347:
1487:
596:
1511:
59:
1475:
41:
1499:
1463:
1523:
492:
to xeric chaparral. It thrives in shady and dappled light through full and direct sunlight conditions, at elevations below 1,500 m (5,000 ft). The vining form can climb up large shrub and tree trunks into their canopies. Sometimes it kills the support plant by smothering or breaking it. The
386:
to 4 in) long, with scalloped, toothed, or lobed edges. They generally resemble the lobed leaves of a true oak, though tend to be more glossy. Leaves are typically bronze when first unfolding in
February to March, bright green in the spring, yellow-green to reddish in the summer, and bright red
403:
In spring, the ivory flowers bloom on the sunny hill or in sheltered glade, in summer its fine green leaves contrast refreshingly with dried and tawny grassland, in autumn its colors flame more brilliantly than in any other native, but one great fault, its poisonous juice, nullifies its every other
620:
The active components of urushiol have been determined to be unsaturated congeners of 3-heptadecylcatechol with up to three double bonds in an unbranched C17 side chain. In poison ivy, these components are unique in that they contain a -CH2CH2- group in an unbranched alkyl side chain.
556:, and other indigenous fauna feed on the leaves of the plant. It is rich in phosphorus, calcium, and sulfur. Bird species use the berries for food, and utilize the plant structure for shelter. Neither native animals nor horses, livestock, or dogs demonstrate reactions to urushiol.
1377:
Conrad, C. Eugene (1987). Common shrubs of chaparral and associated ecosystems of southern
California (Report). General Technical Report. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
365:, so that after cold weather sets in, the stems are leafless and bear only the occasional cluster of mature fruit. Without leaves the stems may sometimes be identified by occasional black marks where its milky sap may have oozed and dried.
636:
with inflammation, colorless bumps, severe itching, and blistering. In the dormant deciduous seasons the plant can be difficult to recognize, however contact with leafless branches and twigs also causes allergic reactions.
617:. It causes contact dermatitis – an immune-mediated skin inflammation – in four-fifths of humans. Most, if not all, will become sensitized over time with repeated or more concentrated exposure to urushiol.
2646:
2661:
2691:
2656:
2651:
2681:
2676:
2596:
2641:
2686:
2671:
652:, or disposal fires. The smoke can poison people who thought they were immune. Branches used to toast food over campfires can cause reactions internally and externally.
1255:
965:
2142:
2024:
1755:
2666:
1807:
1214:
John C. Craig, Coy W. Waller, Stephen
Billets & Mahmoud A. Elsohly (1978). "New GLC analysis of urushiol congeners in different plant parts of poison ivy,
1280:
Hershko, Klilah; Weinberg, Ido; Ingber, Arieh (2005-01-01). "Exploring the mango-poison ivy connection: the riddle of discriminative plant dermatitis".
1565:
2706:
1985:
1703:
841:
2636:
2037:
1998:
1768:
1716:
346:
1846:
995:
793:
270:
causes itching and allergic rashes in most people after contact by touch or smoke inhalation. Despite its name, it is not closely related to
253:
2626:
2463:
2631:
2227:
2135:
599:
590:
2701:
2606:
2300:
1220:
1179:
949:
494:
2601:
1107:
530:
676:
2696:
2011:
1742:
2337:
2295:
2128:
1786:
2390:
2042:
1498:
1773:
1622:
1548:
1103:"Processing of urushiol (poison ivy) hapten by both endogenous and exogenous pathways for presentation to T cells in vitro"
1027:
2385:
2191:
2611:
2344:
2232:
978:
58:
1486:
698:
of dried roots, or buds eaten in the spring, were taken by some native peoples for an immunity from the plant poisons.
2570:
2375:
2215:
2211:
1946:
1644:
1631:
390:
White flowers form in the spring, from March to June. If they are fertilized, they develop into greenish-white or tan
354:
1570:
1474:
2322:
2277:
2076:
1859:
1812:
549:
461:
1781:
1039:
UC Integrated Pest
Management Weed Photo Gallery and information (profile of this plant as an agricultural weed).
