633:. The bulk motion of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as between a solid surface and the fluid. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Although sometimes discussed as a third method of heat transfer, convection is usually used to describe the combined effects of heat conduction within the fluid (diffusion) and heat transference by bulk fluid flow streaming. The process of transport by fluid streaming is known as advection, but pure advection is a term that is generally associated only with mass transport in fluids, such as advection of pebbles in a river. In the case of heat transfer in fluids, where transport by advection in a fluid is always also accompanied by transport via heat diffusion (also known as heat conduction) the process of heat convection is understood to refer to the sum of heat transport by advection and diffusion/conduction.
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between the surface of the skin and the ambient air. The normal temperature of the body is approximately 37 °C. Heat transfer occurs more readily when the temperature of the surroundings is significantly less than the normal body temperature. This concept explains why a person feels cold when not enough covering is worn when exposed to a cold environment. Clothing can be considered an insulator which provides thermal resistance to heat flow over the covered portion of the body. This thermal resistance causes the temperature on the surface of the clothing to be less than the temperature on the surface of the skin. This smaller temperature gradient between the surface temperature and the ambient temperature will cause a lower rate of heat transfer than if the skin were not covered.
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seven wires into this melted wax as deep as the wooden frame ... By taking them out they were covred with a coat of wax ... When I found that this crust was there about of an equal thikness upon all the wires, I placed them all in a glased earthen vessel full of olive oil heated to some degrees under boiling, taking care that each wire was dipt just as far in the oil as the other ... Now, as they had been all dipt alike at the same time in the same oil, it must follow, that the wire, upon which the wax had been melted the highest, had been the best conductor of heat. ... Silver conducted heat far the best of all other metals, next to this was copper, then gold, tin, iron, steel, Lead.
4159:
directions, but, everything else being equal, the net amount emitted to space is normally less than would have been emitted in the absence of these absorbers because of the decline of temperature with altitude in the troposphere and the consequent weakening of emission. An increase in the concentration of GHGs increases the magnitude of this effect; the difference is sometimes called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The change in a GHG concentration because of anthropogenic emissions contributes to an instantaneous radiative forcing. Earth's surface temperature and troposphere warm in response to this forcing, gradually restoring the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere.
3829:, 3rd ed. p. 159, (1985) by G. J. Van Wylen and R. E. Sonntag: "A heat engine may be defined as a device that operates in a thermodynamic cycle and does a certain amount of net positive work as a result of heat transfer from a high-temperature body and to a low-temperature body. Often the term heat engine is used in a broader sense to include all devices that produce work, either through heat transfer or combustion, even though the device does not operate in a thermodynamic cycle. The internal combustion engine and the gas turbine are examples of such devices, and calling these heat engines is an acceptable use of the term."
594:). In steady state conduction, the amount of heat entering a section is equal to amount of heat coming out, since the temperature change (a measure of heat energy) is zero. An example of steady state conduction is the heat flow through walls of a warm house on a cold dayâinside the house is maintained at a high temperature and, outside, the temperature stays low, so the transfer of heat per unit time stays near a constant rate determined by the insulation in the wall and the spatial distribution of temperature in the walls will be approximately constant over time.
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internal temperature to maintain healthy bodily functions. Therefore, excess heat must be dissipated from the body to keep it from overheating. When a person engages in elevated levels of physical activity, the body requires additional fuel which increases the metabolic rate and the rate of heat production. The body must then use additional methods to remove the additional heat produced to keep the internal temperature at a healthy level.
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2455:. Latent heat describes the amount of heat that is needed to evaporate the liquid; this heat comes from the liquid itself and the surrounding gas and surfaces. The greater the difference between the two temperatures, the greater the evaporative cooling effect. When the temperatures are the same, no net evaporation of water in the air occurs; thus, there is no cooling effect.
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hand is held a few inches from the glass, little conduction would occur since air is a poor conductor of heat. Steady-state conduction is an idealized model of conduction that happens when the temperature difference driving the conduction is constant so that after a time, the spatial distribution of temperatures in the conducting object does not change any further (see
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2065:, which is the fraction of radiation reflected. A material with a high reflectivity (at a given wavelength) has a low emissivity (at that same wavelength), and vice versa. At any specific wavelength, reflectivity=1 - emissivity. An ideal radiant barrier would have a reflectivity of 1, and would therefore reflect 100 percent of incoming radiation.
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604:) occurs when the temperature within an object changes as a function of time. Analysis of transient systems is more complex, and analytic solutions of the heat equation are only valid for idealized model systems. Practical applications are generally investigated using numerical methods, approximation techniques, or empirical study.
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heat, the reason is plain why those disorders prevail most during the cold autumnal rains, and upon the breaking up of the frost in the spring. It is likewise plain ... inhabiting damp houses, is so very dangerous; and why the evening air is so pernicious in summer ... and why it is not so during the hard frosts of winter.
2629:, "degrees of heat") between the body and its surroundings. The phrase "temperature change" was later replaced with "heat loss", and the relationship was named Newton's law of cooling. In general, the law is valid only if the temperature difference is small and the heat transfer mechanism remains the same.
2538:. In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun. The thermosphere (top of atmosphere) cools to space primarily by infrared energy radiated by carbon dioxide (CO
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thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called "natural convection". The former process is often called "forced convection." In this case, the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan, or other mechanical means.
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This motion of heat takes place in three ways, which a common fire-place very well illustrates. If, for instance, we place a thermometer directly before a fire, it soon begins to rise, indicating an increase of temperature. In this case the heat has made its way through the space between the fire and
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You remembre you gave me a wire of five metals all drawn thro the same hole Viz. one, of gould, one of silver, copper steel and iron. I supplyed here the two others Viz. the one of tin the other of lead. I fixed these seven wires into a wooden frame at an equal distance of one an other ... I dipt the
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To ensure that one portion of the body is not significantly hotter than another portion, heat must be distributed evenly through the bodily tissues. Blood flowing through blood vessels acts as a convective fluid and helps to prevent any buildup of excess heat inside the tissues of the body. This flow
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is a common approximation in transient conduction that may be used whenever heat conduction within an object is much faster than heat conduction across the boundary of the object. This is a method of approximation that reduces one aspect of the transient conduction systemâthat within the objectâto an
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However, by definition, the validity of Newton's law of
Cooling requires that the rate of heat loss from convection be a linear function of ("proportional to") the temperature difference that drives heat transfer, and in convective cooling this is sometimes not the case. In general, convection is not
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is the study of heat conduction between solid bodies in contact. The process of heat transfer from one place to another place without the movement of particles is called conduction, such as when placing a hand on a cold glass of waterâheat is conducted from the warm skin to the cold glass, but if the
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is the rate of transfer of heat through a structure divided by the difference in temperature across the structure. It is expressed in watts per square meter per kelvin, or W/(mK). Well-insulated parts of a building have a low thermal transmittance, whereas poorly-insulated parts of a building have a
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On a microscopic scale, heat conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some of their energy (heat) to these neighboring particles. In other words, heat is transferred by conduction when adjacent atoms vibrate
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After the experiments, Thompson was surprised to observe that a vacuum was a significantly poorer heat conductor than air "which of itself is reckoned among the worst", but only a very small difference between common air and rarefied air. He also noted the great difference between dry air and moist
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at the skin surface and the amount of moisture present on the skin. Therefore, the maximum of heat transfer will occur when the skin is completely wet. The body continuously loses water by evaporation but the most significant amount of heat loss occurs during periods of increased physical activity.
