Totem pole - Knowledge

285: 1196: 1143: 1128: 1000: 1086: 340:, and artistic revivals, along with scholarly interest and the continuing fascination and support of an educated and empathetic public, led to a renewal and extension of this artistic tradition. In 1938 the United States Forest Service began a program to reconstruct and preserve the old poles, salvaging about 200, roughly one-third of those known to be standing at the end of the 19th century. With renewed interest in Indigenous arts and traditions in the 1960s and 1970s, freshly carved totem poles were erected up and down the coast, while related artistic production was introduced in many new and traditional media, ranging from tourist trinkets to masterful works in wood, stone, 830:

make it lighter and to keep it from cracking. Early tools used to carve totem poles were made of stone, shell, or bone, but beginning in the late 1700s, the use of iron tools made the carving work faster and easier. In the early days, the basic design for figures may have been painted on the wood to guide the carvers, but today's carvers use paper patterns as outlines for their designs. Carvers use chain saws to make the rough shapes and cuts, while adzes and chisels are used to chop the wood. Carvers use knives and other woodworking tools to add the finer details. When the carving is complete, paint is added to enhance specific details of the figures.

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with sufficient wealth and leisure time to devote to the craft, delayed the development of elaborately carved, freestanding poles. Before iron and steel arrived in the area, artists used tools made of stone, shells, or beaver teeth for carving. The process was slow and laborious; axes were unknown. By the late eighteenth century, the use of metal cutting tools enabled more complex carvings and increased production of totem poles. The tall monumental poles appearing in front of homes in coastal villages probably did not appear until after the beginning of the nineteenth century.

1257: 1070: 407:. Some symbolize beings that can transform themselves into another form, appearing as combinations of animals or part-animal/part-human forms. Consistent use of a specific character over time, with some slight variations in carving style, helped develop similarities among these shared symbols that allowed people to recognize one from another. For example, the raven is symbolized by a long, straight beak, while the eagle's beak is curved, and a beaver is depicted with two large front teeth, a piece of wood held in his front paws, and a paddle-shaped tail. 1098: 1227: 1162: 694: 1177: 167: 1242: 938: 1039: 1027: 913: 970: 985: 834:

other end is supported at an upward angle by a wooden scaffold. Hundreds of strong men haul the pole upright into its footing, while others steady the pole from side ropes and brace it with cross beams. Once the pole is upright, the trench is filled with rocks and dirt. After the raising is completed, the carver, the carver's assistants, and others invited to attend the event perform a celebratory dance next to the pole. A community

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deceased ancestors, or as a means to publicly ridicule someone. They may embody a historical narrative of significance to the people carving and installing the pole. Given the complexity and symbolic meanings of these various carvings, their placement and importance lies in the observer's knowledge and connection to the meanings of the figures and the culture in which they are embedded. Contrary to

1276: 719:, in 1904), fourteen of them were initially installed outside the Alaska pavilion at the fair; the other one, which had broken in transit, was repaired and installed at the fair's Esquimau Village. Thirteen of these poles were returned to Alaska, where they were eventually installed in the Sitka National Historical Park. The other two poles were sold; one pole from the Alaska pavilion went to the 558: 1211: 842: 814: 333:. This included the carving of totem poles. Missionaries urged converts to cease production and destroy existing poles. Nearly all totem-pole-making had ceased by 1901. Carving of monumental and mortuary poles continued in some, more remote villages as late as 1905; however, as the original sites were abandoned, the poles and timber homes were left to decay and vandalism. 1113: 464:). However, Native sources either reject the linear component altogether, or reverse the hierarchy, with the most important representations on the bottom, bearing the weight of all the other figures, or at eye-level with the viewer to heighten their significance. Many poles have no vertical arrangement at all, consisting of a lone figure atop an undecorated column. 641:, the Russian governor and Russian American Company manager, as a civilian works project. The pole's original intent was to commemorate a peace treaty between the Russians and Tlingits that the governor helped broker in 1805. George Benson, a Sitka carver and craftsman, created the original design. The completed version originally stood in Totem Square in downtown 38: 1371: 293: 482:

village leaders. Often, watchman figures are carved at the top of the pole to protect the pole owner's family and the village. Another type of house frontal pole is the entrance or doorway pole, which is attached to the center front of the home and includes an oval-shaped opening through the base that serves as the entrance to the clan house.

423: 524:, Alaska, in 1938. The Lincoln pole at Saxman commemorates the end of hostilities between two rival Tlingit clans and symbolizes the hope for peace and prosperity following the American occupation of the Alaskan territory. The story begins in 1868, when the United States government built a customs house and fort on 504:

people erect mortuary poles at the death of important individuals in the community. These poles may have a single figure carved at the top, which may depict the clan's crest, but carvings usually cover its entire length. Ashes or the body of the deceased person are placed in the upper portion of the pole.

