495:
in vanilla beans, mostly used to flavor chocolate drinks in
Tenochtitlán. In the recent past, vanilla was a major trade in the region, with a number of vanilla “barons” in the first half of the 20th century making fortunes as middlemen and exporters. However, it began to be grown more cheaply elsewhere and the creation of synthetic vanilla collapsed the market for authentic Mexican vanilla. Despite the quality due to ideal growing conditions, Mexico produces only fifteen percent of the world's vanilla. However, a number of entrepreneurs are working to bring the crop back experimenting with production rates and promoting the quality of Totonacapan-grown vanilla. The best vanilla still comes from here.
174:
213:, who had fought with Serafín Olarte, mediated the dispute but was unable to get the diocese to relent. The rebellions by the Totonac spurred mestizo and Spanish authorities into a series of moves that resulted in the splitting of historical Totonacapan mostly between the modern states of Veracruz and Puebla, with some small areas now part of Hidalgo over the course of the 19th century. Borders fluctuated over this time but were set by the beginning of Mexican Revolution.
109:. However, over the colonial period, the Totonac population and territory shrank, especially after 1750 when mestizos began infiltrating Totonacapan, taking political and economic power. This continued into the 19th and 20th centuries, prompting the division of most of historical Totonacpan between the states of Puebla and Veracruz. Today, the term refers only to a region in the north of Veracruz where Totonac culture is still important. This region is home to the
162:(in the Sierra Norte de Puebla). El Tajín is considered crucial to Totonac identity. The territory originally extended from the Papaloapan River in the south to the Cazones River in the north, the Gulf of Mexico on the east and into the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west into what is now the Sierra Norte de Puebla and perhaps even as far as Tulancingo. However, these western areas had become ethnically mixed due to influxes of
499:
185:. However, war, disease and forced labor brought the Totonac population down drastically. The Totonac population in Cempoala is estimated to have been about 80,000 when the Spanish arrived in 1519 but with only eighty left in 1550. The Spanish also took their lands for cattle raising until the ethnicity occupied only about half of what it used to. In many areas, the Totonac population was replaced by Spanish,
134:
534:
392:
460:
403:, with altitudes of between zero and 800 meters above sea level. Most of it has a hot and humid climate with extreme lows reaching 5C in the highest elevations and high temperatures reaching 38C between March and June. The average annual temperature ranges from 15 to 20C. Annual rainfall averages between 1,500 and 1,800mm per year with most falling between July and November.
521:
has various waterfalls surrounded by large and leafy trees and slabs of rock which guide the water. Parque
Takilhsukut is a nature park which is also dedicated to the preservation of Totonac culture with workshops, concerts, and more for both visitors and the local population. Its school for Voladores has children as young as nine. It is one of the sites of the
318:
468:
water and seventy percent with dirt floors. Illiteracy is four times the national level. Infrastructure such as roadways and housing is in poor condition especially in the mountain areas. The construction of bridges is considered to be important to the regions development, especially to connect the coastline with the interior cities of Mexico.
198:
indigenous land and felt sufficiently powerful enough to begin taking political and military power. From 1750 to 1820, there were a series of
Totonac revolts against these incursions, especially in the Papantla and Orizaba regions. This rebellion caused the Totonacs to ally with the cause for independence early, led by
639:
is considered to be one of Mexico's five largest festivals and one of the 100 most important in the world. Centered on three sites over five days, the aim of the event is to promote
Totonacapan's culture, identity and economy. The event had an economic impact of between 180 and 200 million pesos with
520:
One nascent economic initiative is ecotourism, with nature parks such as Parque Xanath just outside
Papantla and the Totonac culture, especially the Voladores and the growing of vanilla. Papantla is the modern capital of Totonac culture, with a Volador pole in the atrium of the main church. Zozocolca
348:
in 1992, due to its cultural importance, especially to the
Totonac people and its architecture. This architecture includes the use of decorative niches and cement in forms unknown in the rest of Mesoamerica. Its best-known monument is the Pyramid of the Niches, but other important monuments include
568:. However, these dances are also waning and survive mostly in marginalized communities. In very poor communities, dances are dying out because the people do not have the time or money to make or maintain the elaborate costumes. As older instructors die, there are no younger ones to take their place.