435:
2621:
2616:
2422:
1510:
1864:
2081:
2247:
1462:
982:
751:
506:
470:
456:
2591:
2183:
1659:
1584:
772:
1649:
834:
2458:
2003:
1721:
1332:
1249:
553:
175:
1152:
311:
3–9 m (10–30 ft) and may be more than 30 m (100 ft) long with an 8–20 centimetres (
2504:
2363:
1680:
1075:
764:
747:
577:
519:
479:
339:
inches) trunk, as dense thickets in shaded areas, or any form in between. It reproduces by spreading
1695:
1539:
894:
857:
2560:
2553:
2370:
2168:
2063:
743:
736:
1799:
1522:
908:
2516:
2475:
2267:
2206:
2102:
1905:
1440:
1432:
1313:
1063:
959:
708:
sap to remove warts, corns, and calluses; to cauterize sores; and to stop bleeding. They drank a
498:
447:
208:
53:
20:
1851:
999:
797:
595:
2029:
1760:
2489:
2426:
2317:
2257:
2160:
2068:
2050:
1959:
1820:
1667:
1305:
1297:
1237:
1196:
1134:
1038:
945:
541:
200:
2055:
2526:
2499:
1887:
1825:
1422:
1387:
1379:
1289:
1229:
1188:
1177:
Michael D. Corbett & Stephen
Billets (1975). "Characterization of poison oak urushiol".
1124:
1116:
1083:
687:
of fresh leaves applied to rattlesnake bites. The juice or soot was used as a black dye for
475:
451:
369:
40:
2565:
2531:
2521:
2470:
2446:
2441:
2380:
2262:
1557:
1413:
928:
845:
728:
649:
525:
96:
1838:
1409:"Ethnobotany of Chumash Indians, California, based on collections by John P. Harrington"
1079:
397:
Botanist John Howell observed that the plant's toxicity obscures its aesthetic values:
2511:
2451:
2395:
1833:
732:
701:
83:
1129:
1102:
2585:
2358:
2307:
2272:
2237:
2173:
1293:
1064:"Fungal and animal associates of Toxicodendron spp. (Anacardiaceae) in North America"
489:
404:
virtue and renders this beautiful shrub the most disparaged of all within our region.
262:
246:
152:
142:
1444:
1392:
1317:
2436:
2107:
1964:
1951:
1910:
1672:
571:
in agricultural fields, orchards, and vineyards. It is usually removed by pruning,
1636:
1937:
2348:
2332:
2327:
2252:
1897:
1794:
1729:
1616:
1087:
944:. California Academy of Sciences; California Native Plant Society. p. 264.
510:
423:
252:
It is widely distributed in western North
America, inhabiting conifer and mixed
192:
1607:
2548:
2312:
2287:
2196:
2151:
940:
John Thomas Howell, Frank Almeda, Wilma
Follette & Catherine Best (2007).
633:
419:
132:
1301:
2480:
1972:
713:
709:
572:
545:
502:
362:
257:
1309:
1233:
1192:
575:, digging out, or a combination. Poison oak is susceptible to infection by
2094:
1877:
1362:
1200:
1138:
48:
Pacific poison oak (larger and reddish leaves) at the base of an oak tree
2405:
2353:
2089:
1931:
1872:
1601:
1241:
695:
684:
680:
645:
610:
196:
109:
2120:
2414:
1990:
1708:
1436:
1427:
1408:
1383:
614:
340:
1120:
260:
biomes. Peak flowering occurs in May. Like other members of the genus
1734:
656:
564:
443:
439:
427:
391:
122:
1578:
1363:
Univ. of
Michigan, Dearborn – Native American Ethnobotany Database:
679:
used the plant's stems and shoots to make baskets, the sap to cure
1977:
1747:
1268:
688:
594:
345:
304:
70:
2016:
2409:
568:
308:
286:
2124:
1685:
1582:
271:
1566:
American
Academy of Dermatology – Poison Oak information
1156:
750:
where woodlands have been burned or removed, serving as a
2647:
Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
1068:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
640:
Urushiol volatilizes when burned, and human exposure to
1010:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
808:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
368:
The leaves are divided into three (rarely 5, 7, or 9)
985:; published December 7, 2002; retrieved June 20, 2017
663:
when eating the fruit while it is still in the rind.
632:
skin contact first causes itching; then evolves into
2662:
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
2692:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
2540:
2404:
2286:
2205:
2182:
2159:
1921:
1591:
1153:"Mic-ro.com: Contact-Poisonous Plants of the World"
2657:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
1101:R. S. Kalish, J. A. Wood & A. LaPorte (1994).
909:Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS):
245:, is a woody vine or shrub in the sumac family,
1052:, (Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing, 1988), p. 506
2652:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
691:basket elements, tattoos, and skin darkening.
289:appearance. It grows as a dense 0.5–4 metres (
2682:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
2677:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
2136:
8:
2597:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
1254:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2642:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
2143:
2129:
2121:
1579:
659:, posing a danger to people sensitized to
488:is common in various habitats, from mesic
285:is extremely variable in growth habit and
39:
26:
1426:
1391:
1128:
727:can be a carefully situated component in
567:and public landscaped areas. It can be a
426:was built on the site of a village named
2687:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
2672:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
1269:Poison Oak/Poison Ivy Information Center
924:
922:
920:
1458:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
890:
888:
848:, GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Strömberg
829:
827:
825:
823:
785:
1247:
957:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
655:Urushiol is also found in the skin of
460:(eastern poison oak) is native to the
1008:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
806:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
609:leaves and twigs have a surface oil,
7:
2667:Natural history of the Mojave Desert
2464:Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus
2228:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
644:smoke is extremely hazardous, from
600:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
591:Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
434:, meaning "poison oak place"), the
387:or pink from late July to October.
2301:Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
1221:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
1180:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
14:
1540:U.S. Forest Service information:
1504:Summer–autumn turning color phase
1108:Journal of Clinical Investigation
559:Due to human allergic reactions,
1865:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:255739-2
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1331:Brody, Jane E. (June 16, 2014).
1294:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00454.x
1062:Senchina, David S. (July 2008).
746:projects. It can be early stage
57:
2707:Taxa named by Edward Lee Greene
2082:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70510-1
913:(Western Poison-oak) - Overview
2637:Flora of the Klamath Mountains
2338:Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis
2296:Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis
1333:"Steering Clear of Poison Ivy"
1:
2547:substances taken internally:
2386:Nutritional deficiency eczema
2192:Pityriasis simplex capillitii
712:made from the roots to treat
307:in open sunlight, a treelike
256:, woodlands, grasslands, and
2345:Autosensitization dermatitis
2233:African blackwood dermatitis
677:Californian Native Americans
2627:Flora of Washington (state)
2571:Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji
2376:Juvenile plantar dermatosis
1088:10.1016/j.ppees.2008.02.001
563:is usually eradicated from
550:California ground squirrels
355:Samuel P. Taylor State Park
2723:
2632:Flora of the Cascade Range
2323:Topical steroid withdrawal
2278:Protein contact dermatitis
1623:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1593:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1572:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1560:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1551:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1542:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1365:Toxicodendron diversilobum
1050:Sunset Western Garden Book
1002:Toxicodendron diversilobum
981:, by Ron Sullivan, in the
911:Toxicodendron diversilobum
897:Toxicodendron diversilobum
860:Toxicodendron diversilobum
837:Toxicodendron diversilobum
800:Toxicodendron diversilobum
725:Toxicodendron diversilobum
630:Toxicodendron diversilobum
607:Toxicodendron diversilobum
588:
486:Toxicodendron diversilobum
462:Southeastern United States
416:Toxicodendron diversilobum
283:Toxicodendron diversilobum
230:Toxicodendron diversilobum
185:Toxicodendron diversilobum
31:Toxicodendron diversilobum
18:
2702:Taxa named by John Torrey
2607:Flora of British Columbia
2391:Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome
833:C. Michael Hogan (2008);
517:), hemlock–Sitka spruce,
436:Baja California Peninsula
274:, nor is it a true tree.
214:
207:
181:
174:
54:Scientific classification
52:
47:
38:
29:
2602:Flora of Baja California
2423:Lichen simplex chronicus
1480:Green phase, and flowers
1393:2027/umn.31951d029772576
411:Distribution and habitat
2248:Abietic acid dermatitis
983:San Francisco Chronicle
531:mixed evergreen forests
495:chaparral and woodlands
2697:Taxa named by Asa Gray
1558:Jepson Flora Project:
1234:10.1002/jps.2600670411
1216:Toxicodendron radicans
1193:10.1002/jps.2600641032
773:Toxicodendron radicans
603:
554:western gray squirrels
529:(Ponderosa pine), and
493:plant often occurs in
358:
2459:Drug-induced pruritus
2184:Seborrheic dermatitis
1407:Jan Timbrook (1990).