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This type of pole, usually 20 to 40 ft (6 to 12 m) tall is the most decorative. Its carvings tell the story of the family, clan or village who own them. These poles are also known as heraldic, crest, or family poles. Poles of this type are placed outside the clan house of the most important

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of coastal Pacific Northwest culture by the art and tourist trinket market has resulted in production of cheap imitations of totem poles executed with little or no knowledge of their complex stylistic conventions or cultural significance. These include imitations made for commercial and even comedic

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Totem poles are typically not well maintained after their installation and the potlatch celebration. The poles usually last from 60 to 80 years; only a few have stood longer than 75 years, and even fewer have reached 100 years of age. Once the wood rots so badly that the pole begins to lean and pose

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Carved by the Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl), Salish and Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) people, most of the poles include large carvings of human figures, some as tall as 40 ft (12 m). Welcome poles are placed at the edge of a stream or saltwater beach to welcome guests to the community, or possibly to

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The rarest type of pole carving is a mortuary structure that incorporates grave boxes with carved supporting poles. It may include a recessed back to hold the grave box. These are among the tallest and most prominent poles, reaching 50 to 70 ft (15 to 21 m) in height. The Haida and Tlingit

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These interior poles, typically 7 to 10 ft (2 to 3 m) in height, are usually shorter than exterior poles. The interior posts support the roof beam of a clan house and include a large notch at the top, where the beam can rest. A clan house may have two to four or more house posts, depending

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People from cultures that do not carve totem poles often assume that the linear representation of the figures places the most importance on the highest figure, an idea that became pervasive in the dominant culture after it entered into mainstream parlance by the 1930s with the phrase "low man on the

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Although 18th-century accounts of European explorers traveling along the coast indicate that decorated interior and exterior house posts existed prior to 1800, the posts were smaller and fewer in number than in subsequent decades. Prior to the 19th century, the lack of efficient carving tools, along

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Totem poles serve as important illustrations of family lineage and the cultural heritage of the Indigenous peoples in the islands and coastal areas of North America's Pacific Northwest, especially British Columbia, Canada, and coastal areas of Washington and southeastern Alaska in the United States.

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meaning "(his) kinship group". The carvings may symbolize or commemorate ancestors, cultural beliefs that recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events. The poles may also serve as functional architectural features, welcome signs for village visitors, mortuary vessels for the remains of

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The title of "The World's Tallest Totem Pole" is or has at one time been claimed by several coastal towns of North America's Pacific Northwest. Disputes over which is genuinely the tallest depends on factors such the number of logs used in construction or the affiliation of the carver. Competitions

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were removed from their original locations around British Columbia. In Stanley Park, the original Skedans Mortuary Pole has been returned to Haida Gwaii and is now replaced by a replica. In the late 1980s, the remaining carved poles were sent to various museums for preservation, with the park board

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The meanings of the designs on totem poles are as varied as the cultures that make them. Some poles celebrate cultural beliefs that may recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events, while others are mostly artistic. Animals and other characters carved on the pole are typically used as

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celebrations, frequently associated with the construction and erection of totem poles. The monumental poles commissioned by wealthy family leaders to represent their social status and the importance of their families and clans. In the 1880s and 1890s, tourists, collectors, scientists and naturalist

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trees (popularly known as giant cedar or western red cedar), which eventually decay in the moist, rainy climate of the coastal Pacific Northwest. Because of the region's climate and the nature of the materials used to make the poles, few examples carved before 1900 remain. Noteworthy examples, some

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Each culture typically has complex rules and customs regarding the traditional designs represented on poles. The designs are generally considered the property of a particular clan or family group of traditional carvers, and this ownership of the designs may not be transferred to the person who has

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Raising a totem pole is rarely done using modern methods, even for poles installed in modern settings. Most artists use a traditional method followed by a pole-raising ceremony. The traditional method calls for a deep trench to be dug. One end of the pole is placed at the bottom of the trench; the

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Totem poles can symbolize characters and events in mythology, or convey the experiences of recent ancestors and living people. Some of these characters may appear as stylistic representations of objects in nature, while others are more realistically carved. Pole carvings may include animals, fish,

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After the tree to be used for the totem pole is selected, it is cut down and moved to the carving site, where the bark and outer layer of wood (sapwood) is removed. Next, the side of the tree to be carved is chosen and the back half of the tree is removed. The center of the log is hollowed out to

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restored old totem poles, copied those beyond repair, and carved new ones. The Indian Arts and Crafts Board, a U.S. federal government agency, facilitated their sale to the general public. The project was lucrative, but anthropologists complained that it stripped the natives of their traditional

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into repaying a debt incurred for the support of three Kiks.ádi women who were allegedly cohabiting with three slaves in Shakes's household. When the Kiks.ádi leaders refused to pay support for the women, Shakes commissioned a pole with carvings of three frogs, which represented the crest of the

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Totem poles are the largest, but not the only, objects that coastal Pacific Northwest natives use to depict spiritual reverence, family legends, sacred beings and culturally important animals, people, or historical events. The freestanding poles seen by the region's first European explorers were

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Accounts from the 1700s describe and illustrate carved poles and timber homes along the coast of the Pacific Northwest. By the early nineteenth century, widespread importation of iron and steel tools from Great Britain, the United States, and elsewhere led to easier and more rapid production of

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Poles used for public ridicule are usually called shame poles, and were created to embarrass individuals or groups for their unpaid debts or when they did something wrong. The poles are often placed in prominent locations and removed after the debt is paid or the wrong is corrected. Shame pole

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Some of the figures on the poles constitute symbolic reminders of quarrels, murders, debts, and other unpleasant occurrences about which the Native Americans prefer to remain silent... The most widely known tales, like those of the exploits of Raven and of Kats who married the bear woman, are

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This type of pole, which usually stands in front of a clan house, is erected about a year after a person has died. The clan chief's memorial pole may be raised at the center of the village. The pole's purpose is to honor the deceased person and identify the relative who is taking over as his

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There are six basic types of upright, pole carvings that are commonly referred to as "totem poles"; not all involve the carving of what may be considered "totem" figures: house frontal poles, interior house posts, mortuary poles, memorial poles, welcome poles, and the ridicule or shame pole.

