1679:
260:
40:
685:
467:. Americans were afraid that Western Europe would become dependent on the Soviet gas supplies, giving leverage to the Soviet Union. They also feared the Kremlin would use the export revenue for military purposes. In December 1981, the US implemented sanctions preventing American companies from exporting oil and gas technologies to the Soviet Union. In June 1982, these sanctions were expanded to cover subsidiaries of US companies in Europe.
671:
643:
699:
657:
422:
The pipeline is 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) long, of which 1,160 kilometres (720 mi) is in
Ukraine. Its diameter is 56 inches (1,420 mm). The original annual capacity of the pipeline was 32 billion cubic metres (1.1 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas per year. By 2009,
479:
oil supplies. Western
European governments insisted that contracts already signed between the Soviets and European companies needed to be honored. This led to several European companies being sanctioned by the US. Reagan reportedly said: "Well, they can have their damned pipeline. But not with
474:
called extension of the
American sanctions illegal and sent a formal note of protest. From the European perspective, participation in the pipeline project was seen as an opportunity for the depressed steel and engineering industry in Europe and as a way to diversify from the
1303:
Human-rights consequences of the proposed trans-Siberian natural gas pipeline. Hearing before the
Subcommittee on International Finance and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States, Senate, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second
1473:
516:
The pipeline's first accident occurred even before the project began. On 15 December 1983, a fire broke out at a compressor station in
Urengoy, destroying electronic monitoring devices and control panels, but no one was injured.
315:
The pipeline was constructed in 1982-1984. It complemented the
Western Siberia-Western Europe transcontinental gas transportation system which had existed since 1973. The official inauguration ceremony took place in
555:
in March 2014. Another section of the pipeline exploded in the
Poltava region on June 17, 2014, one day after Russia limited the supply of gas to Ukrainian customers due to non-payment. Ukraine's Interior Minister
1483:
564:
1382:
1546:
39:
1808:
1818:
1643:
1619:
1793:
736:
1738:
857:
1813:
1307:
423:
the factual annual capacity was 27.9 billion cubic metres (990 billion cubic feet). It has 42 compressor stations, of which nine are in
Ukraine.
1455:
1411:
1583:
717:
1020:
1803:
1798:
1539:
285:
1263:
1828:
916:
276:, but was later changed to the pipeline from Urengoy field, which was already in use. In July 1981, a consortium of German banks, led by
1532:
1163:
1063:
908:
947:
1390:
1216:
1613:
1021:"West Siberian Pipeline. Memorandum to the Assistant to the President for the National Security Affairs.NSC Meetings Box 91282 (169)"
883:
Master Plan. Ukrainian Gas
Transmission System (UGTS). Priority Objects. Modernisation and Reconstruction (Report) (Brief ed.).
1188:
807:
484:, and its export embargo of supplies needed to build it (1980–84), constituted one of the most severe transatlantic crises of the
1436:
1136:
1356:
1241:
981:
783:
1720:
1696:
351:
in
Western Ukraine. From there, the natural gas is transported to Central and Western European countries. Together with the
1833:
1002:
748:
528:, damaging a 30 metres (98 ft) section. Another explosion happened on 6 December 2007 near the village of Tiahun.
899:
1732:
505:
471:
1823:
1589:
1415:
1601:
832:
630:(1987). Ally versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-92410-6
1744:
1714:
557:
1702:
1577:
470:
Washington's Western European allies, however, refused to boycott the pipeline. The foreign ministers of the
1678:
571:
during maintenance work was reported on December 20, 2022; three people were reported to have been killed.
259:
1726:
1456:"Ukraine: Neo-Fascist Leader Dmitry Yarosh Vows to Destroy Russia's Gas Pipelines to Stop 'World War III'"
1330:
536:
398:
borders. The pipeline crosses the Ural, the Carpathian mountains and more than 600 rivers including
289:
1096:"Pipeline Politics between Europe and Russia: A Historical Review from the Cold War to the Post-Cold War"
712:
1750:
374:–Western border) pipeline it forms the western transit corridor in Ukraine. It passes through a hub at
367:
352:
1439:[SBU saw a terrorist attack in the explosion of the gas pipeline under the Ivano-Frankivsk].
585:
280:, and the AKA Ausfuhrkredit GmbH agreed to provide 3.4 billion Deutsche Mark in credits for the
249:
1278:
1264:"Energy Security Policy as Economic Statecraft: A Concise Historical Overview of the Last 100 Years"
281:
1667:
1555:
1504:
1141:
676:
407:
363:
301:
288:(JEXIM). In 1981-1982, contracts were signed with compressors and pipes suppliers Creusot-Loire,
241:
959:
1524:
1311:
1117:
912:
627:
371:
336:
305:
273:
80:
1708:
1655:
1107:
690:
532:
340:
1360:
684:
544:
521:
309:
248:. It was part of the "gas in exchange for pipes program", and the Soviet-controlled bank "
114:
44:
A Soviet stamp of 1983, dedicated to the Urengoy-Uzhhorod transcontinental export pipeline
426:
The telecommunications and cathodic protection systems of the pipeline were installed by
357:
739:[Galina Apollonovna Titova: I went to Singapore to figure it out for ten years]
386:. In Ukraine, it takes gas to the Uzhhorod pumping station on the Ukrainian border with
811:
704:
608:
427:
293:
17:
1507:[Three people were killed in the explosion on the gas pipeline in Chuvashia].
