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has criticized transcendental arguments, distinguishing between epistemic and metaphysical transcendental arguments. The former says the belief in God (which might be false) is necessary to make sense of the world, while the latter says the existence of God is necessary to make sense of the world.
55:
186:
is our ability to combine different experiences into a single, coherent self-awareness. It is argued therefore that in the absence of the existence of God, our belief in the possibility of us having knowledge entails its own negation.
591:'" Video (watch/download format) of the Bahnsen-Stein debate, beginning with a technical and rhetorical assessment of Bahnsen's opening statement in which he defends his transcendental argument for God's existence.
103:"Transcendental" in this case is used as an adjective specifying a specific kind of argument, and not a noun. Transcendental arguments should not be confused with arguments for the existence of something
218:
and others, it does not make sense to argue against religion using a priori assumptions about morality or scientific probabilities when these can only be understood in light of divine revelation.
210:
Islamic theologians formulated a type of transcendental argument based on the notion that morality, logic, etc. cannot be fully understood apart from revelation and thereby, belief in the
273:" and has really presented an argument against materialism, not an argument for Christianity. Third, Bahnsen believed that the laws of logic, laws of science, and laws of morality are
349:
But what about The
Transcendental Argument for the Existence of God (TAG)--the argument that logic, science, and objective ethical standards presuppose the existence of God?
241:
co-founder
Jeffery Jay Lowder has argued that the presuppositional apologetics' version of TAG is fatally flawed for numerous reasons. First, Bahnsen fails to defend the
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277:, but Christianity arguably underdetermines the relationship between God and abstract objects. Some Christian philosophers, such as
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and the compatibility of God and abstract objects. But other
Christian philosophers argue that Platonism is incompatible with
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There are many variants of the transcendental argument for the existence of God, but they generally proceed as follows:
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895:
183:
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2326:
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Audio (listen/download format) of a formal debate between
Christian Greg Bahnsen and skeptic Gordon Stein from the
533:
Always Ready: Directions for
Defending the Faith". Robert R. Booth, ed. (Nacogdoches: Covenant Media Press, 1996).
2957:
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31:
107:. Rather, transcendental arguments are arguments that make inferences from the ability to think and experience.
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arguments, which posit the existence of God in order to avoid an infinite regress of causes or motions.
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An appraisal of
Postmodernism, specifically Deconstruction, in light of Van Til by Jacob Gabriel Hale.
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Most contemporary formulations of a transcendental argument for God have been developed within the
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Jerusalem and Athens: Critical
Discussions on the Philosophy and Apologetics of Cornelius Van Til
290:
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613:
A written debate between
Christian Doug Jones and skeptics Keith Parsons and Michael Martin in
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Stroud argues transcendental arguments often only establish the former, but assert the latter.
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Anthony C. Genova, "Transcendental Form," Southwestern
Journal of Philosophy 11 (1980): 25-34.
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and the
Islamic truth claims were necessary in order to interpret the external world. For
361:
Martin, Michael (1997). "Does Induction Presuppose the Existence of the Christian God?".
388:
Graham Bird, The Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason (2006).
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and Christian John Frame about the transcendental argument for the existence of God.
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urges Christian philosophers to consider anti-realist theories of abstract objects.
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160:, although this has been disputed, for instance by Anthony Genova and Graham Bird.
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The Verdict Is In: Assessment of the 1985 Bahnsen-Stein Debate, "Does God Exist?"
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The Verdict Is In: Assessment of the 1985 Bahnsen-Stein Debate, 'Does God Exist?
398:
Meister, Chad V.; Mittelberg, Mark; McDowell, Josh; Montgomery, John F. (2007).
270:
60:
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The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God
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A written debate between skeptic Theodore Drange and Christian Douglas Wilson.
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675:
211:
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703:
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2096:
624:
172:
If there is a transcendental unity of apperception, God exists.
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2409:
2309:
785:
337:"Does Induction Presume the Existence of the Christian God?"
2092:
148:
They are also sometimes said to be distinct from standard
401:
Reasons for Faith: Making a Case for the Christian Faith
459:, https://doi.org/10.2307/2024395. Accessed 6 May 2024.
526:
The Standard Bearer: A Festschrift for Greg L. Bahnsen
20:
Transcendental Argument for the existence of God (TAG)
565:
Derrida, Van Til and the Metaphysics of Postmodernism
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658:
548:(Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1987).
541:(Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1994).
539:Apologetics to the Glory of God: An Introduction
521:(Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1995).
