Transatlantic telegraph cable

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and design, and Whitehouse's repeated attempts to drive up to 2,000 volts through the cable, compromised the cable's insulation. Whitehouse attempted to hide the poor performance and was vague in his communications. The expected inaugural message from Queen Victoria had been widely publicised, and when it was not forthcoming, the press speculated that there were problems. Whitehouse announced that five or six weeks would be required for "adjustments". The Queen's message had been received in Newfoundland, but Whitehouse was unable to read the confirmation copy sent back the other way. Finally, on 17 August, he announced receipt. What he did not announce was that the message had been received on the mirror galvanometer when he finally gave up trying with his own equipment. Whitehouse had the message reentered into his printing telegraph locally so he could send on the printed tape and pretend that it had been received that way.

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board's investigation, and Thomson took over in Valentia, tasked with reconstructing the events that Whitehouse had obfuscated. Whitehouse was held responsible for the failure and dismissed. The cable might have failed eventually anyway, but Whitehouse certainly brought it about much sooner. The cable was particularly vulnerable in the first hundred miles from Ireland, consisting of the old 1857 cable that was spliced into the new lay and known to be poorly manufactured. Samples showed that in places the conductor was badly off-centre and could easily break through the insulation due to mechanical strains during laying. Tests were conducted on samples of cable submerged in seawater. When perfectly insulated, there was no problem applying thousands of volts. However, a sample with a pinprick hole "lit up like a lantern" when tested, and a large hole was burned in the insulation.

110: 572: 678:, an extremely sensitive instrument, much better than any until then. He requested £2,000 from the board to build several, but was given only £500 for a prototype and permission to try it on the next voyage. It was extremely good at detecting the positive and negative edges of telegraph pulses that represented a Morse "dash" and "dot" respectively (the standard system on submarine cables—as, unlike overland telegraphy, both pulses were of the same length). Thomson believed that he could use the instrument with the low voltages from regular telegraph equipment even over the vast length of the Atlantic cable. He successfully tested it on 2,700 miles (4,300 km) of cable in underwater storage at 650:

a distance similar to the transatlantic route and declared that there would be no problem. Morse was also present at this test and supported Whitehouse. Thomson believed that Whitehouse's measurements were flawed and that underground and underwater cables were not fully comparable. Thomson believed that a larger cable was needed to mitigate the retardation problem. In mid-1857, on his own initiative, he examined samples of copper core of allegedly identical specification and found variations in resistance up to a factor of two. But cable manufacture was already underway, and Whitehouse supported use of a thinner cable, so Field went with the cheaper option.

667: 612:, expressing hope that the cable would prove "an additional link between the nations whose friendship is founded on their common interest and reciprocal esteem". The President responded: "It is a triumph more glorious, because far more useful to mankind, than was ever won by conqueror on the field of battle. May the Atlantic telegraph, under the blessing of Heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred nations, and an instrument destined by Divine Providence to diffuse religion, civilization, liberty, and law throughout the world." 175: 152:, and on July 27 the successful connection was put into service. The 1865 cable was also retrieved and spliced, so two cables were in service. These cables proved more durable. Line speed was very good, and the slogan "Two weeks to two minutes" was coined to emphasize the great improvement over ship-borne dispatches. The cables altered the personal, commercial and political relations between people across the Atlantic. Since 1866, there has been a permanent cable connection between the continents. 445: 33: 980: 552: 1031:"caught" the cable and brought it to the surface. It seemed to be an unrealistically easy success. During the night, the cable slipped from the buoy to which it had been secured, and the process had to start all over again. This happened several more times, with the cable slipping after being secured in a frustrating battle against rough seas. One time, a sailor even was flung across the deck when the grapnel rope snapped and recoiled around him. 417:. Late in manufacturing, it was discovered that the two batches had been made with strands twisted in opposite directions. This meant that they could not be directly spliced wire-to-wire, as the iron wire on both cables would unwind when it was put under tension during laying. The problem was solved by splicing through an improvised wooden bracket to hold the wires in place, but the mistake created negative publicity for the project. 560: 4340: 881: 761: 4350: 4329: 994:, put to sea again in order to grapple the lost cable of 1865. Their goal was to find the end of the lost cable, splice it to new cable, and complete the run to Newfoundland. They were determined to find it, and their search was based solely upon positions recorded "principally by Captain Moriarty, R. N.", who placed the end of the lost cable at longitude 358: 4360: 633: 654:

base in Valentia through the cable. Whitehouse overruled Thomson's suggestion on the 1857 voyage, but Bright convinced the directors to approve a mid-ocean start on the subsequent 1858 voyage. Whitehouse, as chief electrician, was supposed to be on board the cable-laying vessel, but repeatedly found excuses for the 1857 attempt, the trials in the

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sailing towards Ireland, with a free hand to use his equipment without Whitehouse's interference. Although Thomson had the status of a mere advisor to engineer C. W. de Sauty, it was not long before all electrical decisions were deferred to him. Whitehouse, staying behind in Valentia, remained

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Operation of the 1858 cable was plagued by conflict between two of the project's senior members – Thomson and Whitehouse. Whitehouse was a medical doctor by training, but had taken an enthusiastic interest in the new electrical technology and given up his medical practice to follow a

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and repaired. It broke again over Telegraph Plateau, nearly 3,200 m (10,500 ft) deep, and the operation was abandoned for the year. Three hundred miles (480 km) of cable were lost, but the remaining 1,800 miles (2,900 km) were sufficient to complete the task. During this period,

