432:... It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages it shows the closest resemblance to it. A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area round Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects.
129:
121:
479:...they must have once occupied some extensive valley like Boneyr, from whence they, like the rest, have been expelled and thrust up into the more mountainous tracts by the aggressive Afghans. By the Afghans they are called Kohistanis, a name given everywhere by Pathans to Mussulmans of Indic descent, living in the Hindoo Koosh Valleys.
541:
forms of magic and Tantra
Buddhism and Hindu cults still survived in the Swāt area even though Islam had begun to uproot them (G. Tucci, 1971, p. 375). Islam finally established itself in Swāt only with the invasion of the Yusufzai in the 16th century, (Bellew, 1864, pp. 65-67; Raverty, 1878, p.
542:
206); ... it must nevertheless have been an Islam superficially accepted by the local population, some of the ancient traditions still being very much alive: ... The
Torwali of upper Swāt would have been converted to Islam during the course of the 17th century (Biddulph, p. 70).
155:). The Torwalis live in compact villages of up to 600 houses, mainly on the west bank of the Swat River. Fredrik Barth estimated that they constituted about 2000 households in all in 1956. All the Torwalis he met were bilingual, speaking
267:
It had approximately 102,000 speakers in 2016 and by 2017, eight schools with instruction in the
Torwali language had been established for Torwali students. Before 2007, the language did not have a written tradition.
768:
761:
631:
651:
455:
1230:
1225:
754:
970:
207:. They are referred by pashtuns as "Kohistanis", which was the name given by them to "all Muhammadis (صلى الله عليه وسلم) of
276:
Unique to the
Torwali people are traditional games, which were abandoned for more than six decades. A festival held in
230:
to Islam; however, the strand was mostly superficial and elements of traditional culture were still heavily practised.
1220:
723:
192:
850:
777:
1012:
447:
Indian
Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
556:"Preliminary Note on the Islamic Settlement of Udegram, Swat: The Islamic Graveyard (11th-13th century A.D.)"
1024:
261:
100:. The Torwali people have a culture that values the telling of folktales and music that is played using the
497:. The Pathans call them, and all other Muhammadans of Indian descent in the Hindu Kush valleys, Kohistanis.
910:
636:
Teaching
Writing to Children in Indigenous Languages : Instructional Practices from Global Contexts
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742:, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India, Central Publication Branch
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203:, from where they were expelled into mountainous tracts by successive aggressive migration by
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369:
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109:
47:
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The
Torwali people play music using the traditional South Asian instrument known as the
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1098:
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256:(Kohistani) subgroup; the language was first documented by colonial archaeologist
171:
The
Torwali people are believed to be among the earliest natives to the region of
472:
284:
attempted to revive them in 2011. The
Torwali people have a tradition of telling
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257:
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930:
905:
212:
140:
571:
524:
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643:
509:"Labyrinths in the Wooden Mosques of North Pakistan. A Problematic Presence"
264:
as 'Torwali: An
Account of a Dardic Language of the Swat Kohistan' in 1929.
597:
1083:
1066:
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477:. Office of the superintendent of government printing. pp. 69–70.
152:
596:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2020).
427:
403:
1076:
990:
980:
895:
860:
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808:
305:
199:. The Torwalis were native to a more extensive area, such as towards
156:
1125:
1071:
297:
127:
119:
101:
60:
1017:
408:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
301:
750:
739:
An Archaeological Tour in Upper Swat and Adjacent Hill Tracts
222:
in the region, most of the Torwalis had converted from
710:, Oslo: Forenede Trykkerier – via archive.org
66:
53:
41:
29:
260:in around 1925, and the records were published by
707:Indus and Swat Kohistan: An ethnographic survey
604:(23 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International
537:According to the 13th century Tibetan Buddhist
634:. In Sherris, Ari; Peyton, Joy Kreeft (eds.).
625:
623:
621:
619:
404:"The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit"
762:
328:
326:
324:
8:
24:
769:
755:
747:
359:
357:
355:
23:
218:By the 17th century, in the aftermath of
143:valley between Laikot (a little south of
450:. Oxford University Press. p. 79.
320:
147:) down to and including the village of
632:"Early Writing in Torwali in Pakistan"
591:
589:
490:
444:Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998).
389:
300:. Modern Torwali songs influenced by
7:
675:Torwali, Zubair (12 February 2016).
630:Torwali, Zubair (18 February 2019).
333:Torwali, Zubair (12 February 2016).
30:Regions with significant populations
725:The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis
704:Barth, Fredrik (1956), "Torwali",
602:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
364:Shah, Danial (30 September 2013).
14:
731:, Australian National University
195:spoken in the ancient region of
1:
677:"Fading songs from the hills"
638:. Routledge. pp. 44–69.
335:"Fading songs from the hills"
244:The Torwali people speak the
554:Bagnera, Alessandra (2006).
