745:
significance. The solitary form of the female term, "Kamadjedo" or "Kamadjero", might be seen as implausible and without coherence, whilst the plural form of the female term, "Kamadjeda", has an exceptionally peculiar and irrational quality. These terms are devoid of any discernible significance. The mispronunciation in question may be attributed to the challenges faced by French colonists while attempting to articulate the phoneme represented by the letter "Y" in the alphabet. As a replacement, they frequently resorted to apply the phonetic sounds of "Dj" or "J". Moreover, the explorers who visited Borkou before the French colonization made contributions to the misinterpretation of various expressions, as evidenced by Gustav
Nichtigal's works. These inaccuracies include referring to the Yira clan as Jira, the Yenoa clan as Jenoa, the Yin oasis as Jin, the Yarda oasis as Jarda, the Faya oasis as Faja, the Bidayet community as Bidajet, and the Goli Yeskou as Goli Jeskou (Black snake), many more other carelessness. These oversights and misinterpretations are notable in the exploration literatures. The term "Kamadja" has become somewhat entrenched a certain level of permanence but is losing its relevance of the Kamaya ethnic group due to its lack of self-identification and it is important to note that this term was introduced and propagated by Europeans, and there is a belief that it has inaccurately misquoted, misconstrued, and distorted the sound of "Y" to "Dj" or "J" in the names of various clans, tribes, communities, rural areas, organisms, and numerous other entities throughout the entirety of Chad.
749:
and "Yédé" denotes an occupant. In this context, "Yé" indicates the act of dwelling, while "Dé" stands as the indicator of a singular form. Thus, the expression "Kama-Dro-Yédé" may be interpreted as "the individual who dwells in the valley" of the palm grove situated in the Faya oasis. The ancient designation for the clans of Kamaya was "Kamayada", with "Ya" denoting habitation and "Da" indicating plurality. Conversely, "Kamayédé" is the singular and authentic noun used to refer to an occupant of the Faya palm grove oasis valley, since the suffix "Dé" is appended to the solitary form of "Yé". Therefore, the designation "Kamaya" refers to the natives of the valley that is situated in the palm grove of Faya oasis. In Dazaga, the community is called "Kama-Yanga" which means the Kamaya canton and together with the suffix "Ga" implies the dialect spoken by the
Dazagada. In the linguistic context under consideration, the citizens of the aforementioned canton are referred to as "Kamay" in the singular form for males, while the singular form for females may be either "Kamaydo" or "Kamayro", with the vocalization of the suffix varying across specific regions and individuals' accents, ranging from "Do" to "Ro". The plural form of the noun "female" may be expressed as either "Kamayda" or "Kamayra", whereas the plural form for males and as a general reference is "Kamaya".
737:
Ennedi, uncovered the liberation center situated in Borkou. Several of these slaves escaped and sought refuge in Borkou under the protection of the Kamaya canton and they were subsequently emancipated by the esteemed chief, Al-Haj Kellei
Chahami, who granted them land that enabled them to settle, and this district was formerly referred to as "Ni-Agaranga" in Dazaga, which literally translates to "country of slaves" in the Faya-Largeau city. However, the Borkou municipality opted to rechristen it as "Quartier Huit" (Eighth Quarter) as a euphemistic expression. After the abolition of slavery in 1953, the chief Kellei Chahami admitted the descendants of former captives to the canton, where they were recognized as full members and can move around freely and in this way, the last fraction of the Kamaya canton thus was established. Not only the captives were attached to the Kamaya canton, but along with all foreigners who resided in Faya, including Fezzanais (Libyan refugees who fled Italian brutality in 1929 before the Italian colonialists' progression into southern Libya, the Fezzan region), Ouadaens from the Chad's Waddai region, prostitutes, blacksmiths etc, were also attached to the Kamaya canton. All of these individuals' concerns were conveyed to the colonizers via the Kamaya canton.
741:
respond that they know the freed captives' people led them to assume this title. However, once the descendants of freed slaves embrace this belief and depart, the Teda proceed to use insulting terms such as "blind," "stupid," and "unintelligent," as well as other terms that are demeaning. The term "Kamadja" is a mispronunciation of Kamaya, and the Teda are grudgingly attempting to sabotage the Toubou
Gourane Kamaya clans' federation reputation since the Kamaya's history was fabricated by the French colonists and Teda took advantage of the situation by misleading their freed slave descendants and the general public.
892:
564:
32:
363:
929:(TFSL) staged an uprising in November 2008 which lasted for five days and claimed 33 lives before being crushed by government security forces. Despite resistance and public condemnation, the Gaddafi regime continued its persecution of the Toubou minority in Libya. Beginning in November 2009, the government began a program of forced eviction and demolition of Toubou homes, rendering many Toubou homeless. Several dozens who protested the destruction were arrested, and families who refused to leave their homes were beaten.
884:
800:
967:. In response, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, the leader of the Toubou tribe in Libya threatened a separatist bid, decrying what he saw as "ethnic cleansing" against Toubou and declaring "We announce the reactivation of the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya to protect the Toubou people from ethnic cleansing." The TFSL was the opposition group active in the unrest of 2007–2008 that was "ruthlessly persecuted" by the Gaddafi government.
792:
387:
779:
674:
101:
83:
65:
604:, goats, cattle, donkeys and sheep. Livestock is a major part of their wealth, and trade. Livestock is also used as a part of dowry payment during marriage, either as one where the groom's family agrees to pay to the bride's family in exchange for the bride, or it is given by the bride's kin to supply the young couple with economic resources in order to start a family.
