Tourism in Cuba - Knowledge (XXG)

382:, where arrivals have been increasing by almost 10% annually since 2007. Europeans follow next, primarily arriving from Great Britain, Spain, Italy, France and Germany. According to the official government agency, it is unknown exactly how many Americans traveled to Cuba each year as tourists, in violation of U.S. trade policy. According to some statistics around 20,000 to 30,000 Americans illegally traveled to Cuba every year, while the Cuban government put it higher at over 60,000. Americans could either fly on the direct charter flights or reach Cuba via flights from Canada or Mexico. In June 2016, the US government authorized six airlines to start direct scheduled flights to Cuba. In January 2015, the US government had changed their legislation to make it easier for travel from the US to Cuba, further amended in March 2016. While parts of these loosened restrictions were later revoked by President Trump in 2017, travel to Cuba remains legal for US citizens who meet certain requirements. As of 2019, Americans are legally allowed to go to Cuba with an OFAC self-reporting General License if they meet the requirements for one of the 12 categories of legal travel (such as family visits, religious purposes, journalistic work, etc.) Independent travelers to Cuba can qualify for the "Support for the Cuban People" category by maintaining a full-time schedule of activities that fulfill this requirement. 992:

after its collapse saw tourism as an option to reduce the effects of the crisis. Cuba's touring numbers began to decrease during the 1960s through the 1980s due to the U.S embargo during the Cold War. Additionally, almost 62,000 tourists traveled to Cuba in 1960, 4180 tourists in 1961 and then almost zero over the next 20 years. Also, new hotels were built and old hotels were renovated to draw more international visitors. When Raul Castro rose to power in 2008, he implemented infrastructure reform to help reduce the effects of the Cuban revolution. The Cuban government built beach resorts in order to further expand tourism. Castro's reform policies led to increased tourism and large economic success in Cuba. In fact 2.7 million people visited Cuba in 2011, while only 340,000 people toured Cuba in 1990. The National GDP increased from 30.69 billion in 2002 to 114.10 billion in 2010. While infrastructure reform benefitted Cuba's GDP and tourism numbers, average spending decreased from $ 1,310 in 1995 to $ 876 in 2015. Furthermore, Cuba ranks one of the lowest for returns in the travel industry. Contributing to the low rank: low quality food, poor customer service, and low affordability. These issues must be resolved in order to maintain Cuba's tourism economically in the long-term.

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essentially eradicated on the island due to government initiatives and a significant drop in demand as tourism was minimized. With tourism becoming more prevalent in the 1990s, however, so did the practice of prostitution. The demographic profile of tourists (the overwhelming majority being men between ages 25–60) is a key indicator of the existence of prostitution. Additionally, websites and magazines, such as Playboy, have outlined the opportunities for both heterosexual and homosexual sex tourism. According to Trumbull, many prostitutes engage in the practice out of economic necessity, but they do not work in oppressive conditions and a large number of prostitutes in contemporary Havana see the work as a way to earn a better living than if they were to work in open jobs throughout the city. Therefore, contemporary prostitution is different than the sex tourism of the 1950s in this regard.

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environmental laws and policies. In 1995 the Cuban government established the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (CITMA) and in 1997 the National Assembly has enacted Law 81 of the Environment, one of the most comprehensive "framework" environmental laws in the region. Pursuant to that Law, the government adopted a number of decree laws and resolutions aimed at ensuring that future development (including tourism development) is sustainable. Of particular importance to tourism development is Decree Law 212, Coastal Zone Management, which establishes setbacks and other siting requirements for new facilities in coastal areas. CITMA Resolution 77/99 requires a thorough environmental assessment of major new construction projects and requires that project developers obtain an environmental license from CITMA.

