501:
199:
1643:
734:
2379:
1656:
311:, and jump of the eastward Pacific Rise. These features are partially related to the reactivation of early fault systems during the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt's evolution. The main brittle fault system's geometry, kinematics, and age define a complex array of what could be multiple factors affecting the deformation of the belt. It exhibits many volcanic features, not limited to large stratovolcanoes, including
533:(longitude 102°W) to the Palma Sola area (longitude 98°30'). The plate boundary geometry and sub-horizontal subducting slab's thermal structure are the controlling factors for initial arc volcanism. Magmatism migrated away from the trench, moving northeast towards the Gulf of Mexico—giving the arc its characteristic E-W orientation, the inland push of the arc showed progressively drier melting, and eventually
867:
2391:
1668:
55:
336:
2415:
2403:
1680:
298:
are positioned obliquely to the general position of the arc. In addition to the physiographic complexities, igneous compositions vary—dominant subduction-related products contrast with intraplate geo-chemical signatures. The many intriguing aspects of the belt have spurred several hypotheses based on
575:
Since the late
Pliocene, the style and composition of volcanism in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt became more diverse. In several areas, volumetrically dominant calc-alkaline rocks are associated with modest volumes of intraplate-like lavas or other potassium rich rocks, accompanied by Quaternary
466:
to the west, and to the south by the Nazca Plate. The Cocos and Rivera are relatively young oceanic plates (25 and 10 Ma) that are subducting along the Middle
American Trench at different convergence rates (Rivera = ~30 mm/yr and the Cocos = ~ 50–90 mm/yr). Commonly found subduction
571:
composition can be found dating between 7.5 and 6 Ma. There is an absence of silicic volcanism between these regions during the whole Trans-Mexican
Volcanic Belt history. Since the late Miocene, silicic volcanism migrated trenchward over 200 km in the eastern sector (east of 101°W) and
504:
Volcanic
Evolution and changes in composition over time. 1) Early to Late Miocene the belt the Cocos and Rivera plate begin subduction beneath Central Mexico. 2) Late Miocene to Early Pliocene the slab tear begins to propagate West to East across the back northern area of the belt, allowing
592:
began to be created in the last 1 Ma ~100 km behind the volcanic front in the
Western Sector, oriented West - Northwest and East - Southeast. In the eastern sector, all stratovolcanoes are found within the volcanic front. One exception to the location of these stratovolcanoes is the
597:, which is positioned south of the southern tip of the Cocos and Rivera slab tear and is the largest volcanic edifice in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. In addition to stratovolcanoes, monogenetic volcanic fields are also characteristic for this episode, the most prominent being the
1391:
Ferrari, Luca; Petrone, Chiara; Francalanci, Lorella (2001). "Generation of oceanic-island basalt–type volcanism in the western Trans-Mexican volcanic belt by slab rollback, asthenosphere infiltration, and variable flux melting".
399:
compositions was complete, and can be considered the beginning of the Trans-Mexican
Volcanic Belt. Due to the orthogonal orientation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in relation to the trend of Mexican tectonic provinces, its
1222:
Ferrari, Luca; Lopez-Martinez, Margarita; Aguirre-DĂaz, Gerardo; Carrasco-Núñez, Gerardo (1999). "Space-time patterns of
Cenozoic arc volcanism in central Mexico: From the Sierra Madre Occidental to the Mexican Volcanic Belt".
854:
make soils in the region very fertile, which (especially coupled with elevation making tropical climate milder) has led to high human population densities in the belt that now sometimes strain the environment.
617:
subduction and a fast overriding plate. Central Mexico's flat subduction is not evident. The Trans-Mexican
Volcanic belt's flat slab is confined between ~101°W and 96°W; this region may be explained by thicker
544:, north of the previously formed arc, ending ~ 3 Ma. The onset of the mafic lavas indicates lateral propagation of slab tear, prompted by the end of subduction beneath Baja California, allowing the influx of
622:. Existence of thick strong crust combined with decreasing fluid input contributed to narrowing the asthenospheric wedge, increasing viscosity and suction forces, which led to flat subduction—preventing the
563:, and marked the beginning of trenchward migration of volcanism. East of 101°W dome complexes, lava flows, and large calderas that produced significant quantities of ignimbrites (>50 km) of
243:. Several of its highest peaks have snow all year long, and during clear weather, they are visible to a large percentage of those who live on the many high plateaus from which these volcanoes rise.