979:Roots of native names
895:U.S. Forest Service:
835:"Western poison-oak:
742:The plant is used in
598:
474:(western poison ivy)
372:, 3.5 to 10 cm (
349:
2505:Cholestatic pruritus
2495:due to liver disease
2364:Molluscum dermatitis
1574:– U.C. Photo gallery
1553:(Pacific poison oak)
1544:(Pacific poison oak)
776:– eastern poison ivy
765:Toxicodendron vernix
661:T. diversilobum
642:T. diversilobum
578:Phytophthora ramorum
520:Sequoia sempervirens
515:Pseudotsuga menzesii
480:Columbia River Gorge
466:T. diversilobum
361:The plant is winter
268:T. diversilobum
167:T. diversilobum
2612:Flora of California
2561:Nummular dermatitis
2554:Fixed drug reaction
2371:Circumostomy eczema
2169:Prurigo gestationis
1549:Calflora Database:
1468:Red phase in spring
1080:2008PPEES..10..197S
754:for other species.
744:habitat restoration
737:natural landscaping
34:Pacific poison oak
2517:Prurigo pigmentosa
2476:Aquagenic pruritus
2268:Contact stomatitis
2207:Contact dermatitis
1428:10.1007/BF02860489
1384:10.2737/psw-gtr-99
1282:Contact Dermatitis
844:2009-07-21 at the
613:, which causes an
604:
499:coastal sage scrub
359:
243:western poison oak
239:Pacific poison oak
237:), commonly named
220:Torr. & A.Gray
21:Eastern poison oak
2579:
2578:
2490:Adult blaschkitis
2427:Prurigo nodularis
2318:Eyelid dermatitis
2258:Airbag dermatitis
2161:Atopic dermatitis
2118:
2117:
2051:Open Tree of Life
1821:Open Tree of Life
1585:Taxon identifiers
1187:(10): 1715–1718.
1121:10.1172/jci117198
615:allergic reaction
542:Black-tailed deer
523:(coast redwood),
471:T. rydbergii
457:T. pubescens
254:broadleaf forests
226:
225:
221:
2714:
2527:Puncta pruritica
2500:Biliary pruritus
2145:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2069:Rhus diversiloba
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1923:Rhus diversiloba
1914:
1913:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1842:
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1404:
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1260:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1155:. Archived from
1149:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1115:(5): 2039–2047.
1098:
1092:
1091:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
992:
986:
976:
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963:
955:
937:
931:
926:
915:
906:
900:
892:
863:
855:
849:
831:
818:
817:
815:
813:
790:
729:wildlife gardens
650:controlled burns
561:T. diversilobum
452:British Columbia
385:
384:
380:
377:
338:
337:
333:
330:
324:
323:
319:
316:
302:
301:
297:
294:
235:Rhus diversiloba
219:
217:Rhus diversiloba
187:
62:
61:
43:
27:
16:Species of plant
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2622:Flora of Oregon
2617:Flora of Nevada
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2566:Pityriasis alba
2536:
2532:Uremic pruritus
2522:Prurigo simplex
2471:Senile pruritus
2447:Pruritus vulvae
2442:Pruritus scroti
2413:
2400:
2381:Nummular eczema
2282:
2263:Baboon syndrome
2209:
2201:
2178:
2155:
2149:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
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1936:
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1917:
1909:
1904:
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1514:
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1457:
1452:
1414:Economic Botany
1406:
1405:
1401:
1376:
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989:
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956:
952:
939:
938:
934:
927:
918:
907:
903:
893:
866:
856:
852:
846:Wayback Machine
832:
821:
811:
809:
792:
791:
787:
783:
760:
733:habitat gardens
722:
706:T. diversilobum
702:Chumash peoples
674:
669:
627:
602:from poison oak
593:
587:
539:
526:Pinus ponderosa
413:
382:
378:
375:
373:
351:T. diversilobum
335:
331:
328:
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321:
317:
314:
312:
303:–13 feet) tall
299:
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56:
33:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2718:
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589:Main article:
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490:riparian zones
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84:Tracheophytes
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37:
32:
28:
25:
22:
2494:
2437:Pruritus ani
2434:by location:
2433:
2244:
2224:
1922:
1592:
1571:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1418:
1412:
1402:
1372:
1364:
1340:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1264:
1250:cite journal
1225:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1147:
1112:
1106:
1096:
1071:
1067:
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1034:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
1007:
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990:
974:
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836:
810:. Retrieved
805:
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514:
485:
484:
469:
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455:
431:
418:is found in
415:
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396:
389:
367:
360:
357:, California
350:
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184:
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116:
103:
90:
77:
30:
24:
2349:Id reaction
2333:Dyshidrosis
2328:Hand eczema
2253:Diaper rash
1839:kew-2435110
1795:NatureServe
1730:iNaturalist
1617:Wikispecies
1516:Shrub form
942:Marin Flora
812:11 December
752:nurse plant
720:Cultivation
683:, and as a
511:Douglas-fir
424:Los Angeles
353:foliage at
278:Description
97:Angiosperms
2586:Categories
2549:Bromoderma
2313:Ear eczema
2197:Cradle cap
2154:and eczema
2152:Dermatitis
1834:Plant List
1657:Calflora:
1342:2016-01-11
1288:(1): 3–5.