779:, to allow for the recognition of foreign held capital. By the late 1990s, twenty five joint foreign and domestic venture companies were working within Cuba's tourist industry. Foreign investors and hoteliers from market based economies have found that Cuba's centralized economy and bureaucracy has created particular staffing issues and higher costs than normal. An additional factor cited by foreign investors is the degree of state involvement at the executive level, which is far higher than average. 38: 1024:

continue to struggle with poverty, crime, and general deterioration of living conditions. Since jobs in the tourist sector are so lucrative, these areas experience an incredible influx of residents which cannot possibly be supported by the number of opportunities in the legal job market. As such, many of the citizens who flood tourist areas turn to illicit alternatives such as prostitution or unlicensed self-employment (often offer taxi services, currency exchange, host casas particulares, etc.)

424: 1078:. He described the moves as an economic necessity that would need to be maintained for as long as the country had a need for foreign currency. According to Castro, the government was "pondering formulas" that would allow Cubans to use some of the tourist facilities as a reward for outstanding work, but he believed that giving Cubans access to amenities at the expense of paying foreign tourists would ultimately be a counterproductive move for the economy. 653: 743: 454: 3677: 713: 3687: 1089:, helped cause an about-face, although such contact was still frowned upon. Police often demanded identification checks of any Cubans seen in contact with tourists. Tourist identification was usually not checked unless the tourist has dark skin and was mistaken for Cuban. Despite the restrictions, average Cubans thrive on Cuba's tourist industry, and many simply see the policy as inevitable. 1093: 623: 1123: 30: 3697: 935: 533: 593: 563: 683: 503: 177: 318:

clubs, and beaches making them available to the general public at low rates. Tourist board chief Carlos Almonia announced a program of huge investment in hotels and the creation of a new airport. But fears of Cuba's post-revolutionary status amongst Americans, who constituted 8 out of 10 visitors, meant a rapid decline in tourism to the island.

1033: 127:, Cuba's government embarked on a major program to restore old hotels, remaining old pre-communism American cars, and restore several Havana streets to their former glory, as well as build beach resorts to bolster the tourist industry in order to bring in much needed finance to the island. To ensure the isolation of 371:

Between 1990 and 2000, more than $ 3.5 billion was invested in the tourist industry. The number of rooms available to international tourists grew from 12,000 to 35,000, and the country received a total of 10 million visitors over that period. By 1995 tourism had surpassed sugar as Cuba's chief income source.

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While the growth of tourism has benefited the city of Havana economically, there have been several negative side effects. One such side effect is the revival of sex tourism in the city. Sex tourism was a central part of the tourism industry before the Revolution. However, after 1960, prostitution was

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residences elsewhere, is usually referred to as a "casa particular", which simply means "private house". These are typically single-family residences, and are a very popular choice for tourists. Prices can range from 15 to 30 euros per night or less for longer stays. The casas provide an inexpensive

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Cuba remains one of the few countries with an economy established by a centralized government. Among those countries, only Cuba possesses a large international tourism sector. The fall of the USSR and the U.S. embargo imposed in 1961 affected Cuba's tourism sector. Cuba was dependent on the USSR and

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in 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a crisis in the Cuban economy. The Soviets were Cuba's chief trading partner, and had effectively sheltered Cuba's sugar industry with large subsidies for 30 years. The lack of economic diversification during this period, and the sudden loss of

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ordered the closing of many bars and gambling halls associated with prostitution and the drug trade, effectively ending Cuba's image as a hedonistic escape. A new governmental body, the National Institute of the Tourism Industry (INTUR), was established to encourage more tourism; taking over hotels,

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and economy has been significant. However, in recent years Cuba's tourism has decreased due to the economic recession, escalating foreign investment conflicts and fears, and internal economic restrictions. Since its reopening to tourism in the mid-1990s Cuba has not met the projected growth, has had

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to be contrary to U.S. foreign policy and against the national interest. Tourism that year dropped to a record low of a mere 4180, forcing a dramatic downsizing of Cuba's tourist plans. Visitors to Cuba during the 1960s, 70s and 80s were comparatively rare. The number of tourists to the island did

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Researchers find that the flocking of citizens to tourist regions such as Havana creates ‘tourist bubbles.’ This means that the isolated areas of the country visible to tourists are well maintained and developed to meet expectations of an ‘authentic’ experience while residents of surrounding areas

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tourism. And what is most important is that tourism product diversification (both product and spatial) can be achieved. Furthermore, by creating spatial and thematic product links as well as synergies (also with all-inclusive tourism), mountaineering, as well as other forms of active tourism (e.g.

