3612:
restrictions and discrimination in terms of resources and regulations. Also, the fiscal decentralization of the early 1980s gave greater decision-making power to local governments and linked fiscal revenue to the career potential of local officials, creating strong incentives for them to promote these enterprises. The TVEs moved in to take advantage of the gaps left in the market by the State-Owned
Enterprises to produce colorful elastic bands, ID card holders, etc. The TVEs benefited from first mover advantage as there was no competition in the early stages from private firms due to restrictions on the markets. The pent-up demand in China for a host of products provided ample profit-making opportunities for enterprises operating at this early juncture. Moreover, TVEs were helped by massive loans from the state banking system.
1683:
40:
3410:, at one time halted the development of rural enterprises and some were suspended. Nevertheless, encouraged by the Chinese government to produce rural social goods, the enthusiasm of rural enterprises increased again in 1965. According to official records, the number of rural enterprise was about 122,000 in 1965, and quickly increased to 447,000 in 1970. During this period, however, rural enterprises were restricted to certain industrial and agricultural sections, including the production of iron, steel, cement, chemical fertilizer, hydroelectric power, and farm tools.
3289:
1693:
3644:), TVEs in China are responsible for more than 10 billion metric tons of industrial waste water, which is more than half of the total. According to World bank (1997), It also emit 60% of China's air and water pollution, endangering human health and posing a serious threat to agro-ecosystems. Worse still, this industrial wastewater directly discharges into the water resource without any treatment and control. Polluted water damaged the environment, causing 10 to 20 million hectares of polluted land by 2001. Furthermore, reports showed that
3619:'s administration caused many to go out of business, with some estimates suggesting that about 30 percent have gone bankrupt. In addition, there has been a massive trend toward privatization. After the mid-1990s, TVEs were forced to restructure substantially. With increased market integration and competition, official discrimination against TVEs, and official preference for foreign-owned enterprises, TVEs lost their competitive position.
1666:
5829:
5183:
4796:
4563:
5839:
3623:
government and community and have taken on new forms and roles (Huang, 2008). One of the most striking developments has been the rise of âindustrial clustersâ of small firms both competing with one another and cooperating to form a relatively complete industrial chain. Industrial clusters have also emerged in places such as Brazil and Italy.
3486:
TVEs referred to the location of the enterprises, as opposed to the ownership structure. That is, TVE never referred to only companies owned by township and villages; rather, TVE refers to companies located in townships and villages. Huang (2008) quotes a
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture document from
3686:
The fiscal decentralization in 1984 allowed local governments to retain profits from TVEs, incentivizing officials to foster economic growth as their promotions were tied to revenue generation. This flexibility allowed TVEs to adjust to market conditions, despite the state's control over enterprise
3622:
Further, the end of directional liberalism in China encouraged local officials to expropriate the TVEs. As competition intensified and credit became harder to obtain, the collectively owned TVE sector grew in comparison to the privately owned TVEs. Rural industries today are more tied to their local
3478:
Many of these firms were âcollectively ownedâ in the sense that theoretical ownership rested with the collectives, either as a legacy of earlier sponsorship, or because township and village governments took the lead in establishing new TVEs after the breakup of the agricultural collectives. Ultimate
3652:
annually. In the meantime, as many TVEs were built near population dense areas, this pollution also threatened the population's health nearby. In general, the analysis found that people living near TVEs have a more significant rate of diseases and a shorter lifetime; the unregulated activities made
3598:
TVEs also provided local levels of government with revenue opportunities after the reform-era introduced fiscal contracting, a system in which each level of government remitted a specified amount of tax upward to the higher level of government and retained the excess. TVE profits, however, could be
3436:
After Deng
Xiaoping's Southern Tour from 1992 to 1996, the township enterprises entered a phase of accelerated development and emerged with a new image following the transition and restructuring. TVE employment grew from 28 million in 1978 to a peak of 135 million in 1996. Likewise, production of
3490:
TVEs were very flexible in terms of organizational and ownership structure. While some were run by local governments, others were more genuinely independent in nature. Wong has shown that through the 1980s most of the supposedly collective TVEs operated as private enterprises in practice. In this
3401:
was reported to have said that TVEs "appear(ed) out of nowhere" in 1987, the industrial development in rural China could be traced back to as early as 1950s. During this period, rural enterprises, often with names "commune and brigade enterprises" and of neglectable size, served as a supplement to
3429:
first officially used the term "Township and
Village Enterprises" in March, 1984, number of TVEs had been over 12 millions by 1985. The reforms of 1978 changed TVEs, which became the most vibrant part of the Chinese economy as they experienced significant expansion in the 1980s and early 1990s.
3669:
In response to the climate crisis brought by the TVEs, the government passed a regulation in 1979 that "The transfer of products and production involving toxic and hazardous substances to rural areas is prohibited unless accompanied by the transfer of effective pollution control equipment." The
3670:
result was unsatisfactory: many harmful activities still existed and ignored the regulation. Moreover, TVEs were based on old and polluted types of equipment that were different from urban spaces, so it was hard to control the pollution due to their locations and large numbers. During the 8th
3594:
The hybrid status of TVEs as neither state-owned nor privately-owned provided significant advantages within the reforming economy of China. Because they were not state-owned, TVEs were not restrained by state planning policies or price control. And because they were not private, they were not
3602:
TVEs are solely responsible for profits and losses, obtain all production factors (capital, raw materials, technology, personnel, and so on) from the market, use independent distribution and supply channels and operated under flexible management with little interference of government, etc.
3611:
TVEs thrived from 1978 to 1989, and were largely dismantled between 1989 and 1996. Scholars have given a number of reasons for their success. The political institutional environment favored these âpublicâ enterprises during the early years of reform, since private businesses faced severe
3460:
In a strategy which came to be known by the slogan "wearing a red hat," some private entrepreneurs obtained permission from townships and villages to register their private enterprises as TVEs in order to avoid restrictions on the number of employees a small private business could have.