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is driven by the movement of fluids over the surface of the body. This convective fluid can be either a liquid or a gas. For heat transfer from the outer surface of the body, the convection mechanism is dependent on the surface area of the body, the velocity of the air, and the temperature gradient
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The
Rayleigh number can be understood as the ratio between the rate of heat transfer by convection to the rate of heat transfer by conduction; or, equivalently, the ratio between the corresponding timescales (i.e. conduction timescale divided by convection timescale), up to a numerical factor. This
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Heat convection occurs when the bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries its heat through the fluid. All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when
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Greenhouse effect: The infrared radiative effect of all infrared-absorbing constituents in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases (GHGs), clouds, and some aerosols absorb terrestrial radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and elsewhere in the atmosphere. These substances emit infrared radiation in all
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transfer and is an example of plasma present at Earth's surface. Typically, lightning discharges 30,000 amperes at up to 100 million volts, and emits light, radio waves, X-rays and even gamma rays. Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000 kelvins (27,726.85 °C) (49,940.33 °F)
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Radiative cooling is a renewable technology that is promising to meet this goal. It is a passive cooling strategy that dissipates heat through the atmosphere to the universe. Radiative cooling does not consume external energy but rather harvests coldness from outer space as a new renewable energy
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I cannot help observing, with what infinite wisdom and goodness Divine
Providence appears to have guarded us against the evil effects of excessive heat and cold in the atmosphere; for if it were possible for the air to be equally damp during the severe cold of the winter ... as it sometimes is in
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loss, also known as evaporative heat loss, accounts for a large fraction of heat loss from the body. When the core temperature of the body increases, the body triggers sweat glands in the skin to bring additional moisture to the surface of the skin. The liquid is then transformed into vapor which
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Every body knows how very disagreeable a very moderate degree of cold is when the air is very damp; and from hence it appears, why the thermometer is not always a just measure of the apparent or sensible heat of the atmosphere. If colds ... are occasioned by our bodies being robbed of our animal
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is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases and clouds, and is re-radiated in all directions, resulting in a reduction in the amount of thermal radiation reaching space relative to what would reach space in the absence of absorbing
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The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called "natural convection". All convective
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By transferring matter, energyâincluding thermal energyâis moved by the physical transfer of a hot or cold object from one place to another. This can be as simple as placing hot water in a bottle and heating a bed, or the movement of an iceberg in changing ocean currents. A practical example is
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The ... sensation of hot or cold depends not intirely upon the temperature of the body exciting in us those sensations ... but upon the quantity of heat it is capable of communicating to us, or receiving from us ... and this depends in a great measure upon the conducing powers of the bodies in
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In convective heat transfer, the law is valid for forced air or pumped fluid cooling, where the properties of the fluid do not vary strongly with temperature, but it is only approximately true for buoyancy-driven convection, where the velocity of the flow increases with temperature difference.
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The principles of heat transfer in engineering systems can be applied to the human body to determine how the body transfers heat. Heat is produced in the body by the continuous metabolism of nutrients which provides energy for the systems of the body. The human body must maintain a consistent
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From the striking analogy between the electric fluid and heat respecting their conductors and non-conductors (having found that bodies, in general, which are conductors of the electric fluid, are likewise good conductors of heat, and, on the contrary, that electric bodies, or such as are bad
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for later use. It may be employed to balance energy demand between day and nighttime. The thermal reservoir may be maintained at a temperature above or below that of the ambient environment. Applications include space heating, domestic or process hot water systems, or generating electricity.
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Radiation from the sun, or solar radiation, can be harvested for heat and power. Unlike conductive and convective forms of heat transfer, thermal radiation â arriving within a narrow-angle i.e. coming from a source much smaller than its distance â can be concentrated in a small spot by using
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2947:. If we place a second thermometer in contact with any part of the grate, and away from the direct influence of the fire, we shall find that this thermometer also denotes an increase of temperature; but here the heat must have travelled through the metal of the grate, by what is termed
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In a body of fluid that is heated from underneath its container, conduction, and convection can be considered to compete for dominance. If heat conduction is too great, fluid moving down by convection is heated by conduction so fast that its downward movement will be stopped due to its
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question. The sensation of hot is the entrance of heat into our bodies; that of cold is its exit ... This is another proof that the thermometer cannot be a just measure of sensible heat ... or rather, that the touch does not afford us a just indication of ... real temperatures.
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mean the same thing. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition.
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Heat transfer has broad application to the functioning of numerous devices and systems. Heat-transfer principles may be used to preserve, increase, or decrease temperature in a wide variety of circumstances. Heat transfer methods are used in numerous disciplines, such as
75:. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system.
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Common types of heat exchanger flows include parallel flow, counter flow, and cross flow. In parallel flow, both fluids move in the same direction while transferring heat; in counter flow, the fluids move in opposite directions; and in cross flow, the fluids move at
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and vice versa must have been well known at the time, for
Thompson mentions it in passing. He intended to measure the relative conductivities of mercury, water, moist air, "common air" (dry air at normal atmospheric pressure), dry air of various rarefication, and a
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Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global
2953:. Lastly, a third thermometer placed in the chimney, away from the direct influence of the fire, will also indicate a considerable increase of temperature; in this case a portion of the air, passing through and near the fire, has become heated, and has
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is a process in which particles of one type cool particles of another type. Typically, atomic ions that can be directly laser-cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms. This technique allows the cooling of ions and atoms that cannot be laser-cooled
1781:, no boiling occurs and the heat transfer rate is controlled by the usual single-phase mechanisms. As the surface temperature is increased, local boiling occurs and vapor bubbles nucleate, grow into the surrounding cooler fluid, and collapse. This is
1896:, at which the ordering of ionic or molecular entities in the solid breaks down to a less ordered state and the solid liquefies. Molten substances generally have reduced viscosity with elevated temperature; an exception to this maxim is the element
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is reached. Heat fluxes across the stable vapor layers are low but rise slowly with temperature. Any contact between the fluid and the surface that may be seen probably leads to the extremely rapid nucleation of a fresh vapor layer ("spontaneous
78:
Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchanges of kinetic energy of particles (such as molecules) or quasiparticles (such as lattice waves) through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a different
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687:, while fluid moving up by convection is cooled by conduction so fast that its driving buoyancy will diminish. On the other hand, if heat conduction is very low, a large temperature gradient may be formed and convection might be very strong.
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conductors of the electric fluid, are likewise bad conductors of heat), I was led to imagine that the
Torricellian vacuum, which is known to afford so ready a passage to the electric fluid, would also have afforded a ready passage to heat.
2197:
is a component that transfers heat generated within a solid material to a fluid medium, such as air or a liquid. Examples of heat sinks are the heat exchangers used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems or the radiator in a car. A
4018:
By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the
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demonstrates how nucleate boiling slows heat transfer due to gas bubbles on the heater's surface. As mentioned, gas-phase thermal conductivity is much lower than liquid-phase thermal conductivity, so the outcome is a kind of "gas
4251:
The global infrared energy budget of the thermosphere from 1947 to 2016 and implications for solar variability Martin G. Mlynczak Linda A. Hunt James M. Russell III B. Thomas
Marshall Christopher J. Mertens R. Earl Thompson
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summer, its conducing power, and consequently its apparent coldness ... would become quite intolerable; but, happily for us, its power to hold water in solution is diminished, and with it its power to rob us of our animal heat.
