Non-rocket spacelaunch - Knowledge (XXG)

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high, the projectile can't accelerate. Nor can the amplitude of the track's gyrating motion be increased to compensate, as it suffers from the same tip velocity limitation as the simple rotating tether. But according to Tidman's analysis, a slingatron launching 1 lb (454 g) projectiles at 6 km/s (about 80% of orbital velocity) could be as small as 11.2 meters across, though at over 10,000 rpm, such a launcher would need to have a gyration speed

1161:. The original concept envisioned by Tsiolkovsky was a compression structure. Building a compression structure from the ground up proved an unrealistic task as there was no material in existence with enough compressive strength to support its own weight under such conditions. Other ideas use very tall compressive towers to reduce the demands on launch vehicles. The vehicle is "elevated" up the tower, which may extend above the 2242: 4856: 4027: 1901: 4867: 5247: 1808:). The maximum tip velocity of a rotating tether, irrespective of its absolute scale, is limited by the strength to weight ratio of its materials, as the tether must support its own mass under centripetal acceleration as well as that of the projectile. In the slingatron, the projectile's centrifugal force is instead reacted into a nonrotating structure which can be as massive as necessary. 1338: 1306: 2228: 390: 3825: 1399: 1447: 473:(LEO). As a result, launch costs are a large percentage of the cost of all space endeavors. If launch can be made cheaper, the total cost of space missions will be reduced. Due to the exponential nature of the rocket equation, providing even a small amount of the velocity to LEO by other means has the potential of greatly reducing the cost of getting to orbit. 1568: 1209: 1255:) anchored to the surface and extending into space above the level of geosynchronous orbit. As the planet rotates, the centrifugal force at the upper end of the tether counteracts gravity, and keeps the cable taut. Vehicles can then climb the tether and reach orbit without the use of rocket propulsion. 1820:

It is this friction that sets the minimum size of a slingatron for a given projectile mass and launch velocity. For a given speed, a smaller track will cause the projectile to experience higher centripetal acceleration, pressing it harder into the track and increasing friction. If the friction is too

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presented the concept of orbital ring systems. He proposed a rotating cable placed in a low Earth orbit, rotating at slightly faster than orbital speed. Not in orbit, but riding on this ring, supported electromagnetically on superconducting magnets, are ring stations that stay in one place above some

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An endo-atmospheric tether uses the long cable within the atmosphere to provide some or all of the velocity needed to reach orbit. The tether is used to transfer kinetics (energy and momentum) from a massive, slow end (typically a large subsonic or low supersonic aircraft) to a hypersonic end through

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Combining multiple technologies would in itself be an increase to complexity and development challenges, but reducing the performance requirements of a given subsystem may allow reduction in its individual complexity or cost. For instance, the number of parts in a liquid-fueled rocket engine may be

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rather than a circular track. The projectile starts in the middle and accelerates in multiple turns as it moves outwards while the track gyrates at a constant speed. Not only does this keep the projectile in phase, but also, providing its motors have enough power, allows the machine to operate in a

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Passenger-capable Generation 2 systems would accelerate for a much longer distance at 2 Gs. The vehicles would enter the atmosphere at an altitude of 20 km from an evacuated tunnel restrained by Kevlar tethers and supported by magnetic repulsion between superconducting cables in the tunnel and

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repulsion between superconductive magnets on the vehicle and the aluminum tunnel walls while they were accelerated by AC magnetic drive from aluminum coils. The power required would probably be provided by superconductive energy storage units distributed along the tunnel. Vehicles could coast up to

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In 1982 the Belarusian inventor Anatoly Yunitskiy also proposed an electromagnetic track encircling the Earth, which he called the "String Transportation System." When the velocity of the string exceeds 10 km/sec, centrifugal forces would detach the string from the Earth's surface and lift the

2026:. Rockets could launch from it or a mass driver could accelerate payloads into the orbit. This has the advantage that most (about 90%) of the atmosphere is below the space port. A SpaceShaft is a proposed version of an atmospherically buoyant structure that would serve as a system to lift cargo to 1800:

This gyration continually displaces the tube with a component along the direction of the centripetal force acting on the projectile, so that work is continually done on the projectile as it advances through the machine. The centripetal force experienced by the projectile is the accelerating force,

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frequency without changing the orientation of the tube, i.e. the entire tube gyrates but does not spin. An everyday example of this motion is stirring a beverage by holding the container and moving it in small horizontal circles, causing the contents to spin, without spinning the container itself.

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to extremely high speeds. It is a long tube filled with a mixture of combustible gases with a frangible diaphragm at either end to contain the gases. The projectile, which is shaped like a ram jet core, is fired by another means (e.g., a space gun, discussed above) supersonically through the first

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surface could slide directly against the wall of the guide tube. At high speeds, the vaporized projectile surface would form a cushion of gas for the projectile to ride along, minimizing friction. He predicted that most of the energy lost to friction would go to vaporizing the ablator rather than

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Actually applying this force between the guide tube and the superfast projectile is one of the slingatron's main technical challenges. In his initial paper, Dr. Derek A. Tidman, the slingatron's inventor, assumed that, to eliminate friction, the projectile would have to be supported by magnetic

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Landis and Cafarelli suggested that a tension structure ("space elevator") extending downward from geosynchronous orbit could be combined with the compression structure ("Tsiolkovski tower") extending upward from the surface, forming the combined structure reaching geosynchronous orbit from the

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but it differs in that rings of explosive along the length of the barrel are detonated in sequence to keep the accelerations high. Also, rather than just relying on the pressure behind the projectile, the blast wave accelerator specifically times the explosions to squeeze on a tail cone on the

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and "pressure balancing". Suggested benefits in contrast to other space elevator designs include avoiding working with the great lengths of structure involved in some other designs, construction from the ground instead of orbit, and functional access to the entire range of altitudes within the

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With any of these projectile launchers, the launcher gives a high velocity at, or near, ground level. In order to achieve orbit, the projectile must be given enough extra velocity to punch through the atmosphere, unless it includes an additional propulsion system (such as a rocket). Also, the

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are accelerated along a rigid tube or track that typically has circular or spiral turns, or combinations of these geometries in two or three dimensions. A projectile is accelerated in the curved tube by propelling the entire tube in a small-amplitude circular motion of constant or increasing

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is a theoretical class of orbiting tether propulsion intended to lift payloads to high altitudes and speeds. Proposals for skyhooks include designs that employ tethers spinning at hypersonic speed for catching high speed payloads or high altitude aircraft and placing them in orbit.