514:(Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1998).
507:(Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1980).
175:There is a transcendental unity of apperception.
2108:
636:
519:Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought
8:
512:Van Til's Apologetic: Readings and Analysis
451:Stroud, Barry. “Transcendental Arguments.”
67:is also a kind of transcendental argument.
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875:
733:
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629:
621:
528:(Nacogdoches: Covenant Media Press, 2002).
110:Transcendental arguments take the form of
2042:Relationship between religion and science
324:
968:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
249:for the rational justification of the
404:. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway Books.
7:
546:The Doctrine of the Knowledge of God
455:, vol. 65, no. 9, 1968, pp. 241–56.
245:of Christianity instead of the mere
184:transcendental unity of apperception
578:"The Great Debate: Does God Exist?"
489:God Over All, by William Lane Craig
3137:Arguments for the existence of God
611:"Is Non-Christian Thought Futile?"
14:
2680:Attributes of God in Christianity
597:A written debate between skeptic
261:. In other words, such reasoning
3107:
2077:
2076:
2066:
582:University of California, Irvine
2738:Great Architect of the Universe
1:
2517:Trinity of the Church Fathers
431:. Routledge. pp. 32–33.
265:. Second, Bahnsen conflates "
2007:Desacralization of knowledge
234:Presuppositional apologetics
79:presuppositional apologetics
49:A version was formulated by
2768:Phenomenological definition
1419:Best of all possible worlds
1376:Eschatological verification
933:Fine-tuning of the universe
428:What is Islamic Philosophy?
26:that attempts to prove the
3153:
524:Steven M. Schlissel, ed.,
425:Roy Jackson (2014-02-05).
96:
3105:
2854:
2843:
2143:
2130:
2062:
736:
617:magazine (vol. 2, no. 4).
453:The Journal of Philosophy
2522:Trinitarian universalism
1648:Friedrich Schleiermacher
1234:Theories about religions
1036:Inconsistent revelations
605:The Drange-Wilson Debate
303:Transcendental arguments
99:Transcendental arguments
93:Transcendental reasoning
2724:Godhead in Christianity
595:The Martin-Frame Debate
140:Therefore, necessarily
1512:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
652:Philosophy of religion
313:Argument from morality
263:affirms the consequent
178:Therefore, God exists.
2550:Fate of the unlearned
2502:Shield of the Trinity
2047:Faith and rationality
2002:Criticism of religion
1940:Robert Merrihew Adams
1930:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1133:Divine command theory
308:Christian apologetics
190:The TAG differs from
3132:Christian philosophy
2037:Religious philosophy
1517:Pico della Mirandola
1482:Anselm of Canterbury
1414:Augustinian theodicy
1326:Religious skepticism
659:Concepts in religion
65:argument from reason
32:necessary conditions
30:by appealing to the
3084:Slavic Native Faith
2507:Trinitarian formula
2444:Father of Greatness
2327:Abrahamic religions
2022:History of religion
1723:Friedrich Nietzsche
1600:Gottfried W Leibniz
1595:Nicolas Malebranche
1527:King James VI and I
807:Abrahamic religions
503:E. R. Geehan, ed.,
126:, then necessarily
3046:Abrahamic prophecy
2976:Ayyavazhi theology
2748:Apophatic theology
2137:Conceptions of God
2032:Religious language
2012:Ethics in religion
1970:William Lane Craig
1845:Charles Hartshorne
1585:Desiderius Erasmus
1487:Augustine of Hippo
1429:Inconsistent triad
1391:Apophatic theology
1386:Logical positivism
1368:Religious language
988:Watchmaker analogy
953:Necessary existent
729:Conceptions of God
689:Intelligent design
291:William Lane Craig
3119:
3118:
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2835:
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2730:Latter Day Saints
2699:Divine simplicity
2620:
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2477:Consubstantiality
2453:
2452:
2304:
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2248:Theistic finitism
2090:
2089:
1990:
1989:
1950:Peter van Inwagen
1935:Richard Swinburne
1880:George I Mavrodes
1740:Vladimir Solovyov
1680:Søren Kierkegaard
1605:William Wollaston
1552:William of Ockham
1532:Marcion of Sinope
1434:Irenaean theodicy
1424:Euthyphro dilemma