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As tourism played an increasing role in the economy, a large percentage of young people migrate to resort towns seeking employment in the tourism industry. Many of them working in menial jobs can earn more through tips than they can employed as professionals. Thus, there is an economic and social

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have been downplayed by Cuban justice minister Maria Esther Reus. According to the Miami Herald, prostitution is not illegal in Cuba, but procuring a prostitute for others is outlawed. The age of sexual consent on the island is 16. According to a travel advice website by the government of Canada,

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Policies were drawn up to satisfy the growing tourist markets of Canada and Europe with an aim to replace Cuba's reliance on the sugar industry and gain much needed foreign currency rapidly. A new Ministry of Tourism was created in 1994, and the Cuban state invested heavily in tourist facilities.

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with Cuba and Canadians increasingly visited Cuba for vacations. Approximately one third of visitors to Cuba in 2014 were Canadians. The Cuban government has moderated its state ownership policies and allowed for localised and small private business since 1980. It also pursues revitalisation

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activity, however, it is not utilized properly. The mountaineering in Cuba should be considered to be one of the key contributors (as well as other forms of active tourism e.g. biking, diving, caving) to the development, prosperity, and well-being of all stakeholders, and especially for the

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The Cuban government has established safeguards designed to ensure that tourism and other development do not result in significant environmental impacts. The development of new tourist facilities and related infrastructure in Cuba must, among other things, proceed in accordance with Cuban

917:"Cuba is actively working to prevent child sex tourism, and a number of tourists, including Canadians, have been convicted of offences related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under. Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years." It is illegal to import or produce pornography in Cuba. 787:"In the conditions of a small country like Cuba... It is very difficult to develop... relying on one's own resources. It is for this reason that we have no alternative but to associate ourselves with those foreign enterprises that can supply capital, technology, and markets." 911:

sought to eliminate prostitution after taking power, the discrepancy between typical Cuban wages (less than one US dollar per day) and the spending power of foreign tourists lures some Cubans, including minors, into prostitution. However, allegations of widespread

75:, in the first part of the 20th century Cuba continued to develop with the influence of big investments, the creation of various industries, and growing travel to support mostly US interests and corporations. Its proximity (roughly 90 miles (140 km) from the 827:, generating annual revenues of around $ 40 million for the Cuban economy. Cuba has been a popular health tourism destination for more than 20 years. In 2005, more than 19,600 foreign patients traveled to Cuba for a wide range of treatments including 2533: 1070:

where, as much as possible, tourists would be segregated from Cuban society. This was not lost on the average Cuban citizen, and the government tourism policy soon began to be referred to as "enclave tourism" and "tourism apartheid".

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One of the most notable developments in recent years has been China's investment in Cuba's tourism sector. As of 2018, Chinese companies had invested over 700 million U.S. dollars in the construction of hotels other tourism projects.

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has long been an attractive destination for tourists. "Cuba treasures 253 protected areas, 257 national monuments, 7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 7 Natural Biosphere Reserves and 13 Fauna Refuge among other non-tourist zones."

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of the 1930s, the end of Prohibition, and World War II severely dampened Cuba's tourist industry, and it wasn't until the 1950s that numbers began to return to the island in any significant force. During this period, American

111:, and the tourism industry has not benefited as much as was predicted from normalised relations with America as the Trump administration reinstated a number of the pre-Cuban Thaw restrictions, and imposed fresh restrictions. 268: 782:

The influx of foreign capital, and associated capitalist management methods, led outside observers to question whether Cuba's socialist system could survive the resulting transformation. Fidel Castro responded in 1991,

875:, the Cuban government established mechanisms designed to turn the medical system into a profit-making enterprise, thus creating a disparity in the quality of healthcare services between Cubans and foreigners. 870:

asserts that the central revolutionary objective of free, quality medical care for all has been eroded by Cuba's need for foreign currency. Molina says that following the economic collapse known in Cuba as the

3074: 1063:. Those having access to dollars through contact with the lucrative tourist industry suddenly found themselves at a distinct financial advantage over professional, industrial and agricultural workers. 143:

surpassed Cuba's traditional export industry, sugar, as the nation's leading source of revenue. Visitors come primarily from Canada and western Europe and tourist areas are highly concentrated around

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Apollo, M. & Rettinger, R. (2018-03-07). "Mountaineering in Cuba: improvement of true accessibility as an opportunity for regional development of communities outside the tourism enclaves".