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Broken cables required an elaborate repair procedure. The approximate distance to the break was determined by measuring the resistance of the broken cable. The repair ship navigated to the location. The cable was hooked with a grapple and brought on board to test for electrical continuity. Buoys

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reached Valentia on 5 August, Thomson handed over to Whitehouse, and the project was declared a success to the press. Thomson received clear signals throughout the voyage using the mirror galvanometer, but Whitehouse immediately connected his own equipment. The effects of the cable's poor handling

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Around this time, the board started having doubts over Whitehouse's generally negative attitude. Not only did he repeatedly clash with Thomson, but was also critical of Field, and his repeated refusals to carry out his primary duty as chief electrician onboard ship made a very bad impression. With

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meeting in 1855. Thomson's law predicted that transmission speed on the cable would be very slow due to an effect called retardation. To test the theory, Bright gave Whitehouse overnight access to the Magnetic Telegraph Company's long underground lines. Whitehouse joined several lines together to

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set sail to try again. Ten days out they encountered a severe storm, and the enterprise was nearly brought to a premature end. The ships were top-heavy with cable, which could not all fit in the holds, and the ships struggled to stay upright. Ten sailors were hurt, and Thomson's electrical cabin

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Eighty Years' Progress of British North America: Showing the Wonderful Development of Its Natural Resources, Giving, in a Historical Form, the Vast Improvements Made in Agriculture, Commerce, and Trade, Modes of Travel and Transportation, Mining, and Educational Interests, Etc., Etc., with a Large

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In September 1858, after several days of progressive deterioration of the insulation, the cable failed altogether. The reaction to the news was tremendous. Some writers even hinted that the line was a mere hoax; others pronounced it a stock-exchange speculation. Whitehouse was recalled for the

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Another point of contention was the itinerary for deployment. Thomson favoured starting mid-Atlantic and the two ships heading in opposite directions, which would halve the time required. Whitehouse wanted both ships to travel together from Ireland so that progress could be reported back to the

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was armoured separately by wire-rope manufacturers, the standard practice at the time. In the rush to proceed, only four months were allowed for the cable's completion. As no wire-rope maker had the capacity to make so much cable in such a short period, the task was shared by two English firms:

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transmission and receiving systems were set up that could relay multiple messages over the cable. Before the first transatlantic cable, communications between Europe and the Americas had occurred only by ship and could be delayed for weeks by severe winter storms. By contrast, the transatlantic

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applied excessive voltage to it while trying to achieve faster operation. It has been argued that the cable's faulty manufacture, storage and handling would have caused its premature failure in any case. Its short life undermined public and investor confidence and delayed efforts to restore a

345:, a medical doctor self-educated in electrical engineering, was appointed chief electrician. Field provided a quarter of the capital himself. After the remaining shares were sold, largely to existing investors in Brett's company, an unpaid board of directors was formed, which included 2461: 579:

Test messages were sent from Newfoundland beginning 10 August 1858. The first was successfully read at Valentia on 12 August and in Newfoundland on 13 August. Further test and configuration messages followed until 16 August, when the first official message was sent via the cable:

1043:. The cable was carried to the electrician's room, where it was determined that the cable was connected. All on the ship cheered or wept as rockets were sent up into the sky to light the sea. The recovered cable was then spliced to a fresh cable in her hold and payed out to 1124:

Additional cables were laid between Foilhommerum and Heart's Content in 1873, 1874, 1880, and 1894. By the end of the 19th century, British-, French-, German-, and American-owned cables linked Europe and North America in a sophisticated web of telegraphic communications.

1072:. This was despite the use of the highly sensitive mirror galvanometer. The inaugural message from Queen Victoria took 67 minutes to transmit to Newfoundland, but it took 16 hours for the confirmation copy to be transmitted back to Whitehouse in Valentia. 620:, streets were hung with flags, bells of the churches were rung, and at night the city was illuminated. On 1 September there was a parade, followed by an evening torchlight procession and a fireworks display that caused a fire in the Town Hall. Bright was 531:, Ireland. Some directors were in favour of abandoning the project and selling off the cable, but Field persuaded them to keep going. The ships set out again on 17 July, and the middle splice was finished on 29 July 1858. The cable ran easily this time. 1104:. It was not until the 20th century that message transmission speeds over transatlantic cables would reach even 120 words per minute. London became the world centre in telecommunications. Eventually, no fewer than eleven cables radiated from 325:

had laid a cable to Ireland in 1853, the deepest cable to that date. Further reasons for the trip were that all the commercial manufacturers of submarine cable were in Britain, and Field had failed to raise significant funds for the project in New York.