3406:(SOE), which mainly focused on heavy industrial sectors, and were established by the people's communes and bridges to support agricultural production and to produce rural social products for local and domestic needs. The political turmoil between late 1950s and early 1960s, like the
3487:
1984 in support of this: TVEs include enterprises sponsored by townships and villages, the alliance enterprises formed by peasants, other alliance enterprises, and individual enterprises." Some collective TVEs were notable for their unique ownership and corporate governance setup.
3657:
3479:âownership rightsâ stayed with the collective, while âuse rightsâ were delegated to managers in collective TVEs. The complexity of this arrangement led to the labeling of collective (township and village) TVE property rights as âfuzzy.â This lack of a true system of
219:
3682:
Key political and economic reforms drove the development of TVEs. The transition from collective-based commune production to contract-based household production, coupled with the revival of rural and urban markets, had a significant impact on TVEs growth.
3694:
reestablished central fiscal control. However, it also constrained local government funds, raising concerns about local expenditures. Rural-to-urban migration has increased the demand for housing and infrastructure, leading to a rise in property prices.
3457:, and Hunan provinces. In Jiangsu and Shandong TVEs employed some 30 percent of the rural workforce. However, it should be noticed that many TVEs are specialized in the production of labor-intensive commodities without higher technological requirement.
3078:
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192:
957:
2067:
201:
1654:
1629:
3464:
As private ownership became less politically-controversial after the mid-1990s, the TVEs' proportionate share of the national economy declined. Many were either privatized or turned into shareholding companies.
1572:
174:
2985:
476:
1634:
720:
1682:
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1148:
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1441:
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210:
131:
5424:
1546:
1405:
1207:
5253:
1905:
1158:
925:
772:
716:
292:
3674:, the Chinese government enhanced the policy to deal with the worsening climate crisis. Although the changes focused more on urban cities, TVEs pollution was impacted, especially wastewater.
3433:
However, from 1989 to 1991, these enterprises faced challenges due to the blending of government administration with enterprise operations, marking a period of transition and restructuring.
5601:
2801:
2377:
1275:
5389:
5394:
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1066:
5374:
932:
246:
5063:
1118:
1106:
310:
305:
300:
3809:
National
Environmental Protection Bureau (1995). "Environmental Pollution of Rural Industries and Control Measures in China (Zhongguo xiangzhen gongye wuran jiqi fangzhi duice)".
3217:
4946:
2152:
2056:
1850:
1261:
1014:
678:
668:
183:
5703:
5404:
3437:
TVEs increased to 1.8 trillion yuan in 1992 from 49 billion yuan in 1978. More than half of TVE production in the 1980s occurred in the east coastal and central provinces like
2671:
811:
381:
117:
53:
5591:
3134:
2922:
2427:
1437:
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1674:
4709:
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1024:
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1517:
951:
856:
447:
287:
272:
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1454:
756:
685:
674:
664:
4167:
Park, A. and Shen, Minggao. (2003). Joint
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153:
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3891:"Rural nonfarm sector and rural residents' income research in China. An empirical study on the township and village enterprises after ownership reform (2000-2013)"
3835:"Rural nonfarm sector and rural residents' income research in China. An empirical study on the township and village enterprises after ownership reform (2000-2013)"
4749:
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709:
99:
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406:
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1369:
1133:
729:
122:
1882:
1769:
5298:
2346:
2147:
1840:
1791:
991:
3706:
This shift in property rights from rural to urban areas is indicative of the broader urbanization and economic transformation taking place in China.
78:
5746:
5434:
2890:
2870:
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1718:
1138:
705:
376:
277:
5654:
1070:
3166:
2714:
2468:
1163:
546:
3615:
The TVE sector experienced dramatic changes in 1995-1996 (Huang, 2008). Official hostility toward
Chinese entrepreneurship during the period of
5449:
5409:
5379:
4704:
3194:
3130:
1393:
1352:
561:
555:
527:
334:
4477:
3418:
From 1978 to 1988, township enterprises experienced rapid growth due to the preferential treatment under the "reform and opening-up" policy.
4724:
4404:
4323:
4113:
4059:
3494:
TVEs developed most rapidly in locations where central planning had produced poor results, either through shortages or non-useful surpluses.
2613:
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1858:
689:
534:
165:
5693:
5626:
5571:
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5113:
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sense, the use of the term collective masked the privatization of rural enterprise at a time when it was ideologically subversive to some.
3073:
3053:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2875:
2354:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1168:
4654:
2337:
2332:
1692:
5873:
5103:
4852:
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2103:
1153:
1053:
635:
5698:
3242:
3227:
5736:
5678:
5631:
5384:
5248:
4639:
3260:
3199:
1942:
1937:
1930:
605:
60:
1899:
39:
1665:
5770:
5439:
5327:
5055:
4826:
4627:
3403:
2452:
2274:
2188:
1993:
4128:
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5809:
5611:
5457:
4964:
4821:
4719:
3319:
3103:
2488:
1819:
5606:
5243:
5228:
5159:
4811:
4536:
3355:
2755:
2279:
1959:
1591:
1530:
1128:
1110:
456:
5233:
4759:
3347:
1981:
1379:
1049:
136:
4200:
Wang, Xiaorong; Wu, Siying; Song, Qingkun; Tse, Lap-Ah; Yu, Ignatius T. S.; Wong, Tze-Wai; Griffiths, Sian (2011-01-31).
3483:
collapsed in a short amount of time, as townships and villages expropriated the use rights using their ownership rights.