1168:
Garcia-Palomo, A.; Macias, J; Tolson, G; Valdez, G; Mora, J (2002). "Volcanic stratigraphy and geological evolution of the Apan region, east-central sector of the Trans-Mexican
Volcanic Belt".
479:
are associated with the area. Middle
Miocene adakitic (more felsic) rocks are found furthest from the trench and along the volcanic front of the central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt during the
391:, counterclockwise rotation of the volcanic arc transitioned the once active Sierra Madre Occidental to a now active Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. By the Middle Miocene, the transition from the
2306:
487:. It has been suggested that slab melting contributed to the adakitic imprint on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, prompted by the prolonged flat subduction of the Cocos Plate.
454:. The Rivera Plate was the last fragment detached from the Cocos Plate, becoming a microplate at around 10 Ma. This small plate is bounded by the Rivera fracture zone, the
294:
formed the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is a unique volcanic belt; it is not parallel to the Middle American Trench, and many of the main
983:
Suter, M.; Quintero, O. (July 30, 1992). "Active Faults and State of Stress in the Central Part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico 1. The Venta de Bravo Fault".
1304:
PĂ©rez-Campos, Xyoli; Kim, YoungHee; Huske, Allen; Davis, Paul; Clayton, Robert; Iglesias, Arturo; Pacheco, Javier; Singh, Shri; Manea, Vlad; Gurnis, Michael (2008).
537:
melting began to occur—suggesting flattening of the subducted slab. The oldest rocks of this age may be exposed near the modern volcanic front, in Central Mexico.
1031:
Manea, Vlad; Manea, Marina; Ferrari, Luca (2013). "A geodynamical perspective on the subduction of Cocos and Rivera plates beneath Mexico and Central America".
890:
1520:
949:
Ferrari, Luca; Esquivel, Teresa; Manea, Vlad; Manea, Marina (2012). "The dynamic history of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Mexico subduction zone".
826:
552:. This volcanism created basaltic plateaus through fissures, or less commonly, small shield volcanoes and lava cones, with diminishing lava volume eastward.
598:
1718:
518:
From the early to mid Miocene ~20 to 8 Ma, the initial Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt volcanic arc consisted of intermediate effusive volcanism, producing
2486:
2357:
710:
volcanoes, in Puebla and Veracruz, mark the meeting of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt with the Sierra Madre Oriental. To the south, the basin of the
2456:
2471:
1113:"The Geochemical Puzzle of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Mantle Plume, Continental Rifting, or Mantle Perturbation Induced by Subduction?"
1084:
2441:
505:
Asthenospheric heat in to generate the Mafic episode. 3)Latest Miocene - Early Pliocene was the onset of more silic volcanics generated by
458:, the Tamayo fracture zone, and the Middle American Trench. The larger Cocos Plate is bordered by the North American Plate (NAM) and the
2481:
2446:
2419:
2476:
1458:
2451:
2352:
2316:
1513:
885:
722:
750:
438:. Assemblage of these basement rocks results with a thickness of 50–55 km east of 101°W and 35–40 km west of 101°W.
138:
2506:
2501:
2311:
2065:
1711:
31:
500:
2526:
2491:
2171:
830:
1684:
1430:
GĂłmez-Tuena, A; Ferrari, L.; Orozco-Esquivel, Ma.T. (2007). "Igneous Petrogenesis of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt,'".
1258:
Alva-Valdivia, Luis; Goguitchaichvili, Avto; Ferrari, Luca; Rosas-Elguera, Jose; Fucugauchi, Jaime; Orozco, Jose (2000).
1193:
2496:
2466:
2337:
2098:
471:
rocks volumetrically occupy a majority of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt but smaller volumes of intraplate-like lavas,
131:
1756:
1741:
1660:
1506:
880:
1351:
Ferrari, Luca (2004). "Slab detachment control on mafic volcanic pulse and mantle heterogeneity in central Mexico".
1133:
Ego, Frederic; Veronique, Ansan (2002). "Why is the Central Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt transtensive deformation?".
375:
related volcanism formed the Sierra Madre Occidental silic volcanic arc at a paleo-subduction zone off the coast of
2521:
2516:
1170:
526:
2213:
1704:
1481:
1413:
1244:
718:. This area is also a distinct physiographic province of the larger Sierra Madre System physiographic division.