524:. The cable broke after less than 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi), again after about 54 nautical miles (100 km; 62 mi), and for a third time when about 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) had been run out of each vessel. 869:(4000 lb) per nautical mile (980 kg/km), or nearly twice the weight of the old. The Haymills site successfully manufactured 26,000 nautical miles (48,000 km) of wire (1,600 tons), made by 250 workers over eleven months. 2898: 1612:

Report of the Joint Committee Appointed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade and the Atlantic Telegraph Company, to Inquire Into the Construction of Submarine Telegraph Cables: Together with the Minutes of Evidence and

658:, and the two attempts in 1858. In 1857, Thomson was sent in his place, and in 1858 Field diplomatically assigned the two to different ships to avoid conflict—but as Whitehouse continued to evade the voyage, Thomson went alone. 420:

The British government gave Field a subsidy of £1,400 a year (£170,000 today) and loaned ships for cable laying and support. Field also solicited aid from the U.S. government, and a bill authorizing a subsidy was submitted in

389:, over which a sheath of 18 strands, each of 7 iron wires, was laid in a close helix. It weighed nearly 550 kg/km (1.1 tons per nautical mile), was relatively flexible, and could withstand tension of several tens of 1039:, arrived to join the search on 12 August. It was not until over a fortnight later, in early September 1866, that the cable was finally retrieved so that it could be worked on; it took 26 hours to get it safely on board 305:

was fitted out for the purpose, and the link from Cape Ray, Newfoundland to Aspy Bay, Nova Scotia was successfully laid. The project's final cost exceeded $ 1 million, and the transatlantic segment would cost much more.

958:, saying "Perfect communication established between England and America; God grant it will be a lasting source of benefit to our country." The next morning at 9 a.m. a message from England cited these words from the 813:

Field was undaunted by the failure. He was eager to renew the work, but the public had lost confidence in the scheme, and his efforts to revive the company were futile. It was not until 1864 that, with the assistance of

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found that the transatlantic telegraph substantially increased trade over the Atlantic and reduced prices. The study estimates that "the efficiency gains of the telegraph to be equivalent to 8 percent of export value".

144:. More than halfway across, the cable broke, and after many rescue attempts, it was abandoned. In July 1866 a third cable was laid from The Anglo-American Cable house on the Telegraph Field, Foilhommerum. On July 13, 746:

was reported on 17 August. The British Government used the cable to countermand an order for two regiments in Canada to embark for England, saving £50,000. A total of 732 messages were passed before the cable failed.

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The first step was to finish the line between St. John's and Nova Scotia, which was undertaken by Gisborne and Field's brother, Matthew. In 1855 an attempt was made to lay a cable across the Cabot Strait in the

281:. Maury's charts also indicated that a route directly to the US was too rugged to be tenable and considerably longer. Field adopted Gisborne's scheme as a preliminary step to the bigger undertaking and promoted the 615:

The messages were hard to decipher; Queen Victoria's message of 98 words took 16 hours to send. Nonetheless, they engendered an outburst of enthusiasm. The next morning a grand salute of 100 guns resounded in

4404: 567:, Ireland, the site of the earliest message sent from Ireland to North America. In October 2002, a memorial to mark the laying of the transatlantic cable to Newfoundland was unveiled on top of Foilhomerrum Cliff. 2891: 1075:

For the 1866 cable, the methods of cable manufacture, as well as sending messages, had been vastly improved. The 1866 cable could transmit 8 words a minute—80 times faster than the 1858 cable.

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The problems with breakage were due largely to difficulty controlling the cable tensions with the braking mechanism as the cable was payed out. A new mechanism was designed and successfully tested in the

349:(the future Lord Kelvin), a respected scientist. Thomson also acted as a scientific advisor. Morse, a shareholder in the Nova Scotia project and acting as the electrical advisor, was also on the board. 1132:, which potentially could completely solve the retardation problem and consequently speed up operation. Repeaters amplify the signal periodically along the line. On telegraph lines this is done with 2884: 2615: 908:. Her immense hull was fitted with three iron tanks for the reception of 2,300 nautical miles (4,300 km) of cable, and her decks furnished with the paying-out gear. At noon on 15 July 1865, 841:. With this experience, an improved cable was designed. The core consisted of seven twisted strands of very pure copper weighing 300 pounds per nautical mile (73 kg/km), coated with 329:

Field pushed the project ahead with tremendous energy and speed. Even before forming a company to carry it out, he ordered 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) of cable from the

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new career. He had no formal training in physics; all his knowledge was gained through practical experience. The two clashed even before the project began, when Whitehouse disputed Thomson's

90:. The first communications occurred on August 16, 1858, but the line speed was poor. The first official telegram to pass between two continents that day was a letter of congratulations from 822:, he succeeded in raising the necessary capital. The Glass, Elliot, and Gutta-Percha Companies were united to form the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Telcon, later part of 1000:

There were some who thought it hopeless to try, declaring that to locate a cable 2.5 mi (4.0 km) down would be like looking for a small needle in a large haystack. However,

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Although the cable was never put in service for public use and never worked well, there was time for a few messages to be passed that went beyond testing. The collision between the

2505:. The story of the men and women who were the earliest pioneers of the on-line frontier, and the global network they created – a network that was, in effect, the Victorian Internet. 674:

After his experience on the 1857 voyage, Thomson realised that a better method of detecting the telegraph signal was required. While waiting for the next voyage, he developed his

1670: 849:, alternating with four thin layers of the compound cementing the whole, and bringing the weight of the insulator to 400 lb/nmi (98 kg/km). This core was covered with 968:: "It is a great work, a glory to our age and nation, and the men who have achieved it deserve to be honoured among the benefactors of their race." The shore end was landed at 262:

invited Gisborne to his house to discuss the project. From his visitor, Field considered the idea that the cable to Newfoundland might be extended across the Atlantic Ocean.

