584:" commanded his army to attack them briskly; but not to kill any of the Salii, or prevent them from entering the Roman territories, because they came not as enemies, but were forced there As soon as the Salii heard of the kindness of Caesar, some of them went with their king into the Roman territory, and others fled to the extremity of their country, but all humbly committed their lives and fortunes to Caesar's gracious protection."
2389:
426:
If the
Texandri were not a new name for an older group, then the Texandri and indeed the Tungri, whose name also only appears for the first time in Roman times, may have been made up of Germanic immigrants from the east of the Rhine, settling Roman territory, as certainly happened closer to the Rhine
575:
had at first fought against Saxons and Franks, including the
Salians, but then allowed this one group "descended from the Franks" to settle in Texandria in 358. According to Zosimus, in the years previous to this agreement, the Salians had already settled in the island of the Batavians, a border
936:. ceterum Germaniae vocabulum recens et nuper additum, quoniamqui primi Rhenum transgressi Gallos expulerint ac nunc Tungri, tunc Germani vocati sint: ita nationis nomen, nongentis, evaluisse paulatim, ut omnes primum a victore obmetum, mox et a se ipsis invento nomine Germani vocarentur.
330:
According to
Bijsterveld and Toorians (2018), "it can be plausibly argued that those living there as well as the neighbouring population may well have kept the geographic reference to the Texuandri (or to the territory named after them) in use." In sources of the period 709–795, the
671:, p. 41: "It was only later that antiquarians started to use Texandria again or, more often, the later variants Taxandria or Toxandria, to denote Kempenland or the Kempen region, which today straddles the Dutch-Belgian border."
459:, however, does not mention the Texandri, but specifically mentions that the Tungri, unlike the Ubii, Batavians and Canenefates who he also discusses, had simply changed tribal name, having previously been known as the
371:
reported that the
Texandri consisted of several smaller tribes with various names, which could mean that they were born out of several smaller ethnic groups that merged into a larger group or joined together.
506:
In one isolated passage, Caesar did apparently describe a tribe near the area of the later
Texandri, the Ambivariti. He describes their position incidentally only, mentioning that a raiding group of
319:('at a place in Toxiandria'). If depopulation had already begun in the area by the late-2nd century (reaching its peak in the late 3rd and 4th centuries), human occupation continued along the
474:, the tribal boundaries in the area where the Texandri are later found are left unclear. He described it as thorny low forest and marshy lowlands, northwards of the main populations of the
592:) and provided troops for the imperial army, in the very period that Roman influence in the area was weakening. Texandria therefore eventually became the name of a Frankish
486:
areas when threatened, but more clearly connects those regions to the
Menapii, who in Caesar's time, as opposed to Strabo's, stretched through the delta all the way to the
560:
In the middle of the 4th century, the area of
Texandri became very de-populated, and was exposed to constant raiding from tribes across the Rhine, outside the empire.
1087:"De C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovingische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische schema's"
2431:
1299:
2346:
985:
1266:
De archeologie van de periferie. Studies naar de ontwikkeling van bewoning en samenleving in het Maas-Demer-Scheldegebied in de vroege middeleeuwen
2364:
580:
from northern
Germany. But they had come under attack from Saxons, who were this time raiding Roman territory (and the Salians) from the sea.
375:
From the military records found across the Roman Empire, it appears that the
Texandri may have formed at least one administrative district or
1245:
717:
974:
1221:
1199:
608:
452:
1445:
1124:
1098:
959:
1407:
296:, which could be interpreted as meaning 'at the Scheldt river', although some translations portray them as 'beyond' that river.
2426:
2369:
1577:
1072:
2359:
1627:
1432:
1292:
973:"The Menapii bordered on the territories of the Eburones, and were protected by one continued extent of morasses and woods."
952:
Archaeology in
Confrontation: Aspects of Roman Military Presence in the Northwest (Studies in Honour of Prof. Em. Hugo Thoen)
933:
544:" in his similar list of Veneti allies. and the "Ambibari" in a list of similar coastal peoples. Caesar had also mentioned "
118:
occurs five times in 9th-century sources, and also in later documents. The inconsistencies in spelling may be explained by
411:, named after the Tungri, is very close to Tessenderlo, but actually further from the capital city of the Tungri, modern
1508:
733:
and translates, "The part beginning at the Scheldt is inhabited by the Texuandri". In contrast, the 1855 translation by
471:
815:
729:
525:) in order to raid the Ambivariti. However, Caesar does not describe the associations of these people with any others.