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up the chimney the temperature acquired from the fire. There is at present no single term in our language employed to denote this third mode of the propagation of heat; but we venture to propose for that purpose, the term
1941:
Lumped system analysis often reduces the complexity of the equations to one first-order linear differential equation, in which case heating and cooling are described by a simple exponential solution, often referred to as
1928:
that describes the distribution of heat (or temperature variation) in a given region over time. In some cases, exact solutions of the equation are available; in other cases the equation must be solved numerically using
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happens when water vapor is added to the surrounding air. The energy needed to evaporate the water is taken from the air in the form of sensible heat and converted into latent heat, while the air remains at a constant
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radiation, and therefore reduce the flow of heat from radiation sources. Good insulators are not necessarily good radiant barriers, and vice versa. Metal, for instance, is an excellent reflector and a poor insulator.
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concerns the generation, use, conversion, storage, and exchange of heat transfer. As such, heat transfer is involved in almost every sector of the economy. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as
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can be used: it can be presumed that heat transferred into the object has time to uniformly distribute itself, due to the lower resistance to doing so, as compared with the resistance to heat entering the object.
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of blood through the vessels can be modeled as pipe flow in an engineering system. The heat carried by the blood is determined by the temperature of the surrounding tissue, the diameter of the blood vessel, the
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The reachable temperature at the target is limited by the temperature of the hot source of radiation. (T-law lets the reverse flow of radiation back to the source rise.) The (on its surface) somewhat 4000 K hot
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materials. This reduction in outgoing radiation leads to a rise in the temperature of the surface and troposphere until the rate of outgoing radiation again equals the rate at which heat arrives from the Sun.
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can help to assess the implementation of recommended corrective procedures. For instance, insulation improvements, air sealing of structural leaks, or the addition of energy-efficient windows and doors.
1785:, and is a very efficient heat transfer mechanism. At high bubble generation rates, the bubbles begin to interfere and the heat flux no longer increases rapidly with surface temperature (this is the
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Free, or natural, convection occurs when bulk fluid motions (streams and currents) are caused by buoyancy forces that result from density variations due to variations of temperature in the fluid.
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processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is forced convection. In this case, the fluid is forced to flow by using a pump, fan, or other mechanical means.
40:. Colors span from red and green to blue with decreasing temperatures. A hot, less-dense lower boundary layer sends plumes of hot material upwards, and cold material from the top moves downwards.
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2542:) at 15âÎŒm and by nitric oxide (NO) at 5.3âÎŒm. Convective transport of heat and evaporative transport of latent heat both remove heat from the surface and redistribute it in the atmosphere.
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For these experiments, Thompson employed a thermometer inside a large, closed glass tube. Under the circumstances described, heat mayâunbeknownst to
Thompsonâhave been transferred more by
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convection is a term used when the streams and currents in the fluid are induced by external meansâsuch as fans, stirrers, and pumpsâcreating an artificially induced convection current.
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The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to fluid motion. The average temperature is a reference for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer.
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Peng, Z.; Doroodchi, E.; Moghtaderi, B. (2020). "Heat transfer modelling in
Discrete Element Method (DEM)-based simulations of thermal processes: Theory and model development".
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is a process for lowering the temperature of a group of atoms, after pre-cooled by methods such as laser cooling. Magnetic refrigeration cools below 0.3K, by making use of the
2005:
4142:"IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
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is a solid-state electronic device that pumps (transfers) heat from one side of the device to the other when an electric current is passed through it. It is based on the
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against one another, or as electrons move from one atom to another. Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer within a solid or between solid objects in
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of the warmer body is independent of temperature. The thermal conductivity of most materials is only weakly dependent on temperature, so in general the law holds true.
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which carries away energy. Radiation is typically only important in engineering applications for very hot objects, or for objects with a large temperature difference.
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is a temperature-measuring device and a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and control, and can also be used to convert heat into electric power.
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In this method, the ratio of the conductive heat resistance within the object to the convective heat transfer resistance across the object's boundary, known as the
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equivalent steady-state system. That is, the method assumes that the temperature within the object is completely uniform, although its value may change over time.
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is a heat property and the measurement by which an object or material resists to heat flow (heat per time unit or thermal resistance) to temperature difference.
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2399:, the velocity of the flow, and the heat transfer coefficient of the blood. The velocity, blood vessel diameter, and fluid thickness can all be related to the
267:) are similar, and analogies among these three transport processes have been developed to facilitate the prediction of conversion from any one to the others.
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allows to reach coarsely 3000 K (or 3000 °C, which is about 3273 K) at a small probe in the focus spot of a big concave, concentrating mirror of the
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Dropwise condensation is difficult to sustain reliably; therefore, industrial equipment is normally designed to operate in filmwise condensation mode.
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2360:. The ability of the atmosphere to redirect and recycle energy emitted by the Earth surface is the defining characteristic of the greenhouse effect.
886:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ra} =\mathrm {Gr} \cdot \mathrm {Pr} ={\frac {g\Delta \rho L^{3}}{\mu \alpha }}={\frac {g\beta \Delta TL^{3}}{\nu \alpha }}}
4416:. The Bridgewater Treatises: On the power, wisdom and goodness of God as manifested in the creation. Treatise 8. William Pickering. pp. 65â66.
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is another heat-transfer device that combines thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently transfer heat between two solid interfaces.
4303:. Vol. 34, November 16, 1780, through April 30, 1781. Yale University Press. pp. 120â125 – via Founders Online, National Archives.
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and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat. Heat flux is a quantitative, vectorial representation of heat flow through a surface.
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When the objects and distances separating them are large in size and compared to the wavelength of thermal radiation, the rate of transfer of
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91:. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the
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Dropwise condensation is when liquid drops are formed on the subcooled surface, and usually occurs when the liquid does not wet the surface.
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can be exceeded when the objects exchanging thermal radiation or the distances separating them are comparable in scale or smaller than the
2190:, extruded finned pipe, spiral fin pipe, u-tube, and stacked plate. Each type has certain advantages and disadvantages over other types.
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Taylor, Robert A.; Phelan, Patrick E.; Otanicar, Todd P.; Walker, Chad A.; Nguyen, Monica; Trimble, Steven; Prasher, Ravi (March 2011).
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among other official and charitable duties. The
Elector gave Thompson access to the facilities of the Electoral Academy of Sciences in
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When a substance condenses from a gas to a liquid, the same amount of heat is involved, but the heat is emitted rather than absorbed.
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process. Thus, storing greenhouse gases in carbon reduces the radiative forcing capacity in the atmosphere, causing more long-wave (
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Filmwise condensation is when a liquid film is formed on the subcooled surface, and usually occurs when the liquid wets the surface.
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4466:"XIV. New experiments upon heat. By Colonel Sir Benjamin Thompson, Knt. F. R. S. In a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S."