250:, a telegraph engineer in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1851 he procured a grant from the Newfoundland legislature and, having formed a company, began building the landline. 282: 920:. This attempt failed on 2 August when, after 1,062 nautical miles (1,967 km) had been payed out, the cable snapped near the stern of the ship, and the end was lost. 470:, borrowed from their respective governments. Both were needed as neither could hold 2,500 nautical miles of cable alone. The cable was started at the white strand near 2456:

Müller, Simone. "The Transatlantic Telegraphs and the 'Class of 1866' – the Formative Years of Transnational Networks in Telegraphic Space, 1858–1884/89."

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The mirror galvanometer proved yet another point of contention. Whitehouse wanted to work the cable with a very different scheme, driving it with a massive high-voltage

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communications. Telegraphy is an obsolete form of communication, and the cables have long since been decommissioned, but telephone and data are still carried on other

4399: 1068:. The reception was very bad on the 1858 cable, and it took two minutes to transmit just one character (a single letter or a single number), a rate of about 0.1 943: 778: 697:

for the second transatlantic attempt in 1866. The decision to start mid-Atlantic, combined with Whitehouse dropping out of another voyage, left Thomson on board

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in the logs of multiple ships indicated that there was a feasible route across the Atlantic. It seemed so ideal for cable laying that Maury named it

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Mueller, Simone M. "From cabling the Atlantic to wiring the world: A review essay on the 150th anniversary of the Atlantic telegraph cable of 1866."

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To have navigated the ship in a fog so exactly to her proper position was certainly a most wonderful testimony to Captain Halpin's judgment and skill

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used on inland telegraphs. Thomson's instrument had to be read by eye and was not capable of printing. Nine years later, he invented the

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saturated in a preservative solution, and on the hemp were helically wound eighteen single strands of high tensile steel wire produced by

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started paying out once more. Despite problems with the weather on the evening of Friday, 27 July, the expedition reached the port of

4068: 2624: 1179: 955: 430: 101:. Signal quality declined rapidly, slowing transmission to an almost unusable speed. The cable was destroyed after three weeks when 56: 4162: 2774: 2502: 2345: 1755: 1291: 800: 346: 4389: 3947: 3495: 3297: 2534:– Comprehensive history of submarine telegraphy with much original material, including photographs of cable manufacturers samples 969: 927: 4058: 2573: 4053: 3604: 3160: 3110: 2907: 2439: 2390: 2375: 2330: 2315: 2252: 1642: 782: 584:

Directors of Atlantic Telegraph Company, Great Britain, to Directors in America:—Europe and America are united by telegraph.

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In the 1840s and 1850s several people proposed or advocated construction of a telegraph cable across the Atlantic, including

169: 95: 91: 44: 4078: 1174: 1085: 666: 4363: 4353: 4114: 4011: 3554: 3321: 1150: 976:. Congratulations poured in, and friendly telegrams were again exchanged between Queen Victoria and the United States. 2578: 1136:, but there was no practical way to power them in a submarine cable. The first transatlantic cable with repeaters was 4343: 3850: 3290: 1164: 314: 224: 1954: 543:

arrived at Valentia Island on 5 August; the shore end was landed at Knightstown and laid to the nearby cable house.

4202: 4124: 4063: 3770: 1097: 334: 193: 63: 771: 3974: 3935: 3780: 3680: 3609: 3542: 3369: 1520:"History of the Atlantic Cable – Submarine Telegraphy – 1857 – Laying the Atlantic Telegraph From Ship To Shore" 4333: 3575: 3510: 3463: 3349: 3190: 3165: 3155: 1169: 247: 70:

constructed the first transatlantic telegraph cable. The project began in 1854 with the first cable laid from

2558: 842: 1584:"History of the Atlantic Cable – Submarine Telegraphy – Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 1858 Cable News" 309:

In 1855, Field crossed the Atlantic, the first of 56 crossings in the course of the project, to consult with

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the removal of Morse, Whitehouse had lost his only ally on the board, but at this time no action was taken.

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producing several thousand volts, so enough current would be available to drive standard electromechanical

4094: 3880: 3695: 3640: 3635: 3448: 3413: 3170: 2223: 1708:". October 13, 2011, BBC TV, Using Chief Engineer Bright's original notebook. Retrieved 12 June 2014. 1081: 585: 422: 338: 290: 2127:"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy – 1915: How submarine cables are made and laid" 3996: 3800: 3765: 3685: 3665: 3587: 3475: 3396: 3226: 3100: 2970: 2876: 2764: 2520: 1238:

History of the Transatlantic Cable – Dr. E. O. W. Whitehouse and the 1858 trans-Atlantic cable

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Congratulatory telegram to President Buchanan on the completion of the first transatlantic cable, 1858

32: 3910: 3870: 3840: 3597: 3532: 3423: 3180: 3000: 2404: 1659:. See "The Great Transatlantic Cable – 1858". Bill Burns. Atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 12 June 2014. 854: 457: 426: 397: 330: 232: 156: 714: 174: 4409: 3920: 3860: 3619: 3581: 3438: 3379: 3364: 3221: 3185: 3120: 3115: 3065: 3030: 2975: 2865: 2860: 2749: 1093: 1009: 675: 646: 471: 1678:'History of the United States: from the earliest period to the administration of President Johnson 1336: 487:

Morse clashed with Field, was removed from the board, and took no further part in the enterprise.

