623:
34:
607:
1881:
1663:
236:
445:
of directives – "The Trying of
Homosexual Soldiers" – to all military prosecutors, instructing them to only file charges against soldiers who broke the civilian law against homosexual acts if: one of the parties involved was a minor, the sex was non-consensual, one of the parties was unconscious, the sex was conducted in public, or one of the soldiers was under the command of the other.
406:
Some, such as Noa Halevi, a reserves officer, say that female gay soldiers have an easier time in the army's masculine environment. In 2019, an IDF spokesman supported the removal of drawings depicting various family structures – including same-sex couples and single parents – that had been posted to a base's bulletin board for Family Day, as the photos were not in "
441:'s orders did not mention homosexuality, but civilian law deemed "relations not in the usual way" a criminal offense. Psychologist Dr. Skali Avraham testified that homosexual behavior was deviant, not criminal. The court accepted the argument, and sentenced one soldier to a day in prison and the other, who was ruled to have instigated the encounter, to 70 days.
339:
508:
In 2013, the IDF announced that they would, for the first time, allow a transgender woman to serve in the army as a female soldier. The IDF Medical Corps' Mental Health
Division then worked with the Israeli Center for Human Sexuality & Gender Identity to better understand the needs of transgender
512:
In 2014, a new policy was put in place that automatically referred transgender personnel to a support system – allowing them to avoid seeking a commander's help obtaining uniforms, health care, or proper facilities, and making it easier to serve as their preferred gender. Showers and housing may be
444:
In the 1960s, legal opinions by the
Israeli Attorney General and the Supreme Court limited the application of the criminal laws against homosexuality, but the prevailing notion that homosexuality was a disease remained. In 1977, the Military Advocate General, Brig. Gen. Zvi Inbar, issued a set
480:
to be medically essential for transgender personnel, and, thus, pays for said treatments. The IDF determines gender-specific army regulations (length of service, housing, uniforms, etc.) on a case-by-case basis. However, this is complicated by the fact that
Israeli law only allows gender-affirming
448:
In 1983, the IDF adopted a policy that gay personnel would not be limited or discharged solely based on their sexual orientation, but it did prohibit gay service members from taking intelligence positions, other jobs requiring a top-secret clearance, or serving in elite combat units. Officers were
394:
at the same time can ask for one partner's service to be postponed – whether their child or children are listed as in custody of one or both parents. Children of same-sex couples are eligible for scholarships and nursery school subsidies, even if the career soldier is not the biological parent. In
455:
In 1993, the IDF formally opened the draft to all, regardless of sexual orientation. In 1998, the army ceased to link sexual orientation to security clearances, and rescinded the order that required commanding officers to report gay soldiers. These policy changes were not well-publicized; a 2003
405:
Acceptance in everyday life sometimes differs from regulations; a poll conducted in 2011 by the Israel Gay Youth found that 40% of gay soldiers said they were verbally harassed for their sexual orientation, 20% said they had been sexually harassed, and 4% said they had been physically assaulted.
541:
man was initially found to be fit for service in a combat supporting role. Upon his attempt to improve his profile to serve in combat roles, the army determined that he could not enlist at all due to his age – 30 – though the man himself believes this determination was due to his status as an
424:
Among the public, the Peace Index poll found that a large majority of
Israelis say the IDF should espouse a "pluralistic and open value system", including openness to LGBT soldiers. 81% of those who said they were "secular", 76% of "non-religious-traditional", 57% of "religious", and 52% of
532:
Without conclusive data on intersex prevalence in Israel or reports regarding the military service of intersex individuals, a case study by Marom et al. (2008) estimates that there are a "few dozen" intersex individuals in active service in the IDF. They assume that the condition is likely
555:
In May 2019, the IDF made changes to recruitment forms, aimed at adjusting them to be inclusive of soldiers with same-sex parents. Where the form asked for the information of the "Father" and "Mother", it now asks for "Parent 1" and "Parent 2". The move was opposed by some
591:
of Israel, discrimination against LGBT people is prohibited. A violation of these rules does not necessarily result in ejection from the service; in 2018, a police rabbi who made homophobic statements was allowed to keep his job with a warning.