2374:
1387:
1056:
1039:
514:
from east of the Rhine had crossed it at a point where Menapii lived on both sides of the river, and then crossed the
379:
which contributed troops to Roman armies, but it appears to be associated with more than one higher level district or
2410:
1022:
1535:
415:. The relationship between the Tungri and Texandri is unclear. Prior to Pliny, the Texandri were not mentioned by
2392:
1572:
1479:
1472:
1450:
1285:
1612:
1597:
1412:
1397:
734:
629:
179:
as the 'land of the southerners'. Alternatively, J. Mansion has proposed in 1924 an alternative etymology from
175:. The name can thus be interpreted as meaning 'those of who live south/on the right bank , and the region of
1727:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1422:
1402:
1359:
1270:
810:
711:
184:
150:
142:
354:. It was later extended from the 9th century onward as the result of a growing network of local alliances.
2129:
1562:
1557:
1540:
1484:
1379:
723:
494:
bordering the Menapii were the Eburones, who he describes as the biggest and most important tribe of the
1427:
1317:
1518:
1489:
1392:
1178:
Toponymisch woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland vóór 1226
1165:
Rural Riches & Royal Rags?: Studies on Medieval and Modern Archaeology, Presented to Frans Theuws
304:
107:
50:
rivers in the 1st century AD. They are associated with a region mentioned in the late 4th century as
607:, and remained the name of a large diocese of the Catholic church during the Middle Ages, under the
327:
were completely deserted when Frankish settlers recolonized the region from the 5th century onward.
2354:
1567:
1231:
572:
741:, and B.A. Esq. gives, "Beginning at the Scaldis, the parts beyond are inhabited by the Toxandri".
299:
Scholars generally assume that the territory of the Texandri mostly corresponded to the region of
54:(also Toxiandria; later Toxandria, Taxandria), a name which survived into the 8th–12th centuries.
1737:
1589:
1528:
1417:
1349:
1325:
738:
460:
67:
The only inscription that convincingly mentions the tribe is dated 100–225 AD and gives the form
1513:
1364:
1339:
1241:
1217:
1195:
1187:
1172:
1120:
1094:
955:
947:
604:
597:
385:
76:
1209:
1114:
1086:
1936:
1308:
624:
312:
218:
39:
1545:
1523:
1467:
1437:
1321:
928:
805:
368:
269:
165:
88:
552:. There may thus be errors in the transmission of these names and similar sounding ones.
1142:
611:, which was originally conceived as the diocese of the Roman administrative area of the
482:. Caesar mentions both these politically important tribes retreating into such northern
2219:
2003:
1667:
1354:
519:
2420:
2080:
1978:
1941:
1901:
1767:
1496:
1455:
564:
537:
467:
416:
324:
308:
1672:
1662:
1645:
1462:
343:
1235:
1005:
2154:
2112:
2035:
1948:
1816:
1806:
1717:
1501:
448:
241:
119:
72:
1116:
Dark Age Naval Power: A Re-Assessment of Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Seafaring ...
2331:
2119:
2102:
2050:
2040:
2025:
1993:
1983:
1861:
1811:
1687:
1682:
1650:
1369:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2244:
2149:
2045:
2008:
1998:
1958:
1911:
1906:
1856:
1796:
1722:
1712:
1692:
1655:
1640:
1176:
1001:
697:
589:
568:
444:
408:
300:
229:
158:
51:
323:
river during the period, and it is unlikely that the sandy areas of modern
126:
had fallen out of usage at the time when those manuscripts were redacted.
2299:
2284:
2264:
2229:
2204:
2189:
2184:
2164:
2134:
2124:
2075:
2065:
2060:
1891:
1876:
1851:
1831:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1677:
1635:
1344:
644:
511:
507:
412:
351:
205:
135:
540:
in their rebellion against Caesar. However Caesar's list mentioned the "
17:
2316:
2304:
2294:
2269:
2259:
2254:
2234:
2224:
2199:
2139:
2097:
2070:
1988:
1921:
1916:
1896:
1886:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1821:
1762:
1747:
1697:
634:
529:
483:
456:
436:
432:
399:
273:
257:
43:
2336:
2289:
2274:
2239:
2214:
2179:
2174:
2107:
2092:
2030:
1968:
1953:
1931:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1779:
1774:
1732:
1702:
948:"Confrontation in Archaeology: Aspects of Roman Military in Tongeren"
639:
612:
593:
577:
440:
420:
404:
394:
347:
339:
265:
1160:
1277:
1264:
1181:(in Dutch). Belgisch Interuniversitair Centrum voor Neerlandistiek.