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The first attempt, in 1857, was a failure. The cable-laying vessels were the converted warships

362: 342: 310: 204: 141: 133: 102: 402: 2515: 2468: 979: 551: 4187: 4109: 4023: 4006: 3969: 3855: 3815: 3645: 3614: 3480: 3374: 3060: 2804: 2799: 2498: 2435: 2386: 2371: 2356: 2341: 2326: 2311: 2294: 2279: 2248: 2233: 2202: 2144: 2066: 1751: 1638: 1607: 1583: 1287: 278: 1994: 1745: 1281: 4192: 4152: 4132: 4099: 4028: 3986: 3900: 3755: 3740: 3715: 3690: 3650: 3500: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3070: 2809: 2258: 2192: 2182: 2015: 1212: 1077: 1069: 898: 884: 265:

Field was ignorant of submarine cables and the deep sea. He consulted Morse and Lieutenant

259: 126: 67: 2032: 1237: 1047:, where she arrived on Saturday, 7 September. There were now two working telegraph lines. 3820: 3675: 3443: 3406: 1519: 1056:

were deployed to mark the ends of good cable, and a splice was made between the two ends.

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Cyrus Field's Big Dream: The Daring Effort to Lay the First Transatlantic Telegraph Cable

2105: 2053: 1935: 2568: 2056:". History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 1329: 1140:

in 1956. This was a telephone cable and used a different technology for its repeaters.

4018: 3890: 3865: 3825: 3795: 3670: 3505: 3391: 2911: 2010: 1024: 983: 815: 686: 642: 601: 597: 483: 274: 208: 197: 186: 182: 98: 48: 2593: 2171:"Real Effects of Information Frictions: When the States and the Kingdom Became United" 2126: 559: 4378: 4167: 3940: 3930: 3845: 3735: 3730: 3720: 3705: 3527: 3386: 2414: 2305: 2100: 1972: 1109: 1001: 866: 834: 655: 617: 492: 385:), weighing 64 kg/km (261 pounds per nautical mile), and wound with tarred 374: 266: 125:

The second cable was laid in 1865 with improved material. It was laid from the ship

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Description of the Manufacture, Laying and Working of the Cables of 1865 and 1866...

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was flooded. The vessels arrived at the middle of the Atlantic on June 25 and

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was formed in October 1856, with Brett as president and Field as vice president.

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Alan Hall – First Transatlantic Cable and First message sent to USA 1856 Memorial

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Seeking Convergence in Policy and Practice: Communications in the Public Interest

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and formed with their Commonwealth links a "live" girdle around the world; the

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The History Channel: Modern Marvels: Transatlantic Cable: 2500 Miles of Copper

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Henry Youle Hind; Thomas C. Keefer; John George Hodgins; Charles Robb (1864).

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moved slowly here and there, "fishing" for the lost cable with a five-pronged

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steamed back to England, where Field issued another prospectus and formed the

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yarn steeped in the preservative. The weight of the new cable was 35.75 long

858: 414: 390: 178: 2423:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 513–541. 2206: 1718: 1216: 369:

The cable consisted of 7 copper wires, each weighing 26 kg/km (107

4235: 3700: 3515: 2935: 2696: 2019: 1705: 1421: 1101: 964: 959: 406: 302: 52: 2588: 2552: 2360: 2298: 2237: 1936:"History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy – Great Eastern" 211:. By 1850 a cable was run between England and France. That year, Bishop 4230: 4220: 4137: 3962: 3785: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3085: 3050: 3040: 3035: 2850: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2197: 2187: 2170: 1129: 679: 593: 228: 2450: 1088:

of a cable is hindered by an imbalance between capacitive and inductive

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Amount of Statistical Information, from the Best and Latest Authorities

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for Foilhommerum Bay, Valentia Island, where the shore end was laid by

838: 785: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 479: 301:

rose, and the line was cut to keep the barque from sinking. In 1856 a

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Travelogue around the world's communications cables by Neal Stephenson

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A Thread across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable

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IEEE History Centre: County Kerry Transatlantic Cable Stations, 1866

1286:. Vol. 2. Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives. p. 27. 930:, to lay a new cable and complete the broken one. On 13 July 1866, 702:

out of contact until the ship reached Ireland and landed the cable.

313:, the greatest authority on submarine cables at the time. Brett's 4240: 4177: 3485: 3261: 3256: 3135: 3075: 3045: 2985: 2950: 2835: 2814: 2759: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2383:

Fathoming the Ocean: The Discovery and Exploration of the Deep Sea

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proclaimed his faith in the idea of a submarine line across the

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Circuits in the Sea: The Men, the Ships, and the Atlantic Cable

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Communications: An International History of the Formative Years

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for his part, the first such honour to the telegraph industry.

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Atlantic Bridgehead: The Story of Transatlantic Communications

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IEEE History Centre: Landing of the Transatlantic Cable, 1866

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on 4 August, and the next morning the shore end was landed.

341:, who already worked for Brett, was made chief engineer, and 2531: 2147:. International Cable Protection Committee. 26 February 2014 160:

cable made possible a message and response on the same day.

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Submarine communications cables in the North Atlantic Ocean

2532:

History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications

1723:

History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications

826:), which undertook to manufacture and lay the new cable. 285:

to establish a telegraph line between America and Europe.

2368:

Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention, and Tragedy

2268:(1992); the two books include some of the same material. 113:

Landing of the Transatlantic telegraph cable of 1866 at

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PBS, American Experience: The Great Transatlantic Cable

2528:(1959), hosted by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries 1475: 1473: 833:

In the meantime, long cables had been submerged in the

437:

despite similar resistance and was signed by President

2458:

Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung

1203:

Guarnieri, M. (2014). "The Conquest of the Atlantic".