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The Haida, Tlingit, and Tsimshian people separate themselves into two or more major divisions called moieties, which are further divided into small family groups called clans. Traditionally, several families within the same a clan lived together in a large communal house. See Feldman, p.

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The carved figures interlock one above the other to create the overall design, which may rise to a height of 60 ft (18 m) or more. Smaller carvings may be positioned in vacant spaces, or they may be tucked inside the ears or hang out of the mouths of the pole's larger figures.

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workers carve the pole in Wrangell, Alaska. Because Sitka and Wrangell native groups were rivals, it has been argued that the Wrangell carvers may have altered Benson's original design. For unknown reasons, the Wrangell carvers depicted the Baranov figure without clothes. Following a

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interested in Indigenous culture collected and photographed totem poles and other artifacts, many of which were put on display at expositions such as the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the 1893 World's Columbia Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.

1195: 606:, the United States government was unaware that the pole's intent was to shame Seward until after the completion of the project. In 2014, this second pole began to fall apart; a renewed version was carved in 2017 by local Tlingit artist Stephen Jackson, who combined 862:

commissioned the carvings. There have been protests when those who have not been trained in the traditional carving methods, cultural meanings and protocol, have made "fake totem poles" for what could be considered crass public display and commercial purposes. The

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The origin of tongue linking and tongue thrusting on totem figures and in other native art is obscure. Particularly well-represented in the Haida tradition, the meaning is bound up with a transfer of power between two entities. It could also be a variation on

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Kiks.ádi clan. It is not known if the debt was ever repaid. The pole stands next to the Chief Shakes Tribal House in Wrangell. The pole's unique crossbar shape has become popularly associated with the town of Wrangell, and continues to be used as part of the

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began a totem pole restoration program in Alaska. Poles were removed from their original places as funerary and crest poles to be copied or repaired and then placed in parks based on English and French garden designs to demystify their meaning for tourists.

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In the 19th century, American and European trade and settlement initially led to the growth of totem-pole carving, but United States and Canadian policies and practices of acculturation and assimilation caused a decline in the development of

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on the cultural group who built it. Carvings on these poles, like those of the house frontal poles, are often used as a storytelling device and help tell the story of the owners' family history. House posts were carved by the

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a threat to passersby, it is either destroyed or pushed over and removed. Older poles typically fall over during the winter storms that batter the coast. The owners of a collapsed pole may commission a new one to replace it.

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familiar to almost every native of the area. Carvings which symbolize these tales are sufficiently conventionalized to be readily recognizable even by persons whose lineage did not recount them as their own legendary history.

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of the 1930s strongly promoted native arts and crafts in the United States, and in the totem pole they discovered an art that was widely appreciated by white society. In Alaska the Indian Division of the

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given in his honor. The figure's red-painted nose and ears may symbolize drunkenness or Seward's stinginess. In the 1940s, a second iteration of the pole was built by Tlingit men enrolled in the

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likely preceded by a long history of decorative carving. Stylistic features of these poles were borrowed from earlier, smaller prototypes, or from the interior support posts of house beams.

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US 50th Infantry Regiment Coat of arms with a totem pole arrangement of a US American eagle and a Russian Bear (signifying transfer of ownership of Alaska from Russia to United States)

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in Indianapolis. Approximately two years later, the replica was moved inside the museum, and in 2005, it was installed in a new atrium after completion of a museum expansion project.

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successor within the clan and the community. Traditionally, the memorial pole has one carved figure at the top, but an additional figure may also be added at the bottom of the pole.

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for his "lack of recognition of Indigenous peoples at an early point in Alaska’s U.S. history," as well as not reciprocating the generosity of his Tlingit hosts following an 1869

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to make the tallest pole remain prevalent, although it is becoming more difficult to procure trees of sufficient height. The tallest poles include those in:

2976:"Oregon Country Fair Cancels Fake Native Totem Pole Raising – Ritz Sauna story pole 'worst appropriation I've ever seen' says descendant of carving family" 1585: 1404: 2849:

tulaneegí Haa At Wuskóowu / Sharing Our Knowledge, A conference of Tlingit Tribes and Clans: Haa eetí ḵáa yís / For Those Who Come After Us. Sitka, Alaska

3612: 735:, Indiana. Although the remains of the original pole at Golden Hill no longer exist, a replica was raised on April 13, 1996, on the front lawn of The 536:

provided protection to the Tongass group against its rival, the Kagwantans, the Tongass group commissioned the Lincoln pole to commemorate the event.

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in 1978, the practice of Indigenous religion was outlawed, and traditional Indigenous cultural practices were also strongly discouraged by Christian

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use in venues that serve alcohol, and in other settings that are insensitive or outright offensive to the sacred nature of some of the carvings.

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reported that while standing, it was "said to be the most photographed totem in Alaska". The pole was re-erected in Totem Square in 2011.

