589:
638:
drive. If the system fails during a batch run, the master file is recreated by restoring the son backup and then restarting the batch. However, if the son backup fails, is corrupted or destroyed, then the previous generation of backup (the father) is used. Likewise, if that fails, then the generation
629:
This procedure involves taking complete backups of all data at regular intervals – daily, weekly, monthly, or whatever is appropriate. Multiple generations of backup are retained, often three which gives rise to the name. The most recent backup is the son, the previous the father, and
647:
Partial backups generally contain only records that have changed. For example, a full backup could be performed weekly, and then partial backups taken nightly. Recovery using this scheme involves restoring the last full backup and then restoring all partial backups in order to produce an up-to-date
362:
A Transaction
Processing System (TPS) is an information system that collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves the data transactions of an enterprise. Transaction processing systems also attempt to provide predictable response times to requests, although this is not as critical as real-time systems.
445:
This is the immediate processing of data. It provides instant confirmation of a transaction. It may involve a large number of users who are simultaneously performing transactions which change data. Because of advances in technology (such as the increase in the speed of
363:
Rather than allowing the user to run arbitrary programs as time-sharing, transaction processing allows only predefined, structured transactions. Each transaction is usually short, and each transaction's processing activity is programmed in advance. It is an MIS model.
596:
Since business organizations have become very dependent on transaction processing, a breakdown may disrupt the business' regular routine and stop its operation for a certain amount of time. In order to prevent data loss and minimize disruptions well-designed
400:
The system must be able to handle hardware or software problems without corrupting data. Multiple users must be protected from attempting to change the same piece of data at the same time, for example two operators cannot sell the same seat on an airplane.
348:"Real time systems attempt to guarantee an appropriate response to a stimulus or request quickly enough to affect the conditions that caused the stimulus." Each transaction in realtime processing is unique; it is not part of a group of transactions.
432:
Transactions may be collected and processed as in batch processing. Transactions will be collected and later updated as a batch when it is convenient or economical to process them. Historically, this was the most common method as the
418:
The system should be capable of growth at incremental costs, rather than requiring a complete replacement. It should be possible to add, replace, or update hardware and software components without shutting down the system.
409:
Often users of transaction processing systems are casual users. The system should be simple for them to understand, protect them from data-entry errors as much as possible, and allow them to easily correct their errors.
225:(DEC) Application Control and Management System (ACMS) – 1985. "Provides an environment for creating and controlling online transaction processing (OLTP) applications on the VMS operating system." Runs on
391:
The system must be available during the time period when the users are entering transactions. Many organizations rely heavily on their TPS; a breakdown will disrupt operations or even stop the business.
482:
Network structure: network structures also organizes data using nodes and branches. Unlike hierarchical structure, each child node can be linked to multiple, higher parent nodes.
334:
are collected and processed at the same time. The results of each transaction are not immediately available when the transaction is being entered; there is a time delay.
145:(CICS) – 1969. A transaction manager designed for rapid, high-volume online processing, CICS originally used standard system datasets, but now has a connection to the
383:
with a rapid response time is critical. Transaction processing systems are usually measured by the number of transactions they can process in a given period of time.
468:
A database is an organized collection of data. Databases offer fast retrieval times for non-structured requests as in a typical transaction processing application.
265:'s proprietary transaction processing system running on NCR Tower 5000-series systems. This system was used mainly by financial institutions in the 1980s and 1990s.
485:
Relational structure: a relational database organizes its data in a series of related tables. This gives flexibility as relationships between the tables are built.
918:
639:
of backup previous to the father (i.e. the grandfather) is required. Of course the older the generation, the more the data may be out of date.
563:: Uncommonly used data are moved into other databases or backed up tables (files). This keeps tables small and also improves backup times.
135:(IMS) – 1966. A joint hierarchical database and information management system with extensive transaction processing capabilities. Runs on
494:
272:
system – 1976. NonStop is an integrated hardware and software system specifically designed for transaction processing. Originally from
514:
955:
132:
504:
258:
121:(TPF) – 1960. Unlike most other transaction processing systems TPF is a dedicated operating system for transaction processing on
975:
118:
86:
803:
864:
681:
380:
236:
222:
970:
783:
126:
80:
686:
269:
195:
97:
94:
820:
732:
471:
Databases for transaction processing may be constructed using hierarchical, network, or relational structures.