297:

in tow of a steamer. When half the cable was laid, a

36:

Contemporary map of the 1858 transatlantic cable route

2589:

The Great Eastern – Robert Dudley Lithographs 1865–66

2548:

A collection of articles on the history of telegraphy

2353:

The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History

1615:. Eyre and Spottiswoode: Eyre. 1861. pp. 230–232 1027:

at the end of a stout rope. Suddenly, on 10 August,

1257: 1255: 223:, proposed a telegraph line through the forest from 4264: 4201: 4123: 4087: 4044: 3985: 3919: 3628: 3320: 3199: 2918: 2828: 2742: 2631: 283:

New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company

2584:Cyrus Field, "Laying Of The Atlantic Cable" (1866) 1858: 1856: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1064:Initially messages were sent by an operator using 365:issued to commemorate the Atlantic cable centenary 1463: 1461: 1314: 1312: 516:payed out eastwards towards Valentia Island, and 246:Around the same time, a similar plan occurred to 1776: 1774: 575:Celebration parade on Broadway, 1 September 1858 1198: 1196: 582: 944:Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company 429:by only a single vote, due to opposition from 317:laid the first ocean cable in 1850 across the 3298: 2892: 2609: 1747:The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology 8: 2115:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1602: 1600: 1100:. This has to be solved by iron tape or by 323:English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company 4313:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 2338:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 4349: 3305: 3291: 3283: 2899: 2885: 2877: 2616: 2602: 2594: 2559:American Heritage: The Cable Under the Sea 1750:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. 1637:, p. 115, Fordham University Press, 1991, 1280:Moll, Marita; Shade, Leslie Regan (2004). 830:replaced Whitehouse as chief electrician. 2196: 2186: 1850:Arthur C. Clarke. "Voice Across the Sea". 1128:The original cables were not fitted with 990:In August 1866, several ships, including 801:Learn how and when to remove this message 710:Cable is damaged and Whitehouse dismissed 448:The ships used for the first attempt, at 2516:The Atlantic Cable by Bern Dibner (1959) 1680:. Vol. 3. Johnson, Fry. p. 542 588:; on earth peace, good will towards men. 31: 4400:Mass media in Newfoundland and Labrador 2474:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 2145:"Narrative History Of Submarine Cables" 1701:Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity 1656:The Curious Story of the Tiffany Cables 1426:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1192: 57:transatlantic telecommunications cables 2518:– Complete free electronic version of 2434:, Westport, Connecticut: Prager, 2004 952:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 592:Next was the text of a congratulatory 2164: 2162: 2014:, Goodall & Suddick, p. 89, 1725:. Atlantic-cable.com. 10 January 2013 1084:in later decades understood that the 273:. The charts Maury constructed from 7: 4359: 2555:between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia 2077:. Brown, Son and Ferguson: 460. 1869 1422:"Hearder, Jonathan Nash (1809–1876)" 1205:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 861:, each covered with fine strands of 783:adding citations to reliable sources 512:cable from the two ships together. 92:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 4385:Transatlantic communications cables 2625:Transatlantic communications cables 2278:. New York: Walker & Co, 2002. 1096:and hence a signal distortion; see 897:The new cable was laid by the ship 845:, then covered with four layers of 661: 258:In 1854, businessman and financier 2067:"Laying the French Atlantic Cable" 1995:"Anglo-American Telegraph Company" 1420:Hearder, Ian G. (September 2004). 1180:Western Union Telegraph Expedition 645:when the latter presented it to a 25: 4395:19th century in the United States 2553:Cabot Strait Telegraph Cable 1856 2385:, Harvard University Press, 2009 1182:– overland alternative via Russia 4358: 4348: 4339: 4338: 4327: 3948:Free-space optical communication 2232:, London: Crosby Lockwood, 1898 928:Anglo-American Telegraph Company 759: 2908:Submarine communications cables 938:, Newfoundland in a thick fog. 770:needs additional citations for 604:at his summer residence in the 377:), covered with three coats of 27:Former undersea telegraph cable 3161:Svalbard Undersea Cable System 3111:Pacific Caribbean Cable System 170:Submarine communications cable 96:President of the United States 41:Transatlantic telegraph cables 1: 4415:History of the Atlantic Ocean 2169:Steinwender, Claudia (2018). 1175:Transatlantic telephone cable 1045:Heart's Content, Newfoundland 970:Heart's Content Cable Station 670:Thomson's mirror galvanometer 662:Thomson's mirror galvanometer 150:Heart's Content, Newfoundland 115:Heart's Content, Newfoundland 4334:Telecommunication portal 4115:Telecommunications equipment 2469:"How Cables Unite the World" 2467:Murray, Donald (June 1902). 1953:Donald E. Kimberlin (1994). 1035:and another grappling ship, 478:, on the southwest coast of 433:senators. It passed in the 3851:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 2370:, Joseph Henry Press, 2004 1669:Jesse Ames Spencer (1866). 