1351:Transcendentalism
1180:Womanist theology
1170:Feminist theology
1074:
1073:
865:
864:
751:Divine simplicity
671:Euthyphro dilemma
531:Greg L. Bahnsen,
510:Greg L. Bahnsen,
411:978-1-58134-787-6
279:Peter van Inwagen
239:Internet Infidels
201:
83:Cornelius Van Til
81:and the likes of
53:in his 1763 work
3144:
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2467:Athanasian Creed
2317:
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2145:
2132:
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2110:
2103:
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2080:
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1975:Ali Akbar Rashad
1838:Reinhold Niebuhr
1798:Bertrand Russell
1793:George Santayana
1690:Albrecht Ritschl
1675:Ludwig Feuerbach
1465:
1461:(by date active)
1321:Process theology
1066:Russell's teapot
876:
871:Existence of God
781:Process theology
734:
719:Theological veto
682:religious belief
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275:abstract objects
259:laws of morality
28:existence of God
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3113:Religion portal
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3013:Holy Scriptures
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2704:Divine presence
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2472:Comma Johanneum
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2312:
2300:
2257:
2139:
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1986:
1982:Alexander Pruss
1965:Jean-Luc Marion
1920:Alvin Plantinga
1915:Dewi Z Phillips
1902:
1900:
1894:
1865:Walter Kaufmann
1855:Frithjof Schuon
1828:Rudolf Bultmann
1785:
1779:
1775:Joseph Maréchal
1765:Pavel Florensky
1760:Sergei Bulgakov
1745:Ernst Troeltsch
1728:Harald Høffding
1705:
1699:
1670:William Whewell
1658:Georg W F Hegel
1653:Karl C F Krause
1640:
1634:
1630:Johann G Herder
1620:Baron d'Holbach
1570:Augustin Calmet
1556:
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1460:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1406:Problem of evil
1400:
1396:Verificationism
1362:
1070:
1016:Atheist's Wager
999:
861:
795:
723:
699:Problem of evil
654:
649:
574:
561:
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544:John M. Frame,
537:John M. Frame,
517:John M. Frame,
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255:laws of science
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116:modal operators
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1995:Related topics
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1955:Daniel Dennett
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251:laws of logic
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51:Immanuel Kant
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37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
2923:Hamartiology
2908:Ecclesiology
2898:Pneumatology
2807:Christianity
2798:Names of God
2773:Philo's view
2763:Personal god
2743:Great Spirit
2682: /
2639:Christianity
2497:Perichoresis
2400:Emanationism
2342:Christianity
2332:Baháʼí Faith
2310:Singular god
2283:
2243:Spiritualism
2051:
1870:Martin Lings
1823:Emil Brunner
1813:Paul Tillich
1803:Martin Buber
1718:W K Clifford
1695:Afrikan Spir
1610:Thomas Chubb
1562:Early modern
1542:Adi Shankara
1455:Philosophers
1439:Natural evil
1355:
1331:Spiritualism
1306:Perennialism
1259:Metaphysical
1103:Antireligion
994:
978:Teleological
901:Cosmological
852:Baháʼí Faith
817:Christianity
776:Personal god
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341:. Retrieved
327:
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227:Barry Stroud
225:
205:
189:
181:
167:
164:The argument
147:
141:
134:
127:
123:
122:If possibly
112:modus ponens
109:
105:transcendent
102:
87:Greg Bahnsen
69:
54:
48:
19:
17:
15:
2981:Krishnology
2958:Soteriology
2913:Eschatology
2893:Christology
2758:Open theism
2714:Exotheology
2612:Zoroastrian
2575:By religion
2532:Eschatology
2487:Homoiousian
2440:Ahura Mazda
2218:Panentheism
2181:Hermeticism
1890:Antony Flew
1875:Peter Geach
1808:René Guénon
1755:Lev Shestov
1750:Rudolf Otto
1457:of religion
1296:Panentheism
1229:Inclusivism
1148:Exclusivism
1143:Esotericism
1113:Creationism
1093:Agnosticism
1061:Poor design
1056:Omnipotence
983:Natural law
958:Ontological
911:Contingency
761:Holy Spirit
369:(2): 71–75.