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Cengel, Yunus A. and Ghajar, Afshin J. "Heat and Mass
Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications", McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 2010.
3664:, Encyclopedia of Earth, eds. A. Jorgensen and C. J. Cleveland, National Council for Science and the environment, Washington DC
1251:, due to random movements of atoms and molecules in matter. Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles (
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In the case of heat transfer by thermal radiation, Newton's law of cooling holds only for very small temperature differences.
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3371:"RayleighâTaylor unstable condensing liquid layers with nonlinear effects of interfacial convection and diffusion of vapour"
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noting (in modern terms) that the rate of temperature change of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures (
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Heat transfer is the energy exchanged between materials (solid/liquid/gas) as a result of a temperature difference. The
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Condensation on direct contact with a cooling wall of a heat exchanger: This is the most common mode used in industry:
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depends on how that process occurs, not only the net difference between the initial and final states of the process.
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can be seen as follows, where all calculations are up to numerical factors depending on the geometry of the system.
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In 1785 Thompson performed a series of thermal conductivity experiments, which he describes in great detail in the
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The rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the temperature difference between the body and its surroundings
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4116:"Energy Conservation allows Power to Appear seemingly from Nowhere (no, that doesn't imply unlimited free energy)"
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relates an experiment which enabled him to rank seven different metals according to their thermal conductivities:
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must be released. The amount of heat is the same as that absorbed during vaporization at the same fluid pressure.
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248:) that can be transferred by various causes, and that is also common in the language of laymen and everyday life.
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of a substance is increased, typically through heat or pressure, resulting in a rise of its temperature to the
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655:
613:
3259:
2535:
2531:
152:
2218:
is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required in heating or cooling. In architecture, condensation and
1983:
by using quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice.
6086:
5907:
5832:
5754:
5683:
5627:
5559:
5455:
5370:
5280:
5245:
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2039:
are materials specifically designed to reduce the flow of heat by limiting conduction, convection, or both.
168:
3777:
3523:
1933:
such as DEM-based models for thermal/reacting particulate systems (as critically reviewed by Peng et al.).
1669:
to another one by heat transfer. Phase change examples are the melting of ice or the boiling of water. The
6205:
5897:
5859:
5739:
5450:
4881:
2974:, the concept of convection is also applied to "the process by which heat is communicated through water".
2550:
2516:
2503:
2290:
2074:
2001:
1619:
218:
3841:, p. 1 (2007) by James R. Senf: "Heat engines are made to provide mechanical energy from thermal energy."
3092:
5936:
5917:
5595:
5554:
5270:
4941:
4761:
4500:
4253:
3424:
2998:
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2410:
removes heat from the surface of the body. The rate of evaporation heat loss is directly related to the
2241:
2170:, and chemical processing. One common example of a heat exchanger is a car's radiator, in which the hot
2124:
2017:
1229:
996:
203:
142:
130:
107:
2353:
4141:
4073:
5959:
5719:
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5014:
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3991:
3696:
3466:
3382:
3203:
2761:
2638:
2378:
2215:
2054:
2049:, or spectral radiance, is a measure of the quantity of radiation that passes through or is emitted.
2021:
1708:
1662:
1125:
671:
340:
211:
2902:
2309:. Solar radiation management is the attempt to absorb less solar radiation to offset the effects of
1032:
6111:
5585:
5575:
5549:
5335:
4997:
4906:
4876:
4776:
4746:
4640:
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4413:
Chemistry, meteorology and the function of digestion: considered with reference to natural theology
4115:
2770:
2489:
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2286:
976:
956:
946:
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252:
207:
88:
87:
flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in
48:
6178:
4518:
4515:- a practical example of how heat transfer is used to heat buildings without burning fossil fuels.
3561:
2910:
2154:
is used for more efficient heat transfer or to dissipate heat. Heat exchangers are widely used in
909:
6183:
5848:
5792:
5729:
5506:
5385:
5380:
5170:
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2013:
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1806:
1326:
575:
378:
330:
275:
256:
199:
60:
4506:
4465:
4265:
3067:
3457:
Mojiri, A (2013). "Spectral beam splitting for efficient conversion of solar energyâA review".
1449:
1416:
1212:
Red-hot iron object, transferring heat to the surrounding environment through thermal radiation
769:) numbers. It is a measure that determines the relative strength of conduction and convection.
439:
6065:
6032:
6009:
5420:
5375:
5130:
5125:
5055:
4951:
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2719:
2705:
2683:
2527:
2365:
2329:
2306:
2302:
2139:
2106:
1980:
1217:
936:
625:, or simply, convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of
523:
358:
283:
68:
4533:
4170:
Hartman, Carl; Bibb, Lewis. (1913). "The Human Body and Its Enemies". World Book Co., p. 232.
3802:
3215:
1479:
6014:
5887:
5642:
5637:
5220:
4926:
4824:
4819:
4814:
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4277:
4093:
4052:
3999:
3946:
3704:
3505:
3474:
3390:
3322:
3211:
2324:(8â13 ÎŒm). Rather than merely blocking solar radiation, this method increases outgoing
2310:
2167:
2159:
1786:
1722:
1658:
1149:
the order of its timescale. The conduction timescale, on the other hand, is of the order of
591:
320:
195:
37:
4148:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. p. 2232
4033:"Global Radiative Sky Cooling Potential Adjusted for Population Density and Cooling Demand"
1558:
1531:
494:
472:
298:
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5854:
5496:
5410:
5405:
5350:
5340:
5330:
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5200:
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5100:
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4756:
4680:
3629:
3013:
2884:
Thompson concluded with some comments on the important difference between temperature and
2666:
2483:
2476:
2464:
2400:
2321:
2110:
2050:
1889:
1832:
occurs when a vapor is cooled and changes its phase to a liquid. During condensation, the
1818:
1681:
1666:
1587:
691:
582:
344:
334:
260:
172:
59:) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as
4089:
4048:
3995:
3700:
3470:
3386:
3207:
674:, and in some cases is strongly nonlinear. In these cases, Newton's law does not apply.
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6024:
5999:
5632:
5529:
5305:
5285:
5250:
5185:
5105:
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4845:
4695:
4665:
4620:
4615:
2727:
2687:
2554:
2411:
2344:
2298:
2187:
2151:
2128:
2102:
1976:
1901:
1751:
1670:
1642:
1505:
1267:
1232:
649:
548:
110:
52:
2305:
of Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide removal techniques can be applied to reduce the
6199:
6042:
5714:
5565:
5460:
5425:
5195:
5190:
5145:
5140:
4986:
4961:
4956:
4931:
4901:
4771:
4670:
4650:
4541:
4013:
3960:
3935:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications"
3908:
3716:
3410:
3091:. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Chemical Engineering Department. Archived from
2988:
2929:
2885:
2475:(â273.15 °C, â459.67 °F) of atomic and molecular samples to observe unique
2472:
2468:
2437:
2403:, a dimensionless number used in fluid mechanics to characterize the flow of fluids.