354:
556:
548:
1981:
714:. According to Paul Lovejoy – a professor of African History, the 19th century records show that these segregated Toubou castes followed the same customs and traditions as the rest of the Toubou, but they were independent in their politics and beliefs, much like the artisan castes found in many ethnic groups of western Chad such as the
2247:, Quote: ""Like the Tuareg, the Toubous have a distinct hierarchy, with three separate levels: Teda/Daza, Aza artisans and slaves. (...) the blacksmiths were segregated from the larger populace and seen as contemptible. (...) No Teda/Daza would think of marrying a blacksmith. They are a caste apart, marrying only among themselves."
418:
539:, and 76.0% for the Libyan. North African samples were closer to Eurasian populations than to Sub-Saharan populations, implying that the Sahara Desert might have represented a major barrier within Africa. In contrast, the three Khoisan groups presented significantly small proportions of a Eurasian component (3.83–4.11%).
639:
Toubou legal customs are generally based on
Islamic law, that allows restitution and revenge. Murder, for example, is settled directly between the families of the victim and the murderer. Toubou honour requires that someone from the victim's family try to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts
635:
Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions among the Toubou generate a broader sense of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial period (and since independence in 1960), Chadian administrations have conferred legality and legitimacy on these regional
267:
The Toubou people are also referred to as the Tabu, Tebu, Tebou, Tibu, 'Tibbu, Toda, Todga, Todaga, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga, or Gorane people. The Daza are sometimes referred to as Gouran (or Gorane, Goran, Gourane), an
Arabian exonym. Many of Chad's leaders have been Toubou (Gouran), including presidents
748:
On the other end of the spectrum, the nomenclature of Kamaya has signification, value, and historical origins rooted in the expression "Kama-Dro-Yédé". This expression pertains to the inhabitant of the Faya oasis in the accent of Kanem Dazaga, where "Kama" describes a valley, "Dro" implies interior,
740:
The descendants of freed slaves who located in the
Tibesti region for many years approach their former masters inquiring about their past. In response, the Teda deliberately allege their identity as "Kamadja" to their freed captives, who question about the significance of this designation. The Teda
736:
In the year 1953, Al-Haj Kellei
Chahami, a highly esteemed privileged chieftain of the Kamaya canton, an agreement with the French colonizers decreed the emancipation of all slaves and suppressed the use of captives in the Borkou region, while slaves from the contiguous regions, such as Tibesti and
627:
According to Jean
Chapelle, a colonial officer of history specializing in Chadian ethnic groups (although his book in Borkou has caused a significant degree of wrongdoing), the clan system developed out of necessity. Nomadic life means being scattered throughout a region; therefore, belonging to a
757:
The Teda, in particular, forbids marriage between cousins, up to 9 generations unrelated, a tradition prevalent with many Muslim ethnic groups in Africa, however, the Daza of Kanem, Bahr el-Ghazal, and certain clans of Borkou and Ennedi marry close cousins since it is not prohibited in the Quran,
744:
The linguistic analysis reveals that the term "Kamadja" does not exist in either the Dazaga or Tedaga languages. The tone terms, namely "Kamadja" for the male plural and as general and "Kamadji" for the male singular, are used as generic phrases. It is worth noting that these terms lack inherent
725:
Marriage between a member of the Azza and a member from a different strata of the Toubou people has been culturally unacceptable. The Azza are Dazaga-speaking people who sprang from the
Dazagara. The majority of Teda speak and understand Dazaga, however, the Dazagada do not always clearly grasp
1691:
We also find the Eurasian haplogroup T in Toubou, with Toubou having a high frequency (31%) of their studied males belonging to this haplogroup … instances of this haplogroup in examined ancient populations are in the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) population which we found to be the most significant
534:
In 2019, B Lorente-Galdos using whole genome analysis, found that in the two Northeastern Sub-Saharan samples, this Western Eurasian ancestry in their Toubou sample was 31.4%, and it was 14.9% for the East African Bantu. The Toubou also maintained similar genetic distance to other Sub-Saharan
619:
Many Toubou people still follow a semi-nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. Those who prefer a settled life typically live in palm-thatched, rectangular or cylindrical mud houses. The Toubou are patrilineal, with an elder male heading the lineage. The second order of Toubou kinship is to the
297:
means "Rocky Mountains". The first syllable "Tu" refers to the Tibesti mountains, as known by the natives (Tuda), and the second syllable "bo" refers to blood in the Kanembou language; thus, people from the Tibesti region are referred to as Tubou." Their name is derived from this.
2667:
Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (December 2016).
1593:
Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Bergström, Anders; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Hallast, Pille; Saif-Ali, Riyadh; Al-Habori, Molham; Dedoussis, George; Zeggini, Eleftheria; Blue-Smith, Jason; Wells, R. Spencer; Xue, Yali; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (December 2016).
925:. In December 2007, the Gaddafi government stripped Toubou Libyans of their citizenship, claiming that they were not Libyans, but rather Chadians. In addition, local authorities denied Toubou people access to education and healthcare. In response, an armed group called the
284:
The Toubou people have historically lived in northern Chad, northeastern Niger, and southern Libya. They have sometimes been called the "black nomads of the Sahara". They are distributed across a large area in the central Sahara, as well as the north-central
441:
states that the Bayuda desert was still known as the desert of Goran; a name as MacMichael has shown, connected with the Kura'án of today. This reaffirms that the Kura'án (Goran) of today, occupy much of the same territory as the Garamantes once did.