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designated point on Earth. Hanging down from these ring stations are short space elevators made from cables with high tensile-strength-to-mass ratio. Birch claimed that the ring stations, in addition to holding the tether, could accelerate the orbital ring eastwards, causing it to

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as one of the core theses of the book, but the idea has not been pursued to any notable degree. Savage's specific proposals proved to be infeasible on both engineering and political grounds, and while the difficulties could be overcome, the group Savage founded, now called the

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Endo-atmospheric tethers can be used to transfer kinetics (energy and momentum) between large conventional aircraft (subsonic or low supersonic) or other motive force and smaller aerodynamic vehicles, propelling them to hypersonic velocities without exotic propulsion systems.

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could potentially achieve orbital velocity or go some useful way to doing so; however, these designs still must perform a final rocket burn at their apogee to circularize their trajectory to avoid returning to the atmosphere. Other, reusable turbojet-like designs like

2606: 1993:. This makes balloons an expensive launch assist technique. Hydrogen could be used as it has the advantage of being cheaper and lighter than helium, but the disadvantage of also being highly flammable. Rockets launched from balloons, known as " 1156:

at approximately 35,999 kilometres (22,369 mi), objects released at such height could then drift away with minimal power and would be in a circular orbit. The concept of a structure reaching to geosynchronous orbit was first conceived by

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design's practical reach. The design presented is "at 5 km altitude and extending to 20 km above sea level", and the authors suggest that "the approach may be further scaled to provide direct access to altitudes above 200 km".

1274:-based materials have been proposed as the tensile element in the tether design. Their measured strengths are high compared to their linear densities. They hold promise as materials to make an Earth-based space elevator possible. 2157:. For instance, for anticipated practicality and a moderate mass ratio with current materials, the HASTOL concept would have the first half (4 km/s) of velocity to orbit be provided by other means than the tether itself. 2140:

tolerances if intended to carry passengers) have the corresponding minimum launcher length scale not linearly but with velocity squared. Tethers can have even more non-linear, exponential scaling. The tether-to-payload

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A proposal to use a hybrid system combining a mass driver for initial lofting followed by additive thrust by a series of ground-based lasers sequenced according to wavelength was proposed by Mashall Savage in the book

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Grant, John; Willenberg, Harvey; Tillotson, Brian; Stemler, Joseph; Bangham, Michal; Forward, Robert (2000-09-19). "Hypersonic airplane space tether orbital launch - HASTOL - A two-stage commercial launch system".

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Cargo-only Generation 1 systems would accelerate at 10–20 Gs and exit from a mountain top. While not suitable for passengers, they could put cargo into orbit for $ 40 per kilogram, 100 times cheaper than rockets.

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The main disadvantages are that the carrier aircraft tends to be quite large, and separation within the airflow at supersonic speeds has never been demonstrated as the boost given is relatively modest.

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Some technologies can have exponential scaling if used in isolation, making the effect of combinations be of counter-intuitive magnitude. For instance, 270 m/s is under 4% of the velocity of

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requirements are limited enough to make the weight penalty of such be a practical option, or a high-velocity ground launcher may be able to use a relatively moderate performance and inexpensive

1997:", have been demonstrated, but, to date, only for suborbital ("sounding rocket") missions. The size of balloon that would be required to lift an orbital launch vehicle would be extremely large. 1725:

Gun launch concepts do not always use combustion. In pneumatic launch systems, a projectile is accelerated in a long tube by air pressure, produced by ground-based turbines or other means. In a

1190:) or rotating (rotovators). They can be designed (in theory) to pick up the payload when the payload is stationary or when the payload is hypersonic (has a high but not orbital velocity). 1258:

Such a cable could be made out of any material able to support itself under tension by tapering the cable's diameter sufficiently quickly as it approached the Earth's surface. On

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up to Mach 5.5 before employing rockets to enter orbit appears to have a mass budget that permits a larger payload than pure rockets while achieving it in a single stage.

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by James Powell, George Maise and John Rather. Submitted for Presentation at SPESIF-2010 – Space, Propulsion, and Energy Sciences International Forum. February 23, 26, 2010

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as "Project Tandem", although it has not been used as a rocket launch vehicle. JP Aerospace further proposes a hypersonic, lighter than air upper stage. A Spanish company,

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of 17,150 mph (27,600 km/h; 7.666 km/s) with a payload of up to 200kg. SpinLaunch has conducted several successful launch tests on a one-third scale prototype as of 2023.

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diaphragm into the end of the tube. It then burns the gases as fuel, accelerating down the tube under jet propulsion. Other physics come into play at higher velocities.

3722: 442:. Although all space launches to date have been rockets, a number of alternatives to rockets have been proposed. In some systems, such as a combination launch system, 3509: 4903: 689: 2749: 2340:"A Fresh Look at Space Solar Power: New Architectures, Concepts, and Technologies. John C. Mankins. International Astronautical Federation IAF-97-R.2.03. 12 pages" 2339: 5034: 3690: 3033:

Bogar, Thomas; Bangham, Michal; Forward, Robert; Lewis, Mark (1999). "Hypersonic Airplane Space Tether Orbital Launch (HASTOL) system - Interim study results".

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In air launch, a carrier aircraft carries the space vehicle to high altitude and speed before release. This technique was used on the suborbital X-15 and

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A slingatron is capable of much higher velocities than a similar circular launcher based on a rotating tether made of currently available materials (e.g.

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Hoyt, Robert (2000-07-24). "Design and simulation of tether facilities for the Hypersonic-Airplane Space-Tether Orbital Launch (HASTOL) architecture".

1266:. With conventional materials, the taper ratio would need to be very large, increasing the total launch mass to a fiscally infeasible degree. However, 1165:

and is launched from the top. Such a tall tower to access near-space altitudes of 20 km (12 mi) has been proposed by various researchers.

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project for an example of a heavy-lift balloon intended for use in the lower atmosphere), and this decreases even more with increasing altitude.

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In this usage, the term "static" is intended to convey the understanding that the structural portion of the system has no internal moving parts.

1545:. All of these systems use the concept of a stationary launch track which uses some form of linear electrical motor to accelerate a projectile. 1235: 5101: 4130: 4065: 3480: 3390: 3303: 3184:

Quine, B. M.; Seth, R. K.; Zhu, Z. H. (2009-04-19). "A free-standing space elevator structure: a practical alternative to the space tether".

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The concept was first described in 1895 by Russian author K. E. Tsiolkovsky in his "Speculations about Earth and Sky and on Vesta".