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Benur, A. M. & Bramwell, B. (2015). Tourism product development and product diversification in destinations. Tourism Management, 50, 213–224. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.005

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and instead advertise Cuba as a travel destination "where wine is flowing". Tourism became Cuba's third largest source of foreign currency, behind the two dominant industries of

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Foreign investment in the Cuban tourism sector has increased steadily since the tourism drive. This has been made possible due to constitutional changes to Cuba's socialist

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Daniel J. Whittle, et al., International Tourism and the Protection of Cuba's Coastal and Marine Environments, in Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Volume 16, Summer 2003.

1564: 1048:, some hotels and resorts were opened only to foreign tourists, leading to accusations of "tourism apartheid". The policy was reversed by the Cuban government in 2008. 1988: 3628: 791:

Castro was also of the belief that despite the undeniable influence of "capitalist ideology", socialism would prevail both in Cuba and the wider "battle of ideas".

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outlawed, and Cubans seen in contact with tourists were regarded as potential thieves by police. Global human-rights groups' complaints, and the upcoming visit of

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option for young or independent tourists. A stay in a private casa allows tourists more opportunity to mix with local Cubans, and engage in Cuban cultural life.

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and a travel ban was imposed on U.S. citizens visiting Cuba. The tourist industry declined to record low levels within two years of Castro's accession to power.

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Some complaints have arisen that foreign "health tourists" paying with dollars receive a higher quality of care than do Cuban citizens. Former leading Cuban

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Cuba's tourism policies of the early 1990s, which were driven by the government's pressing need to earn hard currency, had a major impact on the underlying

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communities outside the tourism enclaves. Furthermore, mountaineering regions mostly lie outside the enclaves, so no conflict will exist between active and

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outlawed by the Communist regime. Following the collapse of Cuba's chief trading partner the Soviet Union, and the resulting economic crisis known as the

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Hingtgen, Nathan; Kline, Carol; Fernandes, Luci; McGehee, Nancy (2015). "Cuba in transition: Tourism industry perceptions of entrepreneurial change".

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is an industry that generates over 4.7 million arrivals as of 2018, and is one of the main sources of revenue for the island. With its favorable

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in March 2008. As well as officially allowing Cubans to stay in any hotel, the change also opened access to previously restricted areas such as

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In the context of tourism, a private residence in Cuba which has been converted to allow paid lodging, usually on a short-term basis, akin to

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and other pastimes stood in stark contrast to the island's traditionally relaxed attitude to drinking and other pastimes. This is typified by

3904: 3229: 2697: 2013: 1505: 1322: 300: 2283: 2977: 3189: 1853: 1111:. Government-run tour agencies began special offers aimed at the general population, allowing them to spend a few days in beach resorts. 3168: 3108: 2459: 1361: 1074:

In 1992, as Cuba entered a period of severe economic austerity, Fidel Castro defended the newly instituted policies in a speech to the

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Until 2015, all visitors paid a $ 25 exit tax at the airport prior to departure but this is now included in the costs of the flight.

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trade to the United States. Despite this, tourist numbers grew steadily at a rate of 8% a year and Havana became known as "the Latin

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In January 1961, relations between the nations sharply deteriorated as a result of bank and business expropriations, mass exodus,

3844: 3126: 2588: 201: 3640: 3582: 2489:, Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Volume 10, August 3–5, 2000. 1568: 1391:, Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Volume 10, August 3–5, 2000. 87:

and the resulting expropriation and nationalisation of businesses, the island became cut off from its traditional market by an

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relatively little restoration, and slow growth. A lack of foreign investment has also had a negative effect. Since then, the

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In Cuba, the link between tourism and prostitution is perhaps more direct than in any other country which hosts sex tourists

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Babb, Florence (2011). "Che, Chevys, and Hemingway's daiquiris: Cuban tourism in a time of globalisation".