864:, became one of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT. Goukouni was to become a national figure; he played an important role in the battles of N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980 and served as head of state for a time. Another northerner,
611:, a salt-like substance which is essential in nearly all components of Toubou life from medicine, as a mixture in chewing tobacco, preservation, tanning, soap production, textiles and for livestock. Literacy rates among the Toubou are quite low.
1704:
Lorente-Galdos, Belen; Lao, Oscar; Serra-Vidal, Gerard; Santpere, Gabriel; Kuderna, Lukas F. K.; Arauna, Lara R.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Pimenoff, Ville N.; Soodyall, Himla; Zalloua, Pierre; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Comas, David (26 April 2019).
733:). Slaves entered the Toubou Teda and Daza societies from raids and warfare on other ethnic groups in lands to their south. All slaves were the property of their masters, their caste was endogamous, and their status was inherited by birth.
631:
A second factor is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does not occupy the central place of the parental clan, it provides ties. The third factor is protective relationships at the primary residence.
514:
was Eurasian in origin, and their African ancestral component was best represented by Laal-speaking populations. The most likely source of this Eurasian DNA, according to the analysis, was central European Neolithic farmers
313:. They consider themselves a warrior people. The Daza live towards the Sahel region and are spread over much of north-central Chad. The Daza consist of numerous clans. Some major tribes, clans, societies of the Daza, or
689:
The Toubou people, states Jean Chapelle, have been socially stratified with an embedded caste system. The three strata have consisted of the freemen with a right to own property, the artisanal castes and the slaves.
765:
may have different owners. Each family's rights to the use of particular plots of land are recognized by other clan members. Families also may have privileged access to certain wells and the right to a part of the
705:
occupations, such as metal work, leather work, salt mining, well digging, dates farming, pottery and tailoring, and they have traditionally been despised and segregated by other strata of the Toubou, much like the
239:
The Toubou are generally divided into two closely related groups: the Teda (or Tuda, TĂ©da, Toda, Tirah) and the Daza (or Dazzaga, Dazagara, Dazagada). They are believed to share a common origin and speak the
2641:
758:
they also doubt the origins of individuals and misalliance. A man may marry and have multiple wives according to Islamic tenets, however, this practice is only somewhat prevalent in Toubou society.
2585:
2554:"Summary prepared by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human rights Council resolution 5/1: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"
321:, Choraga, Dazza, Djagada, Dogorda, Donza, Gaeda, Kamaya, Kara, Ketcherda, Kokorda, Mourdiya, Nara, Wandja, Yirah and many more. The Daza cover the northern regions of Chad such as the
535:
samples, but was also genetically close to North African and non-African samples. The Eurasian component in the North African individuals was present at high rates of 84.9% for the
761:
The ownership of land, animals, and resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a particular clan, land, trees (usually date palms), and nearby
1707:"Whole-genome sequence analysis of a Pan African set of samples reveals archaic gene flow from an extinct basal population of modern humans into sub-Saharan populations"
2927:
2645:
3092:
2747:
437:
stress that the Garamantes and the Toubou seem to occupy the same lands. Which spans from the Fezzan (Phazania) as far south as Nubia. Further evidence is given by
2553:
3378:
2129:
Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones : Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006
921:(STP) reported "massive discrimination" against the Toubou minority, which resides in the southeastern corner of the country around the oasis town of
770:
from the fields irrigated by their water. Within the clan and family contexts, individuals also may have personal claims to palm trees and animals.
926:
896:
2593:
636:
groupings by dividing the Teda and Daza regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons and appointing chiefs to administer them.
3383:
2526:
2491:
2423:
2396:
2369:
2342:
2315:
2268:
2240:
1878:
1850:
1572:
1383:
1087:
333:
in the south and also the Tibesti mountains and the neighbouring countries. There is a diaspora community of several thousand Daza living in
1168:
2920:
845:, became a symbol of opposition to the Chadian government. This role enhanced the position of the Derde from the Tumagra tribe of Toubou.
3085:
2740:
2164:
2137:
2048:
1472:
1313:
1286:
1260:
482:
2615:
2458:
2021:
1817:
1442:
1413:
1348:
1233:
1207:
853:
487:
371:
Toubou people's approximate distribution (left). They are found near the Tibesti massif in Chad, particularly to its north and west.
490:
from samples obtained from 75 Toubou men, haplogroups associated with paternal Eurasian ancestry were present at rates of 34% for
808:
3368:
3363:
2913:
1653:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations (Supplementary Information)"
891:
3358:
3078:
2733:
918:
458:
330:
2811:
1155:
A history of the Arabs in the Sudan and some account of the people who preceded them and of the tribes inhabiting Darfur
2560:
902:
The Toubou minority in Libya suffered what has been described as "massive discrimination" both under the leadership of
563:
31:
1765:
2799:
628:
clan means that the individual is likely to find hospitable clan people in most settlements or camps of any size.
3268:
1996:
652:
495:
2187:[Three books on the populations of northern Chad by Jean Chapelle, Annie Lebeuf and Albert Le Rouvreur]
1153:
2064:
Scheele, Judith (March 2015). "The values of 'anarchy': moral autonomy among Tubu-speakers in northern Chad".
3373:
817:
came to occupy a more important position. In 1965 the Chadian government assumed direct authority over the
3353:
2804:
2185:"Trois ouvrages sur les populations du Nord du Tchad de Jean Chapelle, Annie Lebeuf et Albert Le Rouvreur"
516:
425:
The ancient history of the Toubou people is unclear. They may be related to the 'Ethiopians' mentioned by
421:
The zones occupied by the Toubou and, the local names of the tribal confederacies that occupy these zones.