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where much of the speed and altitude needed to achieve orbit is provided by a propulsion technique that is not subject to the limits of the

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as in a railgun) to accelerate the payload to high speeds. After leaving the launch track, the payload would be at its launch velocity.

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at up to 4,700 mph (7,500 km/h; 2.1 km/s). The rocket then ignites its engines at an altitude of roughly 200,000 ft (60 km) to reach

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The concept was first described in 1895 by Russian author K. E. Tsiolkovsky in his "Speculations about Earth and Sky and on Vesta."

2923:. Presented as paper IAF-95-V.4.07, 46th International Astronautics Federation Congress, Oslo Norway, October 2–6, 1995: 175–180. 5288: 5283: 5273: 4325: 4031: 3708: 1633:

on the ground. For both Gen 1–2 systems, the mouth of the tube would be open during vehicle acceleration, with air kept out by

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of Green Launch proposes use of a 'Hydrogen Gun' to launch uncrewed payloads to orbit for less than the regular launch costs.

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StarTram is a proposal to launch vehicles directly to space by accelerating them with a mass driver. Vehicles would float by

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A space elevator is a proposed type of space transportation system. Its main component is a ribbon-like cable (also called a

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and near-space altitudes. For space launch, it would serve as a non-rocket first stage for rockets launched from the top.

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Launch costs in the hundreds of dollars per kilogram would make possible many proposed large-scale space projects such as

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low or even geosynchronous orbital height; then a small rocket motor burn would be required to circularize the orbit.

130: 95: 2650: 2321: 1293:), the strength-to-density requirements aren't as great for tether materials. Currently available materials (such as 1152:), but a far lower tower height could reduce atmospheric drag losses during ascent. If the tower went all the way to 5222: 5158: 4750: 4519: 4192: 2169: 1685: 1108: 531: 338: 35: 1817:

eroding the guide tube, allowing the slingatron to compare favorably with light gas guns in terms of barrel wear.

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and ruggedized satellites. Also, the projectile needs either an internal or external means to stabilize on orbit.

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system that would be around 2000 km long and maintained at an altitude of up to 80 kilometres (50 mi).

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are projected upward from the bottom of the tower and redirected back down once they reach the top, so that the

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that would rotate at slightly above orbital speed that would have fixed tethers hanging down to the ground.

481: 328: 90: 3536:"3rd International Conference on Space Elevator, CNT Tether Design, and Lunar Industrialization Challenges" 1974:

can raise the initial altitude of rockets. However, balloons have relatively low payload (although see the

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and is proportional to the projectile mass and inversely proportional to the track's radius of curvature.

1559: 1158: 1113: 297: 100: 80: 73: 5278: 5106: 4996: 4912: 4690: 4497: 4135: 4018: 2275: 1990: 1508:) tubular columns inflated with a low density gas mix, and with dynamic stabilization systems including 3564: 2601: 1179:

Tensile structures for non-rocket spacelaunch are proposals to use long, very strong cables (known as

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or tunnel for accelerating payloads to orbital or suborbital velocities. The concept was proposed by

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on top of the cable which forms an acceleration track, from which they would be projected into Earth

1350: 1153: 508: 485: 348: 150: 45: 3206: 2604:, Dana R. Johansen, "Method and system for accelerating an object", published 5 Jul 2005 2053: 61: 5210: 5185: 5057: 4964: 4755: 4733: 4668: 4387: 4231: 3789: 2576: 2265: 2255: 2042: 1956: 1634: 1420: 1217: 1203: 1187: 636: 455: 443: 343: 333: 232: 4866: 5227: 4870: 4653: 4579: 4434: 4330: 4182: 4013: 3990: 2233: 2123: 2093: 2061: 1718:

would still be more than what a human tolerates. Therefore, the space gun would be restricted to

1691: 1493: 1474: 477: 447: 394: 189: 155: 145: 1729:, the pressurant is a gas of light molecular weight, to maximize the speed of sound in the gas. 1481:

or even beyond. The structure would constantly need around 200 MW of power to keep it in place.

2711:. Vol. 99. New College of California. Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact. pp. 48–67. 2022:

proposed that by using very large balloons it may be possible to construct a space port in the

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but it is entirely different in that it relies on a jet-engine-like propulsion cycle utilizing

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All monetary values in un-inflated dollars based on reference publication date except as noted.

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rapid-fire mode, launching a projectile as often as once per revolution. Tidman died in 2019.

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levitation in an evacuated tube. Later, Tidman suggested instead that projectiles with an

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Clarke, Arthur C., "Electromagnetic Launching as a Major Contribution to Space-Flight,"

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All forms of projectile launchers are at least partially hybrid systems if launching to

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A major difficulty of such a tower is buckling since it is a long slender construction.

5200: 4974: 4969: 4830: 4817: 4710: 4641: 4631: 4616: 4594: 4584: 4480: 4470: 4419: 4340: 3839: 3808: 3535: 3477:"Space Shaft: Or, the story that would have been a bit finer, if only one had known..." 3154: 2915:

Landis, Geoffrey A. & Cafarelli, Craig (1999). "The Tsiolkovski Tower Reexamined".

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Forms of ground launch limited to a given maximum acceleration (such as due to human

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assist, in turn air-launching a second-stage rocket delivering a satellite to orbit.

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One proposed design is a freestanding tower composed of high strength material (e.g.

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U.S. Air Force Research Report no. AU ARI 93-8: LEO On The Cheap

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Maglev Launch: Ultra Low Cost Ultra/High Volume Access to Space for Cargo and Humans

2419:[The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices] (in Russian). 2212:

had reduced rocket performance requirements due to being a combined system with its

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An orbital ring is a concept for a giant artificially constructed ring hanging at

1285:. For locations in the Solar System with weaker gravity than Earth's (such as the 3035:

9th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference

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Present-day launch costs are very high – $ 2,500 to $ 25,000 per kilogram from

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Energy, Economics, and Space Transport - How to Evaluate a Space Launch System

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Space Elevators, An Advanced Earth-Space Infrastructure for the New Millennium

2223: 2213: 2205: 2073: 2027: 1929: 1921: 1895: 1869: 1849: 1841: 1793: 1762: 1699: 1509: 1470: 1162: 1148:, a tower would have to extend above the edge of space (above the 100 km 997: 974: 288: 252: 178: 85: 17: 3313: 1591:, focusing on the use of a mass driver for launching material from the Moon. 1262:, with its relatively strong gravity, current materials are not sufficiently 5121: 4807: 4658: 4375: 4256: 4177: 4160: 3908: 3682: 2104: 2088:

aircraft might be accelerated to 300 m/s (a solution to the problem of

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projectile, as one might shoot a pumpkin seed by squeezing the tapered end.