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To ensure the isolation of international tourism from Cuban society, tourism was to be promoted in enclave

79:) and close relationship to the United States also helped Cuba's market economy prosper fairly quickly. As 3939: 3849: 3799: 3759: 3635: 3623: 3259: 3103: 3098: 2972: 2947: 2942: 2906: 2898: 2649: 1646: 840: 271: 2050: 3929: 3924: 3779: 3647: 3618: 3597: 3424: 2148:

Sharpley, Richard; Knight, Martin (2009). "Tourism and the State in Cuba: From the Past to the Future".

1982: 1840: 343: 330: 128: 99: 37: 3914: 3286: 2645: 2499: 1059:. Two parallel economies and societies quickly emerged, divided by their access to the newly legalized 1253: 1040:. Because of the rapid growth of tourism in Cuba, taxi drivers can earn more than lawyers and doctors. 3919: 3834: 3809: 3500: 3326: 3246: 3241: 3037: 3007: 2910: 2832: 2827: 2683: 2504: 902: 889: 848: 349: 136: 1449: 1405: 3884: 3819: 3789: 3764: 3429: 3224: 3151: 3052: 2822: 2791: 1346: 1146: 355: 325:, and private property being declared illegal by a now openly communist regime being backed by the 3899: 3894: 3824: 3804: 3527: 3412: 3402: 3368: 3081: 3042: 3012: 2883: 2628: 2558: 2538: 2334: 2206: 1970: 1103:

The policy of restricting certain hotels and services to tourists was ended by the government of

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came to dominate the leisure and tourist industries, a modus operandi outlined at the infamous

3839: 3829: 3774: 3769: 3444: 3439: 3351: 3281: 3234: 3086: 3027: 2952: 2930: 2878: 2753: 2748: 2326: 2009: 1962: 1861: 1776: 1731: 1598: 1501: 1318: 1225: 1086: 1007: 306: 287: 279: 261: 249: 2657: 2003: 1854:"Cuba welcomes more Chinese investment, visitors to boost tourism - Xinhua | English.news.cn" 1314: 3889: 3814: 3474: 3449: 3397: 3380: 2991: 2801: 2763: 2653: 2466: 2318: 2265: 2233: 2196: 2188: 2157: 1954: 1368: 1056: 375: 310: 283: 240: 84: 1520: 3690: 3577: 3567: 3542: 3346: 3302: 3212: 2842: 2776: 2743: 2718: 2446: 2429: 2362: 1932: 1897: 1551: 1136: 1001: 852: 824: 776: 374:

Today, travelers from around the world visit Cuba, arriving by a mixture of scheduled and

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where, as much as possible, tourists would be segregated from Cuban society, known to as "

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increase slowly, but it wasn't until 1989 that they equalled pre-Revolutionary numbers.

3562: 3532: 3479: 3363: 3331: 2847: 2637: 1544: 1104: 1052: 884: 872: 658: 364: 314: 205: 124: 3994: 3680: 3552: 3486: 3464: 3419: 3392: 3341: 2284:"Tourism In Cuba Threatens To Drive Up Income Inequality, Regional Disparities, Risk" 2237: 2210: 1974: 1307: 1045: 459: 275: 236:

became common in the United States during this time, after Prohibition was repealed.

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International Tourism and the Formation of Productive Clusters in the Cuban Economy

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International Tourism and the Formation of Productive Clusters in the Cuban Economy

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divide emerging in Cuba between those employed in the tourist industry and others.