1413:
481:
surgery to be performed once an individual is 18 – the draft age –; therefore, most individuals joining the IDF would not have the opportunity to transition before joining. Shachar Erez, the first openly transgender person to become an
389:
and an additional 12 weeks of unpaid leave (regardless of the biological father), unless the other partner has also taken leave. Like heterosexual partners, same-sex partners raising children together who are called up for
369:
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual soldiers serve throughout all branches of the military. Discrimination against LGBT soldiers in recruitment, placement, and promotion is prohibited. Harassment or degradation on the grounds of
449:
also required to refer known gay soldiers for a psychological evaluation to determine whether they posed any security risks or were mentally unfit for service, though commanders did sometimes disregard this policy.
421:. However, its reputation as a gay-friendly unit is complicated by unit dissenters that objected to Unit 8200's collection of information on innocent people – including their sexuality – for later use as blackmail.
1462:
1406:
102:
378:– also co-head of a premilitary academy – from visiting bases and called for him to retract statements calling gay people "perverts". A study conducted by Kaplan and Rosenmann in 2000 found that in terms of unit
1472:
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handled on a case-by-case basis, while fitness standards for a given position must be met as applicable to their preferred gender. That year, Shachar Erez became the first openly transgender officer in the IDF.
139:
1457:
97:
1399:
402:
However, in 2018, the IDF banned soldiers from participating in strikes protesting the exclusion of gay men from a recently passed surrogacy law, as they were considered political demonstrations.
456:
survey found that only 29% of gay soldier respondents were aware of the 1993 policy. Non-heterosexual personnel are currently allowed to serve openly in the military, including in special units.
395:
terms of these rights for children of career soldiers, the IDF is more accommodating for same-sex couples than the state. A Gender
Affairs unit works to empower the LGBT community in the IDF.
622:
656:
264:
1578:
1518:
214:
167:
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While transgender individuals have been allowed to serve in the IDF, more recent policy changes have allowed these individuals to be treated in accordance with their preferred gender.
1508:
162:
1907:
1550:
188:
1555:
1494:
193:
150:
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The military recognizes same-sex couples, including widows and widowers of the same sex. Life partners of non-heterosexual career soldiers are entitled to 14 weeks' paid
1583:
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172:
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71:
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76:
122:
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in the IDF, underwent gender-affirming surgery during his service. During his officers course, he decided to come out to his colleagues and
1570:
671:
526:
81:
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Some units are considered more accommodating, such as Unit 8200, a branch that often drafts from the socio-economic elite and deals with
1757:
1441:
107:
66:
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under-reported in data of soldiers in service between 2004 and 2007, or some intersex individuals were ineligible for the draft due to
918:
646:
310:
832:
1225:
1422:
1013:
325:. No official military policy prevents intersex individuals from serving, though they may be rejected based on medical concerns.
50:
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1912:
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comments did report the behavior to his commanders, leading to the punishment of one of the instigating soldiers.
434:
354:
1198:
1885:
1734:
939:
477:
382:, participants who acknowledged the presence of gay peers did not differ from those who had no such knowledge.
322:
17:
1687:
1831:
1826:
1716:
1611:
629:
613:
1866:
1861:
1841:
1744:
1530:
651:
391:
278:
1851:
572:
418:
282:
923:
529:, though intersex individuals may be found unfit or re-assigned due to related medical conditions.
490:
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1151:
888:
810:
580:
407:
371:
1330:
1265:
1141:
880:
761:
1292:
780:
744:
Marom, Tal; Itskoviz, David; Ostfeld, Ishay (2008). "Intersex
Patients in Military Service".
