Toubou people - Knowledge (XXG)

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significance. The solitary form of the female term, "Kamadjedo" or "Kamadjero", might be seen as implausible and without coherence, whilst the plural form of the female term, "Kamadjeda", has an exceptionally peculiar and irrational quality. These terms are devoid of any discernible significance. The mispronunciation in question may be attributed to the challenges faced by French colonists while attempting to articulate the phoneme represented by the letter "Y" in the alphabet. As a replacement, they frequently resorted to apply the phonetic sounds of "Dj" or "J". Moreover, the explorers who visited Borkou before the French colonization made contributions to the misinterpretation of various expressions, as evidenced by Gustav Nichtigal's works. These inaccuracies include referring to the Yira clan as Jira, the Yenoa clan as Jenoa, the Yin oasis as Jin, the Yarda oasis as Jarda, the Faya oasis as Faja, the Bidayet community as Bidajet, and the Goli Yeskou as Goli Jeskou (Black snake), many more other carelessness. These oversights and misinterpretations are notable in the exploration literatures. The term "Kamadja" has become somewhat entrenched a certain level of permanence but is losing its relevance of the Kamaya ethnic group due to its lack of self-identification and it is important to note that this term was introduced and propagated by Europeans, and there is a belief that it has inaccurately misquoted, misconstrued, and distorted the sound of "Y" to "Dj" or "J" in the names of various clans, tribes, communities, rural areas, organisms, and numerous other entities throughout the entirety of Chad.

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and "Yédé" denotes an occupant. In this context, "Yé" indicates the act of dwelling, while "Dé" stands as the indicator of a singular form. Thus, the expression "Kama-Dro-Yédé" may be interpreted as "the individual who dwells in the valley" of the palm grove situated in the Faya oasis. The ancient designation for the clans of Kamaya was "Kamayada", with "Ya" denoting habitation and "Da" indicating plurality. Conversely, "Kamayédé" is the singular and authentic noun used to refer to an occupant of the Faya palm grove oasis valley, since the suffix "Dé" is appended to the solitary form of "Yé". Therefore, the designation "Kamaya" refers to the natives of the valley that is situated in the palm grove of Faya oasis. In Dazaga, the community is called "Kama-Yanga" which means the Kamaya canton and together with the suffix "Ga" implies the dialect spoken by the Dazagada. In the linguistic context under consideration, the citizens of the aforementioned canton are referred to as "Kamay" in the singular form for males, while the singular form for females may be either "Kamaydo" or "Kamayro", with the vocalization of the suffix varying across specific regions and individuals' accents, ranging from "Do" to "Ro". The plural form of the noun "female" may be expressed as either "Kamayda" or "Kamayra", whereas the plural form for males and as a general reference is "Kamaya".

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Ennedi, uncovered the liberation center situated in Borkou. Several of these slaves escaped and sought refuge in Borkou under the protection of the Kamaya canton and they were subsequently emancipated by the esteemed chief, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, who granted them land that enabled them to settle, and this district was formerly referred to as "Ni-Agaranga" in Dazaga, which literally translates to "country of slaves" in the Faya-Largeau city. However, the Borkou municipality opted to rechristen it as "Quartier Huit" (Eighth Quarter) as a euphemistic expression. After the abolition of slavery in 1953, the chief Kellei Chahami admitted the descendants of former captives to the canton, where they were recognized as full members and can move around freely and in this way, the last fraction of the Kamaya canton thus was established. Not only the captives were attached to the Kamaya canton, but along with all foreigners who resided in Faya, including Fezzanais (Libyan refugees who fled Italian brutality in 1929 before the Italian colonialists' progression into southern Libya, the Fezzan region), Ouadaens from the Chad's Waddai region, prostitutes, blacksmiths etc, were also attached to the Kamaya canton. All of these individuals' concerns were conveyed to the colonizers via the Kamaya canton.

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respond that they know the freed captives' people led them to assume this title. However, once the descendants of freed slaves embrace this belief and depart, the Teda proceed to use insulting terms such as "blind," "stupid," and "unintelligent," as well as other terms that are demeaning. The term "Kamadja" is a mispronunciation of Kamaya, and the Teda are grudgingly attempting to sabotage the Toubou Gourane Kamaya clans' federation reputation since the Kamaya's history was fabricated by the French colonists and Teda took advantage of the situation by misleading their freed slave descendants and the general public.

