893:
on point referring to the negligent operation of a railroad. Even with intentional conduct, absent material damage, claims for emotional harm were similarly barred. "Mental pain or anxiety, the law cannot value, and does not pretend to redress, when the unlawful act causes that alone. Though where a material damage occurs, and is connected with it, it is impossible a jury, in estimating it, should altogether overlook the feelings of the party interested." Courts had been reluctant to accept a tort for emotional harm for fear of opening a "wide door" to frivolous claims.
802:
1019:
The emotional distress suffered by the plaintiffs must be "severe". This standard is quantified by the intensity, duration, and any physical manifestations of the distress. A lack of productivity or a mental disorder, documented by a mental health professional, is typically required here, although
892:
According to the first doctrine articulated by common law courts, a plaintiff could not recover for physical injury from fright alone absent a physical impact from an external source ("shock without impact"), even if the fright was proven to have resulted from a defendant's negligence, with the case
997:
Some general factors that will persuade that the conduct was extreme and outrageous (1) there was a pattern of conduct, not just an isolated incident; (2) the plaintiff was vulnerable and the defendant knew it; (3) the defendant was in a position of power; (4) racial epithets were used; and (5) the
1048:
a NIED claim even though a reasonable neutral observer could conclude that the defendant's behavior was probably intentional. This is usually because the defendant may have some kind of insurance coverage (like homeowners' insurance or automobile liability insurance). As a matter of public policy,
989:
The conduct must be heinous and beyond the standards of civilized decency or utterly intolerable in a civilized society. Whether the conduct is illegal does not determine whether it meets this standard. IIED is also known as the tort of "outrage", due to a classic formulation of the standard: the
888:
was not imminent. A common case would be a future threat of harm that would not constitute common law assault but would nevertheless cause emotional harm to the recipient. IIED was created to guard against this kind of emotional abuse, thereby allowing a victim of emotional distress to receive
1121:
863:
that allows individuals to recover for severe emotional distress caused by another individual who intentionally or recklessly inflicted emotional distress by behaving in an "extreme and outrageous" way. Some courts and commentators have substituted
1032:
systems (such as in the United States) that allow plaintiffs to plead multiple alternative theories that may overlap or even contradict each other, a plaintiff will usually bring an action for both intentional infliction of emotional distress and
1010:
The actions of the defendant must have actually caused the plaintiff's emotional distress beyond the bounds of decency. IIED can be done through speech or action; if emotional stress, must manifest physically.
1020:
acquaintances' testimony about a change in behavior could be persuasive. Extreme sadness, anxiety, or anger in conjunction with a personal injury (though not necessarily) may also qualify for compensation.
1049:
insurers are barred from covering intentional torts like IIED, but may be liable for NIED committed by their policyholders, and therefore are targeted indirectly in this fashion as
908:(1890) cases. In England, the idea that physical/mental shock without impact from an external source should be a bar to recovery was first questioned at the Queen's Bench in
1084:
1280:
1182:
Lord
Wensleydale, Lynch v. Knight (1861) 9 HLC 577 at 598; 11 ER 854, where a married woman unsuccessful sought redress for "slanderous imputation of unchastity"
1034:
225:
1169:(1888) 13 AC 222 (woman barred from recovery due to shock despite suffering a miscarriage); for a similar decision in New York in the same month, see
160:
897:
1145:"Religiously Motivated "Outrageous" Conduct: Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress as a Weapon Against 'Other People's Faiths'"
832:
551:
1284:
341:
1067:
557:
331:
1144:
889:
compensation in situations where he or she would otherwise be barred from compensation under the common law form.
1328:
1037:(NIED). This is just in case the plaintiff later discovers that it is impossible to prove at trial the necessary
646:
495:
1227:
934:
679:
663:
230:
190:
1083:
ad that described
Falwell as having lost his virginity to his mother in an outhouse. The Court ruled that the
544:
369:
336:
912:
In the following year, the Queen's Bench formally recognised the tort, for the first time, in the case of
900:
courts which repudiated the
English railroad decision and recognised liability for "nervous shock" in the
825:
740:
562:
473:
316:
261:
165:
60:
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IIED was created in tort law to address a problem that would arise when applying the common law form of
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offensive. A reckless disregard for the likelihood of causing emotional distress is sufficient.
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770:
526:
408:
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128:
74:
69:
922:, 2 QB 57, although it was referred to as "intentional infliction of mental shock".
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Plaintiff suffers severe emotional distress as a result of defendant's conduct.
17:
884:. The common law tort of assault did not allow for liability when a threat of
857:
806:
750:
653:
605:
275:
216:
142:
34:
1041:; even then, the jury may still be able to rule for them on the NIED claim.
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court noted the willful nature of the act as a direct cause of the harm.
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383:
280:
102:
881:
615:
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463:
285:
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658:
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protected such parodies of public figures from civil liability.
860:
449:
42:
1228:"Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress - Trucounsel.com"
1044:
There are some reported cases in which a plaintiff will bring
1204:(1895) 26 LR (Ir) 428; also citing an unreported decision in
1281:"Emotional Distress and Defamation in Personal Injury Cases"
926:
has been subsequently approved by both the Court of Appeal (
994:
to feel extremely offended, shocked, and/or outraged.