1163:2007-07-16
1014:2013-09-20
996:USDA, NRCS
794:USDA, NRCS
781:References
748:succession
634:dermatitis
573:herbicides
503:grasslands
448:Washington
420:California
133:Sapindales
19:See also:
2481:Aquadynia
1938:Q38423922
1528:Vine form
1396:. PSW-99.
1302:0105-1873
960:cite book
714:dysentery
710:decoction
672:Medicinal
646:wildfires
546:mule deer
476:hybridize
363:deciduous
258:chaparral
161:Species:
67:Kingdom:
2406:Pruritus
2354:Candidid
2216:irritant
2212:allergic
2090:Tropicos
2030:11174143
1932:Wikidata
1895:VASCAN:
1873:Tropicos
1800:2.161752
1761:11278134
1748:255739-2
1608:Q5399841
1602:Wikidata
1445:25807034
1318:31162401
1310:15701120
1028:Calflora
998:(n.d.).
842:Archived
796:(n.d.).
758:See also
696:infusion
685:poultice
681:ringworm
625:Exposure
611:urushiol
585:Toxicity
432:iyáanga’
370:leaflets
341:rhizomes
209:Synonyms
139:Family:
110:Eudicots
2415:Prurigo
2225:plants:
2095:1300965
2056:7641446
2017:70510-1
1991:3190623
1952:7159121
1878:1300272
1782:MoBotPF
1709:3190621
1492:Berries
1455:Gallery
1437:4255231
1201:1185545
1139:7910172
1076:Bibcode
565:gardens
537:Ecology
478:in the
428:Yaangna
381:⁄
334:⁄
320:⁄
298:⁄
149:Genus:
129:Order:
71:Plantae
2288:Eczema
2245:other:
2043:520063
2004:101785
1888:456287
1885:uBio:
1847:PLANTS
1826:146997
1813:300207
1787:275946
1722:101865
1696:toxdiv
1693:FEIS:
1686:582277
1650:545756
1637:201453
1443:
1435:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1242:641754
1240:
1199:
1137:
1130:294319
1127:
948:
929:Jepson
735:, and
657:mangos
509:; and
505:, and
482:area.
450:, and
444:Oregon
440:Nevada
392:drupes
233:(syn.
201:Greene
197:A.Gray
195:&
123:Rosids
2541:Other
2025:IRMNG
1978:RHUDI
1965:4SN29
1774:28819
1756:IRMNG
1735:51080
1673:57LFS
1441:S2CID
1433:JSTOR
1314:S2CID
704:used
689:sedge
305:shrub
193:Torr.
117:Clade
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
2410:Itch
2077:POWO
2064:PfaF
2038:ITIS
2012:IPNI
1999:GRIN
1986:GBIF
1973:EPPO
1947:APNI
1898:2523
1860:POWO
1852:TODI
1808:NCBI
1769:ITIS
1743:IPNI
1717:GRIN
1704:GBIF
1660:8015
1645:BOLD
1632:APNI
1306:PMID
1298:ISSN
1256:link
1238:PMID
1197:PMID
1135:PMID
966:link
946:ISBN
814:2015
667:Uses
569:weed
468:and
309:vine
287:leaf
272:oaks
2103:WFO
1960:CoL
1906:WFO
1681:EoL
1668:CoL
1423:doi
1388:hdl
1380:doi
1290:doi
1230:doi
1218:".
1189:doi
1125:PMC
1117:doi
1084:doi
694:An
430:or
249:.
241:or
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1439:.
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