1247:
507:Scerrato, Umberto (1983).
474:Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh
237:
220:Yusufzai Pashtun invasions
193:Middle Indo-Aryan language
1231:Ethnic groups in Malakand
1226:Ethnic groups in Pakistan
784:
778:Ethnic groups in Pakistan
139:The Torwalis inhabit the
71:
58:
46:
34:
644:10.4324/9781351049672-3
471:Biddulph, John (1880).
366:"Torwali is a language"
262:George Abraham Grierson
722:Rehman, Abdur (1976),
183:still spoken today to
179:is the closest modern
136:
125:
16:Pakistani ethnic group
736:Stein, Aurel (1930),
151:(60 km north of
131:
123:
90:ethnolinguistic group
67:Related ethnic groups
871:European Pakistanis
402:Burrow, T. (1936).
308:music are known as
250:Indo-Aryan language
181:Indo-Aryan language
132:A market street in
106:Indo-Aryan language
26:
1221:Indo-Aryan peoples
137:
126:
74:Indo-Aryan peoples
1208:
1207:
653:978-1-351-04967-2
457:978-0-19-535666-3
124:Swat River valley
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681:The Friday Times
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370:Himal Southasian
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339:The Friday Times
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246:Torwali language
240:Torwali language
177:Torwali language
104:. They speak an
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519:(1/4): 21–29.
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238:Main article:
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209:Indian descent
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83:Torwali people
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69:
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59:Predominantly
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560:East and West
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513:East and West
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1151:Meghwar Bhil
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724:
706:
684:. Retrieved
670:
635:
606:. Retrieved
601:
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373:. Retrieved
342:. Retrieved
309:
295:
281:
275:
266:
243:
217:
184:
170:
138:
96:district of
82:
80:
21:Ethnic group
18:
1106:Salvi Mewar
1077:Spin Tareen
986:Rajasthanis
686:25 December
608:25 December
344:25 December
258:Aurel Stein
116:Description
1215:Categories
1094:Rajasthani
1003:Nuristanis
906:Hindkowans
539:O rgyan pa
493:, p.
491:Barth 1956
390:Barth 1956
375:3 December
316:References
215:valleys".
213:Hindu Kush
141:Swat River
87:Indo-Aryan
1121:Shumashti
976:Gujaratis
926:Kashmiris
662:187240076
598:"Torwali"
572:0012-8376
525:0012-8376
420:1356-1898
286:folktales
280:known as
42:Languages
1084:Punjabis
1067:Pashtuns
1050:Shughnan
1045:Sariquli
966:Muhajirs
891:Gujarati
826:Bengalis
580:29757687
533:29756645
234:Language
228:Buddhism
224:Hinduism
205:Pashtuns
197:Gandhara
189:Gāndhārī
98:Pakistan
54:Religion
1193:Uyghurs
1183:Turkmen
1131:Sindhis
1111:Saraiki
1089:Purigpa
1035:Pamiris
1025:Paharis
971:Biharis
961:Marwari
956:Makrani
946:Ladakhi
921:Kalkoti
901:Hazaras
851:Chinese
846:Burusho
831:Biharis
814:Khetran
789:Afghans
698:Sources
278:Bahrain
272:Culture
252:of the
211:in the
167:History
161:Torwali
153:Mingora
149:Bahrein
134:Bahrein
110:Torwali
108:called
85:are an
48:Torwali
1178:Kyrgyz
1173:Turkic
1168:Torwal
1156:Memons
1141:Kutchi
1136:Jadgal
1060:Yidgha
1030:Palula
991:Tamils
981:Memons
916:Kalash
896:Gurjar
876:Gabaro
861:Dogras
841:Broqpa
836:Brahui
821:Bateri
809:Dehwar
804:Baloch
660:
650:
578:
570:
531:
523:
454:
428:608051
426:
418:
306:Pashtu
254:Dardic
175:. The
157:Pashto
72:Other
1198:Uzbek
1188:Turks
1163:Tajik
1126:Siddi
1116:Shina
1099:Thari
1072:Ormur
1055:Wakhi
1040:Munji
936:Kolai
886:Gawri
881:Gawar
866:Domaa
856:Damia
799:Balti
794:Bagri
729:(PDF)
658:S2CID
576:JSTOR
529:JSTOR
424:JSTOR
298:sitar
292:Music
282:Simam
248:, an
201:Buner
145:Kalam
102:sitar
61:Islam
1146:Lasi
1018:Mumo
1008:Kata
951:Lori
941:Koli
688:2020
648:ISBN
610:2020
568:ISSN
521:ISSN
452:ISBN
416:ISSN
377:2020
346:2020
310:phal
302:Urdu
226:and
191:, a
185:Niya
173:Swat
159:and
94:Swat
81:The
36:Swat
1013:Kom
931:Kho
640:doi
304:or
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460:.
412:8
379:.
348:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