2163:
2155:
2135:
2066:
2025:
1921:
1893:
1762:
1747:
1615:
1248:
630:
601:
343:
is the property of a material to conduct heat and is evaluated primarily in terms of
287:
72:
6052:
6004:
5892:
5570:
5470:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5365:
5300:
5180:
5150:
5090:
5085:
5060:
4971:
4850:
4766:
4690:
4675:
4660:
4411:
2674:
2614:
2223:
2117:
1829:
1712:
1063:
1059:
32:
3852:"Understanding Heat Exchangers - Types, Designs, Applications and Selection Guide"
1738:
4097:
3278:
3132:
1673:
explains the growth of a water droplet based on the effects of heat transport on
5902:
5544:
5501:
5475:
5415:
5395:
5390:
5265:
5225:
5210:
5155:
5080:
5050:
5045:
4861:
4726:
4645:
4004:
3979:
2971:
2406:
2357:
2231:
2219:
2179:
2098:
1991:
1959:
1880:
is a thermal process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a
1755:
1674:
1523:
80:
17:
4191:
Tao, Xiaoming. "Smart fibres, fabrics, and clothing", Woodhead Publishing, 2001
3708:
3478:
2678:
Apparatus for measuring the relative thermal conductivities of different metals
2585:
1869:
5928:
5658:
5580:
5511:
5480:
5355:
5325:
5255:
5205:
5175:
5160:
5135:
5040:
4840:
4736:
4655:
4595:
4448:
4072:
Yu, Xinxian; Yao, Fengju; Huang, Wenjie; Xu, Dongyan; Chen, Chun (July 2022).
2741:, Thompson made a large number of discoveries and inventions related to heat.
2248:
1802:
1726:
1471:
1467:
3402:
2081:
to greatly reduce radiation heat transfer and control satellite temperature.
1805:"). At higher temperatures still, a maximum in the heat flux is reached (the
240:
is taken as synonymous with thermal energy. This usage has its origin in the
5617:
5295:
5290:
5240:
5215:
5070:
4866:
2943:
2933:
2396:
2275:
2199:
2194:
1646:
1441:
464:
310:
230:
5984:
4480:
4281:
3524:"Solar thermal power plants - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
3152:
1208:
4057:
4032:
5600:
5534:
5035:
4835:
4635:
4610:
4585:
4512:
3394:
3194:
Taylor, R. A. (2012). "Socioeconomic impacts of heat transfer research".
2734:
2452:
2433:
2279:
2070:
2046:
1256:
684:
324:
176:
164:
4523:
3933:
Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022).
3675:
2089:
1754:
of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid
302:
The four fundamental modes of heat transfer illustrated with a campfire
5110:
4782:
4528:
4456:
4432:
3951:
3934:
3600:
Pollution Prevention: The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century
2723:
2428:
2332:
heat transfer with the extremely cold temperature of outer space (~2.7
2271:
2270:
An example application in climate engineering includes the creation of
2171:
1877:
1797:
1698:
126:
3509:
2142:
is a device that causes heat to flow preferentially in one direction.
5787:
5539:
5345:
5095:
4254:
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GL070965
2738:
2333:
1897:
1885:
1694:
1650:
1583:
1252:
1247:). Thermal radiation is emitted by all objects at temperatures above
1225:
626:
339:
The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact.
188:
180:
103:
2348:
A representation of the exchanges of energy between the source (the
3598:
Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont and Kumar Ganesan (Editors) (1999).
3562:
Flashes in the Sky: Earth's Gamma-Ray Bursts Triggered by Lightning
3131:
Welty, James R.; Wicks, Charles E.; Wilson, Robert Elliott (1976).
2336:) to lower ambient temperatures while requiring zero energy input.
2266:
1622:
and during the day it can heat water to 285 °C (545 °F).
5802:
5235:
3677:
Theoretical Foundations of Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer
2909:
2901:
2760:
article "New Experiments upon Heat" from 1786. The fact that good
2709:
2673:
2665:
2584:
2576:
2441:
2427:
2343:
2320:, which enhances terrestrial heat flow to outer space through the
2265:
2088:
2078:
1990:
1881:
1868:
1737:
1688:
1641:
1240:
1236:
1207:
316:
184:
118:
114:
4433:"The Experimental Researches of Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford"
1904:
and then decreases with higher temperatures in its molten state.
1403:{\displaystyle \phi _{q}=\epsilon \sigma F(T_{a}^{4}-T_{b}^{4}),}
1200:
Convection occurs when the Rayleigh number is above 1,000â2,000.
5310:
5230:
2009:
84:
56:
5932:
4537:
2073:
to approach this ideal. In the vacuum of space, satellites use
163:
is the amount of work that a thermodynamic system can perform.
147:
51:
that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of
3778:"Thermal Energy Transfer - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
3647:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 479.
2349:
1963:, is calculated. For small Biot numbers, the approximation of
1704:
1627:
1244:
929:
being the density difference between the lower and upper ends,
122:
1618:. For example, the sunlight reflected from mirrors heats the
4529:
Energy2D: Interactive Heat Transfer Simulations for Everyone
4074:"Enhanced radiative cooling paint with broken glass bubbles"
3068:"What are the Basic Concepts of Engineering Thermodynamics?"
4297:"To Benjamin Franklin from Jan Ingenhousz, 5 December 1780"
4201:
Wilmore, Jack H.; Costill, David L.; Kenney, Larry (2008).
3494:"Applicability of nanofluids in high flux solar collectors"
2061:
The effectiveness of a radiant barrier is indicated by its
4437:
Bulletin of the British Society for the History of Science
4031:
Aili, Ablimit; Yin, Xiaobo; Yang, Ronggui (October 2021).
2174:
is cooled by the flow of air over the radiator's surface.
1995:
Heat exposure as part of a fire test for firestop products
1691:â Deposition, freezing, and solid-to-solid transformation.
4469:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
4270:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
3902:"EnergySavers: Tips on Saving Money & Energy at Home"
3551:
manufacturing.net, 28 July 2016, retrieved 14 April 2019.
1843:
Homogeneous condensation, as during the formation of fog.
629:, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via
2530:
is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation.
4178:
4176:
2928:
is attested in a scientific sense. In treatise VIII by
2182:
to each other. Common types of heat exchangers include
171:, designated by the letter "H", that is the sum of the
4494:
3577:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. Section 17.43, page 321.
3442:
Howell, John R.; Menguc, M.P.; Siegel, Robert (2015).
3196:
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
3115:
2101:
is a system that performs the conversion of a flow of
2077:, which consists of many layers of aluminized (shiny)
1216:
Radiative heat transfer is the transfer of energy via
1846:
Condensation in direct contact with subcooled liquid.
1561:
1534:
1508:
1482:
1452:
1419:
1335:
1280:
1155:
1128:
1072:
1035:
999:
993:
The buoyancy force driving the convection is roughly
912:
777:
750:
725:
700:
551:
526:
497:
475:
442:
387:
2718:
During the years 1784 â 1798, the British physicist
2006:
thermal management of electronic devices and systems
1122:
is the typical fluid velocity due to convection and
6120:
6079:
6051:
6023:
5992:
5967:
5875:
5841:
5768:
5672:
5520:
5023:
4709:
4571:
3980:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling"
3236:
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
3234:Abbott, J.M.; Smith, H.C.; Van Ness, M.M. (2005).
3120:(5th ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Pub. p. 3.
3114:Lienhard, John H. IV; Lienhard, John H. V (2019).