1260:"Paleomagnetic data from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: implications for tectonics and volcanic stratigraphy"
267:. This approximately 1000 kilometer long, 90–230 km broad structure is an east–west, active, continental
423:. West of 101°W, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt resides on top of the Guerro composite terrane—a make up of
2511:
2461:
2321:
2286:
2228:
1751:
695:
585:
360:
103:
339:
Major active volcanoes of Mexico. From west to east, volcanoes part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic belt are
2141:
2108:
1856:
1786:
806:
2263:
2103:
2075:
1956:
1806:
699:
300:
291:
2407:
450:
at approximately 23 Ma, which created two plates at equatorial latitudes, the Cocos Plate and southern
2531:
2281:
2253:
2154:
2132:
2090:
1990:
1861:
1851:
1821:
1791:
1761:
1746:
1730:
1401:
1360:
1320:
1271:
1232:
1142:
1040:
992:
954:
715:
610:
506:
287:
264:
540:
A Late Miocene ~11 Ma eastward traveling pulse of mafic volcanism swept across the whole of Central
359:
Prior to the formation of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, an older, but related volcanic belt, the
2362:
2347:
2042:
1947:
1888:
1871:
1846:
1796:
1540:
594:
509:
which pushed the belt further inland to the north. 4)Late Pliocene to Holocene is characterized by
312:
2390:
1667:
2383:
2243:
2193:
2032:
1903:
1866:
1841:
1831:
1826:
1811:
1801:
1632:
1529:
70:
198:
2113:
1933:
1893:
1627:
1571:
1080:
841:
619:
556:
455:
1074:
2395:
2208:
2080:
1965:
1883:
1816:
1672:
1642:
1562:
1439:
1409:
1368:
1328:
1279:
1275:
1240:
1150:
1048:
1000:
962:
872:
794:
786:
664:
577:
340:
316:
212:
1305:
17:
2176:
1969:
1876:
1778:
1566:
810:
744:
737:
707:
703:
691:
614:
459:
376:
352:
78:
74:
802:
798:
348:
271:; encompassing an area of approximately 160,000 km. Over several million years, the
66:
62:
1405:
1364:
1324:
1236:
1146:
1044:
996:
958:
2238:
2233:
2198:
2118:
2060:
1921:
1553:
733:
660:
534:
447:
412:
388:
283:
260:
174:
1154:
2435:
2203:
2166:
1995:
1942:
1608:
1603:
623:
589:
545:
510:
468:
463:
404:
295:
256:
236:
45:
335:
2342:
2181:
2018:
1937:
1926:
1911:
1836:
1580:
1575:
1549:
851:
814:
711:
581:
549:
407:
is highly heterogeneous. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt east of 101°W rests upon
304:
276:
268:
93:
82:
1487:
790:
656:
648:
344:
54:
2271:
2223:
2218:
2159:
2149:
1961:
1951:
1558:
1544:
1306:"Horizontal subduction and truncation of the Cocos Plate beneath central Mexico"
1052:
966:
668:
451:
432:
408:
384:
280:
866:
2276:
2026:
2004:
1979:
1974:
1613:
1593:
1588:
1443:
862:
652:
560:
484:
401:
372:
272:
765:
752:
153:
140:
2248:
2070:
2050:
2013:
2009:
1727:
1622:
1618:
834:
530:
519:
472:
435:
416:
320:
1112:
2022:
1584:
1333:
684:
680:
568:
559:(mafic-silicic) in the early Pliocene, creating large dome complexes and
480:
428:
424:
368:
324:
840:
The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt has many endemic species, including the
2186:
2055:
1999:
1983:
1916:
1598:
1284:
1259:
779:
747:(5,636 metres (18,491 ft)) also known as Citlaltépetl, located at
672:
644:
523:
476:
420:
392:
308:
1004:
817:, a companion of the Pico de Orizaba (4,580 metres (15,030 ft)).