670:
1787:
1771:
1637:
1631:
1625:
662:
648:
552:
497:
464:
463:
Soviet plans to build the pipeline were strongly opposed by the US-administration of
277:
1249:
430:
of France. The pipeline utilizes 85 dual CCTV stations for telecommunications.
1649:
548:
481:
379:
110:
1112:
1095:
1044:
1607:
1568:
1412:"Ukrtranshaz Resumes Gas Transit To Europe Via Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhhorod Pipeline"
594:
540:
525:
447:
403:
324:
284:. Later finance agreements were negotiated with a group of French banks and the
159:
1661:
638:
580:
450:. On 1 June 2022, 41.2 million cubic meters were transmitted through Ukraine.
297:
1474:"UPDATE 1-Blast at Ukraine gas pipeline said due to bomb, security increased"
1121:
1687:
922:
642:
568:
253:
106:
784:
Soviet gas pipeline: U.S. Options (Congressional Research Service Reports)
698:
884:
601:
485:
399:
387:
348:
124:
1359:(Report). Overseas Security Advisory Council. 2007-05-07. Archived from
833:"Ukraine Launches Modernization Of Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhhorod Gas Pipeline"
615:
was published as his first book about that episode in Cold War history:
1767:
1478:
836:
737:"Галина Аполлоновна Титова: В Сингапур я ездила разбираться десять лет"
590:
520:
On 7 May 2007, the pipeline exploded near the village of Luka, then in
501:
443:
439:
411:
395:
391:
344:
245:
155:
90:
62:
1315:
1559:
612:
375:
317:
272:
The pipeline project was proposed in 1978 as an export pipeline from
237:
94:
58:
617:
Ally Versus Ally: America, Europe, and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis.
1437:"ru:СБУ увидела теракт во взрыве газопровода под Ивано-Франковском"
102:
98:
560:
said the next day, that the explosion had been caused by a bomb.
860:(Report). Bureau of Mines / Minerals yearbook area reports. 1981
476:
383:
1528:
598:
482:
efforts by the US to prevent the construction of the pipeline
1164:"France defies ban by U.S. on supplies for Soviet pipeline"
1064:"U.S. asks its allies to deny to Soviet parts for pipeline"
480:
American equipment and not with American technology." The
1505:"При взрыве на газопроводе в Чувашии погибли три человека"
1217:"Reagan asserts U.S. will sharply ease pipeline sanctions"
500:
Congressional hearing investigating the use of imported
496:
The construction of the pipeline was also subject to a
1189:"Reagan is seeking ways to moderate Poland sanctions"
948:"The Caspian region: competition for pipeline routes"
1137:"Britain defying U.S. restriction in Soviet project"
1003:"Gazprom Cuts Gas Supply to Orsted and Shell Energy"
547:
terrorist threats against the pipeline were made by
438:
The Russian section of this pipeline is operated by
1760:
1686:
1567:
982:"Energy converters prove most reliable for Gazprom"
835:. Ukrainian News Agency. 2011-07-19. Archived from
382:then crosses the Russian–Ukrainian border north of
186:
178:
173:
165:
151:
143:
138:
130:
120:
86:
76:
68:
54:
49:
32:
1329:
567:on part of the pipeline in the Russian region of
1094:Lee, Jae-Seung; Connolly, Daniel (2016-04-30).
1308:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
531:A terrorist explosion damaged the pipeline in
1540:
8:
1414:. Pro-Consulting. 2007-12-19. Archived from
1100:The Korean Journal of International Studies
1045:"CBS Evening News: Trans-Siberian Pipeline"
1739:Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
1547:
1533:
1525:
782:Hardt, John; Gold, Donna L. (1982-10-08).
718:Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine
38:
1809:Natural gas pipelines in the Soviet Union
1242:"The inside story of the Soviet downfall"
1111:
1644:Sakhalin–Khabarovsk–Vladivostok pipeline
878:
876:
874:
258:
256:on 1 March 1973 to support the project.
1794:Energy infrastructure completed in 1984
1210:
1208:
728:
390:and to smaller pumping stations on the
327:started modernization of the pipeline.
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1026:. The Secretary of Defence. 1981-07-08
539:in May 2014. According to the Russian
29:
1814:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
7:
1819:Soviet Union–United States relations
1215:Hershey Jr, Robert D. (1982-09-02).