362:
249:
3101:
2936:
2794:
2789:
2756:
2184:
1895:
986:
981:
933:
499:
3139:
2854:
2777:
976:
715:
468:, the Toubou inhabited lands which were frequently used by merchant caravans, specifically along the
665:(spiritual head) who is recognized as the clan judge, and arbitrates conflict and levies sanctions.
3189:
3027:
3017:
2782:
2670:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations"
1596:"Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations"
960:
937:
826:
682:
465:
229:
2359:
865:
273:
2859:
2532:
2464:
2208:
2108:
1919:
1823:
1633:
1517:
1354:
446:
434:
264:(Dazaga Gouran). Of the two groups, the Daza, found to the south of the Teda, are more numerous.
883:
2864:
2764:
2699:
2522:
2487:
2454:
2419:
2413:
2392:
2386:
2365:
2338:
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2160:
2133:
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2017:
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1813:
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1564:
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1379:
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1309:
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1229:
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1083:
837:, recognized but little respected up to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile in
834:
438:
290:
245:
205:
2285:
3169:
3007:
2849:
2689:
2681:
2514:
2446:
2200:
2100:
2091:
Buijtenhuijs, Robert (2001). "The Chadian Tubu: Contemporary Nomads Who Conquered a State".
2073:
1911:
1805:
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1718:
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1607:
1501:
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907:
861:
269:
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2619:
1029:
945:
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903:
857:
791:
260:
1536:
1008:
822:
1051:"Indigenous World 2021: Libya - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs"
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of the Dazagra, replaced Goukouni of the Teda in 1982, and eventually lost power to the
236:. Their society is clan-based, with each clan having certain oases, pastures and wells.
3319:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3206:
3184:
3144:
3129:
3012:
2894:
2879:
2772:
2694:
2669:
1741:
1706:
1677:
1652:
1620:
1595:
1196:
872:
869:
711:
531:
had considerably lower Eurasian admixture, at only 0.3–2% (Sara) and 1.25–4.5% (Laal).
450:
294:
241:
197:
180:
172:
138:
121:
386:
3347:
3314:
3309:
3300:
3273:
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3253:
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3179:
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3112:
3049:
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3034:
3022:
2997:
2957:
2889:
2869:
2827:
2536:
2468:
2112:
1985:
1827:
1766:"The position of Tubu women in pastoral production: Daza Kesherda, Republic of Niger"
1557:
1431:
1405:
Economic Spaces of Pastoral Production and Commodity Systems: Markets and Livelihoods
1358:
1050:
719:
528:
511:
318:
254:
176:
142:
129:
125:
2442:
The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
1801:
The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
1637:
1332:
The Value of Disorder : Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
252:
language family. Tebu is divided further into two closely related languages, called
3174:
3059:
3002:
2992:
2977:
2967:
2415:
Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan
2307:
Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan
1843:
Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt Production and Trade in the Central Sudan
964:
842:
454:
342:
201:
1784:
433:, but this is speculative, as Jean Chapelle argues. Furthermore, scholars such as
2154:
2127:
2038:
2011:
1462:
1403:
1303:
1223:
1077:
726:
Tedaga. Dazaga is the most commonly used language in BET by all its inhabitants.
3283:
3278:
3258:
3243:
3223:
3211:
3159:
3149:
3054:
2982:
2972:
2961:
2947:
2832:
778:
673:
568:
524:
159:
2685:
1668:
1611:
3196:
3154:
2510:
The Value of Disorder: Autonomy, Prosperity, and Plunder in the Chadian Sahara
2104:
1723:
762:
430:
1732:
1513:
2712:
2077:
702:
601:
589:
581:
426:
2703:
2204:
1915:
1750:
1686:
1629:
555:
449:, the earliest mention as the Toubou people is perhaps that along with the
2518:
2450:
1809:
1340:
1117:
1102:
547:
2905:
1990:
536:
334:
3070:
2725:
2508:
2440:
2212:
1923:
1799:
1330:
1140:
841:, and, with the support of Toubou students at the Islamic University of
2837:
1521:
1489:
818:
767:
656:
597:
353:
322:
2334:
Anarchie Et Cohésion Sociale Chez Les Toubou: Les Daza Késerda (Niger)
2040:
Anarchie Et Cohésion Sociale Chez Les Toubou: Les Daza Késerda (Niger)
1588:
1586:
1584:
1402:
Gertel, Prof Dr Jörg; Heron, Professor Richard Le (28 November 2012).
807:
Much of the political class of Chad are drawn from Dazaga. During the
472:
oasis routes. It is unknown if the Toubou enganged with the caravans.
3295:
2987:
2884:
2842:
1541:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Cambridge : University Press.
953:
949:
678:
608:
510:
appeared at a rate of 5%. The study also found that 20–30% of Toubou
338:
326:
314:
302:
209:
134:
1505:
963:
broke out between Toubou and Arab tribesmen in the southern city of
922:
914:
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554:
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417:
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306:
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233:
225:
221:
217:
155:
106:
88:
2361:
International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE-Esperanto. Vol. 1
1984:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
621:
520:
310:
213:
70:
3074:
2909:
2729:
2716:
491:
381:
821:
Mountains, sending a military garrison and administrators to
2290:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–90 with footnotes.
2257:
Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan; Mahamam Tidjani Alou (2009).
1079:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
1804:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–196.
860:
became military authority shortly thereafter when his son,
2159:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan. pp. 7–8, 343–344.
2418:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–147, 274–275.
2126:
Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' (2009).