721:
1729:
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872:
753:
557:
534:
465:
306:
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heard the case of two male privates sentenced to a year in prison for consensual sex. The
379:
346:
318:
861:"Unit Social Cohesion in the Israeli Military as a Case Study of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell""
988:
1790:
1780:
1643:
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538:
386:
1901:
1136:
Institute, National
Defense Research (2010), "The Experience of Foreign Militaries",
892:
876:
576:
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1155:
468:
to be a disqualifying condition for service. Furthermore, the IDF considers certain
1356:"Israel Police Rabbi Rebuked for Alleged anti-LGBT Stance, But Allowed to Stay Put"
1251:
588:
399:
240:
781:"Military advocate general is first senior IDF official to come out of the closet"
489:. He graduated as a male officer, and continues his service in the department of
1810:
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350:
314:
757:
1391:
486:
411:
358:
298:
884:
860:
833:"Israeli Army Bans Anti-gay Rabbi From Bases, Demands He Retract Statements"
765:
1226:"Shachar Erez Came Out As Transgender For Himself — And The Israeli Army"
678:
522:
302:
290:
919:"IDF's gays find friends at the top, lingering homophobia on the ground"
338:
1785:
806:"Tel Aviv Journal; Once Taboo, a Gay Israeli Treads the Halls of Power"
482:
1140:, An Update of RAND's 1993 Study, RAND Corporation, pp. 275–320,
587:
are allowed to choose to serve in the border police. As a part of the
374:
is also prohibited in the
Israeli military. In 2016, the IDF banned a
704:"Israeli military one of the world's most LGBT friendly, report says"
683:
286:
1087:"Israeli Army's Gay Soldiers Must Stop Persecuting Gay Palestinians"
1383:
President Rivlin Meets LGBT People Who Serve in Police and
Military
1014:"IDF bars soldiers from participating in "political" LGBT protests"
560:
375:
337:
1679:
1317:"IDF move to accommodate recruits from LGBT homes enrages rabbis"
965:"For gay soldiers, IDF seen as "more progressive" than the state"
342:
294:
1683:
1395:
509:
individuals and raise awareness of those needs within the IDF.
1174:"Open Service by Transgender Members of Israel Defense Forces"
1039:"Israeli Army Backs Removal of LGBTQ Family Photos From Base"
429:
History of non-heterosexual personnel in the Israeli military
398:
As of 2003, soldiers are also allowed to participate in gay
657:
Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service
309:
men and women to participate openly, without policy-based
1113:"Two-thirds of Israelis back an army open to LGBT troops"
501:
History of transgender personnel in the Israeli military
361:. He came out in 2017, becoming the first member of the
1063:"IDF soldier: Gay people deserve a bullet in the head"
1138:
Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy
452:
Civilian law decriminalized homosexual acts in 1988.
410:". However, in one instance, a soldier who overheard
1819:
1773:
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1715:
1636:
1597:
1569:
1541:
1488:
1481:
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1429:
940:"IDF Recognizes Gay Reservists' Rights as Parents"
293:is one of the most accommodating in the world for
1526:Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
1199:"Israel to Allow Sex-change Surgery From Age 18"
425:"religious-traditional" support such openness.
1293:"IDF refuses to recruit intersexed Haredi man"
739:
737:
735:
1695:
1407:
628:Some soldiers on horseback watching over the
464:The Israeli Defense Forces does not consider
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18:Transgender personnel in the Israeli military
8:
1908:LGBTQ people and military service by country
1702:
1688:
1680:
1485:
1414:
1400:
1392:
265:
251:
28:
722:"IDF in top-ten most gay friendly armies"
612:Some Israeli soldiers in uniform seen at
1796:Tel Aviv Municipal LGBT Community Center
289:to further the nation's goals. Israel's
1437:LGBT military and veteran organizations
1252:"Transgender in the IDF - AWiderBridge"
859:Kaplan, Danny; Rosenmann, Amir (2012).
695:
667:Transgender people and military service
662:Sexual orientation and military service
602:
77:Transgender people and military service
72:LGBT military and veteran organizations
49:
1730:2015 Jerusalem gay pride parade murder
1273:
1263:
1250:Dekel, Author: Yanir (7 August 2013).
1220:
1218:
1168:
1166:
1164:
579:, but is a combat-ready organ of the
357:of the Israel Defense Forces, and is
277:The Israeli military consists of the
7:
1847:The Aguda – Israel's LGBT Task Force
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
854:
852:
672:Intersex people and military service
521:Officially, IDF policy does not bar
317:men and women can serve under their
82:Intersex people and military service
1442:Same-sex unions and military policy
804:Greenberg, Joel (16 October 2002).
67:Same-sex unions and military policy
647:Women in the Israel Defense Forces
476:and gender-affirming surgery) and
25:
1725:2009 Tel Aviv gay centre shooting
1880:
1879:
1662:
1661:
917:Ginsburg, Mitch (29 July 2013).
877:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00914.x
621:
605:
297:individuals. The country allows
234:
32:
989:"Manpower Directorate Homepage"
583:. Israelis who are drafted for
355:Chief Military Advocate General
1291:Glickman, Aviad (2010-02-08).
1067:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
472:-specific medical treatments (
1:
1857:The Pride House in Beersheba
1354:Breiner, Josh (2018-08-28).