858:The Mineral Industry of the U.S.S.R.
263:Major Russian gas pipeline to Europe
909:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
887:, UkrTransGaz. 2009. pp. 7–13.
1277:(4): 307–329. 2004. Archived from
244:, partially owned and operated by
25:
1383:"Blast hits Ukraine gas pipeline"
335:The pipeline runs from Siberia's
134:Progress pipeline, Soyuz pipeline
1804:Natural gas pipelines in Ukraine
1677:
1596:Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline
1331:"East-West: Incident at Urengoi"
697:
683:
669:
655:
641:
218:Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline
33:Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline
1799:Natural gas pipelines in Russia
1482:. June 18, 2014. Archived from
308:. Pipe-layers were bought from
1454:Moore, Jack (March 17, 2014).
1381:Zinets, Natalya (2007-05-07).
1187:Gelb, Leslie H. (1982-07-09).
1135:Rattner, Steven (1982-08-03).
366:–Western border) pipeline and
27:Russia-Ukraine gas transporter
1:
1614:Dzuarikau–Tskhinvali pipeline
1113:10.14731/kjis.2016.4.14.1.105
459:Disagreement among the allies
182:4,500 km (2,800 mi)
1460:International Business Times
984:. Pipeline & Gas Journal
747:(in Russian). Archived from
1733:Caspian Pipeline Consortium
1715:Uzen–Atyrau–Samara pipeline
1443:(in Russian). May 14, 2014.
1162:Lewis, Flora (1982-07-23).
808:"History of the gas branch"
472:European Economic Community
240:'s main natural gas export
1850:
1721:Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline
1703:Tikhoretsk–Tuapse pipeline
1697:Grozny–Tuapse oil pipeline
1357:Ukraine Pipeline Explosion
1240:Vernon, Wes (2007-04-23).
1062:Lewis, Paul (1982-01-11).
339:via a compressor plant at
210: cu ft) per year
1772:Togliatti–Odessa pipeline
1745:Baltic Pipeline System-II
1675:
810:. Gazprom. Archived from
37:
1829:Russia–Ukraine relations
1620:Baku–Novo Filya pipeline
980:I.V. Belousenko (1997).
286:Japan Export-Import Bank
1578:Saratov–Moscow pipeline
1271:Agora Without Frontiers
508:to build the pipeline.
446:section is operated by
234:Trans-Siberian Pipeline
18:Trans-Siberian Pipeline
1727:Baltic Pipeline System
898:Pirani, Simon (2007).
537:Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
290:John Brown Engineering
264:
230:West-Siberian Pipeline
1834:Transport in Uzhhorod
1602:Yamal–Europe pipeline
946:Afzal, Amina (2004).
713:Yamal-Europe pipeline
593:in the pipeline as a
262:
174:Technical information
901:Ukraine's gas sector
591:an inspection gadget
586:The Living Daylights
250:Ost-West Handelsbank
226:Brotherhood pipeline
1584:Central Asia–Center
962:on January 19, 2009
958:(3). Archived from
533:Rozhniativ district
282:compressor stations
220:(also known as the
139:General information
1668:Altai gas pipeline
1221:The New York Times
1193:The New York Times
1168:The New York Times
1142:The New York Times
1068:The New York Times
1051:. 1982-02-26. CBS.
754:on 23 October 2023
677:Engineering portal
575:In popular culture
506:re-education camps
418:Technical features
302:Dresser Industries
265:
1824:Gazprom pipelines
1781:
1780:
1751:Murmansk Pipeline
1626:Bovanenkovo–Ukhta
1562:by year of launch
952:Strategic Studies
918:978-1-901795-63-9
628:Antony J. Blinken
337:Urengoy gas field
323:On 19 July 2011,
306:Japan Steel Works
292:, Nuovo Pignone,
274:Yamburg gas field
222:Bratstvo pipeline
214:
213:
187:Maximum discharge
81:Urengoy gas field
69:General direction
16:(Redirected from
1841:
1709:Druzhba pipeline
1681:
1656:Power of Siberia
1556:Pipeline systems
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1444:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
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1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
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1353:
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1326:
1320:
1319:
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1293:
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1248:. Archived from
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989:
977:
971:
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968:
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943:
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936:
934:
933:
927:
921:. Archived from
906:
895:
889:
888:
880:
869:
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866:
865:
854:
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847:
845:
844:
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693:
691:Transport portal
688:
687:
679:
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673:
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659:
658:
651:
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645:
541:government owned
361:
252:" was opened in
206:
205:
196:
195:
72:north-south-west
42:
30:
21:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1761:Other pipelines
1756:
1690:(oil) pipelines
1682:
1673:
1590:Northern Lights
1563:
1553:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1502:
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1038:
1029:
1027:
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919:
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831:
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826:
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786:
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767:
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734:
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703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
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661:
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640:
637:
624:
577:
545:Voice of Russia
522:Tarashcha Raion
514:
494:
461:
456:
436:
420:
355:
333:
270:
203:
201:
193:
191:
158:
115:Ivano-Frankivsk
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
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1565:
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1554:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1521:
1496:
1486:on May 1, 2018
1465:
1446:
1428:
1403:
1393:on May 1, 2018
1373:
1348:
1321:
1310:. 1982-06-18.