1498:
1372:
676:
640:
564:
541:
364:
252:
240:
1696:
778:. This, and several of the other high peaks, are active or dormant
732:
396:
785:
Other notable volcanoes in the range include (from west to east)
263:
between 18°30'N and 21°30'N, resting on the southern edge of the
380:
1700:
1502:
555:
West of 103°W, silicic volcanism between 7.5 and 3.0 Ma became
513:
sending the volcanic arc trenchward to the present day position
251:
The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt spans across Central-Southern
121:
East of 101°W 50-55 km West of 101°W 35-40 km
1414:
10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0507:gooibt>2.0.co;2
1245:
10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0303:stpoca>2.3.co;2
639:
From the west, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt runs from
580:. This modern arc consists of a frontal belt dominated by
446:
The subducting plates originated from the breakup of the
743:
The highest point, also the highest point in Mexico, is
27:
Active volcanic belt that covers central-southern Mexico
427:
to Cretaceous marine marginal arcs, which are built on
584:
and slab melting and a rear belt characterized by the
1467:] (in Spanish). Solaris ComunicaciĂłn. p. 39.
714:
lies between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the
2330:
2299:
2262:
2140:
2131:
2089:
2041:
1902:
1777:
1770:
188:
180:
170:
130:
125:
117:
109:
99:
89:
39:
572:100 km in the western sector (West of 103°W).
1076:MĂ©xico, estructuras, polĂtica, econĂłmica y social
1488:"Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests"
2307:Geographic data and information organizations
1712:
1514:
588:rocks stated previously. Absent since ~9 Ma,
225:
8:
827:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests
1432:Geological Society of America Special Paper
299:a typical subduction scenario: intra-plate
2137:
1774:
1719:
1705:
1697:
1521:
1507:
1499:
197:
53:
36:
2358:National Council for Geographic Education
1332:
1283:
1457:Jimenez Gonzalez, Victor Manuel (2014).
1299:
1297:
1295:
1192:Guzman, Eduardo; Zoltan, Cserna (1963).
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
499:
334:
1460:GuĂa de Viaje del Distrito Federal (DF)
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
902:
891:Legend of PopocatĂ©petl and IztaccĂhuatl
1425:
1423:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
411:terranes, assembled into the Oaxaquia
1346:
1344:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
7:
2402:
1679:
1187:
1185:
1128:
1126:
1073:Delgado de CantĂş, Gloria M. (2003).
978:
976:
813:(4,282 metres (14,049 ft)) and
113:160,000 kilometres (99,000 mi)
2414:
1482:Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics USGS
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
694:lies to the north, bounded by the
599:Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field
363:occupied the area. Resuming in the
1465:Federal District Travel Guide (DF)
25:
805:(5,286 metres (17,343 ft)),
801:(5,452 metres (17,887 ft)),
797:(4,577 metres (15,016 ft)),
789:(4,339 metres (14,236 ft)),
77:(Cofre de Perote, most distant),
2487:Landforms of the State of Mexico
2413:
2401:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2353:International Geography Olympiad
1678:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1641:
886:List of seismic faults in Mexico
865:
809:(4,461 metres (14,636 ft))
793:(2,774 metres (9,101 ft)),
2457:Physiographic regions of Mexico
985:Journal of Geophysical Research
723:Sierra de Ajusco-Chichinauhtzin
192:1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
2066:Geographic information science
825:The mountains are home to the
290:along the northern end of the
32:Sierra Nevada (disambiguation)
1:
2172:Geographic information system
1155:10.1016/s0040-1951(02)00511-5
831:Mesoamerican pine-oak forests
725:also forms part of the Belt.
613:can commonly be explained by
606:Cause of flat slab subduction
239:that covers central-southern
2472:Landforms of Hidalgo (state)
2099:Environmental social science
1313:Geophysical Research Letters
1194:"Tectonic History of Mexico"
2442:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
1053:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.039
967:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.09.018
881:List of volcanoes in Mexico
209:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
40:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
18:Trans-Mexican volcanic belt
2548:
626:from entering the mantle.
29:
2447:Mountain ranges of Mexico
2373:
2214:Global Positioning System
1737:
1650:
1639:
1536:
217:Eje Volcánico Transversal
196:
52:
44:
2477:Landforms of Mexico City
1264:Earth, Planets and Space
2452:Physiographic provinces
2322:National mapping agency
2287:Survey (human research)
2229:Participant observation
1276:2000EP&S...52..467A
1171:GeofĂsica Internacional
696:Sierra Madre Occidental
595:Colima volcanic complex
529:extending from western
379:, before the peninsula
361:Sierra Madre Occidental
104:Sierra Madre Occidental
48:: Neogene to Quaternary
2482:Landforms of Michoacán
2312:Geographical societies
2109:Landscape architecture
1494:. World Wildlife Fund.