829:
had roused considerable opposition among the Toubou. The
305:
regions around the borders of southeast Libya, northeast
2388:
Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World
825:, the capital of Tibesti Sub-prefecture. Within a year,
2616:"Libya: Toubou rebels engage in battle against Gaddafi"
640:
eventually end with negotiations to settle the matter.
398:
2364:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 492.
1898:[Black Nomads of the Sahara by Jean Chapelle]
1550:
1548:
2484:
Neo-Panafricanism Foreign Powers and Non-State Actors
2445:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
2310:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147, 272–273.
1335:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
2642:"Libya's Toubou tribal leader raises separatist bid"
1252:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
936:, Toubou tribespeople in Libya sided with the rebel
2820:
2763:
795:
Toubou (Gorane) camel rider in Ennedi plateau, Chad
655:. Among the Tumagra clan of the Teda people in the
166:
149:
115:
97:
79:
61:
56:
41:
2299:
2297:
1556:
1430:
1195:
2232:African Herders: Emergence of Pastoral Traditions
1464:African Herders: Emergence of Pastoral Traditions
1375:Tubu: The Teda and the Dazagra(kara/anakaza/daza)
580:Toubou life centers on raising and herding their
2391:. William Carey Library. pp. 178–180, 193.
2224:
2222:
607:In a few places, the Toubou also mine salt and
2263:. Paris: KARTHALA Editions. pp. 280–281.
2066:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
1999:. 1988. Toubou and Daza: Nomads of the Sahara.
1692:reference for the Eurasian ancestry in Toubou.
3086:
2921:
2741:
1378:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–10.
1169:"Important Facts About the Tibesti Mountains"
8:
2337:. Les Editions de la MSH. pp. 187–188.
429:in 430 BCE, as a people being hunted by the
337:, Sudan and a couple of thousand working in
24:
2178:
2176:
1538:The tribes of Northern and Central Kordofán
1456:
1454:
1228:. Oxford University Press. 1 January 2003.
1113:
1111:
551:Toubou (Gorane) woman in traditional attire
289:. They are particularly found north of the
3093:
3079:
3071:
2928:
2914:
2906:
2748:
2734:
2726:
2713:
1896:"Nomades Noirs du Sahara de Jean Chapelle"
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
729:The lowest social strata were the slaves (
643:Reconciliation follows the payment of the
502:. The North African associated haplogroup
461:mentions the Daza people (southern Teda).
30:
23:
2693:
2513:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2507:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
2439:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
1798:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
1740:
1722:
1676:
1619:
1397:
1395:
1329:Brachet, Julien; Scheele, Judith (2019).
1225:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
453:in an 8th-century text by Arabic scholar
2548:
2546:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1871:The Libyan Revolution and Its Aftermath
1864:
1862:
1563:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1278:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
997:
927:Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya
897:Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya
2674:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2482:Olympio, Francisco Kofi Nyaxo (2013).
2235:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 135, 142.
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1600:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1003:
1001:
956:for the rebel movement a month later.
803:Flag of the Toubou people used in Chad
483:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2043:(in French). Les Editions de la MSH.
1467:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 127–129.
1198:Africa's Wars and Prospects for Peace
1194:Copson, Raymond W. (1 January 1994).
710:caste in southeastern Chad among the
7:
2586:"Libya rebels report loss of Qatrun"
2156:Nomades noirs du Sahara: les Toubous
2013:Nomades noirs du Sahara: les Toubous
1869:Cole, Peter; McQuinn, Brian (2015).
506:were present at rates of 28%, while
301:The Teda are found primarily in the
57:Regions with significant populations
2287:A History of the Arabs in the Sudan
2016:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan.
1494:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2590:The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon
1657:American Journal of Human Genetics
1555:J. D. Fage; Roland Oliver (1975).
1535:MacMichael, Harold Alfred (1912).
1076:Shoup, John A. (31 October 2011).
486:(Haber et al. 2016) that examined
480:According to a study published in
16:Ethnic group in the central Sahara
14:
854:National Liberation Front of Chad
852:hoped to rally the Toubou to the
3379:People of the Chadian–Libyan War
1979:
1433:Three journeys: an automythology
948:, briefly capturing the town of
385:
361:
352:
200:, meaning "rock people") are an
99:
81:
63:
1559:The Cambridge History of Africa
1845:. Cambridge University Press.
1490:"Christianity and the Ḳura'án"
1429:Zweig, Paul (1 January 1976).
919:Society for Threatened Peoples
887:Situation in Libya in May 2016
584:, or on farming the scattered
519:). Other ethnic groups in the
36:Toubou men in traditional gear
1:
1785:10.1080/00141844.1987.9981339
1302:Young, Tom (1 January 2003).
567:Toubou camel riders north of
47:
3384:Muslim communities in Africa
2260:Les pouvoirs locaux au Niger
1461:Smith, Andrew Brown (2005).
1308:. Indiana University Press.
1305:Readings in African Politics
1281:. BRILL. 1993. p. 818.
1249:Olson, James Stuart (1996).
913:In a report released by the
464:During the expansive era of
1873:. Oxford University Press.
1408:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
3400:
2686:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012
2385:David J. Phillips (2001).
2037:Baroin, Catherine (1985).
1764:Baroin, Catherine (1987).
1669:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012
1612:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012
1118:Tedaga: A language of Chad
1103:Dazaga: A language of Chad
782:Toubou (Gorane) camel show
722:, Arab, Kouri and Danawa.
329:, the northern Kanem, the
3108:
2943:
2723:
2718:Links to related articles
2331:Catherine Baroin (1985).