1206:
Byrne v. Great
Southern and Western R. Co. of Ireland
1191:
Mitchell v. Rochester
Railway Co. 151 NY 107 (1896)
962:
Defendant's conduct was extreme and outrageous; and
1071:involved an IIED claim brought by the evangelist
965:Defendant's act is the cause of the distress; and
959:Defendant acted intentionally or recklessly; and
826:
8:
846:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
86:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
1167:Victorian Railways Commissioners v. Coultas
990:conduct must be such that it would cause a
1115:
1113:
1035:negligent infliction of emotional distress
833:
819:
226:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
29:
1202:Bell v. Great Northern Railway of Ireland
1109:
946:and the Irish courts as precedent, the
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692:
633:
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508:
448:
407:
382:
349:
260:
215:
127:
94:
59:
41:
1263:
1261:
7:
1283:. Slappey & Sadd. Archived from
1171:Lehman v. Brooklyn City Railroad Co.
977:It is not necessary that an act be
25:
1306:Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell
910:Pugh v. London etc. Railroad Co.
800:
998:defendant owed the plaintiff a
896:A change first occurred in the
552:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
1057:First Amendment considerations
985:Extreme and outrageous conduct
932:2 KB 316) and House of Lords (
920:[1897] EWHC 1 (QB)
1:
1270:, 998 S.W.2d 605 (Tex. 1999).
1149:William & Mary Law Review
662:(term used for torts in some
1268:GTE Southwest, Inc. v. Bruce
876:Rationale for classification
872:, but the tort is the same.
1255:, 706 A.2d 685 (N.J. 1998).
1173:, 47 Hun (N.Y.) 355 (1888).
973:Intentional or reckless act
558:Joint and several liability
1350:
332:Comparative responsibility
1075:against the publisher of
647:Non-economic damages caps
1143:Hayden, Paul T. (1993),
935:Wainwright v Home Office
680:Private attorney general
634:Other topics in tort law
262:Principles of negligence
191:Alienation of affections
852:; sometimes called the
545:Volenti non fit injuria
370:Ultrahazardous activity
337:Contributory negligence
942:, 2 AC 406). Citing
940:[2003] UKHL 53
563:Market share liability
496:Shopkeeper's privilege
474:Statute of limitations
317:Restitutio ad integrum
166:Intrusion on seclusion
61:Trespass to the person
1308:, 485 U.S. 46 (1988).
1165:For English law, see
1120:Cusimano, Gregory S.
675:Conflict of tort laws
441:Tortious interference
196:Criminal conversation
183:Malicious prosecution
173:Breach of confidence
915:Wilkinson v Downton
668:mixed legal systems
538:Respondeat superior
532:Vicarious liability
491:Defence of property
428:Insurance bad faith
342:Attractive nuisance
161:Invasion of privacy
1287:on 29 October 2015
1068:Hustler v. Falwell
1063:U.S. Supreme Court
1024:Pleading practices
568:Transferred intent
459:Assumption of risk
423:Restraint of trade
399:Rylands v Fletcher
231:Employment-related
80:False imprisonment
27:Tort in common law
1253:Taylor v. Metzger
1122:"Tort of Outrage"
992:reasonable person
929:Janvier v Sweeney
843:
842:
716:England and Wales
671:
522:Last clear chance
517:Intentional torts
501:Neutral reportage
484:Defense of others
432:
365:Product liability
311:Res ipsa loquitur
298:Reasonable person
206:Breach of promise
55:
16:(Redirected from
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1098:Snyder v. Phelps
1077:Hustler Magazine
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430:
293:Standard of care
178:Abuse of process
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854:tort of outrage
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693:By jurisdiction
393:Public nuisance
322:Rescue doctrine
305:Proximate cause
217:Negligent torts
129:Dignitary torts
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18:Tort of outrage
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1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
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1126:. Retrieved
1124:. LexisNexis
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685:Class action
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479:Self-defense
397:
375:Deep pockets
309:
271:Duty of care
85:
33:Part of the
904:(1884) and
642:Tort reform
276:Trespassers
241:Malpractice
236:Entrustment
156:False light
1318:Categories
1105:References
858:common law
751:common law
654:Quasi-tort
606:Injunction
599:Incidental
418:Conspiracy
143:Defamation
120:Conversion
35:common law
1334:Suffering
1006:Causation
948:Wilkinson
924:Wilkinson
870:emotional
761:Contracts
701:Australia
509:Liability
469:Necessity
357:liability
281:Licensees
201:Seduction
1324:Tort law
1238:16 April
1217:2 QB 248
1155:(3): 579
1091:See also
954:Elements
776:Property
771:Evidence
621:Replevin
589:Punitive
576:Remedies
450:Defences
384:Nuisance
355:absolute
286:Invitees
113:chattels
103:Trespass
43:Tort law
1291:26 July
1128:26 July
886:battery
882:assault
856:) is a
789:estates
616:Detinue
611:Tracing
594:Special
584:Damages
464:Consent
251:medical
147:Slander
75:Battery
70:Assault
52:Outline
1081:parody
1079:for a
1039:intent
866:mental
787:, and
785:trusts
749:Other
736:Taiwan
706:Canada
659:Delict
626:Trover
351:Strict
37:series
1065:case
938:
918:
902:Byrne
898:Irish
781:Wills
753:areas
731:Japan
726:India
711:China
664:civil
436:Fraud
246:legal
150:Libel
1293:2015
1240:2018
1200:see
1130:2015
1061:The
1046:only
944:Pugh
906:Bell
868:for
861:tort
850:IIED
666:and
353:and
108:land
1028:In
1320::
1260:^
1230:.
1153:34
1151:,
1147:,
1112:^
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1002:.
783:,
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1208:.
1132:.
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50:(
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