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Cuba's so Hot it's Cool: Island's Look Ranges from Quaint Retro to New and Upscale

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to one of Cuba's ten international airports. By far the largest number come from

3517: 3336: 3059: 1128: 1092: 1060: 913: 828: 748: 1402:"Caribbean Islands List - Caribbean Sea Islands Travel and Tourist Information" 3459: 3251: 2862: 2852: 1118: 1097: 367:. The crisis precipitated the communist regime to find new avenues of income. 104: 29: 2330: 2322: 2192: 1966: 1758: 1713: 1623:"Trump recasts Cuba policy, takes harder line than Obama on military, travel" 1602: 1207: 3321: 2367: 1474: 1108: 863: 718: 257: 217: 148: 3711: 3557: 2306: 2554: 176: 2484: 1834: 1386: 229: 144: 42: 2106: 131:

from the state isolated Cuban society, it was to be promoted in enclave

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500 Years After Columbus, Cuba's Gardens of the Queen Still Pristine

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Cuba's Fans in Canada Anxiously Picture an Island Awash in Americans

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Catering to Foreigners Instead of Cubans Puts Castro on Defensive

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As well as receiving traditional tourism revenues, Cuba attracts

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has surpassed Cuba in tourism, new development, and investment.

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became one of the main markets and the favourite route for the

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Cuba Briefing Paper Series, "Tourist Apartheid", January 1993.

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http://www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/16032860.htm

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Trumbull, C. (2001). "Prostitution and Sex Tourism in Cuba".

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The recent studies shows that Cuba has a huge potential for

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Gardens of the Queen: Caribbean's Last Pristine Coral Reefs

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Revolution to revolution: why is tourism booming in Cuba?

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Between 1992 and 2008, in order to gain the much-needed

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biking, diving, caving) often develop in destinations.

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Until 1997, contacts between tourists and Cubans were

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programs aimed at boosting tourism. The United States

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Castro and Cuba : From Revolution To The Present

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Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly

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Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, UK

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Until 1997, contact between tourists and Cubans was

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reestablished diplomatic relations with Cuba in 2015

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Hotel and the enormous tourism developments in Cuba