903: 575: 43: 374: 940:(TFSL) staged an uprising in November 2008 which lasted for five days and claimed 33 lives before being crushed by government security forces. Despite resistance and public condemnation, the Gaddafi regime continued its persecution of the Toubou minority in Libya. Beginning in November 2009, the government began a program of forced eviction and demolition of Toubou homes, rendering many Toubou homeless. Several dozens who protested the destruction were arrested, and families who refused to leave their homes were beaten. 895: 811: 978:. In response, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, the leader of the Toubou tribe in Libya threatened a separatist bid, decrying what he saw as "ethnic cleansing" against Toubou and declaring "We announce the reactivation of the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya to protect the Toubou people from ethnic cleansing." The TFSL was the opposition group active in the unrest of 2007–2008 that was "ruthlessly persecuted" by the Gaddafi government. 803: 398: 790: 685: 112: 94: 76: 615:, goats, cattle, donkeys and sheep. Livestock is a major part of their wealth, and trade. Livestock is also used as a part of dowry payment during marriage, either as one where the groom's family agrees to pay to the bride's family in exchange for the bride, or it is given by the bride's kin to supply the young couple with economic resources in order to start a family. 365: 567: 559: 1992: 725:. According to Paul Lovejoy – a professor of African History, the 19th century records show that these segregated Toubou castes followed the same customs and traditions as the rest of the Toubou, but they were independent in their politics and beliefs, much like the artisan castes found in many ethnic groups of western Chad such as the 2258:, Quote: ""Like the Tuareg, the Toubous have a distinct hierarchy, with three separate levels: Teda/Daza, Aza artisans and slaves. (...) the blacksmiths were segregated from the larger populace and seen as contemptible. (...) No Teda/Daza would think of marrying a blacksmith. They are a caste apart, marrying only among themselves." 429: 550:, and 76.0% for the Libyan. North African samples were closer to Eurasian populations than to Sub-Saharan populations, implying that the Sahara Desert might have represented a major barrier within Africa. In contrast, the three Khoisan groups presented significantly small proportions of a Eurasian component (3.83–4.11%). 650:

Toubou legal customs are generally based on Islamic law, that allows restitution and revenge. Murder, for example, is settled directly between the families of the victim and the murderer. Toubou honour requires that someone from the victim's family try to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts

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Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions among the Toubou generate a broader sense of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial period (and since independence in 1960), Chadian administrations have conferred legality and legitimacy on these regional

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The Toubou people are also referred to as the Tabu, Tebu, Tebou, Tibu, 'Tibbu, Toda, Todga, Todaga, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga, or Gorane people. The Daza are sometimes referred to as Gouran (or Gorane, Goran, Gourane), an Arabian exonym. Many of Chad's leaders have been Toubou (Gouran), including presidents

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On the other end of the spectrum, the nomenclature of Kamaya has signification, value, and historical origins rooted in the expression "Kama-Dro-Yédé". This expression pertains to the inhabitant of the Faya oasis in the accent of Kanem Dazaga, where "Kama" describes a valley, "Dro" implies interior,

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The descendants of freed slaves who located in the Tibesti region for many years approach their former masters inquiring about their past. In response, the Teda deliberately allege their identity as "Kamadja" to their freed captives, who question about the significance of this designation. The Teda

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In the year 1953, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, a highly esteemed privileged chieftain of the Kamaya canton, an agreement with the French colonizers decreed the emancipation of all slaves and suppressed the use of captives in the Borkou region, while slaves from the contiguous regions, such as Tibesti and

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According to Jean Chapelle, a colonial officer of history specializing in Chadian ethnic groups (although his book in Borkou has caused a significant degree of wrongdoing), the clan system developed out of necessity. Nomadic life means being scattered throughout a region; therefore, belonging to a

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The Teda, in particular, forbids marriage between cousins, up to 9 generations unrelated, a tradition prevalent with many Muslim ethnic groups in Africa, however, the Daza of Kanem, Bahr el-Ghazal, and certain clans of Borkou and Ennedi marry close cousins since it is not prohibited in the Quran,

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The linguistic analysis reveals that the term "Kamadja" does not exist in either the Dazaga or Tedaga languages. The tone terms, namely "Kamadja" for the male plural and as general and "Kamadji" for the male singular, are used as generic phrases. It is worth noting that these terms lack inherent

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Marriage between a member of the Azza and a member from a different strata of the Toubou people has been culturally unacceptable. The Azza are Dazaga-speaking people who sprang from the Dazagara. The majority of Teda speak and understand Dazaga, however, the Dazagada do not always clearly grasp