494:
plant, which is a kind of orchid which produces the bean from which the flavoring comes. The bean was highly valued long before the arrival of the
Spanish, used for religious rituals, perfumes and healing potions as well as a flavoring. When the Aztecs conquered Totonacapan, part of the tribute was
571:
Most of the population is
Catholic although these are split into those who practice the traditional mix of indigenous and Catholic beliefs and reform Catholics who put less emphasis on the political and social aspects of traditional religious practice. In the 1950s, Protestantism was introduced to
467:
Totonacapan is one of Mexico poorest regions, despite the fact that there is oil production in and around Poza Rica. The reason is that much of the region is still isolated and rural. For example, Mecatlan is one of the sixty poorest municipalities in the country, with half of home without running
548:
are principally spoken in
Veracruz, the north of Puebla and some areas of Hidalgo. Both of the main branches of the language are spoken in Totonacapan in Veracruz where about half of all Totonac speakers live. The percentage of ethnic Totonacs which speak the language is declining as parents stop
157:
The name "Totonacapan" is from the
Totonac people (+ "pan" meaning "place"), who probably arrived to the area between the 8th and 9th centuries. It was populated by other cultures before this, which have since been lost. It is not known how the Totonacs came to occupy and dominate the region, and
141:
The earliest human settlements in the area date back to about 2000 BCE with agriculture practiced early with those communities on the coast having seafood prominent in the diet, especially mollusks. The area thrived with many small villages and ceremonial center because of abundant agricultural
612:
cactus with eggs. Seafood dishes include shrimp in various preparations including with sesame seed and sweet potato and grilled fish. Meats include various domestic fowl, pork, beef and rabbit, often smoked. Most ingredients are indigenous with a few exceptions such as sesame seed and almonds.
541:
Although the Totonac people are no longer the dominant population in Totonacapan, their culture remains an important part of the Veracruz region still named for them. The various municipalities have formal, generally mestizo-dominated, governments but there are also councils of elders in many
197:
This means that until 1750, the political and social situation in Totonacapan was relatively stable. However, from this time to the present various political, social and economic developments have served to weaken and split Totonac control over its historical territory. Mestizos began to take
51:
305:. The Totonac population continues to decline in both states, especially since the 1980s with many migrating out due to the poor economy of the region. History has put pressure on the Totonac language, with speakers switching over to Spanish and in some cases, to
591:
Much of the region's cuisine is based on corn, along with wild and cultivated plants and fruits. Much of traditional cuisine survives because of the area's relative remoteness and traditional women still cook over wood fires, grinding corn and other foods on
414:, which is a tributary of the Tecolutla. There are also numerous streams the largest of which include the Zozocolco, the Tecacán and the Chumatlán. The wild vegetation is tropical rainforest, rich in hardwoods with include species such as cedar, mahogany (
549:
teaching it to their children. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the lowland areas where it has all but disappeared in some places. The largest concentration of speakers is in Papantla with large concentrations on the Veracruz/Puebla border.
193:
peoples. Until the 17th century, the Spanish mostly respected Totonac leadership as their help against the Aztec made them non-threatening militarily. Evangelization was likewise slow, with only sixteen parishes in all of Totonacapan by 1750.
450:
species. However, their range is limited to less than 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) in about seven municipalities. Wildlife includes squirrels, rabbits, armadillos, opossums, fresh and saltwater shrimp, trout, and various bird species.
216:
The mestizos, meanwhile, were privatizing communally held land, confiscating religious property and prohibiting public worship to weaken the power of indigenous authorities. The Totonacs had some luck in turning the tide during the
221:
but these gains were lost in the 1930s. The process of dividing Totonacapan into various smaller entities politically and economically continued through the 20th century. One development was the construction of the Mexico
1268:
363:
The area contains some of the earliest known archeological sites in Veracruz such as Trapiche, Chalahuite el Viejón, Limoncito and Tlalixcoyan. One of the earliest sites dates to around 1500 BCE is
158:
there are several theories, some of which point to links with Teotihuacan and/or a migration from the interior towards the Gulf coast. Their main archeological sites include El Tajín, Cempoala and
513:
The main industry is related to oil and gas production although this is limited to the very north of the region. There are also some small industries dedicated to the production of bricks,
181:
When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the region was dominated by the Totonacs, who were then in turn dominated by the Aztec Empire. Because of this, the Totonacs allied with the
471:
The principal economic activities are agriculture, the raising of cattle and in some areas, fishing. The coastal areas mostly produce corn with two harvests per year along with beans,
640:
over 400,000 visitors, temporarily employing 8,000 workers. The event attracts over 5,000 artists from Veracruz, Mexico and the world with about the same number of activities.