1306: 329:. Tourism travel to Cuba was soon declared by the 1691:http://www.one.cu/aec2010/esp/15_tabla_cuadro.htm 1448:, 22nd Congress. Washington, D.C. Archived from 1342:Cuba 'apartheid' as Castro pulls in the tourists 2445:Cuba: dólares ahondan las diferencias de clase 2005:Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism 1246:"One Caribbean - 2004 Cuban tourism statistics" 139:" and "tourism apartheid". By the late 1990s, 55:, beaches, colonial architecture and distinct 3727: 2691: 1435:Figueras, Miguel Alejandro (September 2001). 8: 3185:Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 2545:Traveling to Cuba is like Going Back in Time 2371:, February 6, 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2006. 1987:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1096:A street in the popular tourist district of 216:," the lyrics of which ridicule drinking in 81:relations between Cuba and the United States 2128: 2126: 2124: 1935:Center for a free Cuba - link fails 16.9.06 1672:e-CFR:§515.574 Support for the Cuban People 3734: 3720: 3712: 3505: 3311: 3307: 3217: 3000: 2996: 2935: 2723: 2698: 2684: 2676: 2406:DES: A Scholarly Journal of Ethnic Studies 1701: 1699: 356:of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe 274:in Havana. The hotel's guestlist includes 2629:My Seductive Cuba - A Unique Travel Guide 2460:"Cuban Tourism During the Special Period" 2379: 2377: 2200: 2150:International Journal of Tourism Research 2040:"Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism CUBA" 1545:Tourism Development for the Cuban Economy 1362:"Cuban Tourism During the Special Period" 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1195: 1193: 979:Learn how and when to remove this message 3195:Military Counterintelligence Directorate 2636:A five-part series of travel reports by 2518:Cubans allowed to stay at tourist hotels 2420: 2418: 2350: 2348: 2002:Efe, Recep; Ozturk, Munir (2017-05-11). 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1336: 1334: 1309:This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives 1031: 36: 28: 2433:Foreign Service Sunday, August 9, 1992. 2251: 2249: 2247: 1189: 1036:"Cocotaxis" in Plaza de la Revolución, 286:, and also played host to the infamous 192:has long been a popular attraction for 2520:Sydney Morning Herald - March 31, 2008 2175:Cerviño, Julio; Cubillo, José (2005). 1980: 1781:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1774: 1736:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1729: 1589:Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (2017-06-16). 1230:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1223: 2049:. ECPAT International. Archived from 301:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 198:Cuba's proximity to the United States 7: 1500:. Courier Corporation. p. 153. 3169:National Revolutionary Police Force 3127:Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR) 3070:National Assembly of People's Power 2579:New Resort Area a Touch of Paradise 2498:Amrhein, Saundra and Lush, Tamara. 2226:Bulletin of Latin American Research 2080:Tamayo, Juan O. (16 October 2013). 1523:written and compiled by J.A. Sierra 2818:United States embargo against Cuba 2109:. Government of Canada. 2012-11-16 1693:Cuba National Office of Statistics 1446:Latin American Studies Association 33:Foreign tourist days in Cuba, 2010 25: 3190:Dirección General de Inteligencia 2589:American Tourists at Home in Cuba 2555:The Next Vacation Hot Spot: Cuba? 2008:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 107:, in a period referred to as the 3855:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3695: 3685: 3676: 3675: 2238:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2010.00450.x 1910:Cuba sells its medical expertise 1121: 933: 741: 711: 681: 651: 621: 591: 561: 531: 501: 452: 422: 394:Cuba tourist arrivals by country 41:The beach in the resort town of 3686: 1647:"OFAC License Application Page" 83:deteriorated rapidly after the 2650:Crossing Cuba in a Chinese Bus 2569:Cuba's Revolutionary Mountains 1475:"Singing the Temperance Blues" 396:(>50,000 visitors in 2018) 295:Decline after Cuban Revolution 1: 2412:Department of Ethnic Studies. 2270:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.033 1959:10.1080/13683500.2018.1446920 1494:Herder, Ronald (1998-01-01). 1152:Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act 3980:United States Virgin Islands 2838:Cuban intervention in Angola 1554:. Rockefeller center online. 2671:The Cuban Portal of Tourism 2038:Taylor, Jacqueline (1995). 1313:. West-view Press. p. 1173:Cuba the Pursuit of Freedom 1163:Miguel Alejandro Figueras, 959:the claims made and adding 799:Tourism and the environment 252:of 1946. By the mid-1950s, 228:. Cuban drinks such as the 180:Visitors in Cuba, 1985-2011 151:, the beach areas north of 71:to the United States until 4032: 3147:Territorial Troops Militia 2500:The 'reality tour' of Cuba 2402:Global Development Studies 2341:– via Sage Journals. 1497:500 Best-loved Song Lyrics 999: 900: 816: 347: 341: 338:Reforms and revitalization 305:Immediately upon becoming 298: 3955:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3671: 3508: 3310: 3220: 3003: 2999: 2938: 2858:Fidel's transfer of power 2759:Cuban War of Independence 2613:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2599:Looking for the Real Cuba 2398:During the Special Period 2356:Tourism apartheid in Cuba 1947:Current Issues in Tourism 1359:Espinoza, Maria Dolores. 