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
79:. A more uncertain inscription from Romania dated 102/103 AD reads
2209:
2194:
2169:
2159:
2144:
2087:
2055:
2020:
2015:
1973:
1963:
1846:
1707:
1550:
549:
515:
487:
333:
320:
261:
222:
47:
2279:
1926:
428:
272:(1st c. AD) connected the Texandri to the river Scaldis (modern
1281:
848:
846:
844:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
1161:"Texandria revisited: In search of a territory lost in time"
490:. At one point Caesar specifically says that the cisrhenane
898:
896:
894:
950:, in Vermeulen, Frank; Sas, Kathy; Dhaeze, Wouter (eds.),
338:
appears to be concentrated around the basin of the river
256:
The Texandri dwelled in a territory situated between the
122:(errors by copyists), or by the fact that the older form
1159:
Bijsterveld, Arnoud-Jan A.; Toorians, Lauran (2018).
397:, but there also seems to be an association with the
264:
rivers, alongside other contemporary tribes like the
171:, 'right, south') attached to the contrasting suffix
106:
is only attested once in a 9th-century manuscript of
603:
Texandria is mentioned as a large county in the 870
2345:
1626:
1588:
1378:
1332:
885:
793:
770:
668:
203:may be a Latinized form of the Gaulish tribal name
99:co-existed already in the late-1st–2nd century AD.
946:Vanderhoeven, Alain; Vanderhoeven, Michel (2004),
688:'sandy height'; the intricate consonantal cluster
91:(1st c. AD), which may suggest that the two forms
1212:. In Beck, H.; Geuenich, D.; Steuer, H. (eds.).
1190:, in Beck, H.; Geuenich, D.; Steuer, H. (eds.),
407:, to the west of the Tungri. The modern town of
914:
835:
276:) but the handwritten versions of the sentence
463:, a grouping which had included the Eburones.
451:directly to the north of the Texandri, in the
280:are ambiguous. The manuscripts variously have
38:; later Toxandri, Toxiandri, Taxandri) were a
1293:
466:Before the Roman takeover of this region, in
248:in 1135, are probably named after the tribe.
8:
1188:"Germani cisrhenani — die Aussage der Namen"
576:island of the Roman empire, forced there by
114:(ca. 390) to designate the region. The form
1324:origin primarily identified as speakers of
563:Having been amongst the worst raiders, the
1300:
1286:
1278:
342:and its tributaries, between the towns of
149:, is generally assumed to derive from the
852:
315:ca. 358, were given permission to settle
902:
2365:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1070:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
864:
754:
661:
588:The Salians then became Roman allies (
528:The 4th/5th century Christian writer
278:a Scaldi incolunt <?> Texuandri
7:
191:, which might be related to English
199:. It has also been speculated that
1240:. University of California Press.
1214:Germanenprobleme in heutiger Sicht
1192:Germanenprobleme in heutiger Sicht
25:
954:, Ghent University, p. 143,
2388:
2387:
1208:von Petrikovits, Harald (1999).
1085:Lanting; van der Plicht (2010),
423:in their reports of the region.
2370:Christianization of Scandinavia
886:Bijsterveld & Toorians 2018
794:Bijsterveld & Toorians 2018
771:Bijsterveld & Toorians 2018
669:Bijsterveld & Toorians 2018
609:Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège
2360:Christianization of the Franks
1433:Continental Germanic mythology
1113:Haywood, John (January 1991),
536:) as one of the allies of the
71:. It was found on an altar at
1:
307:ca. 390 AD. In the 380s, the
83:. They are also mentioned as
532:also listed the Ambivariti (
2375:Christianization of Iceland
567:were eventually settled as
2448:
998:Historiae Adversus Paganos
311:, after being defeated by
2432:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
2383:
1315:
240:in 709), and the city of
141:, reconstructed in early
1613:North Germanic languages
1598:Germanic parent language
1186:Neumann, GĂĽnter (1999),
630:List of Germanic peoples
75:(Carrowburgh Fort) near
1618:West Germanic languages
1608:East Germanic languages
1603:Proto-Germanic language
1423:Proto-Germanic folklore
1360:Romano-Germanic culture
1271:University of Amsterdam
1167:. SPA-Uitgevers: 34–42.