1215:
975:
1041:
1276:
360:
which during the height of the Totonacs, was the most important city. It was still important when the Spanish arrived, but it became mostly abandoned afterwards.
573:
249:, today, what is called Totonacapan is only a fraction of former Totonac lands. It refers to a region in Veracruz, which is made up of fifteen municipalities:
349:
the Arroyo Group, the North and South Ballcourts and the palaces of Tajín Chico. Since the 1970s, El Tajin has been the most important archeological site in
205:
The struggle continued after Independence with a new insurrection led by Olarte's son, Mariano Olarte with the flash point being the prohibition of Totonac
487:. Much of the citrus fruit is exported. Aside from cattle there is some other livestock such as pigs, sheep, horses and domestic fowl as well as bees.
510:
and Vega de la Torre zones are fishing centers were cooperatives catch catfish, crayfish and other species although crayfish species are endangered.
556:, those depicting aspects of the Spanish conquest, Afro-European and those which were imposed by Catholic clergy such as those performed during
1341:
755:(in Spanish). Mexico: Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas and Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.
182:
1189:
937:
891:
760:
750:
1049:
859:(in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Archived from
852:
97:. When the Spanish arrived, the Totonac ethnicity dominated this large region, although they themselves were dominated by the
1346:
1297:
983:
235:
1242:
376:
278:
596:. Dishes include soups made from squash, sweet corn and beans. Beans are flavored with sesame seed. Small dishes include
1351:
561:
560:. The best known of these dances is the Ritual Ceremony of the Voladores of Papantla, which has been recognized as an
246:
298:
667:[Peoples and cultures in Totonacapan] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. 20 July 2010
664:
239:
479:, sugar cane, bananas, vanilla, sesame seed and more. The mountain areas principally grow coffee, black pepper,
605:
334:
173:
1118:
López Ibarra, Luis Angel (October 25, 2007). "Negocio sabor vainilla" [Business with vanilla flavor].
1103:
Núñez, Cecilia (June 14, 2009). "Veracruz con olor a vainilla" [Veracruz with the smell of vanilla].
330:
143:
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with salted fish, turkey and other fillings, enchiladas zampadas. Vegetable dishes include a green called
553:
338:
122:
90:
698:
625:
421:
400:
146:
around 300BCE brought great changes to the region as it became part of an important trade route between
954:
302:
1026:
Ruiz, Emiliano (June 19, 2007). "Dame tus datos, madre" [Give me your information, Mother].
800:
345:
290:
227:
1155:[Totonacapan Route] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. 10 August 2010
102:
437:
286:
250:
218:
210:
118:
1269:"Cumbre Tajín ha beneficiado ampliamente al Totonacapan y a la región norte de Veracruz: Bazbaz"
1152:
552:
Traditional dances play an important part in Totonac identity. There are four basic categories:
542:
indigenous communities which have various relationships with the various municipal authorities.
77:. The historical territory was much larger than the currently named region, extending from the
1336:
933:
887:
756:
545:
416:
270:
151:
50:
32:
1356:
621:
399:
Most of the modern Totonacapan of Veracruz state extends from the coast to the edges of the
337:, El Tajín flourished from 600 to 1200 C.E. and during this time numerous temples, palaces,
223:
82:
1011:
Jimenez, Sandra Isabel (October 8, 1999). "Riqueza destrozada" [Destroyed riches].
484:
476:
432:
407:
94:
106:
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with beans or with herbs and eggs, chayote with squash seeds, enchiladas with mamey and
154:. Evidence of Teotihuacan influence become evident including religion and architecture.
823:
498:
199:
86:
62:
1271:[Cumbre Tajín greatly benefits Totonacapan and the north of Veracruz:Bazbaz].
1330:
472:
274:
163:
78:
860:
329:, located near Papantla, and is one of the largest and most important cities of the
133:
629:
585:
411:
209:
rites, which the Puebla diocese deemed “too pagan.” The first president of Mexico,
190:
167:
98:
533:
391:
231:
1245:[The flavors and aromas of Totonac cuisine will be at the Cumbre Tajín].
367:
which is considered the center of a pre Totonac culture called by the same name.
170:
long before the Spanish arrived. They were also heavily influenced by the olmec.
636:
557:
522:
427:
326:
282:
159:
147:
110:
1072:
577:
514:
459:
258:
254:
1312:
1299:
364:
294:
266:
245:
While there is still a very large population of Totonacs in both states, as
206:
617:
581:
382:
357:
350:
309:
even though those who change language still consider themselves Totonac.