1574:
1547:
1514:
1488:
1458:
1432:
1402:
1315:
1189:
1141:
1110:
1050:
1021:
921:
885:
761:
736:
711:
557:
535:
510:
481:
455:
425:
319:from one location to another, and is dependent on
3803:"Emissivity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
3754:Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling
3169:Faghri, Amir; Zhang, Yuwen; Howell, John (2010).
3134:Fundamentals of momentum, heat, and mass transfer
2970:Later, in the same treatise VIII, in the book on
2637:In heat conduction, the law is valid only if the
1329:between two objects, the equation is as follows:
202:; therefore, the amount of heat transferred in a
2700:Benjamin Thompson's experiments on heat transfer
1316:{\displaystyle \phi _{q}=\epsilon \sigma T^{4}.}
3238:(7th ed.). Boston, Montreal: McGraw-Hill.
2890:
2872:
2866:
2775:
2692:
2251:is a device to monitor and control temperature.
1965:spatially uniform temperature within the object
1758:resulting in an abrupt change in vapor volume.
1750:of a substance is the temperature at which the
1066:due to viscosity, and therefore roughly equals
660:
585:. Fluidsâespecially gasesâare less conductive.
518:is heat capacity at constant pressure (J/kg·K),
155:intensity, from clouds, atmosphere and surface.
27:Transport of thermal energy in physical systems
4519:Aspects of Heat Transfer, Cambridge University
1912:Heat transfer can be modeled in various ways.
1900:, whose viscosity increases to a point due to
5944:
4549:
4227:"Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) | Britannica"
4205:(6th ed.). Human Kinetics. p. 256.
3043:Transport Processes and Separation Principles
1792:At similar standard atmospheric pressure and
1259:), their movement results in the emission of
1190:{\displaystyle T_{\text{cond}}=L^{2}/\alpha }
654:Convective cooling is sometimes described as
426:{\displaystyle \phi _{q}=v\rho c_{p}\Delta T}
8:
3036:
3034:
2737:. During his years in Mannheim and later in
2706:Benjamin Thompson § Experiments on heat
2699:
2222:can cause cosmetic or structural damage. An
1274:. For an object in vacuum, the equation is:
1111:{\displaystyle \mu V/L=\mu /T_{\text{conv}}}
306:The fundamental modes of heat transfer are:
125:). It is the transfer of energy by means of
3907:. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from
3498:Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
2624:
2486:is the most common method of laser cooling.
1029:, so the corresponding pressure is roughly
5951:
5937:
5929:
5316:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
4565:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
4556:
4542:
4534:
3549:This Gigantic Solar Furnace Can Melt Steel
3066:Abedin, Engineer Zain ul (9 August 2023).
2781:
2093:Schematic flow of energy in a heat engine.
1610:reflecting mirrors, which is exploited in
363:The transfer of energy by the emission of
315:Advection is the transport mechanism of a
4056:
4003:
3950:
3756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
3693:Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
3369:Wei, Tao; Zhang, Mengqi (December 2020).
3344:Incropera, Frank P.; et al. (2012).
2864:air, and the great benefit this affords.
2726:, reorganizing the Bavarian army for the
2553:includes technologies for collecting and
1839:There are several types of condensation:
1796:, the hydrodynamically quieter regime of
1566:
1560:
1539:
1533:
1507:
1481:
1451:
1424:
1418:
1388:
1383:
1370:
1365:
1340:
1334:
1304:
1285:
1279:
1179:
1173:
1160:
1154:
1133:
1127:
1102:
1093:
1079:
1071:
1034:
1013:
998:
911:
866:
847:
827:
811:
800:
789:
778:
776:
751:
749:
726:
724:
701:
699:
550:
525:
502:
496:
474:
447:
441:
411:
392:
386:
5750:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
4503:- An online thermal fluids encyclopedia.
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4337:
4325:
3827:Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics
3731:"How to simplify for small Biot numbers"
3459:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3229:
3227:
3225:
3216:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.09.007
3164:
3162:
2662:Thermal conductivity of different metals
2479:that can only occur at this heat level.
2471:is used to achieve temperatures of near
381:. This can be described by the formula:
297:
146:
36:Simulation of thermal convection in the
31:
3030:
2941:the thermometer, by the process termed
1654:and electron densities may exceed 10 m.
1594:The blackbody limit established by the
83:from another body or its surroundings,
6148:List of chemical engineering societies
6133:Index of chemical engineering articles
4349:
4313:
3625:
3615:
3346:Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer
3173:. Columbia, MO: Global Digital Press.
2984:Combined forced and natural convection
175:of the system (U) plus the product of
5623:Programmable communicating thermostat
4507:Hyperphysics Article on Heat Transfer
4464:Thompson, Benjamin (1 January 1786).
4100:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
3839:Mechanical efficiency of heat engines
3283:(2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
2534:energy is an important effect in the
1777:At standard atmospheric pressure and
1602:. The study of these cases is called
543:is the difference in temperature (K),
221:heat transfer is calculated with the
7:
5745:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
3348:(7th ed.). Wiley. p. 603.
2617:anonymously published an article in
6153:List of chemical process simulators
3280:Heat Transfer: A practical approach
2032:Insulation, radiance and resistance
900:is the acceleration due to gravity,
102:Thermal radiation occurs through a
5606:Minimum efficiency reporting value
3602:. CRC Press. Section 27, page 15.
3575:3,000 Solved Problems in Chemistry
3041:Geankoplis, Christie John (2003).
1661:or phase change, takes place in a
1604:near-field radiative heat transfer
1582:are the absolute temperatures (in
1039:
1022:{\displaystyle g\Delta \rho L^{3}}
1003:
913:
856:
817:
804:
801:
793:
790:
782:
779:
755:
752:
730:
727:
705:
702:
527:
417:
236:In engineering contexts, the term
198:(or path function), as opposed to
25:
5648:Standard temperature and pressure
5361:Packaged terminal air conditioner
4897:Passive daytime radiative cooling
4626:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
3137:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
2914:Fireplace, with grate and chimney
2318:passive daytime radiative cooling
1682:four fundamental states of matter
1526:between two surfaces a and b, and
719:) is the product of the Grashof (
6177:
6166:
6165:
6138:Education for Chemical Engineers
5983:
4717:Absorption-compression heat pump
4203:Physiology of Sport and Exercise
2898:Coining of the term "convection"
6128:Outline of chemical engineering
5975:History of chemical engineering
5612:Normal temperature and pressure
4992:Vapor-compression refrigeration
4301:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
3645:Chemistry: A Molecular Approach
3444:Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer
3171:Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer
3045:(4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
2686:, Dutch-born British scientist
2373:Heat transfer in the human body
1787:departure from nucleate boiling
1142:{\displaystyle T_{\text{conv}}}
191:, work, or the amount of heat.
4299:. In Oberg, Barbara B. (ed.).