5799:
5782:
5741:
5668:
5344:
5285:
5260:
5186:
5068:
4874:
4859:
4839:
4835:
4779:
4694:
3299:
3189:
3026:
2860:
2750:
2729:
2594:
2581:
2114:
2015:
1986:
1949:
503:
349:
344:
65:
5804:
5659:
5482:
5270:
5196:
5098:
5078:
5002:
4754:
4739:
4649:
4566:
3181:
2841:
2315:
2309:
1954:
1559:
493:
471:
4483:
3698:
Local governments have resorted to land transfer fees to finance urban infrastructure. Similarly, developers such as
3237:
3207:
1669:
5731:
5673:
5621:
5477:
5419:
4894:
4884:
4734:
4664:
4597:
3312:
3275:
2939:
2836:
2325:
2302:
2267:
1915:
1892:
587:
3425:
in the 1980s (Huang, 2008). There were only 1.5 million in 1978, at the start of the Reform period, and after the
72:
5832:
5586:
5356:
5293:
5201:
5173:
5169:
5039:
5024:
4926:
4879:
4869:
4769:
4529:
3637:
2500:
2447:
1876:
1374:
498:
388:
84:
5563:
5528:
5507:
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5213:
5149:
5118:
4984:
4799:
4744:
4729:
4622:
4592:
4051:
3726:
3671:
3148:
3041:
2780:
2709:
2697:
2483:
2224:
1123:
592:
364:
2208:
1686:
2003:
5636:
5576:
5462:
5332:
5322:
5310:
5051:
5012:
4974:
4899:
4699:
4644:
4587:
3721:
3422:
3111:
2738:
2574:
2137:
2109:
2020:
1223:
1076:
520:
2025:
5765:
5303:
5206:
5019:
4992:
4969:
4959:
4889:
4816:
3270:
3232:
3036:
2821:
2814:
2760:
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1925:
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918:
256:
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Morgan, Stephen L. (1994), Dutt, Ashok K.; Costa, Frank J.; Aggarwal, Surinder; Noble, Allen G. (eds.),
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108:
4201:
5581:
5548:
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5497:
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4612:
4510:
4245:
4065:
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3407:
3031:
2865:
2521:
2507:
2008:
1976:
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1061:
997:
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620:
612:
421:
251:
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5523:
5139:
4830:
4784:
4774:
4672:
4456:
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4365:
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4237:
4229:
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4055:
3965:
3918:
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Naughton, Barry. (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
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4280:
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State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense
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3450:
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Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission
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4425:
Garriga, Carlos; Hedlund, Aaron; Tang, Yang; Wang, Ping (2023-04-01).
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3363:
2620:
2411:
2384:
1213:
906:
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840:
803:
796:
577:
4521:
3655:
3381:
3058:
2661:
3776:"Township and Village Enterprises and Rural Environment in China"
3653:
Chinese rural areas pay a huge price for environmental damage.
4525:
3702:
have relied on pre-sales and down payments, further escalating
5597:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
2405:
Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization
1406:
State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
5425:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
4484:
State-Owned versus Township and Village Enterprises in China
5254:
National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
5602:
Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
2378:
Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture
4106:
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4000:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
5375:
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
1851:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
3648:, which are mostly TVEs, leak hundreds of tonnes of
2672:
Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs
220:
Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members
5712:
5645:
5562:
5516:
5448:
5355:
5168:
5132:
5050:
4983:
4945:
4663:
4573:
4206:
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health
2923:
Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
5869:Economic history of the People's Republic of China
5239:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
1159:Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
5400:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
5224:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
3427:State Council of the People's Republic of China
3099:State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
2326:Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
324:"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)
5365:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
4537:
3997:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
3718:(for a discussion of townships and villages).
3320:
2443:National Press and Publication Administration
1144:Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
8:
5405:National Financial Regulatory Administration
4489:Fu, Xiaolan; Balasubramanyam, V. N. (2003).
3640:) and United Nations Development Programme (
3636:According to the World Health Organization (
3022:International Development Cooperation Agency
2474:National Radio and Television Administration
1640:Reform & Organizational Structure Office
1370:National Development & Reform Commission
948:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
812:Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission
5617:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
4634:Grasping the large, letting go of the small
4491:"Township and Village Enterprises in China"
1247:State Council (Central People's Government)
857:Financial & Economic Affairs Commission
19:"TVEs" redirects here. For other uses, see
5838:
5592:GuangdongâHong KongâMacau Greater Bay Area
5430:State Administration for Market Regulation
5415:National Development and Reform Commission
4544:
4530:
4522:
3327:
3313:
335:Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
25:
5299:National Equities Exchange and Quotations
4478:First book on rural enterprises published
4450:
4431:American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics
3079:International Military Cooperation Office
2347:Office for Safeguarding National Security
992:Central Leading Group for Inspection Work
350:Highest state organ of power (Article 57)
5435:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
3586:Source: China Statistical Yearbook 1999
3502:Establishment of TVEs by region in 1998
3496:
2891:Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
2871:Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
1719:National Defense Mobilization Commission
926:Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
4391:, Singapore: Springer, pp. 37â55,
3738:
3167:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
2236:CCP Central Politics and Law Commission
1916:People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
1872:
1815:
1428:
1242:
1188:
660:
551:
340:Protection of human rights (Article 33)
28:
5410:National Bureau of Statistics of China
5380:China Securities Regulatory Commission
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
3195:China and the World Trade Organization
3131:Visa requirements for Chinese citizens
2268:Public Security Organs People's Police
562:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4195:
4193:
4191:
2614:Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission
2563:Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
2303:State Security Organs People's Police
1859:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
1792:CMC Leading Group for Military Reform
1625:Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
7:
5627:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
5572:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
5370:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3678:Relations to reform and modern China
3054:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
2876:Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
5104:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
4281:10.17730/humo.65.2.69dufcr1hatnpu5v
3599:kept entirely at the local level.
3159:National Immigration Administration
2204:Federation of Industry and Commerce
1841:Anti-corruption campaign since 2012
1599:National Defense Mobilization Dept.