1165:1929 Grand Banks earthquake 586:Glory to God in the highest 527:The expedition returned to 315:Submarine Telegraph Company 4436: 4420:19th century in technology 3555:Telecommunications history 2355:, David and Charles, 1973 2325:, Boyds Mills Press, 2018 2310:, Tempus Publishing, 2006 1019:to the correct location. 986:used for lifting the cable 946:, who had been aboard the 855:Webster & Horsfall Ltd 628:Failure of the first cable 499:in May 1858. On 10 June, 335:Atlantic Telegraph Company 293:. It was laid out from a 167: 64:Atlantic Telegraph Company 4322: 4163:Public Switched Telephone 3975:telecommunication circuit 3936:Fiber-optic communication 3681:Francis Blake (telephone) 3476:Optical telecommunication 1428:. Oxford University Press 537:Trinity Bay, Newfoundland 353:First transatlantic cable 233:Gulf of St. Lawrence 4074:Orbital angular-momentum 3511:Satellite communications 3350:Communications satellite 3191:West Africa Cable System 3156:Southern Caribbean Fiber 2293:, Garnstone Press, 1968 2175:American Economic Review 1335:. L. Stebbins. pp. 1217:10.1109/MIE.2014.2299492 1170:Commercial Cable Company 1151:American Economic Review 1092:, which causes a severe 950:, sent a message to the 942:, chief engineer of the 435:House of Representatives 248:Frederic Newton Gisborne 4390:19th century in Ireland 3953:Molecular communication 3776:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 3605:Undersea telegraph line 3340:Cable protection system 2420:Encyclopædia Britannica 2224:Bright, Charles Tilston 2112:Encyclopædia Britannica 2008:John R. Raynes (1921), 1240:, retrieved 2010-04-10. 1098:telegrapher's equations 751:Preparing a new attempt 529:Queenstown, County Cork 411:R.S. Newall and Company 403:Glass, Elliot & Co. 138:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 4095:Communication protocol 3881:Charles Sumner Tainter 3696:Walter Houser Brattain 3641:Edwin Howard Armstrong 3449:Information revolution 2941:Africa Coast to Europe 2495:The Victorian Internet 2447:Technology and Culture 2381:Rozwadowski, Helen M. 1940:www.atlantic-cable.com 1744:Mercer, David (2006). 1557:Lindley, pp. 130, 133. 1410:Cookson pp. 28–29, 96. 1082:Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin 987: 894: 719: 671: 637: 590: 576: 568: 556: 453: 366: 339:Charles Tilston Bright 291:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 231:and cables across the 189: 122: 74:off the west coast of 37: 4069:Polarization-division 3801:Narinder Singh Kapany 3766:Erna Schneider Hoover 3686:Jagadish Chandra Bose 3666:Alexander Graham Bell 3397:online video platform 2919:Operational or future 2405:Fleming, John Ambrose 2336:Huurdeman, Anton A., 2266:How the World was One 1925:Lindley, pp. 140–141. 1907:Lindley, pp. 138–139. 1898:Lindley, pp. 136–139. 1880:Lindley, pp. 133–134. 1825:Lindley, pp. 126–127. 1719:"1858 NY Celebration" 1479:Lindley, pp. 134–135. 982: 883: 843:Chatterton's compound 717: 669: 635: 606:Bedford Springs Hotel 574: 563:The Telegraph Field, 562: 554: 447: 383:Jonathan Nash Hearder 360: 177: 157:duplex and quadruplex 119:Robert Charles Dudley 112: 35: 3911:Vladimir K. Zworykin 3871:Almon Brown Strowger 3841:Charles Grafton Page 3496:Prepaid mobile phone 3424:Electrical telegraph 3181:VSNL Northern Europe 2321:Cowan, Mary Morton, 2262:Voice Across the Sea 2229:Submarine Telegraphs 2188:10.1257/aer.20150681 2052:Bright, Edward B., " 1706:The Age of Invention 1148:A 2018 study in the 1060:Communication speeds 876:and the second cable 779:improve this article 398:Gutta Percha Company 331:Gutta Percha Company 213:John T. Mullock 148:steamed westward to 18:Trans-Atlantic cable 3861:Johann Philipp Reis 3620:Wireless revolution 3582:The Telephone Cases 3439:Hydraulic telegraph 3200:Legacy or abandoned 3186:VSNL Western Europe 2976:Atlantic Crossing 1 2351:Kieve, Jeffrey L., 2272:Gordon, John Steele 2243:Burns, Russell W., 1955:"Narrative History" 1798:Cookson, pp. 56–57. 1635:Underneath New York 1401:Kieve, pp. 106–107. 1306:Rozwadowski, p. 83. 1261:Bright, pp. 99–105. 1108:Cable Station near 1051:Repairing the cable 1015:and grappling ship 1004:, first officer of 691:printing telegraphs 676:mirror galvanometer 647:British Association 472:Ballycarbery Castle 396:The cable from the 4059:Frequency-division 4036:Telephone exchange 3906:Charles Wheatstone 3836:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 3811:Innocenzo Manzetti 3746:Reginald Fessenden 3481:Optical telegraphy 3314:Telecommunications 2521:The Atlantic Cable 2304:Cookson, Gillian, 2131:atlantic-cable.com 1807:Bright, pp. 25–26. 1249:Bright, pp. 78–98. 988: 972:during the day by 906:Sir James Anderson 895: 720: 718:Wildman Whitehouse 672: 638: 577: 569: 557: 454: 367: 363:U.S. postage stamp 343:Wildman Whitehouse 311:John Watkins Brett 269:, an authority on 254:A plan takes shape 205:Samuel F. B. Morse 190: 142:Sir James Anderson 134:John Scott Russell 123: 103:Wildman Whitehouse 47:running under the 38: 4372: 4371: 4110:Store and forward 4105:Data transmission 4019:Network switching 3970:Transmission line 3816:Guglielmo Marconi 3781:Internet pioneers 3646:Mohamed M. Atalla 3615:Whistled language 3280: 3279: 3061:Greenland Connect 2874: 2873: 2805:Hibernia Atlantic 2800:Greenland Connect 2460:(2010): 237–259. 2449:(2016): 507–526. 2428:Hearn, Chester G. 2410:"Telegraph" 2289:Clayton, Howard, 2284:978-0-8027-1364-3 2259:Clarke, Arthur C. 2106:"Telegraph" 2071:Nautical Magazine 1674:(Digitised eBook) 1270:Huurdeman, p. 97. 