, pp. 86–88.
3149:, pp. 50–51.
3093:, pp. 26–27.
3053:, pp. 21–22.
2770:, pp. 89–90.
2746:, pp. 18–20.
2710:, pp. 61–62.
2596:, pp. 25–27.
2491:, pp. 22–23.
2464:, pp. 29–31.
2186:, pp. 84–85.
2020:, pp. 27–28.
1661:, pp. 26–27.
1561:, pp. 73–74.
1462:, pp. 37–38.
1447:, pp. 96–97.
1222:Optional Protocol
1214:international law
1053:Istanbul Protocol
1042:sleep disturbance
999:family separation
934:sleep deprivation
867:soles of the feet
808:conventional wars
736:Forced confession
629:counterinsurgency
621:false confessions
553:coping mechanisms
540:Manadel al-Jamadi
493:indigenous people
252:Achaemenid Persia
192:such as hospitals
7853:
7788:
7787:
7729:
7637:Syrian civil war
7580:2006 Lebanon War
7543:Afghanistan wars
7295:Prisoners of war
7136:
7131:humanitarian law
7101:
7094:
7087:
7078:
6963:Right to housing
6897:Economic, social
6844:Right to protest
6839:Right to privacy
6678:
6671:
6664:
6655:
6315:Sensory overload
6180:Physical torture
6176:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6119:
6102:
6100:
6089:
6088:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6062:
6049:
6039:
6004:
5975:
5965:
5938:
5928:
5911:(10): e2336629.
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5650:
5627:
5617:
5607:
5580:
5570:
5545:
5503:
5477:
5449:
5429:
5419:
5388:
5365:Bessler, John D.
5358:Journal articles
5353:
5330:
5307:
5281:
5255:
5228:
5205:
5182:
5156:
5133:
5110:
5075:
5052:
5019:
4996:
4973:
4950:
4924:
4903:PĂ©rez-Sales, Pau
4898:
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4658:
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4427:
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4409:
4403:
4400:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
4397:
4391:
4385:
4376:
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4364:
4358:
4352:
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3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3896:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3893:
3887:
3884:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
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3809:
3803:
3793:
3784:
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3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3733:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3730:
3724:
3721:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3718:
3709:
3706:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
3703:
3697:
3694:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3646:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
3643:
3637:
3634:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
3631:
3625:
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3583:
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3495:
3489:
3480:
3477:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3474:
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3453:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3393:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3390:
3384:
3381:PĂ©rez-Sales 2020
3378:
3369:
3366:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
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3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
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3258:
3252:
3246:
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3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3159:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
3156:
3150:
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3132:
3123:
3117:
3106:
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3094:
3088:
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3076:
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3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2979:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
2976:
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2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
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2907:
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2883:
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2867:
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2729:
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2711:
2705:
2699:
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2609:
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2579:
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2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2477:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
2474:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2343:, pp. 5, 7.
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2235:
2220:
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2208:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2165:
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2146:
2137:
2131:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1970:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
1967:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1926:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
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1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
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1851:
1845:
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1620:
1618:
1601:
1595:
1594:, p. 11217.
1585:
1579:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1547:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
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1499:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
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1445:PĂ©rez-Sales 2016
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1327:
1253:Nuremberg trials
1158:consequentialism
1098:state repression
1034:traumatic stress
885:, or body parts
795:North Vietnamese
787:South Vietnamese
765:state propaganda
690:death by burning
617:internal enemies
521:informal economy
501:Relative poverty
436:used during the
361:torture in China
336:
333:
112:, destroy their
67:Some definitions
7861:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7801:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7775:airborne forces
7763:
7742:Atrocity crimes
7727:
7696:
7531:
7456:committed by...
7455:
7449:
7358:Criminal orders
7321:
7300:Proportionality
7258:Superior orders
7226:
7163:Geneva Protocol
7130:
7123:
7110:
7105:
7075:
7070:
7041:Family planning
7026:
7017:
6993:Right of return
6953:Right to health
6901:
6898:
6890:
6854:Right to resist
6804:Right of asylum
6695:
6688:
6682:
6652:
6647:
6629:
6560:
6519:
6478:
6339:
6305:Musical torture
6290:Five techniques
6256:
6237:Stress position
6174:
6165:Torture chamber
6151:
6146:
6116:
6115:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6093:This audio file
6090:
6083:
6074:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6052:
6007:
5978:
5941:
5898:
5843:
5814:
5781:
5734:
5701:
5680:
5653:
5630:
5598:(9): e1002919.