548:" as dependents of the
367:In the 1st century AD,
2427:Early Germanic peoples
1263:Theuws, Frans (1988).
586:
439:to the northeast near
317:apud Toxiandriam locum
157:('right , south'; cf.
1428:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1318:Ethnolinguistic group
1216:. Walter de Gruyter.
1194:, Walter de Gruyter,
582:
1210:"Germani Cisrhenani"
915:von Petrikovits 1999
855:, pp. 956, 958.
836:von Petrikovits 1999
700:period ca. 600–1200.
461:(cisrhenane) Germani
108:Ammianus Marcellinus
2355:Gothic Christianity
1068:John Murray, 1854,
727:edition (1942) has
715:edition (1906) has
573:Julian the Apostate
303:later mentioned by
42:living between the
1738:Germani cisrhenani
1446:Funerary practices
1350:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1326:Germanic languages
1232:Wightman, Edith M.
1173:Gysseling, Maurits
811:Naturalis Historia
709:For instance, the
692:was simplified to
596:in early medieval
476:cisrhenane Germani
427:- for example the
183:, formed with the
2401:
2400:
1573:Gothic and Vandal
1365:Germanic Iron Age
1340:Nordic Bronze Age
1322:Northern European
1247:978-0-520-05297-0
905:, pp. 53–54.
605:Treaty of Meersen
598:Lower Lotharingia
453:Rhine-Meuse delta
431:to the east near
386:Civitas Tungrorum
102:The variant form
16:(Redirected from
2439:
2391:
2390:
2347:Christianization
1937:Ripuarian Franks
1309:Germanic peoples
1302:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1251:
1227:
1204:
1182:
1168:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1015:
1009:
994:
988:
983:
977:
971:
965:
964:
943:
937:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
889:
883:
868:
862:
856:
850:
839:
833:
818:
803:
797:
791:
774:
768:
742:
707:
701:
678:
672:
666:
625:Germanic peoples
225:, respectively.
21:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2417:
2416:
2411:Taxandriamuseum
2407:
2402:
2397:
2379:
2341:
1622:
1584:
1546:Gothic alphabet
1438:Norse mythology
1374:
1328:
1311:
1306:
1262:
1259:
1257:Further reading
1254:
1248:
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1137:
1133:
1127:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1016:
1012:
995:
991:
984:
980:
972:
968:
962:
945:
944:
940:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
892:
884:
871:
863:
859:
851:
842:
834:
821:
804:
800:
792:
777:
769:
756:
751:
746:
745:
737:, F.R.S. M.D.,
708:
704:
679:
675:
667:
663:
658:
653:
621:
558:
556:Later Texandria
504:
369:Pliny the Elder
365:
360:
268:. Roman writer
254:
238:pagus Texandrie
132:
81:Texu<...>
65:
60:
40:Germanic people
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2405:External links
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2018:
2013:
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2006:
2004:Thracian Goths
2001:
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1355:Roman Iron Age
1352:
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1330:
1329:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1304:
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1276:
1275:
1269:(PhD thesis).
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1237:Gallia Belgica
1228:
1223:978-3110164381
1222:
1205:
1201:978-3110164381
1200:
1183:
1169:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1119:, p. 42,
1105:
1099:
1091:Palaeohistoria
1077:
1061:
1044:
1027:
1010:
989:
986:Caes. Gal. 4.9
978:
975:Caes. Gal. 6.5
966:
960:
938:
919:
917:, p. 101.
907:
890:
869:
867:, p. 116.
857:
853:Gysseling 1960
840:
819:
798:
775:
753:
752:
750:
747:
744:
743:
702:
673:
660:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
620:
617:
571:in Texandria.
557:
554:
503:
500:
364:
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359:
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253:
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244:, attested as
232:, attested as
228:The region of
217:mean 'yew' in
151:Proto-Germanic
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128:
77:Hadrian's Wall
64:
61:
59:
56:
27:Germanic tribe
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2014:
2010:
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2005:
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1997:
1995:
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1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Crimean Goths
1977:
1976:
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1972:
1970:
1967:
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1962:
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1947:
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1942:Salian Franks
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1380:Early culture
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1140:Nova Historia
1135:
1132:
1128:
1126:9780415063746
1122:
1118:
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1109:
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1100:9789077922736
1096:
1093:, 51/52: 57,
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961:9789038205786
957:
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935:
931:
930:
923:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
903:Wightman 1985
899:
897:
895:
891:
888:, p. 36.
887:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
858:
854:
849:
847:
845:
841:
838:, p. 95.
837:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
820:
817:
813:
812:
807:
802:
799:
796:, p. 37.
795:
790:
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773:, p. 35.
772:
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565:Salian Franks
561:
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531:
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489:
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468:Julius Caesar
464:
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438:
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430:
424:
422:
418:
417:Julius Caesar
414:
410:
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396:
392:
388:
387:
383:. One is the
382:
378:
373:
370:
363:Early reports
362:
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353:
349:
345:
341:
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328:
326:
325:North Brabant
322:
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309:Salian Franks
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226:
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220:
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208:
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198:
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190:
186:
185:West Germanic
182:
181:*texs-wandra-
178:
174:
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167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:West Germanic
140:
137:
129:
127:
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117:
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109:
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86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2249:
1673:Anglo-Saxons
1663:Adrabaecampi
1646:Bucinobantes
1388:Architecture
1265:
1236:
1213:
1191:
1177:
1164:
1152:Bibliography
1139:
1134:
1115:
1108:
1090:
1080:
1069:
1064:
1052:
1047:
1035:
1030:
1018:
1013:
997:
992:
981:
969:
951:
941:
927:
922:
910:
865:Neumann 1999
860:
809:
801:
735:John Bostock
728:
722:
716:
710:
705:
693:
689:
685:
684:attached to
682:*tehswandrĹŤz
681:
676:
664:
602:
587:
583:
562:
559:
545:
541:
533:
527:
522:
505:
495:
491:
479:
475:
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425:
398:
390:
384:
380:
376:
374:
366:
332:
329:
316:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
255:
246:Tessenderlon
245:
237:
233:
227:
214:
210:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
176:
172:
168:
161:
154:
147:*tehswandrĹŤz
146:
145:dialects as
138:
133:
123:
115:
111:
103:
101:
96:
92:
84:
80:
68:
66:
63:Attestations
35:
31:
29:
2113:Nahanarvali
2036:Hilleviones
1949:Frisiavones
1817:Cananefates
1807:Burgundians
1718:Banochaemae
1568:Anglo-Saxon
1519:Anglo-Saxon
1485:Anglo-Saxon
1468:Anglo-Saxon
1451:Anglo-Saxon
739:H. T. Riley
696:during the
546:Ambivaretis
534:Ambiuaritos
449:Canenefates
242:Tessenderlo
234:Toxiandriam
155:*tehswĹŤ(n)-
120:dittography
2421:Categories
2332:Vinoviloth
2120:Marcomanni
2103:Helveconae
2081:HeaĂ°obards
2051:Istvaeones
2041:Ingaevones
2026:Hermunduri
1994:Ostrogoths
1984:Greuthungi
1862:Chattuarii
1688:Angrivarii
1683:Ampsivarii
1651:Lentienses
1480:Literature
1370:Viking Age
1073:Ambivareti
1053:Gallic War
1036:Gallic War
1019:Gallic War
721:, and the
651:References
542:Ambiliatos
502:Ambivariti
472:commentary
443:, and the
195:and Dutch
112:Res Gestae
104:Toxiandria
73:Brocolitia
69:Texand(ri)
2327:Vidivarii
2322:Victohali
2312:Vangiones
2245:Thuringii
2150:Nuithones
2046:Irminones
2009:Visigoths
1999:Thervingi
1959:Gambrivii
1912:Dulgubnii
1907:Dauciones
1857:Chasuarii
1797:Brondings
1723:Bastarnae
1713:Baiuvarii
1693:Armalausi
1656:Raetovari
1590:Languages
1558:Symbology
1418:Folklore
1413:Festivals
996:Orosius,
926:Tacitus,
749:Citations
698:Old Dutch
656:Footnotes
590:foederati
569:foederati
484:estuarine
445:Batavians
409:Tongerloo
336:Texandrie
301:Texandria
252:Geography
236:ca. 390 (
230:Texandria
177:Texandria
159:Old Saxon
130:Etymology
116:Taxandria
93:Texuandri
85:Texuandri
52:Texandria
36:Texuandri
2393:Category
2300:Hasdingi
2285:Usipetes
2265:Tubantes
2250:Toxandri
2230:Tencteri
2205:Suarines
2190:Sicambri
2185:Semnones
2165:Reudigni
2135:Mattiaci
2125:Marsacii
2076:Lombards
2066:Lacringi
2061:Juthungi
1892:Corconti
1877:Cherusci
1852:Charudes
1832:Chaedini
1802:Bructeri
1787:Bateinoi
1758:Eburones
1753:Condrusi
1748:Caeroesi
1743:Atuatuci
1678:Ambrones
1641:Brisgavi
1636:Alemanni
1514:Paganism
1403:Clothing
1398:Calendar
1345:Germania
1234:(1985).