3881:Lytron Total Thermal Solutions
2572:
1680:Phase transitions involve the
1394:
1358:
1051:{\displaystyle g\Delta \rho L}
255:equations for thermal energy (
1:
6061:Chemical reaction engineering
5760:Testing, adjusting, balancing
5704:Building information modeling
5699:Building services engineering
5276:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
4804:Demand controlled ventilation
4752:Building insulation materials
2880:Temperature vs. sensible heat
1926:partial differential equation
762:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Pr} }
737:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Gr} }
712:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ra} }
5321:High-pressure cut-off switch
4872:Ice storage air conditioning
4793:Dedicated outdoor air system
4266:"VII. Scala graduum caloris"
4098:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.094
3323:"Convection â Heat Transfer"
2513:Magnetic evaporative cooling
2508:Magnetic evaporative cooling
2432:A traditional air cooler in
2352:), the Earth's surface, the
1649:is a highly visible form of
922:{\displaystyle \Delta \rho }
286:, and transfer of energy by
93:second law of thermodynamics
71:, and transfer of energy by
5664:Thermostatic radiator valve
5466:Thermostatic radiator valve
4977:Underfloor air distribution
4912:Radiant heating and cooling
4830:Energy recovery ventilation
4742:Automobile air conditioning
4606:Domestic energy consumption
4513:Interseasonal Heat Transfer
4005:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010
3877:"What is a Heat Exchanger?"
3089:"B.S. Chemical Engineering"
3009:Thermal contact conductance
2750:"New Experiments upon Heat"
2388:Heat transfer by convection
2245:high thermal transmittance.
2236:electric energy consumption
1834:latent heat of vaporization
1783:sub-cooled nucleate boiling
1600:dominant thermal wavelength
587:Thermal contact conductance
133:governed by the same laws.
6242:
6143:List of chemical engineers
5813:Institute of Refrigeration
5694:Architectural technologist
5166:Electrostatic precipitator
3709:10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100847
3573:David.E. Goldberg (1988).
3479:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.026
3375:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
3305:"Convective heat transfer"
2860:. These were his results.
2757:Philosophical Transactions
2703:
2620:Philosophical Transactions
2565:
2501:
2376:
2295:solar radiation management
2259:
1742:Nucleate boiling of water.
1062:, this is canceled by the
647:
611:
573:
140:
6161:
6071:Chemical process modeling
5981:
5866:Volatile organic compound
5725:Environmental engineering
5689:Architectural engineering
5491:Ultra-low particulate air
5076:Automatic balancing valve
5004:Variable refrigerant flow
4856:Heat recovery ventilation
4799:Deep water source cooling
4449:10.1017/S0950563600000567
4295:Ingenhousz, Jan (1998) .
3431:. Thermal Fluids Central.
3311:. Thermal Fluids Central.
3266:. Thermal Fluids Central.
2994:Heat transfer enhancement
2921:The Bridgewater Treatises
2722:(Count Rumford) lived in
2589:Newton's law of cooling.
2316:An alternative method is
2282:) radiation out to Space.
2234:is a device that records
1707:â Boilingâ/âevaporation,
1612:concentrating solar power
1596:Stefan-Boltzmann equation
1498:StefanâBoltzmann constant
1459:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
1433:{\displaystyle \phi _{q}}
1272:Stefan-Boltzmann equation
1270:is best described by the
1261:electromagnetic radiation
985:is characteristic length.
678:Convection vs. conduction
456:{\displaystyle \phi _{q}}
365:electromagnetic radiation
242:historical interpretation
223:heat transfer coefficient
161:thermodynamic free energy
151:Earth's longwave thermal
5913:Template:Home automation
5735:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
5431:Solar-assisted heat pump
5031:Air conditioner inverter
4810:Displacement ventilation
4701:Vapour pressure of water
4686:Thermal destratification
4495:A Heat Transfer Textbook
3660:C. Michael Hogan (2011)
3117:A Heat Transfer Textbook
2745:Conductivity experiments
2596:= original temperature,
2356:, and the ultimate sink
1951:lumped capacitance model
1632:Mont-Louis Solar Furnace
623:Convective heat transfer
614:Convective heat transfer
536:{\displaystyle \Delta T}
265:Fick's laws of diffusion
259:), mechanical momentum (
6087:Chemical thermodynamics
5908:World Refrigeration Day
5755:Refrigerant reclamation
5684:Architectural acoustics
5628:Programmable thermostat
5560:Clean air delivery rate
5456:Thermal expansion valve
5371:Pressurisation ductwork
5281:Ground source heat pump
4722:Absorption refrigerator
4431:Martin, Thomas (1951).
4410:Prout, William (1834).
3978:Munday, Jeremy (2019).
2605:= ambient temperature,
2573:Newton's law of cooling
2568:Newton's law of cooling
1949:System analysis by the
1944:Newton's law of cooling
1489:{\displaystyle \sigma }
656:Newton's law of cooling
261:Newton's law for fluids
169:thermodynamic potential
6216:Mechanical engineering
5898:Glossary of HVAC terms
5860:Sick building syndrome
5740:Mechanical engineering
5451:Smoke exhaust ductwork
4882:Mixed-mode ventilation
4524:Thermal-Fluids Central
4481:10.1098/rstl.1786.0014
4282:10.1098/rstl.1700.0082
4276:(270): 824â829. 1701.
3752:Bonan, Gordon (2019).
3695:. 79, 100847: 100847.
3277:Ăengel, Yunus (2003).
2968:
2915:
2907:
2895:
2877:
2871:
2790:Relative conductivity
2780:
2715:
2697:
2679:
2671:
2625:
2610:
2582:
2551:Thermal energy storage
2546:Thermal energy storage
2504:Magnetic refrigeration
2444:
2397:thickness of the fluid
2361:
2297:. Since the amount of
2291:carbon dioxide removal
2283:
2094:
2075:multi-layer insulation
2002:automotive engineering
1996:
1937:Lumped system analysis
1874:
1767:saturation temperature
1743:
1655:
1620:PS10 solar power tower
1590:) for the two objects.
1576:
1549:
1516:
1490:
1460:
1434:
1404:
1317:
1213:
1191:
1143:
1112:
1052:
1023:
923:
887:
763:
738:
713:
670:linearly dependent on
667:
559:
537:
512:
483:
457:
427:
303:
263:), and mass transfer (
187:is a unit to quantify
156:
41:
6092:Chemical plant design
5918:Template:Solar energy
5596:Intelligent buildings
5555:Carbon dioxide sensor
4942:Room air distribution
4762:Central solar heating
4058:10.3390/atmos12111379
3807:www.sciencedirect.com
3782:www.sciencedirect.com
3674:Wendl, M. C. (2012).
3643:Tro, Nivaldo (2008).
3446:. Taylor and Francis.