400:General Principles of the Civil Law
4608:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
4048:How China Escaped the Poverty Trap
2947:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2629:Cyberspace Administration of China
636:Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
14:
5632:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
5385:General Administration of Customs
5249:China Reform Holdings Corporation
4640:Scientific Outlook on Development
3690:In 1994, the introduction of the
3687:ownership and price regulations.
3200:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2057:Political Consultative Conference
1645:Int'l Military Cooperation Office
1630:Science and Technology Commission
1586:Training and Administration Dept.
1433:Central Military Commission (CMC)
606:Scientific Outlook on Development
330:Democratic centralism (Article 3)
5837:
5828:
5827:
5679:2008â2009 economic stimulus plan
5440:State Administration of Taxation
5328:Stock Exchange Executive Council
5182:
5181:
4795:
4794:
4562:
4561:
4362:10.1111/j.1468-0343.2006.00169.x
3811:Beijing: Zhongguo Huanjing Kexue
3340:Township and Village Enterprises
3287:
2453:State Council Information Office
2275:State Immigration Administration
1691:
1681:
1664:
1612:Discipline Inspection Commission
1134:Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
345:Freedom of religion (Article 36)
38:
5689:2015â16 stock market turbulence
5612:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
3104:Overseas Chinese Affairs Office
2489:China Global Television Network
2469:Ministry of Culture and Tourism
2333:Bureau of Prison Administration
1893:People's Courts Judicial Police
1820:National Supervisory Commission
901:Office of the General Secretary
16:Chinese local public businesses
5607:Northeast China Revitalization
5244:China Internet Investment Fund
5229:China Government Guidance Fund
4495:Journal of Development Studies
4344:Treisman, Daniel (July 2006).
3962:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.001
3915:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.001
3859:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.001
3368:
3359:
3351:
3223:ChinaâEuropean Union relations
2715:Special administrative regions
1900:Supreme People's Procuratorate
1139:Financial and Economic Affairs
1:
5699:ChinaâUnited States trade war
5564:Regional economic initiatives
5517:National economic initiatives
5234:China-Africa Development Fund
4628:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
3660:TVEs' pollution in China 1995
3421:Most TVEs emerged during the
3393:Before the Reform and Opening
3243:ChinaâUnited States relations
3228:ChinaâLatin America relations
3089:NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
2685:HK & Macau Affairs Office
2428:Central Propaganda Department
2280:Local public security bureaus
1655:Offices Administration Agency
1164:Agriculture and Rural Affairs
5800:List of Chinese by net worth
5783:China Compulsory Certificate
5694:Protein export contamination
5345:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
5261:China Investment Corporation
4725:Business process outsourcing
4316:10.1007/978-94-011-1002-0_14
4226:10.1080/19338244.2010.486424
3190:China and the United Nations
3094:CCP International Department
3074:Ministry of National Defense
3001:Diplomatic missions of China
2861:Taiwan independence movement
2582:Publishing industry in China
2115:United Front Work Department
1960:Regular Disciplined Services
1950:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
1756:Ministry of Veterans Affairs
1738:Ministry of National Defense
773:National Security Commission
613:Harmonious Socialist Society
504:Death sentence with reprieve
478:Administrative Procedure Law
5114:Water supply and sanitation
4397:10.1007/978-981-10-4388-8_3
3595:politically controversial.
3182:Community of Common Destiny
2972:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2842:Republic of China on Taiwan
2252:Ministry of Public Security
1573:Equipment Development Dept.
740:Central Military Commission
5890:
5874:Rural development in China
5622:Rise of Central China Plan
5420:National Energy Commission
2837:Political status of Taiwan
2287:Ministry of State Security
1987:Public Prosecutions Office
1787:Military reform since 2015
1399:Deputy Secretaries-General
1169:Social Development Affairs
1050:National People's Congress
588:Primary stage of socialism
556:Admission Oath (Article 6)
123:Current provincial leaders
18:
5818:
5655:2005â2011 property bubble
5587:China Western Development
5294:Dalian Commodity Exchange
4559:
4480:- Xinhuanet. 6 Dec. 2005.
4263:Tilt, Bryan (June 2006).
3501:
3218:ChinaâCaribbean relations
2802:Mainland & Macau CEPA
2501:China Radio International
2448:China Film Administration
1635:Strategic Planning Office
1365:Cabinet-level departments
457:Intellectual property law
5529:Belt and Road Initiative
5508:Rural credit cooperative
5281:Foreign exchange reserve
5214:Beijing Financial Street
4623:Socialist market economy
4350:Economics & Politics
4052:Cornell University Press
3942:Journal of Rural Studies
3895:Journal of Rural Studies
3839:Journal of Rural Studies
3727:Village-owned enterprise
3607:Socioeconomic Background
3397:Although Chinese leader
3261:Administrative divisions
3042:Belt and Road Initiative
2739:Hong Kong SAR Government
2710:One country, two systems
2698:Hong Kong Liaison Office
2484:China Central Television
1994:Secretariat for Security
1670:People's Liberation Army
1411:most Central Enterprises
1154:Overseas Chinese Affairs
593:Four Cardinal Principles
5771:Globalization and women
5637:Zhongyuan Economic Zone
5577:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
5357:Government institutions
5333:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
5323:Shanghai Metal Exchange
5311:Shanghai Stock Exchange
4975:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
4960:Megalopolises in China
3722:Production team (China)
3474:Locations and Ownership
3469:Notable characteristics
3404:state-owned enterprises
3233:ChinaâPacific relations
3112:Chinese nationality law
2004:Unitary Police Services
1661:National armed forces:
1077:Council of Chairpersons
933:Organization Department
665:National Party Congress
370:Socialist law tradition
247:Organization Department
5810:Science and technology
5704:2020â2021 reform spree
5458:International rankings
5304:Beijing Stock Exchange
4970:Suzhou Industrial Park
4965:Special Economic Zones
3774:Ng, Sai-leung (2000).