5583:
5548:
5506:
5480:
5452:
5427:
5422:
5391:
5363:
5360:
5350:
5333:
5327:
5310:
5304:
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5278:
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5225:
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5202:
5185:
5179:
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5153:
5136:
5130:
5113:
5107:
5078:
5072:
5055:
5049:
5029:
5026:
5016:
4999:
4976:
4970:
4953:
4947:
4927:
4921:
4901:
4895:
4875:
4869:
4852:
4846:
4829:
4823:
4806:
4800:
4783:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4600:. 21 March 2019
4590:
4589:
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4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4375:, Introduction.
4371:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4335:
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3328:
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2910:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2874:
2870:
2858:
2854:
2842:
2838:
2832:Celermajer 2018
2830:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2756:Wolfendale 2019
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
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2660:Celermajer 2018
2658:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2633:Celermajer 2018
2631:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2606:Celermajer 2018
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2552:Celermajer 2018
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2435:Wolfendale 2019
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2396:Celermajer 2018
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2317:Celermajer 2018
2315:
2308:
2302:Wolfendale 2019
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2263:
2255:
2248:
2236:
2223:
2219:, pp. 3–4.
2215:
2211:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2159:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2036:
2032:, pp. 1–2.
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
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1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1321:
1289:
1206:peremptory norm
1171:. In 1969, the
1126:Parties to the
1112:
1106:
1072:
967:
950:musical torture
907:Electric shocks
891:cigarette burns
879:puncture wounds
835:
829:
779:
773:
742:Cesare Beccaria
738:
732:
708:
702:
682:John D. Bessler
658:Boxer Rebellion
646:
641:
557:Pau PĂ©rez-Sales
529:
483:young men, the
427:
417:as part of its
368:colonial powers
334:
320:
292:the Inquisition
244:Early Neolithic
237:Assyrian relief
221:
216:
188:organized crime
175:
169:
143:for all states
137:judicial system
38:stress position
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7859:
7857:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7838:
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7759:
7754:
7749:
7738:
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7726:
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7720:
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7710:
7704:
7702:
7701:Related topics
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7682:
7677:
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7675:
7664:
7654:
7649:
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7564:
7563:
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7524:
7522:United Kingdom
7519:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7497:
7496:
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7395:
7390:
7388:Hostage-taking
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7348:Child soldiers
7345:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7311:Ruse de guerre
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7269:Hors de combat
7265:
7260:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7242:non-combatants
7234:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7225:
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7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7030:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7008:Right to water
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6983:Right of reply
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6908:Digital rights
6904:
6902:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6871:
6866:
6864:Right to truth
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
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6703:
6697:
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6690:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6643:Torture museum
6639:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6604:
6603:
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6404:
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6398:
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6387:
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6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6300:Mock execution
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6270:Bamboo torture
6266:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:Sexual assault
6225:
6223:Rope (torture)
6220:
6215:
6213:Rack (torture)
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6193:Boot (torture)
6190:
6184:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6105:
6091:
6084:
6072:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:External links
6053:
6051:
6050:
6022:(4): 133–138.
6005:
5976:
5956:(2): 307–341.
5939:
5896:
5841:
5812:
5792:(2): 324–333.
5779:
5749:(2): 393–415.
5732:
5699:
5689:(3): 272–283.
5678:
5668:(4): 683–698.
5651:
5628:
5581:
5546:
5520:(3): 319–338.
5504:
5478:
5468:(2): 101–121.
5450:
5440:(3): 373–394.
5425:"Why torture?"
5420:
5402:(4): 851–862.
5389:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5331:
5325:
5308:
5302:
5282:
5276:
5256:
5250:
5229:
5223:
5206:
5200:
5183:
5177:
5161:Nowak, Manfred
5157:
5151:
5134:
5128:
5111:
5105:
5076:
5070:
5053:
5047:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5014:
4997:
4974:
4968:
4951:
4945:
4929:Rejali, Darius
4925:
4919:
4899:
4893:
4873:
4867:
4850:
4844:
4827:
4821:
4804:
4798:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4765:, p. 102.