70:, which became operational in 1964. Designed to process up to 83,000 transactions a day, the system ran on two
756:
557:: This lowers redundant information to increase the speed and improve concurrency, this also improves backups.
648:
database. This process is quicker than taking only complete backups, at the expense of longer recovery time.
300:
Transaction processing is distinct from and can be contrasted with other computer processing models, such as
219:
include
Transaction Server, "an extremely flexible, high-performance message and application control system."
476:
216:
199:
59:
948:
Transactional information systems: theory, algorithms, and the practice of concurrency control and recovery
475:
Hierarchical structure: organizes data in a series of levels. Its top-to-bottom-like structure consists of
553:
434:
357:
285:– 1991. Transarc was purchased by IBM in 1994. Encina was discontinued as a product and folded into IBM's
154:
47:
451:
205:
162:
150:
136:
343:
309:
182:
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The following features are desirable in a database system used in transaction processing systems:
676:
602:
186:
90:. In addition to airlines, TPF is used by large banks, credit card companies, and hotel chains.
951:
570:
479:
and branches; each child node has branches and is only linked to one higher level parent node.
447:
371:
The following features are considered important in evaluating transaction processing systems.
282:
178:
67:
43:
39:
17:
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must exist and be adhered to. The recovery process can rebuild the system when it goes down.
538:: Short transactions enables quick processing. This avoids concurrency and paces the systems.
108:
introduced in 1976. The system provides an extreme level of availability and data integrity.
321:
301:
273:
101:
532:: The database should be designed to access patterns of data from many simultaneous users.
262:
891:
212:
operating systems using GEMCOS (Generalized
Message Control System of 1976). As of 2012
691:
75:
964:
635:
209:
493:
305:
287:
171:
122:
513:
181:– 1980s. Transactions for Unix, Extended for Distributed Operations developed by
711:
548:
should be scheduled between low times of activity to prevent lag of the server.
503:
330:) on a computer without manual intervention. Several transactions, called a
249:
868:
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the oldest backup is the grandfather. This method is commonly used for a
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71:
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243:
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146:
842:
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must be able to handle many users and provide quick response times.
587:
512:
502:
492:
166:
142:
805:
VAX ACMS Guide to
Creating Transaction Processing Applications
226:
63:
660:
Reduction in processing time, lead time and order cycle time
785:
Transaction Server for ClearPath MCP Configuration Guide
104:
NonStop) is a hardware and software system designed for
326:
Batch processing is execution of a series of programs (
78:
computers in 1972, and became an IBM product first as
733:"History of TANDEM COMPUTERS, INC. – FundingUniverse"
208:
supported transaction processing capabilities in its
198:(TIP) – 1970s. A transaction processing monitor for
663:
Reduction in inventory, personnel and ordering costs
592:
A Dataflow
Diagram of backup and recovery procedures
757:"Terminals Help Manage Aluminum Firm's Production"
666:Increase in productivity and customer satisfaction
437:did not yet exist to allow real-time processing.
613:There are two main types of back-up procedures:
8:
255:Transaction Processing. Feature (TP) – 1979.
58:The first transaction processing system was
919:"In Depth: Relational Data Base Management"
912:
910:
908:
27:Computing system for indivisible operations
291:. Encina support was discontinued in 2006.
239:(DEC) Message Control System (MCS-10) for
703:
657:Batch or real-time processing available
143:IBM Customer Information Control System
917:Schuster, Stewart A. (June 15, 1981).
802:Digital Equipment Corporation (1989).
367:Transaction processing system features
112:List of transaction processing systems
169:. Non-mainframe versions are called
87:Transaction Processing Facility (TPF)
7:
458:Databases for transaction processing
149:relational database system. Runs on
106:Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
821:"Digital Computing Timeline (1985)"
632:batch transaction processing system
454:), real-time updating is possible.
946:Gerhard Weikum, Gottfried Vossen,
450:and larger systems and networking
74:computers. SABRE was migrated to
25:
189:. Tuxedo is a cross-platform TPS.
133:IBM Information Management System
259:Transaction Management eXecutive
423:Types of transaction processing
119:Transaction Processing Facility
18:Transaction processing monitor
1:
892:"TXSeries for Multiplatforms"
682:Online transaction processing
237:Digital Equipment Corporation
223:Digital Equipment Corporation
196:Transaction Interface Package
127:Airline Control Program (ACP)
81:Airline control Program (ACP)
32:transaction processing system
561:Archiving of historical data
217:ClearPath Enterprise Servers
782:UNISYS Corporation (2012).