1175:(1960).
1143:Book III
1138:Zosimus
1051:Caesar,
1034:Caesar,
1017:Caesar,
929:Germania
645:Sicambri
619:See also
512:Usipetes
508:Tencteri
413:Tongeren
352:Overpelt
305:Ammianus
209:, since
206:Eburones
201:Texandri
197:wandelen
139:Texandri
136:ethnonym
124:Texandri
97:Texandri
32:Texandri
18:Toxandri
2413:(Dutch)
2317:Varisci
2305:Silingi
2295:Vandals
2270:Tulingi
2260:Triboci
2255:Treveri
2235:Teutons
2225:Taifals
2200:Sitones
2140:Nemetes
2098:Helisii
2071:Lemovii
1989:Gutones
1922:Firaesi
1917:Favonae
1897:Cugerni
1887:Cobandi
1842:Chamavi
1837:Chaemae
1827:Casuari
1822:Caritni
1792:Betasii
1763:Paemani
1698:Auiones
1563:Warfare
1541:Scripts
1509:Numbers
1333:History
1006:English
712:Teubner
635:Campine
530:Orosius
496:Germani
492:Germani
457:Tacitus
437:Cugerni
433:Cologne
403:of the
400:civitas
393:of the
391:civitas
381:civitas
358:History
294:externi
274:Scheldt
258:Scheldt
219:Gaulish
189:wandra-
169:taihswa
44:Scheldt
2337:Warini
2290:Vagoth
2275:Tungri
2240:Thelir
2220:Swedes
2215:Sunici
2180:Saxons
2175:Rugini
2108:Manimi
2093:Diduni
2031:Heruli
1969:Gepids
1954:Frisii
1932:Franks
1882:Cimbri
1872:Chauci
1867:Chatti
1780:Nervii
1775:Morini
1733:Belgae
1728:Batavi
1703:Avarpi
1668:Angles
1628:Groups
1578:Viking
1524:Gothic
1502:Gothic
1408:Family
1244:
1220:
1198:
1123:
1097:
958:
730:extera
718:texero
686:lauha-
640:Tungri
613:Tungri
594:county
578:Saxons
538:Veneti
480:Nervii
441:Xanten
435:, the
421:Strabo
405:Nervii
395:Tungri
389:, the
348:Waalre
344:Alphen
340:Dommel
313:Julian
290:extera
286:exerni
282:texero
266:Tungri
211:eburos
193:wander
173:*-dra-
166:Gothic
162:tesewa
34:(also
2210:Suebi
2195:Sciri
2170:Rugii
2160:Quadi
2145:Njars
2130:Marsi
2088:Lugii
2056:Jutes
2021:Harii
2016:Gutes
1974:Goths
1964:Geats
1902:Danes
1847:Chali
1768:Segni
1708:Baemi
1551:Runes
1536:Rings
1529:Norse
1497:Names
1490:Norse
1473:Norse
1456:Norse
1002:Latin
816:4:106
806:Pliny
680:From
550:Aedui
520:Dutch
516:Meuse
488:Rhine
377:pagus
334:pagus
321:Meuse
292:, or
270:Pliny
262:Rhine
223:Latin
215:taxus
187:steĂą
153:stem
89:Pliny
48:Rhine
2280:Ubii
1927:Fosi
1812:Buri
1242:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1057:7.75
1040:7.75
1000:6.8
956:ISBN
934:II 2
724:Loeb
690:*hsw
523:Maas
510:and
478:and
447:and
429:Ubii
350:and
260:and
221:and
213:and
134:The
95:and
58:Name
46:and
30:The
2155:Osi
1463:Law
1393:Art
1320:of
1023:3.9
694:*ss
470:'s
419:or
87:by
2423::
1163:.
1089:,
1055:,
1038:,
1021:,
1004:,
932:,
893:^
872:^
843:^
822:^
814:,
808:.
778:^
757:^
615:.
600:.
498:.
455:.
346:,
288:,
284:,
164:,
110:'
1440:)
1301:e
1294:t
1287:v
1273:.
1250:.
1226:.
1075:.
1059:.
1042:.
1025:.
1008:.
518:(
20:)
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