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We also find the Eurasian haplogroup T in Toubou, with Toubou having a high frequency (31%) of their studied males belonging to this haplogroup … instances of this haplogroup in examined ancient populations are in the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) population which we found to be the most significant

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In 2019, B Lorente-Galdos using whole genome analysis, found that in the two Northeastern Sub-Saharan samples, this Western Eurasian ancestry in their Toubou sample was 31.4%, and it was 14.9% for the East African Bantu. The Toubou also maintained similar genetic distance to other Sub-Saharan

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Many Toubou people still follow a semi-nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. Those who prefer a settled life typically live in palm-thatched, rectangular or cylindrical mud houses. The Toubou are patrilineal, with an elder male heading the lineage. The second order of Toubou kinship is to the

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means "Rocky Mountains". The first syllable "Tu" refers to the Tibesti mountains, as known by the natives (Tuda), and the second syllable "bo" refers to blood in the Kanembou language; thus, people from the Tibesti region are referred to as Tubou." Their name is derived from this.

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Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (December 2016).

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936:. In December 2007, the Gaddafi government stripped Toubou Libyans of their citizenship, claiming that they were not Libyans, but rather Chadians. In addition, local authorities denied Toubou people access to education and healthcare. In response, an armed group called the 295:

The Toubou people have historically lived in northern Chad, northeastern Niger, and southern Libya. They have sometimes been called the "black nomads of the Sahara". They are distributed across a large area in the central Sahara, as well as the north-central

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states that the Bayuda desert was still known as the desert of Goran; a name as MacMichael has shown, connected with the Kura'án of today. This reaffirms that the Kura'án (Goran) of today, occupy much of the same territory as the Garamantes once did.

875:, became one of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT. Goukouni was to become a national figure; he played an important role in the battles of N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980 and served as head of state for a time. Another northerner, 622:, a salt-like substance which is essential in nearly all components of Toubou life from medicine, as a mixture in chewing tobacco, preservation, tanning, soap production, textiles and for livestock. Literacy rates among the Toubou are quite low. 1715:

Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Lao, Oscar; Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Santpere, Gabriel; Kuderna, Lukas F. K.; Arauna, Lara R.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Pimenoff, Ville N.; Soodyall, Himla; Zalloua, Pierre; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Comas, David (26 April 2019).

744:). Slaves entered the Toubou Teda and Daza societies from raids and warfare on other ethnic groups in lands to their south. All slaves were the property of their masters, their caste was endogamous, and their status was inherited by birth. 642:

A second factor is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does not occupy the central place of the parental clan, it provides ties. The third factor is protective relationships at the primary residence.

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was Eurasian in origin, and their African ancestral component was best represented by Laal-speaking populations. The most likely source of this Eurasian DNA, according to the analysis, was central European Neolithic farmers

324:. They consider themselves a warrior people. The Daza live towards the Sahel region and are spread over much of north-central Chad. The Daza consist of numerous clans. Some major tribes, clans, societies of the Daza, or 700:

The Toubou people, states Jean Chapelle, have been socially stratified with an embedded caste system. The three strata have consisted of the freemen with a right to own property, the artisanal castes and the slaves.

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may have different owners. Each family's rights to the use of particular plots of land are recognized by other clan members. Families also may have privileged access to certain wells and the right to a part of the

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occupations, such as metal work, leather work, salt mining, well digging, dates farming, pottery and tailoring, and they have traditionally been despised and segregated by other strata of the Toubou, much like the

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The Toubou are generally divided into two closely related groups: the Teda (or Tuda, Téda, Toda, Tirah) and the Daza (or Dazzaga, Dazagara, Dazagada). They are believed to share a common origin and speak the

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they also doubt the origins of individuals and misalliance. A man may marry and have multiple wives according to Islamic tenets, however, this practice is only somewhat prevalent in Toubou society.

2596: 2565:"Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human rights Council resolution 5/1: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" 332:, Choraga, Dazza, Djagada, Dogorda, Donza, Gaeda, Kamaya, Kara, Ketcherda, Kokorda, Mourdiya, Nara, Wandja, Yirah and many more. The Daza cover the northern regions of Chad such as the 546:

samples, but was also genetically close to North African and non-African samples. The Eurasian component in the North African individuals was present at high rates of 84.9% for the

772:

The ownership of land, animals, and resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a particular clan, land, trees (usually date palms), and nearby

1718:"Whole-genome sequence analysis of a Pan African set of samples reveals archaic gene flow from an extinct basal population of modern humans into sub-Saharan populations" 2938: 2656: 3103: 2758: 448:

stress that the Garamantes and the Toubou seem to occupy the same lands. Which spans from the Fezzan (Phazania) as far south as Nubia. Further evidence is given by

2564: 3389: 2140:

Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006

932:(STP) reported "massive discrimination" against the Toubou minority, which resides in the southeastern corner of the country around the oasis town of 781:

from the fields irrigated by their water. Within the clan and family contexts, individuals also may have personal claims to palm trees and animals.