1492:Terrestrial Ecoregions
846:Aphelocoma ultramarina
740:
647:east through northern
514:
467:related rocks such as
462:to the northeast, the
356:
301:leaky transform faults
226:
216:
2507:Landforms of Tlaxcala
2502:Landforms of Veracruz
2104:Environmental studies
2076:Statistical geography
1957:Environmental science
1444:10.1130/2007.2422(05)
1079:. Pearson EducaciĂłn.
991:(B8): 11,983–11,993.
736:
700:Sierra Madre Oriental
527:polygenetic volcanoes
503:
338:
323:complexes, and major
292:Middle America Trench
219:), also known as the
59:Six Mexican Volcanoes
2527:Quaternary volcanism
2492:Landforms of Morelos
2317:Geoscience societies
2282:Interview (research)
2254:Land change modeling
2155:Computer cartography
2133:Techniques and tools
1991:Earth system science
1334:10.1029/2008GL035127
1198:AAPG Special Volumes
1117:www.MantlePlumes.org
953:. 522–523: 122–149.
716:Sierra Madre del Sur
611:Flat slab subduction
507:Flat Slab Subduction
288:North American Plate
265:North American Plate
233:Snowy Mountain Range
30:For other uses, see
2497:Landforms of Puebla
2467:Volcanism of Mexico
2363:Spatial citizenship
2348:Geographers on Film
2338:Geography education
1948:Atmospheric science
1541:Atmospheric science
1406:2001Geo....29..507F
1365:2004Geo....32...77F
1325:2008GeoRL..3518303P
1237:1999Geo....27..303F
1147:2002Tectp.359..189E
1045:2013Tectp.609...56M
997:1992JGR....9711983S
959:2012Tectp.522..122F
762: /
313:monogenetic volcano
223:and locally as the
150: /
81:(Pico de Orizaba),
46:Stratigraphic range
2244:Statistical survey
2194:Geologic modelling
2033:Quaternary science
1633:Quaternary science
1530:Physical geography
1285:10.1186/bf03351651
741:
515:
357:
331:Geologic framework
221:Transvolcanic Belt
2522:Neogene volcanism
2517:Quaternary Mexico
2429:
2428:
2295:
2294:
2127:
2126:
2114:Landscape ecology
1934:Coastal geography
1694:
1693:
1628:Landscape ecology
1572:Coastal geography
1438:(Ch 5): 129–182.
1086:978-970-26-0357-3
1005:10.1029/91jb00428
842:Transvolcanic jay
766:19.017°N 97.267°W
702:to the east. The
620:continental crust
578:peralkaline rocks
456:East Pacific Rise
205:
204:
16:(Redirected from
2539:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2381:
2380:
2209:Geovisualization
2138:
2081:Spatial analysis
1966:Paleoclimatology
1775:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1563:Paleoclimatology
1523:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1495:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1388:
1377:
1376:
1373:10.1130/g19887.1
1348:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1310:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1219:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1091:
1090:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1028:
1009:
1008:
980:
971:
970:
946:
875:
873:Volcanoes portal
870:
869:
795:Nevado de Toluca
787:Nevado de Colima
777:
776:
774:
773:
772:
767:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
698:to the west and
669:Distrito Federal
475:rich rocks, and
431:–Early Jurassic
341:Nevado de Colima
317:shield volcanoes
235:), is an active
229:
201:
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
57:
37:
21:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2369:
2326:
2291:
2258:
2177:Distributed GIS
2123:
2085:
2037:
1970:Palaeogeography
1898:
1766:
1733:
1725:
1695:
1690:
1646:
1637:
1567:Palaeogeography
1532:
1527:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1111:Ferrari, Luca.