3661:
3521:Total business income
3238:ChinaâRussia relations
3208:ChinaâAfrica relations
3037:China Development Bank
3013:Foreign aid from China
2854:"Taiwan Province", PRC
2822:Cross-Strait relations
2815:Cross-Strait relations
2768:Mainland & HK CEPA
2209:People's organizations
2016:Public Security Police
1965:Hong Kong Police Force
1926:Judiciary of Hong Kong
1877:Supreme People's Court
1782:Military modernization
1560:Logistic Support Dept.
293:Previous constitutions
166:Communist Party leader
61:Leadership generations
5160:Intellectual property
4655:1949â1976 wage reform
4598:Industrial Revolution
3659:
3590:Comparable Advantages
2910:Taiwan Affairs Office
2761:Independence movement
2746:Politics of Hong Kong
1982:Court of Final Appeal
1943:Prosecutions Division
1938:Department of Justice
1931:Court of Final Appeal
1687:People's Armed Police
1380:National Audit Office
1011:Provincial committee
242:Collective leadership
237:Democratic centralism
118:Current state leaders
73:HuâWen Administration
5848:Economy of East Asia
5554:Youth Business China
5390:Ministry of Commerce
5338:SZSE Component Index
4955:Dalian Software Park
4443:10.1257/mac.20160142
4385:"Tax-Sharing System"
4108:. New York: Viking.
4070:10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j
3213:ChinaâArab relations
3145:Visa policy of China
3064:New Development Bank
3027:Ministry of Commerce
2790:Macau SAR Government
2703:Macau Liaison Office
2496:China National Radio
2179:Historical parties:
1999:Macau Security Force
1547:Political Work Dept.
1185:State representative
1129:Constitution and Law
914:Central Guard Bureau
583:Deng Xiaoping Theory
360:Chinese legal system
175:State representative
137:Orders of precedence
100:20th Party Politburo
79:XiâLi Administration
21:TVE (disambiguation)
5395:Ministry of Finance
5316:SSE Composite Index
5286:Hedge fund industry
5133:Law and regulations
4840:academic publishing
4618:Four Modernizations
4218:2011ArEOH..66....3W
3954:2021JRurS..82..161H
3907:2021JRurS..82..161H
3851:2021JRurS..82..161H
3704:the housing crisis.
3627:Environmental issue
3517:employed (million)
3498:
3356:traditional Chinese
2991:Diplomatic missions
2963:Secretary-General:
2881:Chinese unification
2725:Hong Kong Basic Law
2595:Internet censorship
2553:Censorship in China
2310:Ministry of Justice
1836:Corruption in China
1208:Presidential Office
847:Secretary-General:
730:Central Secretariat
631:Four Comprehensives
435:Labour Contract Law
365:Civil law tradition
202:Conference Chairman
91:4th Leadership Core
66:Succession of power
5805:Chinese economists
5778:National Standards
5674:2007 slave scandal
5582:Bohai Economic Rim
5549:Made in China 2025
5498:Internal migration
5483:Standard of living
5271:Financial services
5145:Labor contract law
5099:Illegal drug trade
5069:World Trade Center
4905:Telecommunications
4853:equipment industry
4685:Advanced materials
4650:Population history
4613:Great Leap Forward
4567:Companies of China
4269:Human Organization
3692:tax-sharing system
3662:
3515:Number of persons
3497:
3408:Great Leap Forward
3348:simplified Chinese
3032:Exim Bank of China
2866:Anti-Secession Law
2756:Pro-democracy camp
2522:China News Service
2508:Xinhua News Agency
2062:National Committee
1977:Judiciary of Macau
1906:Procurator-General
1119:Special Committees
1067:Standing Committee
1025:Deputy secretaries
1015:Standing committee
958:Standing Committee
919:Central Guard Unit
717:Standing Committee
621:Xi Jinping Thought
578:Mao Zedong Thought
494:Capital punishment
472:Administrative law
211:Commander-in-chief
184:Head of government
109:14th State Council
5856:
5855:
5669:2007 stock bubble
5534:Common prosperity
5524:Beijing Consensus
5478:Income inequality
4947:Development Zones
4507:10.1080/713869424
4406:978-981-10-4388-8
4325:978-94-011-1002-0
4115:978-1-9848-7828-1
4061:978-1-5017-0020-0
3584:
3583:
3337:
3336:
3276:Ethnic minorities
3177:Beijing Consensus
3117:Chinese passports
2957:Deputy Director:
2940:Foreign relations
2827:Chinese Civil War
2797:Politics of Macau
2590:Internet in China
2479:China Media Group
2418:Deputy Director:
2355:Urban Management
2104:Political parties
2091:Secretary-General
2078:Vice-Chairpersons
1812:Supervisory organ
1697:China Coast Guard
1531:Joint Staff Dept.