2068: 1351:, British Columbia (Maritime Museum) —100 feet (30 m), Kwakwaka'wakw, carved by Mungo Martin with Henry Hunt and David Martin. 1176: 317:, mining, and fisheries gave rise to an accumulation of wealth among the coastal peoples. Much of it was spent and distributed in lavish 1202: 2626: 1391: 1104: 3537: 3495: 3431: 3395: 3318: 2226: 2157: 1848: 1768: 1512: 1287: 984: 1038: 1026: 442:

of the pole's owner, or simply fill up empty space on the pole. Depictions of thrusting tongues and linked tongues may symbolize

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Eddie Malin has proposed that totem poles progressed from house posts, funerary containers, and memorial markers into symbols of

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In October 2015, a Tlingit totem pole was returned from Hawaii to Alaska after being taken from a village by Hollywood actor

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cultures and their crafts, and sharply reduced totem-pole production by the end of the century. Between 1830 and 1880, the

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style, and measuring over 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter, it represents Cedar Man transforming into his human form.

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Some poles from the Pacific Northwest have been moved to other locations for display out of their original context.

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Memorial poles may also commemorate an event. For example, several memorial totem poles were erected by the

404: 310: 145: 89: 2359:. National Museum of Canada: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, Ottawa, Canada. pp. 759–61. 1303:, British Columbia—173 feet (53 m), Kwakwaka'wakw. This pole is composed of two or three pieces. 788:

in 1899, after being taken from an Alaskan village. In addition, the totem pole collections in Vancouver's

3366: 2899:"UBC Archives – Celebrating Aboriginal Heritage Month: Mungo Martin and UBC's Early Totem Pole Collection" 1964: 1695: 1168: 863: 678: 2578: 1524: 1442: 1360: 651: 443: 239: 3560: 693: 3102: 3637: 2678: 2631: 682: 645:. When Benson and other Sitka carvers were not available to do the work, the U.S. Forest Service had 140: 1613:

University of Washington, University Libraries, American Indians of the Pacific Northwest Collection

1382: 1336: 769: 761: 611: 166: 81: 3550: 3331: 3029: 1342: 1312: 1309:—160 feet (49 m), carved from a single redwood tree by Ernest Pierson and John Nelson. 777: 773: 673:. The pole represents the unpaid debt of $ 5 billion in punitive damages that a federal court in 314: 274: 129: 2746: 207:(Nootka), among others. The poles are typically carved from the highly rot-resistant trunks of 3617: 3533: 3491: 3427: 3410: 3391: 3372: 3351: 3314: 3286: 3158: 2929: 2268: 2222: 2153: 2086: 2023: 2004:

Media, Alaska Public; Media, Adelyn Baxter, Alaska Public; Media, Alaska Public (2022-06-08).

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Those Born at Koona: The Totem Poles of the Haida Village Skedans, Queen Charlotte Islands.

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From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas, 1900-2002.

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From Totems to Hip-Hop: A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas, 1900–2002

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and were more common than the free-standing totem poles seen in Northern cultural groups.

2479:"The Seward Shame Pole: Countering Alaska's Sesquicentennial - Alaska Historical Society" 1634: 1079:. A gift from the Haisla First Nation to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm, Sweden. 3344: 3299: 3259: 3246: 3055: 2606: 2557: 1608: 1492: 1476: 1386: 1291:

One of the world's tallest totem poles, in Beacon Hill Park, Victoria, British Columbia

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symbols to represent characters or events in a story; however, some may reference the

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Bob started a few months ago as low man on the totem pole. . . . Today he's the boss.

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unveiled the first 360-degree totem pole in Alaska: the 6.7-metre-tall (22 ft)

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Shannon Haugland (21 September 2010), "Totem Square, Pole to get Safety Upgrades",

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plants, insects, and humans, or they may represent supernatural beings such as the

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First Nation of the Pacific Northwest began a lengthy struggle to repatriate the

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Northwest Coast Native and Native-Style Art: A Guidebook for Western Washington.

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and the pole from the Esquimau Village was sold and then given to industrialist

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Royal BC Museum, Thunderbird Park – A Place of Cultural Sharing

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Totem Poles: Heraldic Columns of the Northwest Coast Essay by Robin K. Wright

1808:(1). Ottawa: Dept. of Resources and Development, National Museum of Canada: 9 776:, there is a 100-foot-tall (30 m) Canadian totem pole that was given to 265:

originated carving of the poles, and that the practice spread outward to the

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Includes a history of the poles in Thunderbird Park and their restoration.

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celebration typically follows the pole raising to commemorate the event.

37: 2173: 2152:(revised ed.). Vancouver: Heritage House Publishing Co. p. 50. 1667: 1565: 1451: 1153: 835: 595: 318: 235: 171: 155: 17: 3078:"Totem pole taken by Hollywood actor returned to Alaska, 84 years later" 3032:(Press release). The Na Na Kila Institute. 26 April 2006. Archived from 2870:"A Totem Pole Made of Christmas Lights: Bringing Superwrongness to Life" 2069:"First 360-degree totem pole in Alaska was recently installed in Juneau" 2818:

The Indian Arts & Crafts Board: An Aspect of New Deal Indian Policy

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Beacon, Alaska; Beacon, Lisa Phu, Alaska; Beacon, Alaska (2022-06-01).

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to patrol the area. After American soldiers at the fort and aboard the

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Barbeau, "Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics", pp. 402–405.

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In 1942, the U.S. Forest Service commissioned a pole to commemorate

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The Legacy: Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art.

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Notable collections of totem poles on display include these sites:

1315:—149 feet (45 m), carved from a single pole by Lelooska. 344:

and etched glass, and other traditional and non-traditional media.