114:
70:
317:
1243:"Los sabores y aromas de la cocina totonaca estarán en la Cumbre Tajín"
1133:
Murphy-Larronde, Suzanne (May–June 2005). "Boosting a Flavorful Bean".
597:
491:
306:
262:
186:
22:
831:
Cambios y Continuidad Entre los Totonacos de la Sierra Norte de Puebla
907:
803:[Nopal Document] (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretaría de Economía
601:
593:
565:
507:
480:
386:
74:
66:
1218:[Will show the rich cuisine of Totonacapan in documentary].
955:"El Tajín, Abode of the Dead "The Photography of Nicolas Sapieha""
857:
Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México - Veracruz
613:
Another common dish is zacahuil, which is a kind of corn pudding.
609:
532:
497:
458:
447:
442:
390:
316:
172:
132:
49:
979:
1216:"Mostrarán riqueza gastronómica del Totonacapan, en documental"
177:
19th century Carl Nebel lithograph of people from Totonacapan
226:
highway and the development of petroleum extraction in the
69:
dominated, as well as to a region in the modern states of
1048:(in Spanish). Veracruz. February 13, 2012. Archived from
978:[El Tajin, world heritage] (in Spanish). Mexico:
1275:(in Spanish). Veracruz. January 30, 2012. Archived from
353:
for tourists, attracting over 650,000 visitors a year.
325:
The most important archeological site in the region is
1044:[Demand repairs of highways in Totonacapan].
1042:"Exigen reparación de carreteras en el Totonacapan"
624:is similar to Totonac. Tepehua communities include
38:
28:
18:
183:Spanish against the Aztecs to conquer Tenochtitlán
54:Glyph of Cempoala, the capital city of Totonacapan
1196:(in Spanish). Poza Rica, Veracruz. March 18, 2012
1075:[Improve communications in Totonacapan].
490:The mountain areas of the region are home to the
616:Another distinct ethnicity in the region is the
1192:[Dances disappearing in Totonacapan].
701:[Linguistic studies of Totonacapan].
61:refers to the historical extension where the
8:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
600:with beans, chili peppers with sesame seed,
202:, but they were crushed by royalist forces.
121:, which is noted for its performance of the
406:The most important rivers include Cazones,
1174:"'Flying Men' are now Cultural Heritage".
1098:
1096:
1094:
1015:(in Spanish). Saltillo, Mexico. p. 9.
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659:
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1190:"Desaparecen danzas en el 'Totonacapan'"
1071:María Elena Ferral (November 23, 2008).
742:
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738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
665:"Pueblos y culturas en el Totonacapan I"
537:Totonac man in church atrium of Papantla
1241:Arturo Cruz Bárcenas (March 12, 2008).
1073:"Mejora comunicación en el Totonacapan"
699:"Estudios Lingüísticos del Totonacapan"
649:
247:Mexico's tenth largest indigenous group
15:
1107:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 7.
1030:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
953:Schuster, Angela M. H. (1998-02-13).
242:reinforced a Veracruz/Puebla border.
7:
910:. World Heritage Organization/UNESCO
101:. For this reason, they allied with
85:in the south and then west from the
14:
1176:McClatchy - Tribune Business News
928:Wilkerson, S. Jeffery K. (1987).
882:Wilkerson, S. Jeffery K. (1987).
142:production. The beginning of the
137:Pyramid of the Niches in El Tajín
833:(MA). Universidad Iberoamericana
356:The next most important site is
976:"El Tajín, patrimonial mundial"
574:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
117:archeological sites as well as
1178:. Washington. October 1, 2009.
1079:(in Spanish). Xalapa, Veracruz
930:El Tajin: A Guide for Visitors
884:El Tajin: A Guide for Visitors
502:Panorama of downtown Poza Rica
475:, oranges, limes, grapefruit,
1:
1222:. Mexico City. April 11, 2010
908:"El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City"
377:Municipalities of Totonacapan
1342:Historical regions in Mexico
1273:Radio Televisión de Veracruz
982:. 2007-12-17. Archived from
822:Elio Roberto Masferrer Kan.
749:Masferrer Kan, Elio (2004).
562:Intangible Cultural Heritage
517:, furniture and handcrafts.
463:Fields in Cazones de Herrera
395:Mouth of the Tecolutla River
321:Pyramid at the Cempoala site
697:Morales Lara, Saúl (2008).