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may be provided, either directly or indirectly, by using rocket propulsion.

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References in this column apply to entire row unless specifically replaced.

3679:, an extensive publication about novel methods of Earth-to-orbit transport 2725: 2667: 2647: 2092:

not being startable at zero airflow velocity) by electromagnetic or other

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Orbital Rings and Planet Building: Prelude to Colonizing the Solar System

2085: 2069: 2030: 2009: 1986: 1971: 1947: 1913: 1848:

launch system that accelerates the payload on the arm of a vacuum-sealed

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In essence, a mass driver is a very long and mainly horizontally aligned

872: 4881: 3042: 3037:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2951: 2559: 2554:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2535: 2530:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1398: 1278:

surface, and having structural advantages over either one individually.

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Requires Boeing proposed DF-9 vehicle first stage to ~ 4 km/s.

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Powell, James; Maise, George; Pellegrino, Charles (October 23, 2013).

3223: 2801: 2773: 2431:"Cost for Space Launch to Low Earth Orbit- Aerospace Security Project" 2155:

more than 1000:1 at a tip velocity 240% of its characteristic velocity

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Hans P. Moravec (Oct–Dec 1977). "A Non-Synchronous Orbital Skyhook".

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Landis, Geoffrey (1998). "Compression structures for Earth launch".

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The space elevator concept is also applicable to other planets and

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for support. In contrast to the original space elevator design (a

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two orders of magnitude less if pressure-fed rather than pump-fed

1989:. Helium is not only expensive in large quantities but is also a 1525:

projectile needs either an internal or external means to perform

3588: 3560: 3385:(in German). Kolpingring, Germany: Aviatic Verlag. p. 105. 2107:, at a minimum entailing approximately 1.5 percent of the total 2081: 2060:

art for a concept combining three technologies: electromagnetic

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Weltrekord-Flugzeuge — Die schnellsten Jets der Welt

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34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit

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36th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit

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Robert M. Zubrin (Pioneer Astronautics); Christopher P. McKay.

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by 80% when also having the track go up a 3000‑meter mountain.

1935:

Early spaceplanes were used to explore hypersonic flight (e.g.

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The system is designed to be suitable for launching humans for

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Canonical List of Space Transportation and Engineering Methods

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SpaceCast 2020 - Report to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force

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at that velocity could increase the payload of a conventional

1672: 30:"space tower" redirects here. For the Spanish skyscraper, see 3423:"Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars" 3296:

Slingatron : a mechanical hypervelocity mass accelerator

3241:, No. 6 (1950), pp. 261–267. Reprinted in Arthur C. Clarke, 2685: 1924:. Typically, it takes the form of a spacecraft equipped with 1667:

A space gun is a proposed method of launching an object into

3166:. International Space Development Conference. Archived from 2000:

One prototype of a balloon launch platform has been made by

1908:

hypersonic aircraft with scramjet attached to the underside.

2172:, has been unable to raise significant funds for research. 3280: 1920:. It combines some features of an aircraft with some of a 1602:(an alternating-current motor such as in a coil gun, or a 1309:

KITE Launcher — transferring momentum to the vehicle.

1297:) could serve as the tether material for elevators there. 1239:

A space elevator would consist of a cable anchored to the

1054:

CY2008 estimate from description in 1993 reference system.

2584: 2417:"Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами" 2151:

1:1 at a tip velocity 60% of its characteristic velocity

3565:"Emerging Technologies May Fuel Revolutionary Launcher" 1928:, one or more rocket engines, and sometimes additional 3683:

Orbital Suborbital Program Space Vehicle document

1749:

A ram accelerator also uses chemical energy like the

1563:

A mass driver for lunar launch (artist's conception).

3140:

Entry into Space: SpaceWay General Planetary Vehicle

2008:, is officially developing a launcher system called 1594:

A mass driver uses some sort of repulsion to keep a

1372:. Since such a tall tower could not support its own 5084: 5050: 4995: 4935: 4926: 4919: 4816: 4769: 4721: 4607: 4543: 4448: 4368: 4359: 4247: 4081: 3978: 3947: 3927: 3901: 3870: 3863: 3832: 3803: 3782: 3775: 3754: 3747: 3121:"Orbital Rings: the Wholly Grail of Megastructures" 3448: 2577:"Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders – I-III" 2376:"Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars" 2064:from a hypothetical 2-mile (3.2 km) track at 2041:for long term human operations throughout the mid- 1598:separated from the track or walls. Then it uses a 2322:"How Humanity Will Conquer Space Without Rockets" 2196:by non-rocket methods may compensate against the 1384:of redirection holds the top of the tower aloft. 1072:Subject to very rapid increase via bootstrapping. 2866:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space Technology 2080:Separate technologies may be combined. In 2010, 1537:Electrical launch systems include mass drivers, 3541:. Luxembourg: EuroSpaceWard. December 5–6, 2009 1827:All of Tidman's later slingatron designs use a 690:Hypersonic Airplane Space Tether Orbital Launch 3451:2081 : a hopeful view of the human future 1413:In a series of 1982 articles published in the 4897: 4059: 3716: 2917:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 2072:aircraft, and a carried rocket for use after 2016:concept, expected to be operational by 2018. 1583:in 1950, and was developed in more detail by 1416:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 1349:that does not require the structure to be in 1212:A rotating and non-rotating skyhooks in orbit 412: 8: 2822:The Slingatron: Building a Railroad to Space 2122:, but a NASA study estimated that Maglifter 1942:Some air-breathing engine-based designs (cf 3381:Käsmann, Ferdinand C. W. (1999). 3243:Ascent to Orbit: A Scientific Autobiography 2910: 2908: 2726:"Hypervelocity Landing Track - Wikiversity" 2620: 2618: 2616: 2596: 2594: 1364:), a space fountain is a tremendously tall 1316:Kinetics Interchange TEther (KITE) Launcher 1063:Requires first stage to ~ 5 km/s. 5246: 4932: 4923: 4904: 4890: 4882: 4365: 4066: 4052: 4044: 3867: 3779: 3751: 3723: 3709: 3701: 3677:Earth-to-Orbit Transportation Bibliography 3645:. Encyclopedia Astronautix. Archived from 3008:, archived from the original on 2007-02-13 3002:"Affordable to the Individual Spaceflight" 1571:Electro-dynamic interactions in a railgun. 1140:A space tower is a tower that would reach 495: 419: 405: 217: 183: 40: 3205: 3094:Forward, Robert L. (1995). "Beanstalks". 2792: 2790: 2521: 2519: 1774:A blast wave accelerator is similar to a 1496:with a maximum of 3 g acceleration. 1318:is one proposed endo-atmospheric tether. 3245:, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984. 2052: 2033:, with platforms distributed at several 1397: 1336: 1314:aerodynamics or centripetal action. The 4551:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 2571: 2569: 2287: 1761:combustion processes to accelerate the 1345:A space fountain is a proposed form of 1186:Orbital tethers can be tidally locked ( 1041: 1039: 1026: 52: 5102:Differential technological development 4573:Psychological and sociological effects 3084:. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts 3011: 2208:, the first private crewed spaceship, 3632:. Retrieved April 29, 2011. 3504: 3502: 3481:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3336:Briefing to Air Force Future Concepts 2972:, 11/30/2013. (retrieved 1 Sept 2015) 2966:"Structural Design of the Tall Tower" 2720: 2718: 2498:Journal of the Astronautical Sciences 1376:using traditional materials, massive 1118:A Treatise of the System of the World 7: 3512:. www.spaceshaft.org. Archived from 2552:Space 2000 Conference and Exposition 2261:Comparison of orbital launch systems 1120:was considered a thought experiment. 5191:Future-oriented technology analysis 2479:Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact 434:refers to theoretical concepts for 4282:Weather and environment monitoring 3119:Leal, Gregory (1 September 2018), 2705:Arnold, R.; Kingsbury, D. (1979). 2404:from the original on July 17, 2020 492:Comparison of space launch methods 25: 3239:J. British Interplanetary Soc., 9 2982:Smitherman, D. V. (August 2000). 1683:proposed such a launch method in 1090:Based on Gen-1 reference design, 5245: 4865: 4855: 4854: 4026: 4025: 3823: 2754:Space Exploration Stack Exchange 2240: 2226: 1473:weighing 5 metric tons would be 568: 388: 4326:Space launch market competition 3421:Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014). 3257:StarTram: The New Race to Space 3216:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.02.018 3082:The NIAC Space Elevator Program 2989:(Report). NASA. CP-2000-210429. 2887:. G4 Media, Inc. Archived from 2839:Journal of Propulsion and Power 2452:. G4 Media, Inc. Archived from 2192:small motor on its projectile. 1475:electromagnetically accelerated 4563:Health threat from cosmic rays 3688:Google Lunar X PRIZE 3407:"Tandem Flies to 95,085 feet!" 3327:Tidman, Derek (12 June 2005), 2879:Hirschfeld, Bob (2002-01-31). 2444:Hirschfeld, Bob (2002-01-31). 1904:Artist's conception of NASA's 27:Concepts for launch into space 1: 5218:Technology in science fiction 3697:, some commercial initiatives 3143:, Unitsky String Technologies 2320:George Dvorsky (2014-12-30). 2103:, due to the requirement for 1823:faster than some hard drives. 1663:, a prototype of a space gun. 5063:Laser communication in space 3985: 3767:Pneumatic freestanding tower 3096:Indistinguishable From Magic 2800:. 2007-08-10. Archived from 2485:(11): 60–70. September 1993. 1946:) such as aircraft based on 1533:Electromagnetic acceleration 1500:Pneumatic freestanding tower 4679:Self-replicating spacecraft 4515:International Space Station 3479:Knight Science Journalism, 3057:"What is a Space Elevator?" 2835:"Slingatron Mass Launchers" 2798:"Welcome to Slingatron.com" 1840:American aerospace company 1341:Hyde design space fountain. 361:List of space organizations 5305: 5223:Technology readiness level 5159:Technological unemployment 4193:Space Liability Convention 3447:Gerard K. O'Neill (1981). 2881:"Space Elevator Gets Lift" 2668:"[4.0] Space Guns" 2666:greg goebel (2019-11-01). 2653:February 12, 2010, at the 2477:"The Hypersonic Skyhook". 2446:"Space Elevator Gets Lift" 2170:Living Universe Foundation 1893: 1867: 1742: 1686:From the Earth to the Moon 1649: 1613: 1552: 1439: 1391: 1330: 1243:'s surface, reaching into 1228: 1201: 1172: 1109:From the Earth to the Moon 532:Technology readiness level 36:Sky Tower (disambiguation) 29: 5241: 5206:Technological singularity 5166:Technological convergence 4849: 4556:Space adaptation syndrome 4004: 3821: 3738: 3411:(accessed 4 January 2015) 3018:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3006:affordablespaceflight.com 2372:NASA Ames Research Center 2296:"No Rockets? No Problem!" 1981:The lifting gas could be 1679:. Science fiction writer 458:, a portion of the total 5068:Orbital propellant depot 5025:Plasma propulsion engine 5020:Nuclear pulse propulsion 4289:Communications satellite 3795:Momentum exchange tether 2833:Derek A. Tidman (1998). 2581:J. Br. Interplanet. Soc. 2084:suggested that a future 1952:pulse detonation engines 1882:orbital launch vehicle. 