3371:. Vancouver, British Columbia: Heritage House. p. 22 and 24. 1555: 1369: 1286: 1274: 840: 812: 692: 666: 556: 460:

totem pole" (and as the title of a bestselling 1941 humor book by

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Monumental carvings by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest

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Jonaitis, Aldona. (1990) "Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal,"

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Article related to conservation of Pacific Northwest totem poles

2044:"Unique 360-degree totem goes up at Sealaska Heritage in Juneau" 1570: 626: 422: 325:

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, before the passage of the

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Barbeau, "Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics", p. 401.

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The world's thickest totem pole is in Duncan, British Columbia.

625:. This pole was erected by Chief Shakes to shame the Kiks.ádi 288:

Alaskan Totem Poles at 1893 Chicago World Columbian Exposition

3584: – University of Washington Digital Collection 1829:

Barbeau, "Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics", p. 5.

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Another example of the shame pole is the Three Frogs pole on

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The Wolf and the Raven: Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska.

1969:. Vancouver, British Columbia: Heritage House. p. 22. 3500:

Macnair, Peter L., Alan L. Hoover, and Kevin Neary (1984)

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Revised edition. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

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Sheldon Jackson Museum, Sitka, AK. Accessed 23 August 2011

2453:. Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Co. p. 56. 2146:

Kramer, Pat (2008) . "Totem Pole Symbols and ceremonies".

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The Wolf and the Raven: Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska

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Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site

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culture and stripped away the meaning of the totem poles.

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Nisga'a and Haida Crest Poles of the Royal Ontario Museum

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Aldona Jonaitis, "Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal,"

1321:—132 feet (40 m), single log carving, Tlingit 1201:

Totem pole by Lelooska, Don Morse Smith (non-Native) at

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Beginning in the late 1930s, a combination of cultural,

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Prince Rupert, BC: Museum of Northern British Columbia.

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Home Before the Raven Caws: The Mystery of a Totem Pole

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Home Before the Raven Caws: The Mystery of a Totem Pole

2182:) once worn by upper-class persons to show their rank. 1609:"Totem Poles: Heraldic Columns of the Northwest Coast" 3509:

Shadow House: Interpretations of Northwest Coast Art.

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Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art

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Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art

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Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art