271:materialism
247:sufficiency
61:C. S. Lewis
36:possibility
3126:Categories
3066:Philosophy
2953:Sophiology
2933:Philosophy
2928:Messianism
2888:Paterology
2492:Hypostasis
2482:Homoousian
2313:theologies
2253:Theopanism
2238:Polytheism
2201:Monotheism
2176:Henotheism
1860:J L Mackie
1818:Karl Barth
1615:David Hume
1537:Maimonides
1522:Heraclitus
1311:Polytheism
1281:Nondualism
1269:Humanistic
1254:Naturalism
1244:Monotheism
1202:Henotheism
1197:Gnosticism
1128:Demonology
1011:747 gambit
928:Experience
766:Misotheism
615:Antithesis
477:2023-05-23
339:. Infidels
319:References
257:, and the
97:See also:
40:experience
2943:Practical
2938:Political
2903:Cosmology
2860:Christian
2719:Holocaust
2709:Egotheism
2664:Goddesses
2659:Mormonism
2587:Christian
2540:Afterlife
2426:Sustainer
2233:Polydeism
2228:Pantheism
2213:Mysticism
2196:Monolatry
2191:Nontheism
2171:Dystheism
1960:Loyal Rue
1685:Karl Marx
1507:Gaudapada
1336:Shamanism
1301:Pantheism
1286:Nontheism
1264:Religious
1249:Mysticism
1222:Christian
1212:Religious
1163:Atheistic
1158:Christian
1041:Nonbelief
1026:Free will
842:Mormonism
666:Afterlife
283:Platonism
281:, affirm
243:necessity
222:Criticism
216:al-Ashari
206:Medieval
192:thomistic
158:reasoning
156:forms of
154:inductive
150:deductive
133:Actually
76:Christian
72:framework
44:knowledge
3061:Kabbalah
3008:Prophets
2883:Glossary
2849:By faith
2812:Hinduism
2694:Demiurge
2684:in Islam
2644:Hinduism
2634:Buddhism
2626:Feminist
2582:Buddhist
2390:Absolute
2383:Concepts
2359:Hinduism
2354:Buddhism
2320:By faith
2284:and gods
2276:Divinity
2262:Concepts
2223:Pandeism
2124:Theology
2082:Category
2027:Religion
2017:Exegesis
1502:Boethius
1497:Averroes
1492:Avicenna
1474:medieval
1444:Theodicy
1291:Pandeism
1207:Humanism
1175:Thealogy
1118:Dharmism
1088:Acosmism
1080:Theology
948:Morality
943:Miracles
822:Hinduism
812:Buddhism
771:Pandeism
746:Demiurge
714:Theodicy
559:Articles
343:21 April
335:(1997).
297:See also
269:" with "
34:for the
24:argument
3051:Aggadah
2999:Oneness
2991:Islamic
2873:Outline
2868:History
2827:Judaism
2822:Jainism
2778:Process
2753:Olelbis
2654:Judaism
2597:Islamic
2512:Trinity
2395:Brahman
2369:Sikhism
2364:Jainism
2337:Judaism
2289:Goddess
2053:more...
1786:postwar
1469:Ancient
1357:more...
1276:New Age
1217:Secular
1187:Fideism
1138:Dualism
1108:Atheism
1098:Animism
1004:Against
847:Sikhism
837:Judaism
832:Jainism
741:Brahman
694:Miracle
572:Debates
363:Skeptic
267:atheism
208:Ash'ari
202:Ash'ari
3089:Wiccan
3038:Jewish
3018:Angels
2948:Public
2918:Ethics
2607:Taoist
2602:Jewish
2562:Heaven
2419:God as
2149:Theism
2072:Portal
1346:Theism
1239:Monism
973:Reason
923:Desire
918:Degree
886:Beauty
800:God in
756:Egoism
709:Spirit
435:
408:
253:, the
22:is an
3076:Pagan
2968:Hindu
2817:Islam
2649:Islam
2592:Hindu
2555:Fitra
2405:Logos
2347:Islam
2296:Numen
2271:Deity
2166:Deism
2157:Forms
1341:Taoic
1123:Deism
906:Kalam
857:Wicca
827:Islam
676:Faith
497:Notes
457:JSTOR
212:Quran
114:with
2783:Tian
2566:Hell
2436:Good
2431:Time
1903:2010
1901:1990
1899:1970
1784:1920
1706:1900
1704:1880
1641:1850
1639:1800
1031:Hell
1021:Evil
938:Love
704:Soul
433:ISBN
406:ISBN
345:2011
194:and
182:The
152:and
85:and
42:and
18:The
3003:God
3001:of
1471:and
879:For
680:or
74:of
63:'s
38:of
3128::
2800:in
2564:/
2442:,
365:.
347:.
289:.
118::
89:.
46:.
2446:)
2438:(
2116:e
2109:t
2102:v
644:e
637:t
630:v
587:"
584:.
441:.
414:.
367:5
144:.
142:Q
137:.
135:P
130:.
128:Q
124:P
58:.
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