4755:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4717:, p. 488.
4707:
4695:
4683:
4681:, p. 101.
4671:
4659:
4647:
4635:
4633:, p. 472.
4623:
4611:
4583:
4552:
4512:
4500:
4488:
4486:, p. 398.
4476:
4464:
4452:
4450:, p. 631.
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4390:, p. 356.
4377:
4365:
4363:, p. 162.
4353:
4341:
4329:
4327:, p. 121.
4317:
4305:
4293:
4289:Wisnewski 2010
4281:
4277:Wisnewski 2010
4269:
4257:
4245:
4241:Wisnewski 2010
4233:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4141:
4139:, p. 688.
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4088:, p. 279.
4078:
4059:
4047:
4035:
4023:
4021:, p. 370.
4011:
4009:, p. 166.
4007:Wisnewski 2010
3999:
3987:
3983:Wisnewski 2010
3975:
3960:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3898:, p. 130.
3888:
3876:
3874:, p. 136.
3864:
3852:
3850:, p. 422.
3840:
3838:, p. 412.
3828:
3826:, p. 428.
3816:
3804:
3785:
3781:Wisnewski 2010
3773:
3771:, p. 120.
3761:
3749:
3745:Wisnewski 2010
3737:
3725:
3723:, p. 274.
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3660:, p. 420.
3650:
3638:
3636:, p. 114.
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3588:, p. 423.
3578:
3566:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3525:, p. 411.
3515:
3496:
3494:, p. 413.
3481:
3469:
3457:
3455:, p. xix.
3445:
3443:, p. 443.
3433:
3421:
3419:, p. 420.
3409:
3407:, p. 421.
3397:
3385:
3383:, p. 432.
3370:
3368:, p. 110.
3358:
3356:, p. 103.
3346:
3344:, p. 410.
3334:
3322:
3310:
3298:
3286:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3197:, p. 362.
3187:
3175:
3163:
3161:, p. 327.
3151:
3139:
3124:
3107:
3095:
3091:Wisnewski 2010
3083:
3079:Wisnewski 2010
3071:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3029:, p. 392.
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2981:, p. 270.
2971:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2906:, p. 393.
2896:
2884:
2868:
2852:
2836:
2824:
2808:
2806:, p. 331.
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2662:, p. 176.
2652:
2637:
2635:, p. 161.
2625:
2623:, p. 633.
2610:
2608:, p. 178.
2598:
2586:
2571:
2567:Wisnewski 2010
2556:
2544:
2540:Wisnewski 2010
2532:
2530:, p. 166.
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2479:, p. 106.
2466:
2451:
2447:Wisnewski 2010
2439:
2424:
2420:Wisnewski 2010
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2357:
2355:, p. 321.
2345:
2333:
2331:, p. 307.
2321:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2261:
2259:, p. 106.
2246:
2221:
2209:
2188:
2176:
2157:
2138:
2119:
2117:, p. 182.
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1994:Wisnewski 2010
1986:
1974:
1962:
1947:
1945:, p. 112.
1930:
1928:, p. 155.
1918:
1916:, p. 851.
1906:
1904:, p. 111.
1894:
1882:
1878:Wisnewski 2010
1867:
1852:
1850:, p. 404.
1840:
1828:
1826:, p. 400.
1816:
1814:, p. 109.
1801:
1799:, p. 108.
1789:
1785:Wisnewski 2010
1777:
1775:, p. 394.
1762:
1750:
1735:
1720:
1718:, p. 392.
1708:
1706:, p. 107.
1696:
1694:, p. 393.
1684:
1663:
1651:
1636:
1624:
1596:
1580:
1578:, p. 104.
1563:
1559:Wisnewski 2010
1551:
1539:
1537:, p. 391.
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1476:
1474:, p. 392.