1442:supreme commander
1394:Secretary-General
1353:Secretary-General
1107:Secretary-General
1093:Vice-Chairpersons
870:Deputy Director:
825:Deputy Directors:
706:Central Politburo
686:General Secretary
675:Central Committee
535:Principal leaders
193:Congress Chairman
85:Xi Administration
81:(2012–2017)
75:(2002–2012)
31:Politics of China
5881:
5843:Outline of China
5841:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5664:pet food recalls
5539:Dual circulation
5290:Stock Exchanges
5219:Financial system
5185:
5184:
5124:Trading partners
4870:Renewable energy
4798:
4797:
4565:
4564:
4553:Economy of China
4546:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4518:
4465:
4464:
4454:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4197:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4040:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3771:
3752:
3751:
3748:Management World
3743:
3716:Province (China)
3499:
3370:
3361:
3353:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3294:China portal
3292:
3291:
3290:
2751:Pro-Beijing camp
2734:John Lee Ka-chiu
2391:Deputy Leaders:
2341:
2029:
2021:Judiciary Police
2012:
1770:Military history
1695:
1685:
1675:Theater commands
1668:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1474:
1467:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1318:State Councilors
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1252:Li Qiang Cabinet
1113:
843:
837:
831:
693:
600:Three Represents
573:MarxismâLeninism
499:Capital offences
389:List of statutes
144:Paramount leader
132:National leaders
42:
26:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5814:
5708:
5641:
5558:
5512:
5444:
5351:
5164:
5150:Labor relations
5128:
5046:
4979:
4941:
4827:Pharmaceuticals
4659:
4593:Five-year plans
4569:
4555:
4550:
4488:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4199:
4198:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4062:
4042:
4041:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3773:
3772:
3755:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3712:
3680:
3667:
3646:artisanal mines
3634:
3629:
3609:
3592:
3509:Number of TVEs
3481:property rights
3476:
3471:
3416:
3395:
3390:
3333:
3304:
3300:Other countries
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3271:Family planning
3256:
3248:
3247:
3204:
3186:
3172:Panda diplomacy
3163:
3108:
3085:
3070:
3009:
2997:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2901:Deputy Leader:
2887:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2781:Chief Executive
2776:Macao Basic Law
2772:
2730:Chief Executive
2721:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2623:
2586:
2549:
2437:
2422:
2414:
2399:
2387:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2335:
2322:
2299:
2264:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2225:Law enforcement
2214:
2213:
2198:
2172:
2074:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2023:
2006:
1973:
1955:Security Bureau
1922:
1912:
1889:
1871:
1870:
1869:Judicial organs
1865:
1855:
1847:
1832:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1777:Armed conflicts
1750:
1732:
1721:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1359:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1268:
1241:
1240:
1239:Executive organ
1235:
1230:
1204:
1187:
1186:
1149:Foreign Affairs
1105:
1089:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1008:
882:
874:
866:
851:
839:
833:
827:
826:
821:
806:
787:
782:
760:
752:
724:
684:
659:
658:
651:
615:
608:
564:
550:
549:
523:
521:Communist Party
513:
512:
485:
468:
395:
383:Legislation Law
356:
326:
315:
283:
282:
262:
261:
226:Related systems
160:
56:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5887:
5885:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5763:
5758:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5714:Related topics
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5463:Social welfare
5460:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5189:
5178:
5176:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5084:Postal history
5081:
5079:Communications
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5056:infrastructure
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5013:Oil refineries
5010:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4755:Electric power
4752:
4750:Electric motor
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4645:Historical GDP
4642:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:Iron rice bowl
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4486:
4481:
4473:
4472:External links
4470:
4467:
4466:
4437:(2): 413â440.
4417:
4405:
4375:
4356:(2): 219â235.
4336:
4324:
4294:
4275:(2): 115â127.
4255:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4130:
4121:
4114:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4060:
4044:Ang, Yuen Yuen
4020:
4011:
4002:
3992:Vogel, Ezra F.
3984:
3975:
3928:
3881:
3872:
3825:
3816:
3801:
3753:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3708:
3679:
3676:
3672:five-year plan
3666:
3663:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3608:
3605:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:Whole Country
3568:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:(billion RMB)
3519:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3415:
3412:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3369:XiÄngzhèn qÇyè
3335:
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3324:
3317:
3309:
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3255:Related topics
3254:
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3210:
3203:
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3197:
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3185:
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3169:
3162:
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3156:
3142:
3128:
3114:
3107:
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3096:
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3084:
3083:
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3069:
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3066:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:Silk Road Fund
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
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2648:
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2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:Zhuang Rongwen
2633:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2600:Great Firewall
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2575:Internal media
2570:Media of China
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:People's Daily
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:Reference News
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2476:
2471:
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2300:
2291:
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2277:
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2265:
2256:
2249:
2248:
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2221:
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2199:
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2174:
2173:
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2123:
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2100:
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2088:
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2075:
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2053:
2048:
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2043:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2018:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1919:
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1897:
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1881:
1868:
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1659:
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1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:Zhang Shengmin
1609:
1608:
1607:
1596:
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1594:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1557:
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1528:
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1518:General Office
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1504:Zhang Shengmin
1500:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1425:Military organ
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:General Office
1386:
1385:
1384:
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1377:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1351:
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1296:
1289:
1281:
1269:
1256:
1238:
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1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1224:Vice President
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:
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1216:
1192:
1184:
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1166:
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1156:
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1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:Ethnic Affairs
1116:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1081:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
989:
988:
987:
985:Zhang Shengmin
976:
975:
974:
945:
944:
943:
942:
941:
930:
929:
928:
923:
922:
921:
911:
910:
909:
897:
896:
888:General Office
885:
884:
883:
878:Office Chief:
877:
875:
869:
867:
861:
854:
853:
852:
846:
844:
824:
822:
816:
809:
808:
807:
802:Office Chief:
801:
799:
786:Vice-Chairman:
785:
783:
777:
770:
769:
768:
755:
753:
744:
737:
727:
726:
725:
715:
702:
701:
700:
699:
654:
653:
652:
650:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
640:
639:
638:
633:
628:
618:
617:
616:
611:
604:
602:
597:
596:
595:
590:
580:
575:
570:
560:
558:
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
531:
530:
524:
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
507:
506:
501:
484:
483:
482:
481:
467:
466:
465:
464:
454:
453:
452:
440:
439:
438:
431:
419:
412:
404:
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
374:
373:
372:
367:
355:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
303:
297:
284:
281:
280:
275:
269:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
227:
223:
222:
217:
208:
199:
190:
181:
172:
163:
162:
161:
152:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
106:
97:
82:
76:
69:
68:
63:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5886:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5836:
5834:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5789:Made in China
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5766:Globalization
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Go Out policy
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
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5447:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
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5190:
5188:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
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5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Trade history
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Energy policy
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Pearl farming
4820:
4818:
4817:Online gaming
4815:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Biotechnology
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
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4554:
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4533:
4528:
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4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
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4462:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4337:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4164:
4161:
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4021:
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4012:
4006:
4003:
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3462:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:Reform period
3419:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3399:Deng Xiaoping
3392:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
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3341:
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3209:
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3146:
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3118:
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3110:
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3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Spokespersons
2984:
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2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
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2800:
2798:
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2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:Ding Xuexiang
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
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2622:
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2598:
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2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Radio jamming
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
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2327:
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2308:
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2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:Wang Xiaohong
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:Wang Dongfeng
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1860:
1857:
1856:
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1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
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1827:
1823:
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1816:
1799:
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1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:State Council
1711:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
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1656:
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1633:
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1628:
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1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
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1610:
1606:
1602:
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1600:
1597:
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1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
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1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:Zhong Shaojun
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:Departments:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:Vice Chairmen
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:Wang Xiaohong
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:Zhang Guoqing
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:Ding Xuexiang
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:Vice-Premiers
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
999:
995:
994:
993:
990:
986:
982:
981:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
965:
963:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
946:
940:
936:
935:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
908:
904:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
891:
890:
889:
886:
881:
876:
873:
868:
865:
860:
859:
858:
855:
850:
845:
842:
836:
830:
823:
820:
815:
814:
813:
810:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
784:
781:
776:
775:
774:
771:
767:
763:
758:
757:Vice Chairmen
754:
751:
747:
743:
742:
741:
738:
735:
731:
728:
722:
718:
714:
713:
711:
707:
704:
703:
698:
695:
694:
691:
687:
683:
682:
680:
676:
673:
672:
670:
666:
663:
662:
661:
657:
644:
641:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Chinese Dream
624:
623:
622:
619:
614:
610:
609:
607:
603:
601:
598:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
563:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
548:
544:
536:
533:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
517:
516:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:
486:
480:
479:
475:
474:
473:
470:
469:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
451:
450:
446:
445:
444:
441:
437:
436:
432:
430:
429:
425:
424:
423:
420:
418:
417:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
390:
387:
385:
384:
380:
379:
378:
375:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
357:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
325:
321:
320:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
285:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
265:
258:
257:Civil service
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:Unified power
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
207:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
159:
155:
151:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:(since 2017)
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
32:
27:
22:
5823:
5822:
5787:
5761:Demographics
5753:
5747:Largest SOEs
5493:Urbanization
5202:Central bank
4932:Video gaming
4812:Mobile phone
4501:(4): 27â46.
4498:
4494:
4452:10356/171895
4434:
4430:
4420:
4410:, retrieved
4388:
4378:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4329:, retrieved
4307:
4297:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4209:
4205:
4181:
4172:
4163:
4154:
4145:
4133:
4124:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4047:
4014:
4005:
3995:
3987:
3978:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3875:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3780:China Review
3779:
3750:(5): 156â65.
3747:
3741:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3668:
3635:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3463:
3459:
3435:
3432:
3420:
3417:
3396:
3367:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3266:Hukou system
2605:Great Cannon
2542:
2535:Global Times
2533:
2526:
2512:
2457:
2356:
2244:Chen Wenqing
2110:CCP (ruling)
2082:Top-ranked:
2050:United front
1650:Audit Office
1465:Zhang Youxia
1375:Central bank
1357:Wu Zhenglong
1334:Wu Zhenglong
1307:Liu Guozhong
1099:Li Hongzhong
1097:Top-ranked:
762:Zhang Youxia
656:Organization
543:Constitution
489:Criminal law
477:
449:Property Law
448:
443:Property law
434:
427:
416:Marriage Law
415:
407:
399:
382:
288:Constitution
273:Constitution
5722:Agriculture
5660:2007 export
5488:Foreign aid
5450:Development
5266:CITIC Group
5207:Other banks
5155:Food safety
4865:Real estate
4805:gold mining
4760:Electronics
4690:Aquaculture
4212:(1): 3â11.
3948:: 161â175.
3901:: 161â175.
3845:: 161â175.
3782:: 529â551.