2105:10.3366/afr.2001.71.1.149
1997:Federal Research Division
1841:Lovejoy, Paul E. (1986).
1724:10.1186/s13059-019-1684-5
1372:Catherine Baroin (1997).
1143:, Encyclopædia Britannica
1082:. ABC-CLIO. p. 284.
517:Linearbandkeramik culture
208:that inhabit the central
171:
154:
120:
46:
29:
2412:Paul E. Lovejoy (1986).
2358:William Frawley (2003).
2304:Paul E. Lovejoy (1986).
2284:H.A. MacMichael (1988).
2229:Andrew B. Smith (2005).
1255:. Greenwood Publishing.
952:and claiming to capture
944:against forces loyal to
940:and participated in the
701:) among Toubou have the
693:The endogamous caste of
2153:Chapelle, Jean (1982).
2078:10.1111/1467-9655.12141
2010:Chapelle, Jean (1982).
809:First Chadian Civil War
774:Contemporary conditions
3369:Ethnic groups in Niger
3364:Ethnic groups in Libya
2937:Ethnic groups in Niger
2486:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster.
2205:10.3406/geo.1965.16791
1916:10.3406/geo.1960.14782
1488:Kirwan, L. P. (1934).
899:
888:
804:
796:
783:
686:
600:. Their herds include
572:
560:
552:
422:
228:. They live either as
3359:Ethnic groups in Chad
3102:Ethnic groups in Chad
2757:Demographics of Libya
2519:10.1017/9781108566315
2451:10.1017/9781108566315
2193:Annales de GĂ©ographie
1992:Chad: A Country Study
1904:Annales de GĂ©ographie
1894:Le CĹ“ur, Ch. (1960).
1810:10.1017/9781108566315
1341:10.1017/9781108566315
987:Demographics of Libya
982:Demographics of Niger
906:as well as after the
894:
886:
802:
794:
781:
676:
669:Social stratification
588:where they cultivate
566:
559:Toubou family in Chad
558:
550:
420:
317:, include the Alala,
244:, which are from the
167:Related ethnic groups
2183:Cabot, Jean (1965).
2132:(in French). IWGIA.
1651:Marc, Haber (2016).
1152:MacMichael, Harold:
977:Demographics of Chad
938:anti-Gaddafi forces
827:abuses of authority
683:George Francis Lyon
659:region, there is a
494:(R1b-V88), 31% for
466:Trans-Saharan trade
232:or as farmers near
224:, and northwestern
26:
2622:on 7 November 2014
2596:on 22 January 2013
1175:. 13 February 2018
900:
889:
805:
797:
784:
687:
647:(Islamic tenet of
573:
561:
553:
457:. The 9th century
447:Islamic literature
435:Laurence P. Kirwan
423:
397:. You can help by
258:(TĂ©da Toubou) and
230:herders and nomads
3341:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3068:
3067:
2903:
2902:
2648:on 15 August 2013
2528:978-1-108-56631-5
2493:978-3-643-90422-5
2425:978-0-521-30182-4
2398:978-0-87808-352-7
2371:978-0-19-513977-8
2344:978-0-521-30476-4
2317:978-0-521-30182-4
2270:978-2-8111-0306-4
2242:978-0-7591-1502-6
1880:978-0-19-021096-0
1852:978-0-521-30182-4
1574:978-0-521-20981-6
1385:978-0-8239-2000-6
1089:978-1-59884-362-0
835:Oueddei Kichidemi
811:(1966–1979), the
677:Toubou people in
488:Y-DNA haplogroups
439:Harold MacMichael
415:
414:
291:Tibesti mountains
206:Tibesti Mountains
186:
185:
3391:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3072:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2680:(6): 1316–1324.
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2644:. Archived from
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2618:. Archived from
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2592:. Archived from
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2559:. Archived from
2558:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2199:(401): 104–107.
2190:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1928:
1927:
1910:(376): 632–635.
1901:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1779:(1–2): 137–155.
1770:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1726:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1680:
1663:(6): 1316–1324.
1648:
1642:
1641:
1623:
1606:(6): 1316–1324.
1590:
1579:
1578:
1562:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1500:(3/4): 201–203.
1485:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1005:
934:Libyan Civil War
908:Libyan civil war
862:Goukouni Oueddei
410:
407:
389:
382:
365:
356:
270:Goukouni Oueddei
105:
103:
102:
87:
85:
84:
69:
67:
66:
49:
42:Total population
34:
27:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3104:
3099:
3069:
3064:
2939:
2934:
2904:
2899:
2816:
2795:Coptic Orthodox
2759:
2754:
2719:
2711:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2529:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2461:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1820:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1506:10.2307/3854742
1487:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1437:. Basic Books.
1428:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1351:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:. M.E. Sharpe.
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1057:. 21 April 2021
1049:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
999:
995:
973:
959:In March 2012,
946:Muammar Gaddafi
942:Fezzan campaign
904:Muammar Gaddafi
881:
875:after 8 years.
858:Moral authority
848:After 1967 the
789:
776:
755:
671:
617:
578:
545:
478:
411:
405:
402:
395:needs expansion
380:
375:
374:
373:
372:
368:
367:
366:
358:
357:
282:
220:, northeastern
133:
100:
98:
82:
80:
64:
62:
37:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:African nomads
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2710:
2709:
2659:
2633:
2607:
2577:
2566:on 13 May 2021
2542:
2527:
2499:
2492:
2474:
2459:
2431:
2424:
2404:
2397:
2377:
2370:
2350:
2343:
2323:
2316:
2293:
2276:
2269:
2249:
2241:
2218:
2172:
2166:978-2858022212
2165:
2145:
2139:978-8791563485
2138:
2118:
2099:(1): 149–161.