1464:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1288:
1285:
1105:
1102:
1071:
1070:Public opinion
1068:
1014:rhabdomyolysis
966:
963:
958:sexual assault
926:mock execution
831:Main article:
828:
825:
812:asymmetric war
775:Main article:
772:
769:
731:
728:
701:
698:
645:
642:
640:
637:
536:Charles Graner
528:
525:
451:open societies
426:
423:
328:Francisco Goya
319:
316:
296:Ottoman Empire
233:Battle of Ulai
220:
217:
215:
212:
171:Main article:
168:
165:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7858:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
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7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7783:
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7776:
7770:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7685:Yugoslav Wars
7683:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7615:War in Donbas
7613:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7527:United States
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7452:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7413:Mass killings
7411:
7410:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7368:Death marches
7366:
7364:
7363:Death flights
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:Fourth (1949)
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7183:Second (1949)
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:International
7126:
7120:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7109:
7102:
7097:
7095:
7090:
7088:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7013:Right to work
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6948:Right to food
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6829:Right to life
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6691:
6687:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6556:Torture trade
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:Controversies
6522:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6457:Torture Memos
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6447:United States
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6336:
6335:White torture
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6280:Box (torture)
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6252:Waterboarding
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6170:Water torture
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6113:
6109:
6094:
6054:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6015:BJA Education
6011:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5591:PLOS Medicine
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5024:Book chapters
5023:
5017:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4741:, p. 80.
4740:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4669:, p. 52.
4668:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4572:. 15 May 1998
4571:
4570:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4501:
4498:, p. 38.
4497:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4426:, p. 39.
4425:
4420:
4417:
4414:, p. 13.
4413:
4408:
4405:
4402:, p. 82.
4401:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4315:, p. 41.
4314:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4294:
4291:, p. 50.
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4267:, p. 29.
4266:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4231:, p. 57.
4230:
4225:
4222:
4219:, p. 55.
4218:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4195:, p. 64.
4194:
4192:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4124:, p. 98.
4123:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:, p. 21.
4056:
4051:
4048:
4045:, p. 22.
4044:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:Blakeley 2007
4027:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3997:, p. 23.
3996:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3946:, p. 94.
3945:
3940:
3937:
3934:, p. 89.
3933:
3928:
3925:
3922:, p. 88.
3921:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3759:, p. 51.
3758:
3753:
3750:
3747:, p. 73.
3746:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3684:, p. 52.
3683:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3467:, p. 73.
3466:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3308:, p. 71.
3307:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3269:, p. 24.
3268:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:, p. 92.
3220:
3215:
3212:
3209:, p. 28.
3208:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3173:, p. 16.
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3137:, p. 11.
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:, p. 22.
3121:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3105:, p. 40.
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3081:, p. 26.
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3063:Guarch-Rubio
3059:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3041:, p. 38.
3040:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:Blakeley 2007
3023:
3020:
3017:, p. 28.
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2969:, p. 23.
2968:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2942:, p. 33.
2941:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2882:, p. 74.
2881:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2866:, p. 75.
2865:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2822:, p. 73.
2821:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2734:, Conclusion.
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2686:, p. 62.
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2650:, p. 79.
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2584:, p. 90.
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:, p. 23.
2514:
2509:
2506:
2503:, p. 25.
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:, p. 92.
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2410:, p. 19.
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2374:, p. 70.
2373:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:, p. 89.
2303:
2298:
2295:
2292:, p. 82.
2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2207:, p. 65.
2206:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:, p. 36.
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2105:, p. 42.
2104:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2081:, p. 39.
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1996:, p. 38.
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:, p. 94.
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1960:, p. 24.
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1880:, p. 25.
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:, p. 19.
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1787:, p. 34.
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1748:, p. 16.
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1649:, p. 14.
1648:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:, p. 81.
1633:
1628:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1525:, p. 37.
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1489:, p. 40.
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:, p. 38.