1110:
1109:
1094:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1030:
1029:
1012:
982:
981:
974:
948:
947:
904:
899:
871:
864:
861:
823:
811:Cofre de Perote
771:19.017; -97.267
770:
768:
764:
761:
756:
753:
751:
749:
748:
745:Pico de Orizaba
738:Pico de Orizaba
731:
708:Pico de Orizaba
704:Cofre de Perote
692:Mexican Plateau
637:
632:
615:oceanic plateau
608:
590:stratovolcanoes
498:
493:
460:Caribbean Plate
444:
442:Plate evolution
383:away. From the
377:Baja California
353:Pico de Orizaba
333:
296:stratovolcanoes
249:
158:
156:
154:19.03°N 97.27°W
152:
149:
144:
141:
139:
137:
136:
85:
75:Nauhcampatépetl
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Neogene Mexico
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Volcanic belts
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Remote sensing
2236:
2234:Photogrammetry
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Geomathematics
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2119:Time geography
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Geoinformatics
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1959:
1954:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1922:Phytogeography
1919:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1578:
1569:
1556:
1554:Phytogeography
1547:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1477:
1476:External links
1474:
1471:
1470:
1449:
1419:
1400:(6): 507–510.
1378:
1340:
1319:(18): L18303.
1291:
1270:(7): 467–478.
1250:
1231:(4): 303–306.
1207:
1181:
1160:
1141:(1): 189–208.
1135:Tectonophysics
1122:
1092:
1085:
1058:
1033:Tectonophysics
1010:
972:
951:Tectonophysics
901:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
888:
883:
877:
876:
860:
857:
822:
819:
730:
727:
636:
633:
631:
628:
607:
604:
603:
602:
586:differentiated
573:
553:
538:
497:
494:
492:
491:Belt evolution
489:
448:Farallon Plate
443:
440:
413:microcontinent
389:Middle Miocene
332:
329:
307:, continental
261:Gulf of Mexico
248:
245:
203:
202:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
175:Central Mexico
172:
168:
167:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
61:Left to right
58:
50:
49:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2544:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Geostatistics
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Geochronology
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:Geomorphology
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:Earth science
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Geostatistics
1607:
1605:
1604:Geomorphology
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:(2): 133–150.
1177:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
903:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
874:
868:
863:
858:
856:
853:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
829:, one of the
828:
820:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
775:
746:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
683:, to central
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
629:
627:
625:
624:oceanic plate
621:
616:
612:
605:
600:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:asthenosphere
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
516:
512:
511:slab rollback
508:
502:
495:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:calc-alkaline
465:
464:Pacific Plate
461:
457:
453:
449:
441:
439:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:deformation,
370:
366:
362:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:mantle plumes
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Pacific Ocean
254:
246:
244:
242:
238:
237:volcanic belt
234:
230:
228:
227:Sierra Nevada
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
163:
159:19.03; -97.27
135:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2343:Geo-literacy
2300:Institutions
2182:Internet GIS
2142:Quantitative
2019:Soil science
1938:Oceanography
1927:Zoogeography
1912:Biogeography
1787:Agricultural
1683:
1671:
1659:
1581:Soil science
1576:Oceanography
1550:Biogeography
1491:
1464:
1459:
1452:
1435:
1431:
1397:
1393:
1359:(1): 77–80.
1356:
1352:
1316:
1312:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1228:
1224:
1201:
1197:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1138:
1134:
1116:
1075:
1036:
1032:
988:
984:
950:
852:Volcanic ash
850:
845:
839:
824:
815:Sierra Negra
807:Matlalcueitl
803:IztaccĂhuatl
799:Popocatépetl
784:
742:
720:
712:Balsas River
689:
661:MĂ©xico State
638:
609:
550:mantle wedge
445:
358:
349:Popocatépetl
286:beneath the
269:volcanic arc
250:
232:
224:
220:
208:
206:
94:Volcanic arc
83:Sierra Negra
79:Citlaltépetl
73:(Malinche),
71:Matlalcueitl
67:Popocatépetl
63:IztaccĂhuatl
2532:Cordilleras
2420:WikiProject
2272:Ethnography
2264:Qualitative
2224:Map algebra
2219:Hydrography
2160:Web mapping
2150:Cartography
1962:Climatology
1952:Meteorology
1807:Development
1559:Climatology
1545:Meteorology
769: /
671:, northern
663:, southern
655:, southern
651:, southern
561:ignimbrites
452:Nazca Plate
433:siliclastic
415:and on the
409:Precambrian
385:Late Eocene
157: /
132:Coordinates
2436:Categories
2277:Geopoetics
2091:Integrated
2027:Edaphology
2005:Glaciology
1980:Geophysics
1975:Geobiology
1862:Settlement
1852:Population
1822:Historical
1792:Behavioral
1752:Philosophy
1614:Glaciology
1594:Geobiology
1589:Edaphology
1204:: 113–129.