1852:to before hurling it to 1301:Endo-atmospheric tethers 5289:Hypothetical technology 5171:Technological evolution 5144:Exploratory engineering 5005:Beam-powered propulsion 4987:Reusable launch vehicle 4793:reusable launch systems 4410:Extravehicular activity 4321:Commercial use of space 4225:Militarisation of space 4198:Registration Convention 4114:Accidents and incidents 3970:Beam-powered propulsion 3855:Endo-atmospheric tether 3610:"Constant Acceleration" 3357:"Derek Tidman Obituary" 3080:Edwards, Bradley Carl. 1930:airbreathing propulsion 1689:, and in 1902 a movie, 1589:Space Studies Institute 1353:, and does not rely on 482:space-based solar power 91:Timeline of spaceflight 5284:Spaceflight technology 5274:Non-rocket spacelaunch 5181:Technology forecasting 5176:Technological paradigm 5149:Proactionary principle 4950:Non-rocket spacelaunch 4841:Mission control center 4803:Non-rocket spacelaunch 4237:Billionaire space race 3996:High-altitude platform 3914:Blast wave accelerator 3732:Non-rocket spacelaunch 3455:. Simon and Schuster. 3294:Tidman, Derek (2007). 3259:. Shoebox Publishing. 2625:"The Startram Project" 2583:, 1982, archived from 2164:The Millennial Project 2077: 1909: 1878:vehicles, and for the 1770:Blast wave accelerator 1698:However, even with a " 1664: 1572: 1564: 1451: 1403: 1368:extending up from the 1342: 1310: 1272:boron nitride nanotube 1248: 1213: 1159:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 432:Non-rocket spacelaunch 395:Spaceflight portal 311:Non-rocket spacelaunch 81:History of spaceflight 65: 34:. For other uses, see 5107:Disruptive innovation 4913:Emerging technologies 4691:Spacecraft propulsion 4141:European Space Agency 4019:Megascale engineering 3329:"Slingatron Overview" 2708:The Spaceport, Part I 2686:"Home - Green Launch" 2276:Spacecraft propulsion 2200:of making an orbital 2105:orbit circularization 2056: 2049:Hybrid launch systems 2039:habitation facilities 1991:nonrenewable resource 1961:precooled jet engines 1916:designed to pass the 1903: 1714:required to generate 1659: 1570: 1562: 1449: 1401: 1340: 1308: 1238: 1211: 505:Estimated build cost 64: 5154:Technological change 5097:Collingridge dilemma 4316:Satellite navigation 3864:Projectile launchers 3137:Yunitskiy, Anatoly, 2066:Kennedy Space Center 1926:aerodynamic surfaces 1520:Projectile launchers 1408:low Earth orbit 1351:geosynchronous orbit 1154:geosynchronous orbit 613:Non-rotating skyhook 5211:Technology scouting 5186:Accelerating change 5058:Interstellar travel 4701:Electric propulsion 4388:Life-support system 4272:Imagery and mapping 4232:Private spaceflight 3649:on January 23, 2013 3298:. Aardvark Global. 3198:2009AcAau..65..365Q 3043:10.2514/6.1999-4802 2952:10.2514/6.1998-3737 2929:1999JBIS...52..175L 2560:10.2514/6.2000-5353 2536:10.2514/6.2000-3615 2510:1977JAnSc..25..307M 2266:Hopper (spacecraft) 2256:Air launch to orbit 2037:that would provide 1912:A spaceplane is an 1702:" through both the 1635:magnetohydrodynamic 1587:, working with the 1204:Skyhook (structure) 1114:Newton's cannonball 233:Apollo Lunar Module 5228:Technology roadmap 4654:Robotic spacecraft 4580:Space and survival 4435:Space colonization 4331:Space architecture 4183:Outer Space Treaty 4014:Rocket sled launch 3991:Buoyant space port 3833:Dynamic structures 3693:2016-03-05 at the 3516:on August 27, 2011 3487:on August 13, 2011 2964:Hjelmstad, Keith, 2730:en.wikiversity.org 2648:"Quicklaunch Inc." 2630:2017-07-27 at the 2234:Spaceflight portal 2078: 1910: 1692:A Trip to the Moon 1665: 1573: 1565: 1494:space colonization 1458:is a design for a 1452: 1404: 1343: 1322:Dynamic structures 1311: 1249: 1214: 1169:Tensile structures 637:Hypersonic skyhook 517:Estimated cost to 514:Payload mass (kg) 478:space colonization 448:rocket sled launch 190:Robotic spacecraft 66: 5261: 5260: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5075: 4879: 4878: 4826:Flight controller 4603: 4602: 4361:Human spaceflight 4336:Space exploration 4262:Earth observation 4041: 4040: 3943: 3942: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3783:Orbiting skyhooks 3748:Static structures 3392:978-3-925505-26-3 3305:978-1-4276-2658-5 3186:Acta Astronautica 2864:Kenneth Gatland. 2804:on 10 August 2007 2433:. September 2022. 2300:Popular Mechanics 2020:Gerard K. O'Neill 1792:In a slingatron, 1585:Gerard K. O'Neill 1527:orbital insertion 1490:space exploration 1454:A launch loop or 1432:ring into space. 1175:Tether propulsion 1128:Static structures 1116:in the 1728 book 1023: 1022: 539:Expendable rocket 502:Publication year 486:terraforming Mars 436:launch into space 429: 428: 323:Spaceflight types 267: 266: 224:Crewed spacecraft 216: 215: 131:Earth observation 16:(Redirected from 5296: 5249: 5248: 5196:Horizon scanning 5112:Ephemeralization 5030:Helicon thruster 5015:Laser propulsion 4933: 4924: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4883: 4869: 4858: 4857: 4568:Space psychology 4393:Animals in space 4366: 4346:Space technology 4188:Rescue Agreement 4068: 4061: 4054: 4045: 4029: 4028: 4010: 3965:Laser propulsion 3868: 3827: 3780: 3752: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3702: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3510:"The SpaceShaft" 3506: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3483:. Archived from 3473: 3467: 3466: 3454: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3252: 3246: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3209: 3192:(3–4): 365–375. 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3091: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3059:. Archived from 3053: 3047: 3046: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3009: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2979: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2663: 2657: 2645: 2639: 2622: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2396: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2351: 2345:. Archived from 2344: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2292: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2149:would be around 1844:is developing a 1581:Arthur C. Clarke 1355:tensile strength 1283:celestial bodies 1264:strong and light 1121: 1101: 1095: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1034: 1031: 1018: 1009: 992: 969: 926: 900: 895: 890: 882: 867: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 772: 767: 765: 755: 753: 746: 711: 702: 684: 661: 656: 649: 631: 607: 584: 575: 571: 566: 562: 555: 551: 496: 421: 414: 407: 393: 392: 391: 218: 207:Cargo spacecraft 184: 41: 21: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5237: 5072: 5046: 4991: 4915: 4910: 4880: 4875: 4845: 4812: 4784:Escape velocity 4765: 4717: 4684:Space telescope 4637:Reentry capsule 4599: 4539: 4444: 4415:Overview effect 4398:Bioastronautics 4355: 4243: 4077: 4072: 4042: 4037: 4008: 4000: 3979:Buoyant lifting 3974: 3948:Reaction drives 3939: 3923: 3919:Ram accelerator 3897: 3859: 3828: 3811: 3804:Space elevators 3799: 3771: 3743: 3734: 3729: 3695:Wayback Machine 3668: 3663: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3361:Washington Post 3355: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3236: 3232: 3207:10.1.1.550.4359 3183: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3163: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2963: 2959: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2894: 2892: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2655:Wayback Machine 2646: 2642: 2632:Wayback Machine 2623: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2459: 2457: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2397:, 22 Jun 1994, 2394: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2202:rocket reusable 2120:low Earth orbit 2101:low Earth orbit 2051: 1969: 1898: 1892: 1872: 1866: 1838: 1790: 1785: 1772: 1747: 1745:Ram accelerator 1741: 1739:Ram accelerator 1716:escape velocity 1695:, was adapted. 