1294:
1255:
1252:on 2011-07-19.
1232:
1204:
1179:
1154:
1127:
1106:(1): 105–129.
1079:
1054:
1036:
1012:
1009:. 1 June 2022.
994:
972:
938:
917:
911:. p. 76.
890:
870:
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824:
799:
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727:
725:
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721:
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709:
708:
705:Economy portal
694:
680:
666:
652:
636:
633:
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631:
623:
620:
613:college thesis
609:Antony Blinken
576:
573:
543:radio station
513:
510:
493:
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460:
457:
455:
452:
435:
432:
419:
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332:
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294:AEG-Telefunken
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136:
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132:
131:Runs alongside
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88:
87:Passes through
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35:
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26:
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2:
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1639:
1638:Nord Stream 2
1636:
1633:
1632:Nord Stream 1
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
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1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1418:on 2011-08-25
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1363:on 2007-11-10
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1284:on 2007-08-10
1280:
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1259:
1256:
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1650:South Stream
1595:
1513:. Retrieved
1511:(in Russian)
1508:
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1477:
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1416:the original
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1361:the original
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1338:. 1984-01-23
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1279:the original
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1049:Evening News
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862:. Retrieved
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812:the original
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791:. Retrieved
756:. Retrieved
749:the original
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558:Arsen Avakov
549:Right Sector
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322:
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271:
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233:
229:
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217:
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200: m (1.1
197:
166:Commissioned
111:Bohorodchany
1747:(2012–2013)
1652:(cancelled)
1646:(2011–2012)
1640:(suspended)
1634:(2011–2012)
1608:Blue Stream
1592:(1975–1994)
1586:(1960–1988)
1569:Natural gas
745:letopis.org
595:plot device
526:Kyiv Oblast
504:labor from
448:UkrTransGaz
356: [
325:UkrTransGaz
160:UkrTransGaz
147:natural gas
1788:Categories
1753:(proposed)
1670:(proposed)
1662:TurkStream
1515:2022-12-20
1490:2018-11-10
1422:2008-05-30
1397:2018-05-01
1367:2008-05-30
1342:2008-05-30
1288:2008-05-29
1226:2008-05-29
1198:2008-05-29
1173:2008-05-29
1148:2008-05-29
1073:2008-05-29
1030:2018-04-30
988:2008-05-30
966:2008-05-30
932:2008-05-30
864:2008-05-29
843:2011-07-20
818:2008-05-30
793:2018-04-30
758:23 October
724:References
581:James Bond
502:Vietnamese
298:Mannesmann
1688:Petroleum
1571:pipelines
1122:2233-470X
607:In 1987,
579:The 1987
569:Chuvashia
565:explosion
512:Accidents
444:Ukrainian
434:Operators
392:Hungarian
254:Frankfurt
242:pipelines
107:Zhmerynka
1441:vesti.ua
885:Naftogaz
789:(Report)
635:See also
602:defector
486:Cold War
442:and the
414:rivers.
396:Romanian
388:Slovakia
364:Orenburg
349:Uzhhorod
152:Operator
125:Uzhhorod
50:Location
1768:Ammonia
1479:Reuters
1387:Reuters
1316:6209167
1304:Session
551:leader
440:Gazprom
428:Alcatel
412:Dnieper
372:Yamburg
368:Progres
345:Mari El
310:Komatsu
268:History
246:Ukraine
156:Gazprom
91:Izhevsk
63:Ukraine
55:Country
1774:(1981)
1741:(2010)
1735:(2004)
1729:(2001)
1723:(1997)
1717:(1971)
1711:(1964)
1705:(1962)
1699:(1928)
1664:(2020)
1658:(2019)
1628:(2011)
1622:(2010)
1616:(2009)
1610:(2003)
1604:(1997)
1598:(1983)
1580:(1946)
1560:Russia
1314:
1120:
915:
376:Sudzha
318:France
304:, and
238:Russia
179:Length
95:Yelets
59:Russia
1282:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
926:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
752:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
622:Books
589:uses
583:film
404:Volga
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353:Soyuz
341:Pomar
331:Route
232:, or
103:Romny
99:Kursk
1336:Time
1312:OSTI
1118:ISSN
956:XXIV
913:ISBN
760:2023
477:OPEC
410:and
394:and
384:Sumy
216:The
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