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groupings by dividing the Teda and Daza regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons and appointing chiefs to administer them.

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in the south and also the Tibesti mountains and the neighbouring countries. There is a diaspora community of several thousand Daza living in

1179: 2931: 856:, became a symbol of opposition to the Chadian government. This role enhanced the position of the Derde from the Tumagra tribe of Toubou. 3096: 2751: 2175: 2148: 2059: 1483: 1324: 1297: 1271: 493: 2626: 2469: 2032: 1828: 1453: 1424: 1359: 1244: 1218: 864: 498: 382:

Toubou people's approximate distribution (left). They are found near the Tibesti massif in Chad, particularly to its north and west.

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from samples obtained from 75 Toubou men, haplogroups associated with paternal Eurasian ancestry were present at rates of 34% for

819: 3379: 3374: 2924: 1664:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations (Supplementary Information)" 902: 3369: 3089: 2744: 929: 469: 341: 2822: 1166:

A history of the Arabs in the Sudan and some account of the people who preceded them and of the tribes inhabiting Darfur

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The Toubou minority in Libya suffered what has been described as "massive discrimination" both under the leadership of

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clan means that the individual is likely to find hospitable clan people in most settlements or camps of any size.

3279: 2007: 663: 506: 2198:[Three books on the populations of northern Chad by Jean Chapelle, Annie Lebeuf and Albert Le Rouvreur] 1164: 2075:

Scheele, Judith (March 2015). "The values of 'anarchy': moral autonomy among Tubu-speakers in northern Chad".

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came to occupy a more important position. In 1965 the Chadian government assumed direct authority over the

3364: 2815: 2196:"Trois ouvrages sur les populations du Nord du Tchad de Jean Chapelle, Annie Lebeuf et Albert Le Rouvreur" 527: 436:

The ancient history of the Toubou people is unclear. They may be related to the 'Ethiopians' mentioned by

432:

The zones occupied by the Toubou and, the local names of the tribal confederacies that occupy these zones.

373: 260: 3112: 2947: 2805: 2800: 2767: 2195: 1906: 997: 992: 944: 510: 3150: 2865: 2788: 987: 726: 479:, the Toubou inhabited lands which were frequently used by merchant caravans, specifically along the 676:(spiritual head) who is recognized as the clan judge, and arbitrates conflict and levies sanctions. 3200: 3038: 3028: 2793: 2681:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" 1607:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations" 971: 948: 837: 693: 476: 240: 2370: 876: 284: 2870: 2543: 2475: 2219: 2119: 1930: 1834: 1644: 1528: 1365: 457: 445: 275:(Dazaga Gouran). Of the two groups, the Daza, found to the south of the Teda, are more numerous. 894: 2875: 2775: 2710: 2533: 2498: 2465: 2430: 2424: 2403: 2397: 2376: 2349: 2343: 2322: 2316: 2275: 2269: 2247: 2241: 2171: 2144: 2055: 2028: 1885: 1857: 1824: 1757: 1739: 1693: 1636: 1579: 1575: 1520: 1479: 1449: 1420: 1390: 1355: 1320: 1293: 1287: 1267: 1261: 1240: 1214: 1094: 848:, recognized but little respected up to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile in 845: 449: 301: 256: 216: 2296: 3180: 3018: 2860: 2700: 2692: 2525: 2457: 2211: 2111: 2102:

Buijtenhuijs, Robert (2001). "The Chadian Tubu: Contemporary Nomads Who Conquered a State".

2084: 1922: 1816: 1791: 1747: 1729: 1683: 1675: 1626: 1618: 1512: 1384: 1347: 918: 872: 280: 810: 3335: 3244: 3133: 2963: 2630: 1040: 956: 952: 914: 868: 802: 271: 1547: 1019: 833: 1062:"Indigenous World 2021: Libya - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs" 879:

of the Dazagra, replaced Goukouni of the Teda in 1982, and eventually lost power to the

247:. Their society is clan-based, with each clan having certain oases, pastures and wells. 3330: 3259: 3249: 3239: 3217: 3195: 3155: 3140: 3023: 2905: 2890: 2783: 2705: 2680: 1752: 1717: 1688: 1663: 1631: 1606: 1207: 883: 880: 722: 542:

had considerably lower Eurasian admixture, at only 0.3–2% (Sara) and 1.25–4.5% (Laal).