1654: 1648: 1643: 1618: 1612: 1604:homopolar motor 1557: 1551: 1535: 1522: 1502: 1444: 1438: 1396: 1390: 1335: 1329: 1324: 1303: 1268:carbon nanotube 1233: 1227: 1206: 1200: 1177: 1171: 1138: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1016: 1007: 990: 967: 952:Ram accelerator 924: 898: 893: 888: 880: 865: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 770: 763: 761: 751: 749: 744: 709: 700: 682: 659: 654: 647: 629: 605: 582: 573: 569: 564: 560: 553: 549: 506: 494: 471:low Earth orbit 440:rocket equation 425: 389: 387: 382: 381: 362: 354: 353: 324: 316: 315: 306:Escape velocity 301:launch vehicles 279: 269: 268: 263: 262: 226: 212: 211: 192: 181: 171: 170: 121: 111: 110: 76: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4975:Space fountain 4972: 4970:Space elevator 4967: 4962: 4957: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4862: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4831:Ground station 4828: 4822: 4820: 4818:Ground segment 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751:Interplanetary 4748: 4747: 4746: 4744:Geosynchronous 4741: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4711:Gravity assist 4708: 4703: 4698: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4642:Service module 4639: 4634: 4632:Orbital module 4624: 4619: 4617:Launch vehicle 4613: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4595:Space sexology 4592: 4587: 4585:Space medicine 4582: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4420:Weightlessness 4417: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4341:Space research 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4277:Reconnaissance 4274: 4269: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4146:European Union 4143: 4138: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3840:Space fountain 3836: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3809:Space elevator 3807: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3756: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3666:External links 3664: 3661: 3660: 3643:"SpaceShipOne" 3634: 3622: 3601: 3576: 3552: 3527: 3498: 3468: 3461: 3439: 3427:Universe Today 3413: 3398: 3391: 3373: 3348: 3319: 3304: 3286: 3272: 3266:978-1493577576 3265: 3247: 3230: 3176: 3173:on 2009-02-26. 3157:(2002-05-25). 3155:Keith Lofstrom 3146: 3129: 3111: 3104: 3098:. p. 79. 3086: 3073: 3048: 3025: 2992: 2974: 2957: 2934: 2904: 2871: 2856: 2851:10.2514/2.5311 2845:(4): 537–544. 2825: 2814: 2786: 2765: 2741: 2714: 2697: 2677: 2658: 2640: 2612: 2590: 2565: 2541: 2515: 2488: 2469: 2436: 2422: 2407: 2381: 2362: 2331: 2312: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2248:Science portal 2237: 2221: 2218: 2198:weight penalty 2090:ramjet engines 2076:reaches orbit. 2050: 2047: 1968: 1965: 1894:Main article: 1891: 1888: 1868:Main article: 1865: 1862: 1846:kinetic energy 1837: 1834: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1771: 1768: 1743:Main article: 1740: 1737: 1671:using a large 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1614:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1534: 1531: 1521: 1518: 1501: 1498: 1467:orbital launch 1440:Main article: 1437: 1434: 1428:around Earth. 1392:Main article: 1389: 1386: 1347:space elevator 1333:Space fountain 1331:Main article: 1328: 1327:Space fountain 1325: 1323: 1320: 1302: 1299: 1231:Space elevator 1229:Main article: 1226: 1225:Space elevator 1223: 1202:Main article: 1199: 1196: 1173:Main article: 1170: 1167: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1096: 1083: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 1000: 994: 993: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 977: 971: 970: 965: 963: 961: 959: 957: 954: 948: 947: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 932: 928: 927: 922: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 883: 878: 875: 869: 868: 863: 861: 859: 857: 855: 852: 848: 847: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 818: 811: 810: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 781: 774: 773: 768: 759: 758:< 0.05 756: 747: 742: 739: 733: 732: 730: 728: 726: 724: 722: 719: 717:Space fountain 713: 712: 707: 705: 703: 698: 696: 693: 686: 685: 680: 678: 676: 674: 672: 669: 663: 662: 657: 652: 650: 645: 642: 639: 633: 632: 627: 625: 623: 621: 618: 615: 609: 608: 603: 601: 599: 597: 595: 592: 590:Space elevator 586: 585: 580: 577: 557: 546: 544: 541: 535: 534: 529: 522: 515: 512: 503: 500: 493: 490: 427: 426: 424: 423: 416: 409: 401: 398: 397: 384: 383: 380: 379: 374: 369: 367:Space agencies 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 341: 339:Interplanetary 336: 331: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 291: 286: 280: 275: 274: 271: 270: 265: 264: 261: 260: 255: 250: 248:Space stations 245: 240: 238:Space capsules 235: 230: 227: 222: 221: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 199: 193: 188: 187: 182: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 126:Communications 122: 117: 116: 113: 112: 109: 108: 103: 101:Lunar missions 98: 93: 88: 83: 77: 72: 71: 68: 67: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 24: 18:Tower to space 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5301: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5233:Transhumanism 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945:Fusion rocket 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4928:Space science 4925: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779:Direct ascent 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4761:Intergalactic 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Rocket engine 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4627:Space capsule 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Space nursing 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544:Health issues 4542: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:Space Shuttle 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4430:Space tourism 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4351:Space weather 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215:Space command 4213: 4212: 4211: 4210:Space warfare 4208: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171:United States 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4089:Astrodynamics 4087: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4034: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3462:9780671242572 3458: 3453: 3452: 3443: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3363:, 31 May 2019 3362: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3337: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3169: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3105:0-671-87686-4 3101: 3097: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3063:on 2017-03-26 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2891:on 2005-06-08 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587:on 2003-04-05 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2456:on 2005-06-08 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2415:Tsiolkovsky. 