2083:
2056:
2050:978-0521304764
2049:
2029:
2022:
2002:
1929:
1886:
1879:
1858:
1851:
1833:
1818:
1790:
1756:
1711:Genome Biology
1696:
1643:
1580:
1573:
1544:
1527:
1480:
1474:978-0759107489
1473:
1450:
1443:
1421:
1414:
1391:
1384:
1364:
1349:
1321:
1315:978-0253216465
1314:
1294:
1288:978-9004097964
1287:
1268:
1262:978-0313279188
1261:
1241:
1234:
1215:
1208:
1186:
1160:
1145:
1122:
1107:
1095:
1088:
1068:
1042:
1021:
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
984:
979:
972:
969:
961:bloody clashes
880:
877:
788:
785:
775:
772:
754:
751:
712:Zaghawa people
670:
667:
616:
613:
577:
574:
544:
541:
523:, such as the
477:
474:
451:Zaghawa people
413:
412:
392:
390:
379:
376:
370:
369:
360:
359:
351:
350:
349:
348:
347:
327:Ennedi Plateau
281:
278:
248:branch of the
242:Tebu languages
204:native to the
184:
183:
169:
168:
164:
163:
152:
151:
147:
146:
139:Chadian Arabic
122:Tebu languages
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
95:
94:
91:
77:
76:
73:
59:
58:
54:
53:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3396:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Toubou people
3352:
3351:
3349:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
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3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
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3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Dar Daju Daju
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:Baggara Arabs
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
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3009:
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2989:
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2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
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2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:Ethnic groups
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2784:
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2701:
2696:
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2219:
2214:
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2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:(in French).
2194:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2157:
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2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
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2079:
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2060:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2023:9782858022212
2019:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:public domain
1976:
1974:
1972:
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1962:
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1946:
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1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:(in French).
1905:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1844:
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1825:
1821:
1819:9781108566315
1815:
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1528:
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1503:
1499:
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1476:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
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1451:
1446:
1444:9780465086108
1440:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1415:9781409490364
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:9781108566315
1346:
1342:
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1334:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1235:9780195139778
1231:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1209:9781563243004
1205:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
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1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
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1085:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1056:
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1046:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1022:
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1004:
1002:
998:
992:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
968:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
898:
893:
885:
878:
876:
874:
871:
867:
866:Hissène Habré
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
801:
793:
786:
780:
773:
771:
769:
764:
759:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
732:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
700:
696:
691:
684:
680:
675:
668:
666:
664:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
623:
614:
612:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
570:
565:
557:
549:
542:
540:
538:
532:
530:
529:Laal speakers
526:
522:
518:
513:
512:autosomal DNA
509:
505:
501:
498:, and 1% for
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
419:
409:
406:November 2016
400:
396:
393:This section
391:
388:
384:
383:
377:
364:
355:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Bahr el Gazel
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:and northern
308:
304:
299:
296:
292:
288:
279:
277:
275:
274:Hissène Habré
271:
265:
263:
262:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
143:Libyan Arabic
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:50,000–85,000
110:
108:
96:
92:
90:
78:
74:
72:
60:
55:
52:
45:
40:
33:
28:
19:
3290:
3190:Yerwa Kanuri
3044:
3028:Yerwa Kanuri
3018:Iwellemmedan
2874:
2790:Christianity
2677:
2673:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:the original
2589:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2561:the original
2509:
2502:
2483:
2477:
2441:
2434:
2414:
2407:
2387:
2380:
2360:
2353:
2333:
2326:
2306:
2286:
2279:
2259:
2252:
2231:
2196:
2192:
2155:
2148:
2128:
2121:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2072:(1): 32–48.
2069:
2065:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1907:
1903:
1889:
1870:
1842:
1836:
1800:
1793:
1776:
1772:
1759:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1690:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1603:
1599:
1558:
1537:
1530:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1463:
1432:
1424:
1404:
1374:
1367:
1331:
1324:
1304:
1297:
1277:
1271:
1251:
1244:
1224:
1218:
1197:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1172:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1120:, Ethnologue
1105:, Ethnologue
1098:
1078:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1054:
1045:
1035:18 September
1033:. Retrieved
1024:
1014:18 September
1012:. Retrieved
965:Sabha, Libya
958:
931:
912:
901:
895:Flag of the
856:(FROLINAT).
849:
847:
830:
812:
806:
760:
756:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
707:
698:
694:
692:
688:
660:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
606:
579:
533:
481:
479:
463:
459:al-Khwarizmi
455:Ibn Qutaybah
444:
424:
403:
399:adding to it
394:
343:Saudi Arabia
300:
283:
280:Distribution
266:
259:
253:
250:Nilo-Saharan
238:
212:in northern
202:ethnic group
193:
189:
187:
50:
21:Ethnic group
18:
2962:Diffa Arabs
2855:Circassians
2833:Arab-Berber
2652:21 November
2626:21 November
2600:21 November
1141:Teda people
873:Idriss DĂ©by
653:blood money
602:dromedaries
525:Sara people
293:, which in
216:, southern
3348:Categories
2805:Protestant
1179:26 October
1173:WorldAtlas
1061:26 October
993:References
576:Livelihood
431:Garamantes
3123:Shuweihat
3008:Idaksahak
2953:Ait-Awari
2860:Filipinos
2765:Religions
2570:27 August
2537:181557618
2469:181557618
2113:145784989
1828:181557618
1733:1474-760X
1717:(1): 77.