341:, and pyramids were built.
1373:
1122:(in Spanish). Mexico City.
383:Veracruz § Ecosystems
380:
374:
331:Classic era of Mesoamerica
371:Geography and environment
93:region and into parts of
529:Demographics and culture
387:Puebla § Ecosystems
335:Classic Veracruz culture
1153:"Ruta del Totonacapan"
703:Anales de Antropología
538:
503:
464:
396:
322:
178:
138:
123:Danza de los Voladores
91:Sierra Norte de Puebla
55:
1347:Geography of Veracruz
1313:20.45778°N 97.35528°W
1194:El Mundo de Poza Rica
957:. Archeology magazine
536:
501:
462:
401:Sierra Madre Oriental
394:
344:El Tajín was named a
320:
176:
136:
89:into what is now the
53:
1279:on December 19, 2012
303:Zozocolco de Hidalgo
291:Poza Rica de Hidalgo
81:in the north to the
1352:Geography of Puebla
1318:20.45778; -97.35528
1309: /
1052:on January 20, 2013
855:[Regions].
709:. Mexico City: UNAM
576:which now includes
346:World Heritage Site
313:Archeological sites
886:. pp. 72–73.
539:
504:
465:
397:
323:
251:Cazones de Herrera
219:Mexican Revolution
211:Guadalupe Victoria
179:
139:
56:
1046:Crónica del Poder
853:"Regionalización"
801:"Documento Nopal"
546:Totonac languages
525:annual festival.
417:Swietenia humilis
333:. A part of the
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47:
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1077:Diario de Xalapa
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572:the area by the
477:mandarin oranges
279:Gutiérrez Zamora
83:Papaloapan River
16:
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863:on May 17, 2011
851:
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824:"Tercera parte"
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506:The Tecolutla,
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433:Ceiba pentandra
389:
379:
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236:Tlatlauquitepec
131:
12:
11:
5:
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945:
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932:. p. 45.
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761:
720:
705:(in Spanish).
678:
648:
647:
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527:
456:
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438:Mexican laurel
423:S. macrophylla
375:Main article:
372:
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314:
311:
200:Serafín Olarte
144:Classic period
130:
127:
87:Gulf of Mexico
63:Totonac people
46:
45:
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36:
35:
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26:
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3:
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1249:. Mexico City
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626:Chicontepec
578:evangelists
558:Las Posadas
428:kapok fibre
238:highway to
160:Yohualichan
148:Teotihuacan
59:Totonacapan
43:Totonacapan
1331:Categories
1304:97°21′19″W
1301:20°27′28″N
1247:La Jornada
1220:Publimetro
1120:Economista
990:2010-02-09
961:2010-02-09
914:2010-02-09
644:References
515:piloncillo
381:See also:
339:ballcourts
259:Coatzintla
255:Coahuitlán
240:Tenampulco
230:area. The
837:March 22,
752:Totonacos
554:Voladores
485:red mamey
408:Tecolutla
365:Remojadas
299:Tihuatlán
295:Tecolutla
267:Chumatlan
232:Teziutlán
228:Poza Rica
207:Holy Week
1337:Veracruz
1135:Américas
622:language
620:, whose
598:tlacoyos
582:Baptists
358:Cempoala
351:Veracruz
327:El Tajín
287:Papantla
283:Mecatlán
150:and the
119:Papantla
115:Cempoala
111:El Tajín
105:against
71:Veracruz
29:Language
1357:Totonac
1105:Reforma
1028:Reforma
1013:Palabra
618:Tepehua
606:quelite
602:tamales
594:metates
492:vanilla
455:Economy
430:trees (
307:Nahuatl
271:Espinal
263:Coyutla
191:African
187:mestizo
129:History
95:Hidalgo
39:Country
33:Totonac
23:Totonac
1283:May 9,
1253:May 9,
1226:May 9,
1200:May 9,
1159:May 9,
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1056:May 9,
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807:May 9,
768:May 9,
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671:May 9,
566:UNESCO
508:Nautla
481:sapote
412:Necaxa
385:, and
301:, and
224:Tuxpan
168:Otomis
164:Nahuas
75:Puebla
67:Mexico
19:People
827:(PDF)
610:nopal
443:Salix
222:City-
1285:2012
1255:2012
1228:2012
1202:2012
1161:2012
1085:2012
1058:2012
980:INAH
934:ISBN
888:ISBN
869:2012
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770:2012
757:ISBN
715:2012
673:2012
635:The
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