2411: 2408: 2400: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2352:on 2017-10-26 2348: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:launch assist 2059: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2012:based on the 2011: 2007: 2006:zero2infinity 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:edge of space 1915: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1858:orbital speed 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1727:light-gas gun 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704:Earth's crust 1701: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:space tourism 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Lofstrom loop 1448: 1443: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1402:Orbital ring. 1400: 1395: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1205: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 933: 931:Space runway 930: 929: 923: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 897: 892: 887: 884: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 853: 851:KITE Launcher 850: 849: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 782: 779: 776: 775: 769: 760: 757: 748: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 731: 729: 727: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 708: 706: 704: 699: 697: 694: 691: 688: 687: 681: 679: 677: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 658: 653: 651: 646: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 628: 626: 624: 622: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 604: 602: 600: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 581: 578: 576: 567: 558: 556: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 533: 530: 527: 523: 520: 516: 513: 510: 504: 501: 498: 497: 491: 489: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 402: 400: 399: 396: 386: 385: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 358: 357: 350: 349:Intergalactic 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 320: 319: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 278: 273: 272: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 243:Space Shuttle 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 228: 225: 220: 219: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 191: 186: 185: 180: 175: 174: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 120: 115: 114: 107: 106:Mars missions 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 78: 75: 70: 69: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5279:Space access 5250: 5137:Robot ethics 5010:Ion thruster 4980:Space tether 4960:Orbital ring 4949: 4802: 4771:Space launch 4756:Interstellar 4722:Destinations 4491:Apollo–Soyuz 4440:Space diving 4425:Space toilet 4249:Applications 4166:Soviet Union 4126:Space policy 4121:Space launch 4030: 3845:Orbital ring 3731: 3651:. Retrieved 3647:the original 3637: 3625: 3613:. Retrieved 3604: 3592:. Retrieved 3579: 3568:. Retrieved 3555: 3543:. Retrieved 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3514:the original 3489:. Retrieved 3485:the original 3471: 3450: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3426: 3416: 3401: 3382: 3376: 3365:, retrieved 3360: 3351: 3340:, retrieved 3335: 3322: 3295: 3289: 3275: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3228:(P. 7.) 3189: 3185: 3179: 3168:the original 3159: 3149: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3114: 3095: 3089: 3076: 3065:. Retrieved 3061:the original 3051: 3034: 3028: 3005: 3000:Sarmont, E, 2995: 2977: 2969: 2960: 2943: 2937: 2920: 2916: 2899: 2893:. Retrieved 2889:the original 2884: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2817: 2806:. Retrieved 2802:the original 2778:. Retrieved 2776:. 2022-11-04 2774:"SpinLaunch" 2768: 2757:. Retrieved 2753: 2744: 2733:. Retrieved 2729: 2707: 2700: 2689:. Retrieved 2680: 2671: 2661: 2643: 2585:the original 2580: 2551: 2544: 2527: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2464: 2458:. 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Retrieved 2302:. 2010-10-05 2299: 2290: 2210:SpaceShipOne 2174: 2162: 2159: 2153:but becomes 2147:space tether 2135: 2117: 2098: 2079: 2024:stratosphere 2018: 2002:JP Aerospace 1999: 1980: 1970: 1941: 1934: 1911: 1884: 1876:SpaceshipOne 1873: 1839: 1826: 1819: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1775: 1773: 1750: 1748: 1731: 1724: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1666: 1661:Project HARP 1631: 1627: 1619: 1600:linear motor 1593: 1577:launch track 1574: 1536: 1523: 1515: 1503: 1483: 1453: 1450:Launch loop. 1430: 1414: 1412: 1405: 1394:Orbital ring 1388:Orbital ring 1344: 1315: 1312: 1280: 1276: 1257: 1250: 1215: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1139: 1131: 1117: 1107: 1099: 1092:2010 version 1086: 1077: 1068: 1059: 1050: 1029: 737:Orbital ring 475: 464: 431: 430: 372:Space forces 344:Interstellar 310: 277:Space launch 119:Applications 96:Space probes 5201:Moore's law 5132:Neuroethics 5127:Cyberethics 4955:Mass driver 4729:Sub-orbital 4664:Space probe 4530:New Shepard 4508:Shuttle–Mir 4267:Archaeology 4220:Space force 4203:Moon Treaty 4075:Spaceflight 3960:Spaceplanes 3883:Mass driver 3850:Launch loop 3762:Space tower 3755:Compressive 3741:Spaceflight 2374:(c. 1993). 2271:Mass driver 2124:sled launch 2094:sled launch 1959:which uses 1890:Spaceplanes 1794:projectiles 1733:John Hunter 1708:troposphere 1681:Jules Verne 1669:outer space 1555:Mass driver 1549:Mass driver 1442:Launch loop 1436:Launch loop 1150:Kármán line 1142:outer space 1136:Space tower 1104:Jules Verne 815:Launch loop 778:Launch loop 644:< 1 329:Sub-orbital 253:Spaceplanes 202:Space probe 136:Exploration 54:Spaceflight 32:Space Tower 5268:Categories 5092:Automation 5042:Solar sail 4997:Propulsion 4798:Launch pad 4789:Expendable 4739:Geocentric 4706:Solar sail 4649:Spaceplane 4609:Spacecraft 4403:Space suit 4381:commercial 4309:Television 4104:Space Race 3955:Air launch 3935:Slingatron 3928:Mechanical 3871:Electrical 3570:2011-05-24 3281:"Startram" 3224:10315/2587 3067:2012-06-29 2970:Hieroglyph 2895:2007-09-13 2808:2021-12-13 2780:2022-11-04 2759:2023-11-25 2735:2023-11-25 2691:2023-12-29 2602:US 6913224 2460:2007-09-13 2356:2012-04-28 2306:2017-01-23 2282:References 2214:air launch 2206:suborbital 2186:solid fuel 2143:mass ratio 2074:air launch 2043:atmosphere 2035:elevations 2028:near-space 1922:spacecraft 1896:Spaceplane 1870:Air launch 1864:Air launch 1850:centrifuge 1842:SpinLaunch 1836:SpinLaunch 1788:Slingatron 1783:Mechanical 1763:projectile 1700:gun barrel 1510:gyroscopes 1421:Paul Birch 1163:atmosphere 998:Slingatron 975:SpinLaunch 524:Capacity ( 521:(US$ /kg) 456:air launch 294:Expendable 289:Launch pad 179:Spacecraft 161:Telescopes 156:Settlement 151:Navigation 86:Space Race 5122:Bioethics 4808:Spaceport 4659:Satellite 4376:Astronaut 4304:Telephone 4257:Astronomy 4178:Space law 4131:Australia 3909:Space gun 3545:April 21, 3520:April 21, 3491:April 21, 3314:247544118 3202:CiteSeerX 2204:. 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