677:, determined Exxon owes for its role in causing the 1759:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 257:and family wealth and prestige. He argues that the 3343: 2676:"Shame Pole Mocking Exxon is Planted in Cordova", 2659:"Controversial Totem Pole Returns to Sitka Square" 2627:"Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back" 2579:"Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back" 1355:The thickest totem pole ever carved to date is in 124:communities in southern British Columbia, and the 3407:Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian 2893: 2891: 2265:Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian 1136:totem pole. Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, BC 590:, the pole shamed former U.S. Secretary of State 214:dating as far back as 1880, include those at the 94:Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 3309:Garfield, Viola E., and Forrest, Linn A. (1961) 2104: 2102: 805:commissioning and loaning replacement carvings. 575:One famous shame pole is the Seward Pole at the 3451:Averill, Lloyd J., and Daphne K. Morris (1995) 2948: 2946: 661:On March 24, 2007, a shame pole was erected in 1753:Viola E. Garfield and Linn A. Forrest (1961). 882:. Their successful efforts were documented in 520:in honor of Abraham Lincoln, one of which was 183:Families of traditional carvers come from the 3523:Looking at Indian Art of the Northwest Coast. 3058:. National Film Board of Canada. 8 April 2013 3030:"G'psgolox Totem returnS To British Columbia" 2572: 2570: 1798:"Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics" 1509:(Brockton Point), Vancouver, British Columbia 784:. In Seattle, Washington, a Tlingit funerary 704:in Seattle; it continues to stand as of 2023. 554:carvings represent the person being shamed. 8: 3338:Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Co. 3252:Totem Poles: According to Crests and Topics. 2745:. U.S. National Park Service. Archived from 2743:Sitka National Park archived website content 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2307: 2305: 2091:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2028:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3628:Indigenous culture of the Pacific Northwest 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 2550: 2548: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2295: 2293: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1586:Conservation and restoration of totem poles 1405:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture 760:Another example occurred in 1938, when the 3388:Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast 3326:European Contributions to American Studies 2805:European Contributions to American Studies 1841:Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast 1825: 1823: 1017:to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 3532:Seattle: University of Washington Press. 3490:Tigard, Oregon: Greatland Classic Sales. 3056:"Totem: The Return of the Gʼpsgolox Pole" 1044:From Saxman Totem Park, Ketchikan, Alaska 1032:From Saxman Totem Park, Ketchikan, Alaska 845:Dancing at a pole-raising celebration in 3472:Hassett, Dawn, and F. W. M. Drew (1982) 3455:Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2969: 2967: 2267:. New York: Catskill Press. p. 19. 2249:. Hagerstown, Maryland. April 18, 1939. 1602: 1600: 3511:Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. 3488:Legends in Wood, Stories of the Totems. 2820:(University of New Mexico Press, 1983.) 2006:"Celebration set to kick off in Juneau" 1990: 1988: 1986: 1782: 1780: 1596: 908: 892:Totem: The Return of the G'psgolox Pole 786:totem pole was raised in Pioneer Square 689:Totem poles outside of original context 3623:Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas 3568:Totem: The Return of the Gpsgolox Pole 3525:Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. 3514:Smyly, John, and Carolyn Smyly (1973) 3504:Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. 3306:Sitka, Alaska: Sitka Printing Company. 3107:National Museum of the American Indian 2084: 2021: 1748: 1746: 698:Tlingit totem pole brought from Alaska 281:carved wooden goods, including poles. 158:or the subject of spiritual practice. 3350:. Anchorage: Alaska Northwest Books. 2533:. Wrangell Sentinel. 21 November 2014 2473: 2471: 2469: 1689:Stromberg, Joseph (January 5, 2012). 1279:The world's tallest totem pole, near 327:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 7: 3441:New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. 3277:(Rev. 2012 ed.). Indianapolis: 1868:. New York: W. Funk. pp. 23–24. 1786:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 1–2. 1721:(Rev. 2012 ed.). Indianapolis: 711:In 1903 Alaska's district governor, 3265:Totem Poles: According to Location. 1203:Denver Museum of Nature and Science 357:Sealaska Cultural Values Totem Pole 96:including northern Northwest Coast 72:) are monumental carvings found in 3467:Totem Poles: An Illustrated Guide. 3390:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 1843:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 1802:National Museum of Canada Bulletin 1661:Ramsay, Heather (March 31, 2011). 1392:American Museum of Natural History 1105:American Museum of Natural History 296:Totem poles in front of houses in 25: 1513:Totem Bight State Historical Park 943:Totem poles in front of homes in 561:The original Seward Pole, carved 347:In June 2022 during the biennial 3613:Culture of the Pacific Northwest 3157:. Heritage House Publishing Co. 2693:Peter Rothberg (27 March 2007), 2498:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 55–56. 2396:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 54–55. 1255: 1240: 1225: 1209: 1194: 1175: 1160: 1141: 1126: 1111: 1103:Kwakwaka'wakw House Post at the 1096: 1084: 1068: 1049: 1037: 1025: 998: 983: 968: 952: 936: 911: 780:to commemorate the centenary of 300:, British Columbia, in the 1900s 222:, the Museum of Anthropology at 3007:, 27 April 2006, archived from 2842:Decoding Totems in the New Deal 2657:Ronco, Ed (November 30, 2011). 1904:Garfield and Forrest, pp. 2, 7. 528:and left the US revenue cutter 3518:Saanichton, BC: Hancock House. 2868:Jen Graves (10 January 2012). 2604:"'Going Down' photo caption", 1640:University of British Columbia 1498:Sitka National Historical Park 1015:Sitka National Historical Park 880:Sweden's Museum of Ethnography 802:University of British Columbia 432:University of British Columbia 1: 3577:National Film Board of Canada 3479:Hoyt-Goldsmith, Diane (1990) 3474:Totem Poles of Prince Rupert. 2974:Hopper, Frank (25 May 2017). 2839:Emily Moore (31 March 2012). 