1514:0307-5133
1359:181557618
1055:iwgia.org
703:artisanal
582:livestock
427:Herodotus
116:Languages
75:1,074,343
51:1,225,933
3269:Sudanese
3234:Mandinka
3170:Hadjarai
2800:Catholic
2704:27889059
2213:23446423
1924:23445165
1751:31023378
1687:27889059
1638:38169172
1630:27889059
1158:. 1922.
971:See also
753:Marriage
716:Kanembou
569:N'Gourti
537:Saharawi
527:and the
476:Genetics
335:Omdurman
295:Old Tebu
198:Old Tebu
150:Religion
3325:Bidayat
3320:Zaghawa
3301:Anakaza
3249:Masalit
3239:Mararit
3229:Mandara
3207:Kujarke
3185:Kanembu
3145:Fongoro
3130:Bagirmi
3013:Igdalen
2958:Baggara
2865:Italian
2850:Berbers
2838:Bedouin
2695:5142112
1742:6485163
1678:5142112
1621:5142112
1522:3854742
1030:"Niger"
932:In the
870:Zaghawa
819:Tibesti
768:harvest
708:Hadahid
657:Tibesti
598:legumes
571:, Niger
543:Society
378:History
323:Bourkou
319:Anakaza
246:Saharan
181:Zaghawa
173:Kanembu
93:101,590
3315:Tupuri
3310:Tunjur
3296:Gouran
3291:Toubou
3274:Sungor
3264:Sinyar
3254:Musgum
3217:Bilala
3202:Kotoko
3180:Kanuri
3165:Haddad
3135:Buduma
3113:Amdang
3050:Tuareg
3045:Toubou
3040:Maouri
3035:Kurtey
3023:Kanuri
2998:Haddad
2988:Gouran
2885:Gouran
2875:Toubou
2870:Tuareg
2843:Dawada
2702:
2692:
2535:
2525:
2490:
2467:
2457:
2422:
2395:
2368:
2341:
2314:
2267:
2239:
2211:
2163:
2136:
2111:
2093:Africa
2047:
2020:
1988:.
1922:
1877:
1849:
1826:
1816:
1773:Ethnos
1749:
1739:
1731:
1685:
1675:
1636:
1628:
1618:
1571:
1567:–289.
1520:
1512:
1471:
1441:
1412:
1382:
1357:
1347:
1312:
1285:
1259:
1232:
1206:
1086:
1009:"Chad"
954:Murzuk
950:Qatrun
917:, the
823:BardaĂŻ
720:Yedina
685:, 1821
679:Qatrun
651:), or
645:Goroga
609:natron
339:Jeddah
325:, the
315:Gouran
303:Sahara
261:Dazaga
255:Tedaga
210:Sahara
196:(from
190:Toubou
177:Kanuri
135:Arabic
104:
86:
68:
25:Toubou
3175:Hausa
3060:Zarma
3003:Hausa
2993:Gurma
2978:Dogon
2968:Dendi
2895:Turks
2880:Copts
2828:Arabs
2778:Sunni
2773:Islam
2564:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2533:S2CID
2465:S2CID
2209:JSTOR
2189:(PDF)
2109:S2CID
1920:JSTOR
1900:(PDF)
1824:S2CID
1769:(PDF)
1634:S2CID
1518:JSTOR
1355:S2CID
923:Kufra
915:UNHCR
879:Libya
850:derde
843:Bayda
839:Libya
831:derde
814:derde
763:wells
731:Agara
681:, by
662:derde
649:Diyya
594:grain
590:dates
586:oases
508:E-M81
504:E-M78
470:Kufra
307:Niger
287:Sahel
234:oases
226:Sudan
222:Niger
218:Libya
160:Sunni
156:Islam
107:Libya
89:Niger
3284:Kimr
3279:Tama
3259:Sara
3244:Masa
3224:Maba
3212:Lisi
3160:Gula
3150:Fula
3055:Wogo
2983:Fula
2973:Daza
2948:Arma
2890:Doms
2812:Jews
2783:Shia
2700:PMID
2654:2014
2628:2014
2602:2014
2572:2011
2523:ISBN
2488:ISBN
2455:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2045:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1747:PMID
1729:ISSN
1683:PMID
1626:PMID
1569:ISBN
1510:ISSN
1469:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1181:2022
1084:ISBN
1063:2022
1037:2023
1016:2023
787:Chad
697:(or
695:Azza
622:clan
615:Clan
596:and
521:Chad
311:Chad
272:and
214:Chad
194:Tubu
188:The
130:Teda
126:Daza
71:Chad
3197:Kim
3155:Fur
2690:PMC
2682:doi
2515:doi
2447:doi
2201:doi
2101:doi
2074:doi
1912:doi
1806:doi
1781:doi
1737:PMC
1719:doi
1673:PMC
1665:doi
1616:PMC
1608:doi
1565:287
1502:doi
1337:doi
699:Aza
496:T1a
492:R1b
445:In
401:.
192:or
3350::
2698:.
2688:.
2678:99
2676:.
2672:.
2588:.
2545:^
2531:.
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2463:.
2453:.
2296:^
2221:^
2207:.
2197:74
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2175:^
2107:.
2097:71
2095:.
2070:21
2068:.
1995:.
1932:^
1918:.
1908:69
1902:.
1861:^
1822:.
1812:.
1777:52
1775:.
1771:.
1745:.
1735:.
1727:.
1715:20
1713:.
1709:.
1689:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