3617:Jiang Zemin
3511:(in 1,000)
2903:Wang Huning
2847:Taiwan Area
2785:Ho Iat-seng
2691:Xia Baolong
2544:China Today
2459:China Daily
2357:(chengguan)
2336: [
2242:Secretary:
2121:Shi Taifeng
2084:Shi Taifeng
2072:Wang Huning
2024: [
2007: [
1616:Secretary:
1579:Xu Xueqiang
1034:Party group
983:Secretary:
849:Wang Huning
835:Wang Huning
411:(From 2021)
206:Wang Huning
158:Peng Liyuan
5863:Categories
5727:Bankruptcy
5503:Emigration
5473:Corruption
5187:Accounting
5140:Tax system
5040:Geothermal
4910:Television
4875:Securities
4860:Rare earth
4836:Publishing
4780:Hedge fund
4695:Automotive
4665:Industries
4412:2024-06-03
4331:2024-06-03
3733:References
3700:Evergrande
3414:After 1978
2953:Xi Jinping
2951:Director:
2914:Director:
2897:Xi Jinping
2689:Director:
2634:Director:
2619:Director:
2410:Director:
2397:Shen Yiqin
2371:Propaganda
2297:Chen Yixin
1826:Liu Jinguo
1824:Director:
1798:Xi Jinping
1605:Liu Faqing
1603:Director:
1590:Director:
1577:Director:
1564:Director:
1551:Director:
1540:Liu Zhenli
1522:Director:
1490:Liu Zhenli
1472:He Weidong
1448:Xi Jinping
1341:Shen Yiqin
1202:Xi Jinping
892:Director:
864:Xi Jinping
862:Director:
819:Xi Jinping
817:Director:
780:Xi Jinping
778:Chairman:
766:He Weidong
750:Xi Jinping
697:Xi Jinping
462:Patent law
428:Labour Law
422:Labour law
408:Civil Code
215:Xi Jinping
179:Xi Jinping
170:Xi Jinping
154:First lady
148:Xi Jinping
104:Xi Jinping
95:Xi Jinping
54:Leadership
5824:See also:
5755:The Hongs
5732:Companies
5684:2010 Expo
5074:Transport
5025:Renewable
5008:Oil shale
4740:Container
4710:Aerospace
4515:153504591
4461:1945-7707
4370:0954-1985
4289:0018-7259
4234:1933-8244
4102:Jin, Keyu
3970:0743-0167
3923:0743-0167
3867:0743-0167
3788:1680-2012
3439:Guangdong
3374:townships
3149:Hong Kong
3135:Hong Kong
3121:Hong Kong
2832:One China
2657:Hong Kong
2435:Li Shulei
2420:Li Shulei
2393:Li Shulei
1910:Ying Yong
1887:Zhang Jun
1883:President
1592:Wang Peng
1566:Zhang Lin
1482:Members:
1293:He Lifeng
1228:Han Zheng
1194:President
1178:Presidium
1087:Zhao Leji
1062:Elections
1020:Secretary
968:Secretary
939:Li Ganjie
880:He Lifeng
793:Zhao Leji
643:Democracy
568:Communism
403:(to 2020)
252:Elections
197:Zhao Leji
5833:Category
5276:Renminbi
5094:Shipping
4927:Textiles
4895:Software
4885:Shipping
4880:Sex toys
4849:Railway
4831:pharmacy
4785:Internet
4775:Gambling
4705:Aircraft
4700:Aviation
4673:Industry
4250:33000804
4242:21337180
4138:Oi, Jean
4104:(2023).
4046:(2016).
3994:(2011).
3796:23453382
3710:See also
3665:Controls
3543:Central
3538:2539.99
3455:Shandong
3447:Zhejiang
3378:villages
3017:to China
3005:in China
2977:Minister
2959:Li Qiang
2916:Song Tao
2895:Leader:
2676:Leader:
2383:Leader:
2316:Minister
2293:Minister
2258:Minister
2068:Chairman
1796:Leader:
1748:Dong Jun
1744:Minister
1730:Li Qiang
1726:Chairman
1553:Miao Hua
1497:Miao Hua
1438:Chairman
1266:Li Qiang
1083:Chairman
996:Leader:
872:Li Qiang
829:Li Qiang
789:Li Qiang
746:Chairman
547:ideology
188:Li Qiang
113:Li Qiang
5795:Mingong
5742:Top 500
5737:Largest
5468:Poverty
5197:History
5192:Banking
5174:banking
5170:Finance
5119:Exports
5089:Tourism
5020:Nuclear
4922:Tourism
4915:digital
4770:Fishing
4678:history
4583:History
4575:History
4214:Bibcode
3950:Bibcode
3903:Bibcode
3847:Bibcode
3650:mercury
3632:Damages
3580:3828.4
3577:125.37
3566:291.34
3552:987.00
3451:Jiangsu
3388:History
2981:Wang Yi
2965:Wang Yi
2320:He Rong
1704:Militia
1260: (
1258:Premier
1212:Chief:
905:Chief:
528:History
5647:Events
4985:Energy
4800:Mining
4745:Cotton
4735:Coffee
4730:Cement
4588:Reform
4513:
4459:
4403:
4368:
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4248:
4240:
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4068:
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3968:
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3865:
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3786:
3574:20039
3563:22.71
3549:42.29
3535:60.37
3443:Fujian
3402:those
3366::
3364:pinyin
3358::
3350::
2621:Cai Qi
2433:Head:
2412:Cai Qi
2385:Cai Qi
2119:Head:
1214:Cai Qi
1111:Liu Qi
937:Head:
907:Cai Qi
894:Cai Qi
841:Cai Qi
804:Cai Qi
797:Cai Qi
545:&
5109:Ports
5052:Trade
5035:Solar
4900:Steel
4845:Radio
4790:Media
4511:S2CID
4246:S2CID
4066:JSTOR
3792:JSTOR
3560:5075
3557:West
3546:7302
3532:7580
3529:East
3382:China
3153:Macau
3139:Macau
3125:Macau
3059:BRICS
2662:Macau
2340:]
2153:CPWDP
2143:CNDCA
2028:]
2011:]
1536:Chief
998:Li Xi
972:Li Xi
5172:and
5054:and
5030:Wind
4998:Coal
4937:Wine
4890:Silk
4838:and
4829:and
4765:Film
4715:Beer
4457:ISSN
4401:ISBN
4366:ISSN
4320:ISBN
4285:ISSN
4238:PMID
4230:ISSN
4110:ISBN
4056:ISBN
3966:ISSN
3919:ISSN
3863:ISSN
3784:ISSN
3642:UNDP
3376:and
3360:ééŽäźćĽ
3352:䚥éäźä¸
3344:TVEs
2189:CDSP
2168:TDSL
2158:CZGP
2148:CAPD
2133:RCCK
1276:list
1262:list
1198:list
1071:14th
1054:14th
962:20th
952:20th
734:20th
721:20th
710:20th
690:list
679:20th
669:20th
377:Laws
311:1978
306:1975
301:1954
5003:Oil
4503:doi
4447:hdl
4439:doi
4393:doi
4358:doi
4312:doi
4277:doi
4222:doi
3958:doi
3911:doi
3855:doi
3638:WHO
3380:in
2194:YCP
2184:KMT
2138:CDL
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1200:):
278:Law
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