1483:Royal British Columbia Museum 1463:, Vancouver, British Columbia 1461:Museum of Anthropology at UBC 1232:The Kayung totem pole at the 1120:Museum of Anthropology at UBC 926: 888:National Film Board of Canada 584: 562: 216:Royal British Columbia Museum 3598:Culture of the United States 3486:Huteson, Pamela Rae. (2002) 3460:The Story of the Totem Pole. 3409:. New York: Catskill Press. 3273:Feldman, Richard D. (2012). 2980:Indian Country Media Network 2378:Garfield and Forrest, p. 54. 2369:Garfield and Forrest, p. 55. 1663:"Totem Poles: Myth and Fact" 1521:, Victoria, British Columbia 1485:, Victoria, British Columbia 1148:Kwakwaka'wakw totem pole on 975:A totem pole in Totem Park, 809:Construction and maintenance 3571:, a feature-length film by 3465:Halpin, Marjorie M. (1981) 3423:Reed, Ishmael (ed.) (2003) 2829:Garfield and Forrest, p. v. 2807:(1990) Vol. 18, pp. 267–77. 2625:Anne Sutton (8 June 2008), 2577:Anne Sutton (7 June 2008). 2202:Garfield and Forrest, p. 4. 2117:Garfield and Forrest, p. 3. 1994:Garfield and Forrest, p. 8. 1926:Garfield and Forrest, p. 7. 1717:Richard D. Feldman (2012). 1691:"The Art of the Totem Pole" 1447:Skidegate, British Columbia 945:Alert Bay, British Columbia 754:Civilian Conservation Corps 600:Civilian Conservation Corps 583:. Originally carved in the 353:Sealaska Heritage Institute 32:Totem pole (disambiguation) 3654: 3563:, online interpretive tour 3279:Indiana Historical Society 1723:Indiana Historical Society 1456:Hazelton, British Columbia 1418:Canadian Museum of History 1325:Victoria, British Columbia 1249:Canadian Museum of History 1013:Kiks.ádi Clan, erected at 992:Victoria, British Columbia 977:Victoria, British Columbia 768:In England at the side of 232:Canadian Museum of History 176:Hazelton, British Columbia 170:Totem poles and houses at 78:northwestern United States 29: 3469:Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. 3462:New York: Vanguard Press. 3437:Wherry, Joseph H. (1964) 2961:Feldman, pp. 22–23. 2952:Feldman, pp. 21–22. 2776:Feldman, pp. 25–27. 1864:Joseph H. Wherry (1964). 1607:Wright, Robin K. (n.d.). 1307:McKinleyville, California 604:Alaska Historical Society 261:people of the islands of 108:communities in Southeast 3528:Stewart, Hilary (1993). 3483:New York: Holiday House. 3281:in association with The 2928:. D & M Publishers. 2922:Stewart, Hilary (2009). 2845:(Speech). Wooshteen Kana 2447:Edward Keithahn (1963). 2355:Barbeau, Marius (1950). 1725:in association with The 1427:Duncan, British Columbia 1409:University of Washington 1357:Duncan, British Columbia 870:In the early 1990s, the 383:From left to right, the 3530:Looking at Totem Poles. 3521:Stewart, Hilary (1979) 3507:Meuli, Jonathan (2001) 3439:The Totem Pole Indians. 3001:"Back in Pole Position" 2614:(subscription required) 2563:(subscription required) 2416:"Musqueam Welcome Area" 1796:Marius Barbeau (1950). 721:Milwaukee Public Museum 351:in Juneau, Alaska, the 69: 3603:Native American relics 3405:Newman, Oscar (2004). 3386:Malin, Edward (1986). 2925:Looking at Totem Poles 1866:The Totem Pole Indians 1375: 1292: 1284: 1169:Ye Olde Curiosity Shop 849: 826: 798:Museum of Anthropology 705: 679:Exxon Valdez oil spill 634:newspaper's masthead. 572: 545:intimidate strangers. 457: 434: 428:Museum of Anthropology 419: 399: 301: 289: 242:in Ketchikan, Alaska. 179: 132:and British Columbia. 58: 3458:Brindze, Ruth (1951) 2876:. Seattle, Washington 2816:Robert Fay Schrader, 2263:Oscar Newman (2004). 1839:Edward Malin (1986). 1525:Totem Heritage Center 1443:Haida Heritage Centre 1373: 1290: 1278: 1056:From Brockton Point, 844: 816: 717:Saint Louis, Missouri 696: 652:Sitka Tribe of Alaska 560: 452: 444:socio-political power 425: 413: 382: 295: 287: 240:Totem Heritage Center 169: 80:. They are a type of 40: 3365:Kramer, Pat (2008). 3346:Alaska's Totem Poles 3342:Kramer, Pat (2004). 3328:Vol. 18, pp 267–277. 3232:Alaska's Totem Poles 3210:Alaska's Totem Poles 3188:Alaska's Totem Poles 3151:Kramer, Pat (2008). 3139:Alaska's Totem Poles 2785:Feldman, pp. 43, 52. 2679:Anchorage Daily News 2632:Anchorage Daily News 2509:Alaska’s Totem Poles 1951:Alaska's Totem Poles 1915:Alaska's Totem Poles 1893:Alaska's Totem Poles 1880:Alaska's Totem Poles 1429:, the City of Totems 876:Gʼpsgolox totem pole 683:Prince William Sound 608:political caricature 385:One-Legged Fisherman 349:Celebration festival 152:common misconception 30:For other uses, see 3633:Northwest Coast art 3336:Monuments in Cedar. 3332:Keithahn, Edward L. 3011:on 28 February 2009 2749:on 10 November 2004 2663:Alaska Public Media 2531:"Wrangell Sentinel" 2287:Feldman, pp. 12–13. 1963:Pat Kramer (2008). 1515:, Ketchikan, Alaska 1383:Alaska State Museum 1247:Totem poles at the 770:Virginia Water Lake 762:U.S. Forest Service 602:; according to the 549:Shame/ridicule pole 522:relocated to Saxman 477:House frontal poles 426:Totem poles at the 375:Meaning and purpose 203:(Bella Coola), and 82:Northwest Coast art 3300:Garfield, Viola E. 3234:, pp. 84–85. 2903:www.library.ubc.ca 2450:Monuments in Cedar 2247:The Morning Herald 2243:"Around the Clock" 2136:Feldman, pp. 1, 5. 1479:, British Columbia 1439:, British Columbia 1376: 1343:Tacoma, Washington 1313:Kalama, Washington 1293: 1285: 1283:, British Columbia 1118:House post at the 1009:Totem Pole of the 850: 827: 825:, British Columbia 778:Queen Elizabeth II 774:Windsor Great Park 772:, in the south of 706: 573: 435: 420: 418:, British Columbia 400: 315:maritime fur trade 302: 290: 180: 59: 3608:Culture of Canada 3556:Native online.com 3378:978-1-89497-444-8 3292:978-0-87195-306-3 3164:978-1-894974-44-8 2935:978-1-926706-35-1 2610:, 20 October 2010 2048:Wrangell Sentinel 1976:978-1-89497-444-8 1736:978-0-87195-306-3 1581:Serge (religious) 1529:Ketchikan, Alaska 1489:Saxman Totem Park 1339:and David Martin. 1218:Kayung totem pole 1150:Notre Dame Island 990:From Totem Park, 923:Ketchikan, Alaska 857:Cultural property 675:Anchorage, Alaska 639:Alexander Baranof 632:Wrangell Sentinel 592:William H. Seward 577:Saxman Totem Park 570:William H. Seward 139:derives from the 86:western red cedar 16:(Redirected from 3645: 3420: 3401: 3382: 3361: 3349: 3296: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3206: 3200: 3199:Garfield, p. 13. 3197: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3016: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2739:"Carved History" 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2639:on 28 April 2009 2635:, archived from 2622: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 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1130: 1115: 1100: 1088: 1072: 1062:British Columbia 1053: 1041: 1029: 1002: 987: 972: 956: 940: 931: 928: 915: 864:misappropriation 794:Thunderbird Park 782:British Columbia 731:neighborhood of 713:John Green Brady 623:Wrangell, Alaska 589: 586: 567: 564: 397:Wrangell, Alaska 114:British Columbia 55:Victoria, Canada 51:Thunderbird Park 49:pole (right) at 45:pole (left) and 21: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3588: 3587: 3547: 3448: 3446:Further reading 3417: 3404: 3398: 3385: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3341: 3304:Meet the Totem. 