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:Darius Rejali
1301:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:and the 1998
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:human dignity
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:civil society
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:virtue ethics
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:retributivism
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:Death threats
918:
916:
915:waterboarding
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:nails removed
881:, have their
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
843:
839:
834:
826:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
778:
771:Interrogation
770:
768:
766:
761:
756:
752:
748:
743:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
667:
659:
655:
650:
643:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
574:
573:peer pressure
570:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
476:
473:
467:
465:
464:crowd control
461:
457:
452:
448:
439:
435:
431:
424:
422:
420:
419:war on terror
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:secret police
377:
373:
372:were tortured
369:
364:
362:
358:
357:dismemberment
354:
353:
347:
346:Enlightenment
343:
329:
324:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
279:capital crime
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
238:
234:
230:
225:
219:Pre-abolition
218:
213:
211:
209:
205:
204:Malcolm Evans
201:
200:Manfred Nowak
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
174:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
95:psychological
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
7779:paratroopers
7670:
7669: /
7657:World War II
7556:2023–present
7505:Soviet Union
7434:
7342:parachutists
7340: /
7317:Safe conduct
7309:
7267:
7256: /
7215:Rome Statute
7188:Third (1949)
7178:First (1949)
7028:reproductive
6923:Labor rights
6899:and cultural
6809:Right to die
6768:
6686:human rights
6684:Substantive
6490:Witch trials
6427:Saudi Arabia
6203:Iron maiden
6148:
6019:
6013:
5987:(1): 88–98.
5984:
5980:
5953:
5947:
5908:
5904:
5855:
5849:
5826:
5820:
5789:
5783:
5746:
5740:
5714:(1): 45–69.
5711:
5707:
5686:
5682:
5665:
5659:
5638:
5632:
5595:
5589:
5561:(3): 67–83.
5558:
5554:
5517:
5511:
5491:
5485:
5465:
5461:
5437:
5431:
5399:
5393:
5376:
5372:
5335:
5312:
5289:
5263:
5237:
5233:
5210:
5187:
5164:
5138:
5115:
5084:
5057:
5034:
5001:
4979:
4955:
4932:
4906:
4880:
4877:Hajjar, Lisa
4854:
4831:
4808:
4785:
4758:
4753:, p. 8.
4746:
4734:
4722:
4710:
4705:, p. 4.
4698:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4595:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4567:
4555:
4529:. Retrieved
4524:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4368:
4361:Collard 2018
4356:
4344:
4339:, p. 8.
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4265:Hassner 2020
4260:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4190:
4184:
4172:
4160:
4144:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4055:Hassner 2020
4050:
4043:Hassner 2020
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3995:Hassner 2020
3990:
3978:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3802:, p. 3.
3797:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3513:, eFigure 3.
3508:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3395:, p. 8.
3388:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3318:Hassner 2020
3313:
3301:
3296:, p. 3.
3289:
3284:, p. 2.
3267:Hassner 2020
3262:
3250:
3238:
3233:, p. 4.
3226:
3214:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3171:Hassner 2020
3166:
3154:
3142:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3064:
3058:
3051:Hassner 2020
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2993:, p. 7.
2986:
2974:
2947:
2940:Bessler 2018
2935:
2923:
2918:, p. 3.
2916:Bessler 2018
2911:
2899:
2887:
2877:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2845:
2839:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2780:Collard 2018
2775:
2763:
2751:
2744:Hassner 2020
2739:
2727:
2720:Huggins 2012
2715:
2708:Huggins 2012
2703:
2691:
2684:Huggins 2012
2679:
2672:Huggins 2012
2667:
2655:
2628:
2601:
2589:
2547:
2535:
2528:Collard 2018
2508:
2496:
2484:
2442:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2369:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2297:
2285:
2239:
2212:
2202:
2179:
2169:
2150:
2110:
2098:
2093:, p. 2.
2086:
2074:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1921:
1914:Bourgon 2003
1909:
1897:
1885:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1792:
1780:
1753:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1654:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1467:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1388:
1351:Middle Latin
1345:
1330:pau de arara
1297:
1290:
1265:Rome Statute
1242:
1238:is forbidden
1209:
1203:
1180:
1166:
1142:Soviet Union
1133:
1073:
1060:moral injury
1057:
1050:
1030:Chronic pain
1007:
987:
978:Lauritz Sand
919:
911:Asphyxiation
859:blunt trauma
857:Beatings or
856:
847:
804:
739:
709:
671:
662:
609:
597:
578:
561:
545:
527:Perpetrators
513:homelessness
477:
472:majoritarian
468:
443:
400:
388:World War II
365:
350:
339:
312:inadmissible
268:
241:
176:
157:human rights
153:World War II
134:
122:chronic pain
99:
65:
48:
47:
25:
7831:State crime
7652:World War I
7642:Tigray war‎
7336:Attacks on
7263:Distinction
7148:Lieber Code
7056:LGBT rights
6789:Nationality
6779:LGBT rights
6218:Rat torture
6188:Abacination
5641:(1): 4–42.