609:Types of back-up procedures
567:Good hardware configuration
268:Hewlett Packard Enterprise
46:combination, that supports
992:
687:Customer Integrated System
581:
511:
501:
491:
461:
355:
341:
319:
95:Hewlett Packard Enterprise
950:, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002,
497:A hierarchical structure
125:mainframes. Originally
737:www.fundinguniverse.com
441:Processing in real-time
387:Continuous availability
200:UNIVAC 1100/2200 series
976:Transaction processing
843:"Multics Glossary -T-"
625:Grandfather-father-son
615:grandfather-father-son
593:
518:
517:A relational structure
508:
498:
435:information technology
358:Transaction processing
352:Transaction processing
155:DOS/360 and successors
48:transaction processing
591:
516:
506:
496:
428:Processing in a batch
206:Burroughs Corporation
151:OS/360 and successors
137:OS/360 and successors
865:"Corporate Overview"
338:Real-time processing
310:real-time processing
183:AT&T Corporation
42:system, or software/
971:Information systems
871:on February 3, 1999
841:Van Vleck, Thomas.
603:recovery procedures
530:Good data placement
507:A network structure
344:Real-time computing
677:Server (computing)
594:
536:Short transactions
519:
509:
499:
187:Oracle Corporation
890:IBM Corporation.
712:"The Sabre Story"
578:Backup procedures
523:
522:
448:data transmission
100:system (formerly
68:American Airlines
16:(Redirected from
983:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
903:
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867:. Archived from
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729:
723:
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542:Real-time backup
489:
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322:Batch processing
316:Batch processing
302:batch processing
296:Processing types
274:Tandem Computers
21:
991:
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941:Further reading
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763:. July 26, 1976
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643:Partial backups
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619:partial backups
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263:NCR Corporation
185:, now owned by
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23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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978:
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819:Bell, Gordon.
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702:
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692:Data warehouse
689:
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582:Main article:
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462:Main article:
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414:Modular growth
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396:Data integrity
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356:Main article:
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342:Main article:
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320:Main article:
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76:IBM System/360
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6:
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956:1-55860-508-8
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923:Computerworld
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761:Computerworld
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636:magnetic tape
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554:normalization
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84:and later as
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53:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
947:
928:November 16,
926:. Retrieved
922:
897:November 16,
895:. Retrieved
885:
875:November 16,
873:. Retrieved
869:the original
858:
848:November 15,
846:. Retrieved
836:
826:November 15,
824:. Retrieved
814:
804:
797:
784:
777:
767:November 14,
765:. Retrieved
760:
751:
740:. Retrieved
736:
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706:
646:
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631:
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306:time-sharing
299:
286:
170:
123:IBM System z
105:
92:
85:
79:
57:
35:
31:
29:
405:Ease of use
381:performance
375:Performance
965:Categories
863:Transarc.
742:2023-03-01
698:References
652:Advantages
261:(TMX) was
202:computers.
62:, made by
452:bandwidth
250:Honeywell
671:See also
571:Hardware
464:Database
288:TXSeries
280:Transarc
246:systems.
233:systems.
172:TXSeries
72:IBM 7090
44:hardware
40:software
634:with a
270:NonStop
253:Multics
244:TOPS-10
159:IBM AIX
147:IBM Db2
98:NonStop
54:History
38:) is a
954:
599:backup
584:Backup
546:Backup
308:, and
283:Encina
241:PDP-10
214:UNISYS
193:UNIVAC
179:Tuxedo
165:, and
102:Tandem
789:(PDF)
719:Sabre
715:(PDF)
552:High
477:nodes
379:Fast
332:batch
60:SABRE
952:ISBN
930:2012
899:2012
877:2012
850:2012
828:2012
769:2012
617:and
601:and
328:jobs
167:OS/2
153:and
117:IBM
93:The
66:for
231:VMS
227:VAX
210:MCP
64:IBM
36:TPS
967::
921:.
907:^
759:.
735:.
717:.
621::
569::
544::
312:.
304:,
163:VM
161:,
157:,
50:.
30:A
932:.
901:.
879:.
852:.
830:.
808:.
791:.
771:.
745:.
721:.
276:.
229:/
175:.
139:.
129:.
34:(
20:)
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