1015:Social impacts of tourism 4016:Tourism in the Caribbean 3975:Turks and Caicos Islands 3742:Tourism in North America 2646:Preserving Cuba's Oceans 2601:by Matthew D. LaPlante, 2323:10.1177/0042098008089854 2193:10.1177/0010880405275316 925:Tourism: economic reform 359:key markets such as the 85:Cuban Revolution of 1959 2652:(2014-10-08), 2648:(2014-09-30), 2549:San Francisco Chronicle 2457:Espino, María Dolores. 1891:A Novel Tourism Concept 1076:Cuban National Assembly 1028:Tourist vs Cuban hotels 214:I'll See You in C-U-B-A 212:'s 1919 foxtrot song, " 159:. The impact on Cuba's 3905:British Virgin Islands 3267:International rankings 3104:Prime Minister of Cuba 3099:Vice President of Cuba 2656:(2014-10-16), 2644:(2014-06-21), 2410:University of Colorado 2383:Ternto, Angelo : 1100: 1041: 789: 291: 181: 69:Spain's closest colony 45: 34: 3845:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2611:by Catherine Watson, 2603:The Salt Lake Tribune 2408:, Volume 1 Number 1, 2305:Bailey, Nick (2008). 1864:on September 20, 2018 1841:Georgetown University 1305:Corbett, Ben (2004). 1095: 1035: 817:Further information: 785: 344:Dollarization of Cuba 342:Further information: 331:U.S. State Department 299:Further information: 270: 239:A combination of the 179: 129:international tourism 40: 32: 3470:Association Football 3455:Scouting and Guiding 3247:Dual economy of Cuba 3018:Council of Ministers 2978:World Heritage Sites 2833:Cuban Missile Crisis 2828:Bay of Pigs Invasion 2772:Spanish–American War 2658:Cuba and the Embargo 2591:by Tracy Wilkinson, 2581:by Monica Zurowski, 2505:St. Petersburg Times 1922:Cuban Medicine Today 1535:Chandana Jayawardena 903:Prostitution in Cuba 849:retinitis pigmentosa 350:Dual economy of Cuba 200:, where restrictive 3860:Trinidad and Tobago 3755:Antigua and Barbuda 2823:Escambray rebellion 2551:, February 26, 2009 1798:Cornell University. 1347:The Daily Telegraph 1147:Visa policy of Cuba 841:Parkinson's disease 397: 18:Tourist segregation 3795:Dominican Republic 3272:Telecommunications 3137:Revolutionary Navy 3132:Revolutionary Army 3013:Corruption in Cuba 2739:Colonial governors 2621:by Damien Jaques, 2539:The New York Times 2361:2008-06-20 at the 2317:(5–6): 1079–1096. 2258:Tourism Management 2135:Cuba in Transition 1931:2006-05-29 at the 1900:Caribbean News Net 1896:2010-01-28 at the 1595:The New York Times 1550:2006-09-15 at the 1179:Cuba a new history 1101: 1042: 996:Casas particulares 944:possibly contains 837:multiple sclerosis 835:disorders such as 819:Healthcare in Cuba 771:Foreign investment 393: 323:summary executions 292: 182: 166:Dominican Republic 46: 35: 3988: 3987: 3877:other territories 3709: 3708: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3495: 3494: 3297: 3296: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3087:President of Cuba 3065:Political parties 3048:Human trafficking 3033:Foreign relations 2986: 2985: 2925: 2924: 2879:History of Havana 2593:Los Angeles Times 2547:by Peter Coyote, 2536:(December 2014), 2015:978-1-4438-9218-6 1953:(15): 1797–1804. 1858:www.xinhuanet.com 1507:978-0-486-29725-5 1324:978-0-8133-3826-2 1087:Pope John Paul II 1008:bed and breakfast 989: 988: 981: 946:original research 851:, often known as 808:Tourism by sector 768: 767: 307:President of Cuba 288:Havana Conference 280:Winston Churchill 250:Havana Conference 161:socialist society 16:(Redirected from 4023: 3945:Saint Barthélemy 3875:Dependencies and 3748:Sovereign states 3736: 3729: 3722: 3713: 3699: 3698: 3689: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3629:Baseball players 3506: 3312: 3308: 3260:Convertible peso 3255: 3218: 3023:Council of State 3001: 2997: 2936: 2915:Santiago de Cuba 2724: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2677: 2623:Journal Sentinel 2595:, April 12, 2009 2585:, March 17, 2009 2575:, March 15, 2009 2573:The Sunday Times 2565:, March 11, 2009 2521: 2515: 2509: 2496: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2465:. 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2002. 2497: 2493: 2482: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447:El Nuevo Herald 2441: 2437: 2430:Washington Post 2423: 2416: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2375: 2363:Wayback Machine 2353: 2346: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2255: 2254: 2245: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2162:10.1002/jtr.685 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2131: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1979: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1933:Wayback Machine 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1898:Wayback Machine 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1807:Gunn, Gillian. 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1752:"Archived copy" 1750: 1749: 1745: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1707:"Archived copy" 1705: 1704: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1605: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1563: 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