5286:Shue, Henry
4763:Rejali 2020
4679:Rejali 2020
4496:Hajjar 2013
4472:Barnes 2017
4424:Hajjar 2013
4349:Barnes 2017
4325:Barnes 2017
4313:Hajjar 2013
4253:Barnes 2017
4229:Barnes 2017
4217:Barnes 2017
4205:Barnes 2017
4177:Barnes 2017
4165:Barnes 2017
4149:Rejali 2020
4122:Rejali 2020
4070:Rejali 2020
3971:Rejali 2020
3956:Hajjar 2013
3757:Hajjar 2013
3682:Hajjar 2013
3598:Einolf 2007
3465:Rejali 2020
3441:Rejali 2009
3429:Rejali 2009
3417:Rejali 2009
3405:Rejali 2009
3354:Einolf 2007
3330:Rejali 2009
3306:Rejali 2020
3294:Einolf 2022
3282:Einolf 2022
3243:Rejali 2020
3231:Hajjar 2013
3219:Rejali 2020
3207:Barnes 2017
3195:Rejali 2009
3183:Rejali 2009
3147:Rejali 2009
3135:Einolf 2022
3120:Hajjar 2013
3103:Barnes 2017
3039:Rejali 2009
3015:Hajjar 2013
3003:Barnes 2017
2967:Hajjar 2013
2792:Rejali 2020
2768:Rejali 2020
2696:Rejali 2020
2594:Austin 2022
2582:Rejali 2020
2513:Austin 2022
2501:Austin 2022
2489:Austin 2022
2462:Austin 2022
2408:Austin 2022
2290:Rejali 2020
2257:Einolf 2007
2184:Rejali 2020
2115:Barnes 2017
2103:Hajjar 2013
2067:Einolf 2023
2030:Hajjar 2013
2018:Hajjar 2013
2006:Einolf 2007
1982:Barnes 2017
1958:Hajjar 2013
1943:Einolf 2007
1902:Einolf 2007
1863:Hajjar 2013
1836:Einolf 2007
1812:Einolf 2007
1797:Einolf 2007
1746:Hajjar 2013
1731:Einolf 2007
1704:Einolf 2007
1659:Barnes 2017
1647:Hajjar 2013
1576:Einolf 2007
1487:Hajjar 2013
1322: [
1249:Lieber Code
1104:Prohibition
1081:religiosity
913:, of which
793:a captured
760:falsifiable
716:Khmer Rouge
656:during the
654:dismembered
589:fair trials
538:poses over
489:LGBT people
384:World War I
374:during the
335: 1812
304:Islamic law
167:Definitions
118:personality
42:Vietnam War
7805:Categories
7690:Kosovo War
7603:Second war
7575:Korean War
7454:War crimes
7430:Starvation
7420:No quarter
7108:War crimes
6794:Personhood
6635:In culture
6412:Mauritania
6395:Greek case
6348:By country
6108:Audio help
6099:2024-09-14
4751:Kelly 2019
4703:Kelly 2019
4508:Nowak 2014
4484:Nowak 2014
4460:Nowak 2014
4373:Evans 2020
4337:Lesch 2023
4151:, p.
4072:, p.
2952:Evans 2020
2904:Nowak 2014
2892:Nowak 2014
2804:Oette 2021
2732:Evans 2020
2384:Oette 2021
2353:Oette 2021
2341:Kelly 2019
2329:Oette 2021
2278:Evans 2020
2217:Kelly 2019
2091:Kelly 2019
1680:Evans 2020
1632:Frahm 2006
1535:Nowak 2014
1472:Nowak 2014
1433:Nowak 2014
1409:Nowak 2014
1395:, p.