3293: 3272: 3260:Barbeau, Marius 3247:Barbeau, Marius 3243: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3221:Wherry, p. 140. 3220: 3216: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3177:Wherry, p. 136. 3176: 3172: 3165: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3012: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2794:Feldman, p. 70. 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2767:Feldman, p. 27. 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2728:Feldman, p. 26. 2727: 2723: 2719:Feldman, p. 25. 2718: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2695:"Exxon's Shame" 2692: 2691: 2687: 2682:, 25 March 2007 2675: 2674: 2670: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428:Wherry, p. 104. 2427: 2423: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2345:Feldman, p. 13. 2344: 2329: 2324: 2315: 2311:Feldman, p. 12. 2310: 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2145: 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Deal 691: 663:Cordova, Alaska 612:Northwest Coast 587: 565: 551: 542: 510: 501: 488: 479: 470: 377: 164: 154:, they are not 128:communities in 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3651: 3649: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3564: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3545:External links 3543: 3542: 3541: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3421: 3415: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3339: 3329: 3322: 3307: 3297: 3291: 3270: 3257: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3223: 3214: 3201: 3192: 3179: 3170: 3163: 3143: 3119: 3094: 3069: 3047: 3021: 2992: 2963: 2954: 2942: 2934: 2914: 2887: 2860: 2831: 2822: 2809: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2685: 2668: 2649: 2617: 2607:Sitka Sentinel 2596: 2566: 2558:Sitka Sentinel 2544: 2522: 2513: 2500: 2491: 2465: 2456: 2439: 2437:Newman, p. 22. 2430: 2421: 2407: 2405:Newman, p. 21. 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2347: 2327: 2325:Newman, p. 19. 2313: 2301: 2299:Newman, p. 16. 2289: 2280: 2273: 2255: 2234: 2227: 2215:, ed. (2003). 2204: 2195: 2193:Feldman, p. 1. 2186: 2158: 2138: 2129: 2119: 2110: 2108:Feldman, p. 6. 2098: 2059: 2035: 1996: 1982: 1975: 1955: 1937: 1935:Feldman, p. 4. 1928: 1919: 1906: 1897: 1884: 1871: 1856: 1849: 1831: 1819: 1788: 1776: 1769: 1742: 1735: 1709: 1681: 1653: 1633:Huang, Alice. 1625: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1495: 1493:Saxman, Alaska 1486: 1480: 1473:Nisga'a Museum 1470: 1464: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1430: 1424: 1415: 1402: 1389: 1387:Juneau, Alaska 1353: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1262:Totem pole at 1261: 1254: 1252: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1234:British Museum 1231: 1224: 1222: 1215: 1208: 1206: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1181: 1174: 1172: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1147: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1083: 1081: 1077:G'psgolox Pole 1074: 1067: 1065: 1055: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1004: 997: 995: 989: 982: 980: 974: 967: 965: 963:, 26 July 1878 958: 951: 949: 942: 935: 933: 921:totem pole in 917: 910: 906: 903: 899:John Barrymore 858: 855: 810: 807: 744: 741: 725:David M. Parry 702:Pioneer Square 690: 687: 656:Sitka Sentinel 581:Saxman, Alaska 550: 547: 541: 538: 526:Tongass Island 509: 506: 500: 497: 487: 484: 478: 475: 469: 466: 462:H. Allen Smith 414:Totem pole in 391:pole, and the 376: 373: 205:Nuu-chah-nulth 163: 160: 122:Nuu-chah-nulth 74:western Canada 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3650: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3538:0-295-97259-9 3535: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3496:1-886462-51-8 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3432:1-56025-458-0 3429: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3397:0-88192-295-1 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3319:0-295-73998-3 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3036:on 2010-09-13 3035: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3010: 3006: 3005:Vancouver Sun 3002: 2996: 2993: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2228:1-56025-458-0 2224: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2213:Reed, Ishmael 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2161: 2159:9781894974448 2155: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2088: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1852: 1850:0-88192-295-1 1846: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770:0-295-73998-3 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1732: 1729:. p. 4. 1728: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1635:"Totem Poles" 1629: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1502:Sitka, Alaska 1499: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1396:New York City 1393: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1365:Kwakwaka'wakw 1362: 1358: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1289: 1282: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1114: 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Retrieved 3106: 3097: 3085:. Retrieved 3081: 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3050: 3038:. Retrieved 3034:the original 3024: 3013:, retrieved 3009:the original 3004: 2995: 2985:12 September 2983:. Retrieved 2957: 2924: 2917: 2906:. Retrieved 2902: 2878:. Retrieved 2874:The Stranger 2873: 2863: 2851:. Retrieved 2846: 2841: 2834: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2751:. Retrieved 2747:the original 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2704:, retrieved 2698: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2662: 2652: 2641:, retrieved 2637:the original 2630: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2585:. Gannett Co 2582: 2556: 2535:. Retrieved 2525: 2516: 2508: 2503: 2494: 2483:. Retrieved 2481:. 2018-02-13 2459: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2424: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2350: 2283: 2264: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2217: 2207: 2198: 2189: 2177: 2170: 2163:. Retrieved 2148: 2141: 2132: 2122: 2113: 2076:. Retrieved 2072: 2062: 2051:. Retrieved 2047: 2038: 2013:. 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