461: 305: 252: 208: 191: 183: 149: 132: 397: 3358: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3284: 3274: 3264: 3227: 3212: 3190: 3175: 3145: 3128: 3123: 3060: 3050: 3045: 3033: 3008: 2968: 2900: 2880: 2838: 2547: 2479: 2123: 1996: 1838: 1777:"The position of Tubu women in pastoral production: Daza Kesherda, Republic of Niger" 1568: 1442: 1416:

Economic Spaces of Pastoral Production and Commodity Systems: Markets and Livelihoods

1369: 1061: 730: 539: 522: 329: 265: 187: 153: 140: 136: 2453:

The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara

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The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara

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The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara

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language family. Tebu is divided further into two closely related languages, called

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Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan

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Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan

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Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan

975: 853: 465: 353: 212: 1795: 444:, but this is speculative, as Jean Chapelle argues. Furthermore, scholars such as 2165: 2138: 2049: 2022: 1473: 1414: 1314: 1234: 1088: 737:

Tedaga. Dazaga is the most commonly used language in BET by all its inhabitants.

3294: 3289: 3269: 3254: 3234: 3222: 3170: 3160: 3065: 2993: 2983: 2972: 2958: 2843: 789: 684: 579: 535: 170: 2696: 1679: 1622: 3207: 3165: 2521:

The Value of Disorder: Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara

2115: 1734: 773: 441: 17: 1743: 1524: 2723: 2088: 713: 612: 600: 592: 437: 2714: 2215: 1926: 1761: 1697: 1640: 566: 460:, the earliest mention as the Toubou people is perhaps that along with the 2529: 2461: 1820: 1351: 1128: 1113: 558: 2916: 2001: 547: 345: 3081: 2736: 2519: 2451: 2223: 1934: 1810: 1341: 1151: 852:, and, with the support of Toubou students at the Islamic University of 2848: 1532: 1500: 829: 778: 667: 608: 364: 333: 2345:

Anarchie Et Cohésion Sociale Chez Les Toubou: Les Daza Késerda (Niger)

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Anarchie Et Cohésion Sociale Chez Les Toubou: Les Daza Késerda (Niger)

1599: 1597: 1595: 1413:

Gertel, Prof Dr Jörg; Heron, Professor Richard Le (28 November 2012).

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Much of the political class of Chad are drawn from Dazaga. During the

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oasis routes. It is unknown if the Toubou enganged with the caravans.

3306: 2998: 2895: 2853: 1552:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Cambridge : University Press. 964: 960: 689: 619: 521:

appeared at a rate of 5%. The study also found that 20–30% of Toubou

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broke out between Toubou and Arab tribesmen in the southern city of

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International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esperanto. Vol. 1

1995:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

632: 531: 321: 224: 81: 3085: 2920: 2740: 2727: 502: 392: 832:

Mountains, sending a military garrison and administrators to

2301:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–90 with footnotes. 2268:

Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan; Mahamam Tidjani Alou (2009).

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Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

1815:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–196. 871:

became military authority shortly thereafter when his son,

2170:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan. pp. 7–8, 343–344. 2429:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–147, 274–275. 2137:

Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' (2009).

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had roused considerable opposition among the Toubou. The

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regions around the borders of southeast Libya, northeast

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Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World

836:, the capital of Tibesti Sub-prefecture. Within a year, 2627:"Libya: Toubou rebels engage in battle against Gaddafi" 651:

eventually end with negotiations to settle the matter.

409: 2375:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 492. 1909:[Black Nomads of the Sahara by Jean Chapelle] 1561: 1559: 2495:

Neo-Panafricanism Foreign Powers and Non-State Actors

2456:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 2321:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147, 272–273. 1346:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10. 2653:"Libya's Toubou tribal leader raises separatist bid" 1263:

The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary

947:, Toubou tribespeople in Libya sided with the rebel 2831: 2774: 806:

Toubou (Gorane) camel rider in Ennedi plateau, Chad

666:. Among the Tumagra clan of the Teda people in the 177: 160: 126: 108: 90: 72: 67: 52: 2310: 2308: 1567: 1441: 1206: 2243:African Herders: Emergence of Pastoral Traditions 1475:African Herders: Emergence of Pastoral Traditions 1386:Tubu: The Teda and the Dazagra(kara/anakaza/daza) 591:Toubou life centers on raising and herding their 2402:. William Carey Library. pp. 178–180, 193. 2235: 2233: 618:In a few places, the Toubou also mine salt and 2274:. Paris: KARTHALA Editions. pp. 280–281. 2077:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2010:. 1988. Toubou and Daza: Nomads of the Sahara. 1703:reference for the Eurasian ancestry in Toubou. 3097: 2932: 2752: 1389:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–10. 1180:"Important Facts About the Tibesti Mountains" 8: 2348:. Les Editions de la MSH. pp. 187–188. 440:in 430 BCE, as a people being hunted by the 348:, Sudan and a couple of thousand working in 35: 2189: 2187: 1549:The tribes of Northern and Central Kordofán 1467: 1465: 1239:. Oxford University Press. 1 January 2003. 1124: 1122: 562:Toubou (Gorane) woman in traditional attire 300:. They are particularly found north of the 3104: 3090: 3082: 2939: 2925: 2917: 2759: 2745: 2737: 2724: 1907:"Nomades Noirs du Sahara de Jean Chapelle" 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 740:The lowest social strata were the slaves ( 654:Reconciliation follows the payment of the 513:. The North African associated haplogroup 472:mentions the Daza people (southern Teda). 41: 34: 2704: 2524:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2518:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019). 2450:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019). 1809:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019). 1751: 1733: 1687: 1630: 1408: 1406: 1340:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019). 1236:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 464:in an 8th-century text by Arabic scholar 2559: 2557: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1882:The Libyan Revolution and Its Aftermath 1875: 1873: 1574:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1289:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936 1008: 938:Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya 908:Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya 2685:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2493:Olympio, Francisco Kofi Nyaxo (2013). 2246:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 135, 142. 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1611:The American Journal of Human Genetics 1014: 1012: 967:for the rebel movement a month later. 814:Flag of the Toubou people used in Chad 494:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2054:(in French). Les Editions de la MSH. 1478:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 127–129. 1209:Africa's Wars and Prospects for Peace 1205:Copson, Raymond W. (1 January 1994). 721:caste in southeastern Chad among the 7: 2597:"Libya rebels report loss of Qatrun" 2167:Nomades noirs du Sahara: les Toubous 2024:Nomades noirs du Sahara: les Toubous 1880:Cole, Peter; McQuinn, Brian (2015). 517:were present at rates of 28%, while 312:The Teda are found primarily in the 68:Regions with significant populations 2298:A History of the Arabs in the Sudan 2027:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan. 1505:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 2601:The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon 1668:American Journal of Human Genetics 1566:J. D. Fage; Roland Oliver (1975). 1546:MacMichael, Harold Alfred (1912). 1087:Shoup, John A. (31 October 2011). 497:(Haber et al. 2016) that examined 491:According to a study published in 27:Ethnic group in the central Sahara 25: 865:National Liberation Front of Chad 863:hoped to rally the Toubou to the 3390:People of the Chadian–Libyan War 1990: 1444:Three journeys: an automythology 959:, briefly capturing the town of 396: 372: 363: 211:, meaning "rock people") are an 110: 92: 74: 1570:The Cambridge History of Africa 1856:. Cambridge University Press. 1501:"Christianity and the Ḳura'án" 1440:Zweig, Paul (1 January 1976). 930:Society for Threatened Peoples 898:Situation in Libya in May 2016 595:, or on farming the scattered 530:). Other ethnic groups in the 47:Toubou men in traditional gear 1: 1796:10.1080/00141844.1987.9981339 1313:Young, Tom (1 January 2003). 578:Toubou camel riders north of 58: 3395:Muslim communities in Africa 2271:Les pouvoirs locaux au Niger 1472:Smith, Andrew Brown (2005). 1319:. Indiana University Press. 1316:Readings in African Politics 1292:. BRILL. 1993. p. 818. 1260:Olson, James Stuart (1996). 924:In a report released by the 475:During the expansive era of 1884:. Oxford University Press. 1419:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 3411: 2697:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 2396:David J. Phillips (2001). 2048:Baroin, Catherine (1985). 1775:Baroin, Catherine (1987). 