779:Tzimuki, Tova (2017-10-05).
1423:LGBT people in the military
474:hormone replacement therapy
209:Intersex service by country
1934:
1801:Jerusalem gay pride parade
1197:Efrati, Ido (2014-05-14).
938:Cohen, Gili (2015-05-19).
831:Cohen, Gili (2016-07-19).
758:10.7205/MILMED.173.11.1132
585:mandatory military service
363:supreme command of the IDF
334:Non-heterosexual personnel
285:, both of which engage in
1875:
1758:unregistered cohabitation
1657:
435:Military Court of Appeals
1735:2018 Israeli LGBT strike
323:gender affirming surgery
183:Trans service by country
537:. In 2010, an intersex
1913:LGBTQ rights in Israel
1612:Wartime cross-dressing
1037:Haaretz (2019-02-12).
630:Jerusalem Pride Parade
366:
151:LGB service by country
1531:Sacred Band of Thebes
1519:In the United Kingdom
1117:www.timesofisrael.com
1018:www.timesofisrael.com
969:www.timesofisrael.com
652:LGBT rights in Israel
575:is a unit within the
551:Israel Defense Forces
542:intersex individual.
460:Transgender personnel
341:
279:Israel Defense Forces
1852:Jerusalem Open House
1607:In the United States
1579:In the United States
1551:In the United States
1514:In the United States
1156:10.7249/mg1056osd.18
865:Political Psychology
573:Israel Border Police
567:Israel Border Police
419:signals intelligence
283:Israel Border Police
1331:"The Israel Police"
924:The Times of Israel
728:. 22 February 2014.
491:Behavioral Sciences
321:gender and receive
1918:Military of Israel
1543:Transgender people
1509:In the Netherlands
1490:Sexual orientation
1276:has generic name (
963:Gross, Judah Ari.
811:The New York Times
581:Israeli government
517:Intersex personnel
408:IDF Code of Ethics
372:sexual orientation
367:
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1894:
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1147:978-0-8330-5129-5
746:Military Medicine
275:
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16:(Redirected from
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535:gender dysphoria
466:gender dysphoria
307:non-heterosexual
305:, and any other
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241:LGBTQ portal
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61:General articles
53:military service
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1571:Intersex people
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614:Jerusalem Pride
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387:maternity leave
380:social cohesion
347:General officer
336:
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329:By demographics
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51:LGBT people and
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12:
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1387:A Wider Bridge
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1232:. 3 April 2017
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871:(4): 419–436.
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1806:Eilat Pride
1473:South Korea
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351:Sharon Afek
315:Transgender
194:South Korea
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140:South Korea
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1637:Discharges
1495:by country
1451:By country
1365:2019-02-21
1340:2020-05-10
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1208:2020-05-10
1183:2020-05-10
1122:2020-05-10
1097:2020-05-10
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993:www.idf.il
974:2020-05-10
949:2020-05-10
842:2020-05-10
817:2010-05-07
790:2020-05-10
690:References
487:commanders
478:counseling
470:transition
412:homophobic
359:openly gay
319:identified
299:homosexual
92:By country
1504:In Canada
1458:Australia
893:146273155
885:1467-9221
546:By branch
365:to do so.
225:Australia
108:Air Force
98:Australia
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1482:By topic
1297:Ynetnews
1266:cite web
785:Ynetnews
766:19055190
726:Ynetnews
679:Shin Bet
641:See also
632:in 2012.
616:in 2012.
558:Orthodox
523:intersex
353:was the
303:bisexual
291:military
281:and the
43:a series
41:Part of
1832:Havruta
1827:Bat Kol
1786:TLVFest
1774:Culture
1717:History
1430:General
1360:Haaretz
1203:Haaretz
1091:Haaretz
1043:Haaretz
944:Haaretz
837:Haaretz
708:Haaretz
596:Gallery
527:service
493:of the
483:officer
1867:Tehila
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1842:Hoshen
1745:Rights
1589:Israel
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1468:Israel
1335:GOV.IL
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561:rabbis
539:Haredi
287:combat
220:Israel
199:Israel
158:Canada
135:Israel
1152:JSTOR
889:S2CID
376:rabbi
1617:list
1278:help
1142:ISBN
881:ISSN
762:PMID
571:The
343:Aluf
295:LGBT
128:Navy
113:Army
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