897:References
835:ecoregions
653:Guanajuato
576:rhyolitic
485:Quaternary
436:turbidites
402:Cretaceous
373:subduction
273:subduction
2331:Education
2249:Surveying
2071:Geomatics
2051:Geodesign
2043:Technical
2014:Limnology
2010:Hydrology
1889:Strategic
1872:Transport
1847:Political
1837:Marketing
1797:Cognitive
1728:Geography
1623:Limnology
1619:Hydrology
1039:: 56–81.
791:ParĂcutin
780:volcanoes
657:Querétaro
649:Michoacán
630:Geography
569:rhyolitic
548:into the
531:Michoacan
520:andesitic
496:Formation
473:potassium
417:Paleozoic
345:ParĂcutin
321:lava dome
255:from the
118:Thickness
2384:Category
2023:Pedology
1904:Physical
1867:Regional
1857:Religion
1842:Military
1832:Language
1827:Internet
1812:Economic
1802:Cultural
1771:Branches
1742:Glossary
1661:Category
1585:Pedology
859:See also
685:Veracruz
681:Tlaxcala
481:Pliocene
477:adakites
429:Triassic
425:Jurassic
419:Mixteco
405:basement
395:to more
369:Laramide
325:calderas
126:Location
100:Overlies
2408:Commons
2187:Web GIS
2056:Geodesy
2000:Geology
1984:Geodesy
1917:Ecology
1894:Tourism
1762:Outline
1747:History
1685:Commons
1599:Geology
1402:Bibcode
1361:Bibcode
1321:Bibcode
1272:Bibcode
1233:Bibcode
1143:Bibcode
1041:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
955:Bibcode
821:Ecology
757:97°16′W
754:19°01′N
673:Morelos
665:Hidalgo
645:Jalisco
565:dacitic
557:bimodal
524:dacitic
421:terrane
393:silicic
387:to the
367:, post-
315:cones,
309:rifting
275:of the
259:to the
247:History
213:Spanish
181:Country
145:97°16′W
142:19°02′N
2396:Portal
1884:Social
1817:Health
1731:topics
1673:Portal
1083:
679:, and
677:Puebla
667:, the
641:Colima
635:Region
542:Mexico
381:rifted
365:Eocene
351:, and
284:plates
277:Rivera
253:Mexico
241:Mexico
189:Extent
184:Mexico
171:Region
1877:Urban
1779:Human
1757:Index
1463:[
1309:(PDF)
729:Peaks
397:mafic
281:Cocos
1081:ISBN
833:sub-
721:The
706:and
690:The
643:and
582:flux
535:slab
522:and
400:Pre-
279:and
207:The
110:Area
90:Type
1440:doi
1436:422
1410:doi
1394:GSA
1369:doi
1353:GSA
1329:doi
1280:doi
1241:doi
1225:GSA
1202:151
1151:doi
1139:359
1049:doi
1037:609
1001:doi
963:doi
848:).
567:to
2438::
2012:/
1998:/
1982:/
1968:/
1964:/
1950:/
1936:/
1621:/
1587:/
1583:/
1574:/
1565:/
1561:/
1552:/
1543:/
1490:.
1434:.
1422:^
1408:.
1398:29
1396:.
1381:^
1367:.
1357:32
1355:.
1343:^
1327:.
1317:35
1315:.
1311:.
1294:^
1278:.
1268:52
1266:.
1262:.
1239:.
1229:27
1227:.
1210:^
1200:.
1196:.
1184:^
1176:41
1174:.
1149:.
1137:.
1125:^
1115:.
1095:^
1061:^
1047:.
1035:.
1013:^
999:.
989:97
987:.
975:^
961:.
905:^
837:.
782:.
687:.
675:,
659:,
347:,
343:,
327:.
319:,
303:,
215::
69:,
65:,
2029:)
2025:/
2021:(
1720:e
1713:t
1706:v
1522:e
1515:t
1508:v
1446:.
1442::
1416:.
1412::
1404::
1375:.
1371::
1363::
1337:.
1331::
1323::
1288:.
1282::
1274::
1247:.
1243::
1235::
1157:.
1153::
1145::
1119:.
1089:.
1055:.
1051::
1043::
1007:.
1003::
995::
969:.
965::
957::
844:(
601:.
483:-
355:.
231:(
211:(
166:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