1680:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 1623:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 1129:Tedaga: A language of Chad 1114:Dazaga: A language of Chad 793:Toubou (Gorane) camel show 733:, Arab, Kouri and Danawa. 340:, the northern Kanem, the 3119: 2954: 2734: 2729:Links to related articles 2342:Catherine Baroin (1985). 2116:10.3366/afr.2001.71.1.149 2008:Federal Research Division 1852:Lovejoy, Paul E. (1986). 1735:10.1186/s13059-019-1684-5 1383:Catherine Baroin (1997). 1154:, Encyclopædia Britannica 1093:. ABC-CLIO. p. 284. 528:Linearbandkeramik culture 219:that inhabit the central 182: 165: 131: 57: 40: 2423:Paul E. Lovejoy (1986). 2369:William Frawley (2003). 2315:Paul E. Lovejoy (1986). 2295:H.A. MacMichael (1988). 2240:Andrew B. Smith (2005). 1266:. Greenwood Publishing. 963:and claiming to capture 955:against forces loyal to 951:and participated in the 712:) among Toubou have the 704:The endogamous caste of 2164:Chapelle, Jean (1982). 2089:10.1111/1467-9655.12141 2021:Chapelle, Jean (1982). 820:First Chadian Civil War 785:Contemporary conditions 3380:Ethnic groups in Niger 3375:Ethnic groups in Libya 2948:Ethnic groups in Niger 2497:. LIT Verlag Münster. 2216:10.3406/geo.1965.16791 1927:10.3406/geo.1960.14782 1499:Kirwan, L. P. (1934). 910: 899: 815: 807: 794: 697: 611:. Their herds include 583: 571: 563: 433: 239:. They live either as 3370:Ethnic groups in Chad 3113:Ethnic groups in Chad 2768:Demographics of Libya 2530:10.1017/9781108566315 2462:10.1017/9781108566315 2204:Annales de Géographie 2003:Chad: A Country Study 1915:Annales de Géographie 1905:Le Cœur, Ch. (1960). 1821:10.1017/9781108566315 1352:10.1017/9781108566315 998:Demographics of Libya 993:Demographics of Niger 917:as well as after the 905: 897: 813: 805: 792: 687: 680:Social stratification 599:where they cultivate 577: 570:Toubou family in Chad 569: 561: 431: 328:, include the Alala, 255:, which are from the 178:Related ethnic groups 2194:Cabot, Jean (1965). 2143:(in French). IWGIA. 1662:Marc, Haber (2016). 1163:MacMichael, Harold: 988:Demographics of Chad 949:anti-Gaddafi forces 838:abuses of authority 694:George Francis Lyon 670:region, there is a 505:(R1b-V88), 31% for 477:Trans-Saharan trade 243:or as farmers near 235:, and northwestern 37: 2633:on 7 November 2014 2607:on 22 January 2013 1186:. 13 February 2018 911: 900: 816: 808: 795: 698: 658:(Islamic tenet of 584: 572: 564: 468:. The 9th century 458:Islamic literature 446:Laurence P. Kirwan 434: 408:. You can help by 269:(Téda Toubou) and 241:herders and nomads 3352: 3351: 3346: 3345: 3079: 3078: 2914: 2913: 2659:on 15 August 2013 2539:978-1-108-56631-5 2504:978-3-643-90422-5 2436:978-0-521-30182-4 2409:978-0-87808-352-7 2382:978-0-19-513977-8 2355:978-0-521-30476-4 2328:978-0-521-30182-4 2281:978-2-8111-0306-4 2253:978-0-7591-1502-6 1891:978-0-19-021096-0 1863:978-0-521-30182-4 1585:978-0-521-20981-6 1396:978-0-8239-2000-6 1100:978-1-59884-362-0 846:Oueddei Kichidemi 822:(1966–1979), the 688:Toubou people in 499:Y-DNA haplogroups 450:Harold MacMichael 426: 425: 302:Tibesti mountains 217:Tibesti Mountains 197: 196: 16:(Redirected from 3402: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3083: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2918: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2738: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2708: 2691:(6): 1316–1324. 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2655:. Archived from 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2629:. Archived from 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2603:. Archived from 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2570:. Archived from 2569: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2210:(401): 104–107. 2201: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1939: 1938: 1921:(376): 632–635. 1912: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1790:(1–2): 137–155. 1781: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1755: 1737: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1691: 1674:(6): 1316–1324. 1659: 1653: 1652: 1634: 1617:(6): 1316–1324. 1601: 1590: 1589: 1573: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1511:(3/4): 201–203. 1496: 1490: 1489: 1469: 1460: 1459: 1447: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1410: 1401: 1400: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1212: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1132: 1126: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1016: 945:Libyan Civil War 919:Libyan civil war 873:Goukouni Oueddei 421: 418: 400: 393: 376: 367: 281:Goukouni Oueddei 116: 114: 113: 98: 96: 95: 80: 78: 77: 60: 53:Total population 45: 38: 21: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3399: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3115: 3110: 3080: 3075: 2950: 2945: 2915: 2910: 2827: 2806:Coptic Orthodox 2770: 2765: 2730: 2722: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2540: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2472: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1942: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1831: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1603: 1602: 1593: 1586: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1517:10.2307/3854742 1498: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1448:. Basic Books. 