828:C. F. Varley 811: 810: 803: 520:westward towards 425:. It passed the 381:(as suggested by 279:Telegraph Plateau 235:from Cape Ray to 203:As early as 1840 140:and skippered by 16:(Redirected from 4427: 4362: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4203:Notable networks 4193:Wireless network 4133:Cellular network 4125:Types of network 4100:Computer network 3987:Network topology 3901:Thomas A. Watson 3756:Oliver Heaviside 3741:Philo Farnsworth 3716:Daniel Davis Jr. 3691:Charles Bourseul 3651:John Logie Baird 3360:Data compression 3355:Computer network 3307: 3300: 3293: 3284: 3071:Hibernia Express 2901: 2894: 2887: 2878: 2810:Hibernia Express 2618: 2611: 2604: 2595: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2424: 2412: 2366:Lindley, David, 2211: 2210: 2200: 2190: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1917: 1916:Lindley, p. 140. 1914: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1862:Lindley, p. 139. 1860: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1841:Lindley, p. 133. 1839: 1826: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789:Lindley, p. 125. 1787: 1781: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1715: 1709: 1698:Jim Al-Khalili. 1696: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1652: 1646: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1580: 1574: 1573:Lindley, p. 134. 1571: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1516: 1510: 1509:Lindley, p. 130. 1507: 1494: 1493:Lindley, p. 135. 1491: 1480: 1477: 1468: 1465: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1365:Lindley, p. 127. 1363: 1357: 1356:Lindley, p. 129. 1354: 1341: 1340: 1325: 1319: 1318:Lindley, p. 128. 1316: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1200: 1078:Oliver Heaviside 1070:words per minute 997: 806: 799: 795: 792: 786: 763: 755: 393:(several tons). 260:Cyrus West Field 68:Cyrus West Field 21: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4328: 4326: 4318: 4260: 4197: 4119: 4083: 4040: 3989: 3981: 3922: 3915: 3821:Robert Metcalfe 3676:Tim Berners-Lee 3624: 3444:Information Age 3316: 3311: 3281: 3276: 3195: 2914: 2905: 2875: 2870: 2841:SAT-3/WASC/SAFE 2824: 2743:Private non-TAT 2738: 2627: 2622: 2512: 2493:Standage, Tom. 2484: 2482: 2466: 2403: 2400: 2398:Further reading 2220: 2215: 2214: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2080: 2078: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2011:Engines and Men 2007: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889:Cookson, p. 96. 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871:Clayton, p. 73. 1870: 1866: 1861: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816:Cookson, p. 57. 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1649: 1633:Harry Granick, 1632: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1542:Lindley, p. 134 1538: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1497: 1492: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1467:Cookson, p. 73. 1466: 1459: 1455:Cookson, p. 69. 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392:Clayton, p. 30. 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1344: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1211:(1): 53–56/67. 1202: 1201: 1194: 1189: 1161: 1146: 1122: 1062: 1053: 995: 936:Heart's Content 891:Heart's Content 878: 807: 796: 790: 787: 776: 764: 753: 712: 695:syphon recorder 664: 636:William Thomson 630: 565:Valentia Island 549: 450:Valentia Island 439:Franklin Pierce 355: 347:William Thomson 319:English Channel 256: 225:St. John's 217:Catholic Church 194:Edward Thornton 172: 166: 72:Valentia Island 45:undersea cables 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4433: 4431: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4356: 4346: 4336: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4054:Space-division 4050: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3891:Camille Tissot 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3866:Claude Shannon 3863: 3858: 3856:Tivadar Puskás 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3826:Antonio Meucci 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3796:Charles K. 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(1911). 2101:Chisholm, Hugh 2092: 2058: 2045: 2024: 2000: 1985: 1964: 1959:TELECOM Digest 1945: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1852: 1843: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1780:Kieve, p. 109. 1770: 1756: 1736: 1710: 1704:, Ep. 2 " 1691: 1661: 1647: 1626: 1596: 1575: 1559: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545:Cookson, p. 96 1543: 1539: 1532: 1511: 1495: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1448: 1446:Burns, p. 140. 1439: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1374:Bright, p. 14. 1367: 1358: 1342: 1320: 1308: 1299: 1292: 1272: 1263: 1251: 1242: 1230: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1145: 1142: 1121: 1118: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1025:grappling hook 984:Grappling hook 893:, Newfoundland 877: 871: 816:Thomas Brassey 809: 808: 767: 765: 758: 752: 749: 711: 708: 687:induction coil 663: 660: 643:law of squares 629: 626: 602:James Buchanan 598:Queen Victoria 548: 545: 354: 351: 255: 252: 215:, head of the 209:Atlantic Ocean 198:Alonzo Jackman 187:James Buchanan 185:'s message to 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Knowledge (XXG)

Transatlantic telegraph cable

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