1337:References
1300:subculture
1287:Prevention
1210:jus cogens
1173:Greek case
1154:deontology
990:Jean Améry
984:, May 1945
791:waterboard
730:Confession
704:See also:
700:Deterrence
666:vigilantes
644:Punishment
625:witch hunt
593:Kyrgyzstan
585:corruption
505:inequality
485:urban poor
447:outsourced
425:Prevalence
300:Qajar Iran
53:punishment
7836:Suffering
7672:Wehrmacht
7598:First war
7561:by Israel
7551:2008–2009
7488:Palestine
7408:Massacres
7238:Civilians
6774:Legal aid
6601:Article 3
6464:Venezuela
6422:Palestine
6360:Argentina
6001:1938-971X
5972:0020-5893
5775:1085-794X
5720:2046-6056
5577:1997-3322
5542:260663119
5534:1874-6306
5416:0026-749X
5385:0026-9972
5340:Routledge
5294:Routledge
5260:Saul, Ben
4993:233135357
4885:Routledge
4859:Routledge
4790:Routledge
4301:Shue 2015
4137:Hatz 2021
4098:Hatz 2021
3769:Shue 2015
3507:Milewski
2238:Milewski
1890:Beam 2020
1848:Beam 2020
1824:Beam 2020
1773:Beam 2020
1758:Beam 2020
1716:Beam 2020
1692:Beam 2020
1273:war crime
944:(such as
887:amputated
871:strappado
747:Aristotle
724:pushbacks
392:communist
260:strappado
34:Viet Cong
32:Captured
7841:Violence
7790:Category
7757:Genocide
7570:Iraq War
7036:Abortion
6874:Suffrage
6474:Zimbabwe
6432:Thailand
6110: ·
6046:33456942
5935:37787994
5926:10548313
5892:26283359
5728:41917770
5624:31550249
5456:(2007).
5379:: 7–48.
5367:(2018).
4931:(2009).
4905:(2016).
4879:(2013).
4541:cite web
4525:B'Tselem
2844:Jensena
2168:Jensena
1373:to twist
976:fighter
930:sequelae
789:soldier
605:impunity
517:sex work
434:Tear gas
403:Cold War
398:states.
256:the rack
126:sequelae
91:scarring
7811:Torture
7468:Germany
7463:Croatia
7435:Torture
7425:Perfidy
7403:Looting
7140:Sources
6784:Liberty
6483:History
6365:Bahrain
6355:Albania
6295:Hooding
6198:Falanga
6157:Methods
6149:Torture
6097: (
6068:minutes
6037:7807909
5883:4568710
5860:Bibcode
5615:6759153
5555:Torture
4772:Sources
4604:28 June
4576:28 June
4531:28 June
1617:7 March
1355:tortura
1267:of the
1038:anxiety
982:Gestapo
965:Effects
946:hooding
863:falanga
827:Methods
801:, 1968.
799:Da Nang
686:stoning
639:Purpose
396:fascist
352:lingchi
264:treason
248:Assyria
229:Elamite
214:History
49:Torture
7846:Crimes
7777:(i.e.
7732:Other
7662:Allied
7517:Turkey
7512:Serbia
7500:Russia
7473:Israel
7275:Intent
7231:Topics
7023:Sexual
6437:Turkey
6417:Mexico
6390:Greece
6370:Brazil
6044:
6034:
5999:
5970:
5933:
5923:
5890:
5880:
5773:
5726:
5718:
5622:
5612:
5575:
5540:
5532:
5414:
5383:
5346:
5323:
5300:
5274:
5248:
5221:
5198:
5175:
5149:
5126:
5103:
5068:
5045:
5012:
4991:
4966:
4943:
4917:
4891:
4865:
4842:
4819:
4796:
4191:et al.
4189:Kelly
3798:et al.
3796:Hamid
3509:et al.
3067:. 2020
2878:et al.
2876:Kelly
2862:et al.
2860:Kelly
2846:et al.
2818:et al.
2816:Kelly
2370:et al.
2368:Kelly
2240:et al.
2203:et al.
2201:Kelly
2170:et al.
2151:et al.
2149:Kelly
1590:et al.
1588:Meyer
1160:, and
1091:, and
1024:, and
1003:asylum
495:, and
310:to be
151:after
114:agency
106:sadism
44:, 1967
7493:Hamas
7483:Japan
7478:Italy
6469:Yemen
6402:Egypt
6380:Chile
6375:China
5829:(3).
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