1439: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1362: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1327: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1213:. M.E. Sharpe. 1204: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1135: 1127: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1101: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1068:. 21 April 2021 1060: 1059: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1006: 984: 970:In March 2012, 957:Muammar Gaddafi 953:Fezzan campaign 915:Muammar Gaddafi 892: 886:after 8 years. 869:Moral authority 859:After 1967 the 800: 787: 766: 682: 628: 589: 556: 489: 422: 416: 413: 406:needs expansion 391: 386: 385: 384: 383: 379: 378: 377: 369: 368: 293: 231:, northeastern 144: 111: 109: 93: 91: 75: 73: 48: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3385:African nomads 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3357: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2721: 2720: 2670: 2644: 2618: 2588: 2577:on 13 May 2021 2553: 2538: 2510: 2503: 2485: 2470: 2442: 2435: 2415: 2408: 2388: 2381: 2361: 2354: 2334: 2327: 2304: 2287: 2280: 2260: 2252: 2229: 2183: 2177:978-2858022212 2176: 2156: 2150:978-8791563485 2149: 2129: 2110:(1): 149–161. 2094: 2067: 2061:978-0521304764 2060: 2040: 2033: 2013: 1940: 1897: 1890: 1869: 1862: 1844: 1829: 1801: 1767: 1722:Genome Biology 1707: 1654: 1591: 1584: 1555: 1538: 1491: 1485:978-0759107489 1484: 1461: 1454: 1432: 1425: 1402: 1395: 1375: 1360: 1332: 1326:978-0253216465 1325: 1305: 1299:978-9004097964 1298: 1279: 1273:978-0313279188 1272: 1252: 1245: 1226: 1219: 1197: 1171: 1156: 1133: 1118: 1106: 1099: 1079: 1053: 1032: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 995: 990: 983: 980: 972:bloody clashes 891: 888: 799: 796: 786: 783: 765: 762: 723:Zaghawa people 681: 678: 627: 624: 588: 585: 555: 552: 534:, such as the 488: 485: 462:Zaghawa people 424: 423: 403: 401: 390: 387: 381: 380: 371: 370: 362: 361: 360: 359: 358: 338:Ennedi Plateau 292: 289: 259:branch of the 253:Tebu languages 215:native to the 195: 194: 180: 179: 175: 174: 163: 162: 158: 157: 150:Chadian Arabic 133:Tebu languages 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 106: 105: 102: 88: 87: 84: 70: 69: 65: 64: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 31: 26: 24: 18:Toubou culture 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3407: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3365:Toubou people 3363: 3362: 3360: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151:Dar Daju Daju 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3129:Baggara Arabs 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832:Ethnic groups 2830: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2671: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2471:9781108566315 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2206:(in French). 2205: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2034:9782858022212 2030: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1997:public domain 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917:(in French). 1916: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1830:9781108566315 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455:9780465086108 1451: 1446: 1445: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1426:9781409490364 1422: 1418: 1417: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1361:9781108566315 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1246:9780195139778 1242: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1220:9781563243004 1216: 1211: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1054: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1003: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 981: 979: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 909: 904: 896: 889: 887: 885: 882: 878: 877:Hissène Habré 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 826: 821: 812: 804: 797: 791: 784: 782: 780: 775: 770: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 743: 738: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 711: 707: 702: 695: 691: 686: 679: 677: 675: 674: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 634: 625: 623: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 586: 581: 576: 568: 560: 553: 551: 549: 543: 541: 540:Laal speakers 537: 533: 529: 524: 523:autosomal DNA 520: 516: 512: 509:, and 1% for 508: 504: 500: 496: 495: 486: 484: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 451: 447: 443: 439: 430: 420: 417:November 2016 411: 407: 404:This section 402: 399: 395: 394: 388: 375: 366: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342:Bahr el Gazel 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 320:and northern 319: 315: 310: 307: 303: 299: 290: 288: 286: 285:Hissène Habré 282: 276: 274: 273: 268: 267: 262: 258: 254: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 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