2999:Heat transfer physics
2938:
2913:
2905:
2762:electrical conductors
2713:
2677:
2669:
2588:
2580:
2536:Earth's energy budget
2517:magnetocaloric effect
2431:
2347:
2269:
2242:Thermal transmittance
2125:thermoelectric cooler
2092:
1994:
1981:radiant heat transfer
1931:computational methods
1872:
1741:
1645:
1577:
1575:{\displaystyle T_{b}}
1550:
1548:{\displaystyle T_{a}}
1517:
1491:
1461:
1435:
1405:
1318:
1222:electromagnetic waves
1211:
1192:
1144:
1113:
1053:
1024:
924:
888:
764:
739:
714:
672:temperature gradients
560:
538:
513:
511:{\displaystyle c_{p}}
484:
482:{\displaystyle \rho }
458:
428:
301:
204:thermodynamic process
150:
143:Heat transfer physics
131:electromagnetic waves
35:
6211:Chemical engineering
5960:Chemical engineering
5720:Duct leakage testing
5710:Deep energy retrofit
5654:Thermographic camera
5591:Infrared thermometer
5066:Air source heat pump
5015:Water heat recycling
4581:Air changes per hour
3395:10.1017/jfm.2020.572
3004:StefanâBoltzmann law
2843:Torricellian vacuum
2764:are often also good
2682:In a 1780 letter to
2639:thermal conductivity
2379:Wet-bulb temperature
2216:Efficient energy use
2022:chemical engineering
2018:materials processing
1663:thermodynamic system
1559:
1532:
1506:
1480:
1450:
1417:
1333:
1278:
1153:
1126:
1070:
1033:
997:
910:
906:is the density with
775:
748:
723:
698:
598:Transient conduction
549:
524:
495:
473:
440:
385:
347:for heat conduction.
341:Thermal conductivity
244:of heat as a fluid (
6226:Transport phenomena
6112:Transport phenomena
5586:HVAC control system
5576:Home energy monitor
5550:Building automation
5336:Inverter compressor
4998:Variable air volume
4907:Passive ventilation
4877:Kitchen ventilation
4777:Constant air volume
4747:Autonomous building
4501:Thermal-FluidsPedia
4090:2022REne..194..129Y
4049:2021Atmos..12.1379A
3996:2019Joule...3.2057M
3701:2020PECS...7900847P
3680:. Wendl Foundation.
3471:2013RSERv..28..654M
3429:Thermal-FluidsPedia
3387:2020JFM...904A...1W
3309:Thermal-FluidsPedia
3264:Thermal-FluidsPedia
3208:2012ICHMT..39.1467T
3095:on 10 December 2010
2835:Dry air (1/24 atm)
2783:
2771:Torricellian vacuum
2490:Sympathetic cooling
2448:Evaporative cooling
2424:Evaporative cooling
2287:Climate engineering
2256:Climate engineering
2053:are materials that
1908:Modeling approaches
1697:â Condensation and
1393:
1375:
1224:. It occurs across
977:kinematic viscosity
969:is the temperature,
959:(sometimes denoted
957:thermal expansivity
947:Thermal diffusivity
271:Thermal engineering
194:Heat transfer is a
89:thermal equilibrium
49:thermal engineering
47:is a discipline of
6184:Portal:Engineering
5849:Indoor air quality
5793:ASTM International
5730:Hydronic balancing
5507:Wood-burning stove
5386:Radiator reflector
5171:Evaporative cooler
4982:Underfloor heating
4967:Thermal insulation
4497:- (free download).
4400:, p. 297-298.
4352:, p. 147-148.
4328:, p. 273-304.
4231:www.britannica.com
3952:10.1002/eom2.12153
3914:on 19 January 2012
3628:has generic name (
3019:Thermal resistance
2916:
2908:
2827:Dry air (1/4 atm)
2782:
2716:
2680:
2672:
2645:Thermal convection
2633:Thermal conduction
2611:
2583:
2445:
2419:Cooling techniques
2362:
2354:Earth's atmosphere
2284:
2262:Anthropogenic heat
2095:
2041:Thermal resistance
2037:Thermal insulators
1997:
1875:
1814:Leidenfrost Effect
1807:critical heat flux
1744:
1677:and condensation.
1665:from one phase or
1656:
1572:
1545:
1512:
1486:
1456:
1430:
1400:
1379:
1361:
1327:radiative transfer
1313:
1214:
1187:
1139:
1108:
1048:
1019:
919:
883:
759:
734:
709:
644:Convection-cooling
576:Thermal conduction
565:is velocity (m/s).
555:
533:
508:
489:is density (kg/m),
479:
453:
423:
379:thermal hydraulics
304:
280:thermal convection
276:thermal conduction
217:Thermodynamic and
200:functions of state
157:
65:thermal convection
61:thermal conduction
42:
6193:
6192:
6066:Chemical kinetics
6033:Momentum transfer
6010:Chemical engineer
5926:
5925:
5842:Health and safety
5421:Scroll compressor
5376:Process duct work
5131:Convection heater
5126:Condensing boiler
5056:Air-mixing plenum
4952:Solar combisystem
4788:Cross ventilation
4591:Building envelope
3856:www.thomasnet.com
3733:. 9 November 2016
3510:10.1063/1.3571565
3355:978-0-470-64615-1
3290:978-0-07-245893-0
3260:"Heat conduction"
3202:(10): 1467â1473.
3180:978-0-9842760-0-4
3144:978-0-471-93354-0
2932:, in the book on
2918:In the 1830s, in
2850:
2849:
2720:Benjamin Thompson
2714:Benjamin Thompson
2684:Benjamin Franklin
2654:Thermal radiation
2528:Radiative cooling
2523:Radiative cooling
2366:greenhouse effect
2340:Greenhouse effect
2330:thermal radiation
2326:longwave infrared
2307:radiative forcing
2303:radiative balance
2140:thermal rectifier
2107:mechanical energy
2069:, or Dewars, are
1794:high temperatures
1515:{\displaystyle F}
1218:thermal radiation
1163:
1136:
1105:
937:dynamic viscosity
881:
842:
558:{\displaystyle v}
284:thermal radiation
206:that changes the
69:thermal radiation
16:(Redirected from
6233:
6181:
6169:
6168:
6015:Chemical process
5987:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5930:
5888:Building science
5643:Smart thermostat
5638:Room temperature
5221:Fireplace insert
4927:Radon mitigation
4825:Electric heating
4820:District heating
4815:District cooling
4732:Air conditioning
4558:
4551:
4544:
4535:
4484:
4460:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4262:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4122:. 9 October 2022
4112:
4106:
4105:
4078:Renewable Energy
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4007:
3990:(9): 2057â2060.
3975:
3969:
3968:
3954:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3325:. Engineers Edge
3319:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3231:
3220:
3219:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3038:
2819:Dry air (1 atm)
2784:
2731:Charles Theodore
2628:
2498:Magnetic cooling
2311:greenhouse gases
2168:power generation
2160:air conditioning
2051:Radiant barriers
1924:is an important
1779:low temperatures
1699:meltingâ/âfusion
1659:Phase transition
1638:Phase transition
1614:generation or a
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1521:
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1495:
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1487:
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1401:
1392:
1387:
1374:
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1345:
1344:
1322:
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1314:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1289:
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1177:
1165:
1164:
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1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1107:
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1103:
1097:
1083:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
928:
926:
925:
920:
892:
890:
889:
884:
882:
880:
872:
871:
870:
848:
843:
841:
833:
832:
831:
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807:
796:
785:
768:
766:
765:
760:
758:
743:
741:
740:
735:
733:
718:
716:
715:
710:
708:
564:
562:
561:
556:
542:
540:
539:
534:
517:
515:
514:
509:
507:
506:
488:
486:
485:
480:
462:
460:
459:
454:
452:
451:
432:
430:
429:
424:
416:
415:
397:
396:
196:process function
21:
18:Transfer of heat
6241:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6221:Unit operations
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6157:
6116:
6075:
6047:
6025:Unit operations
6019:
6000:Unit operations
5988:
5979:
5963:
5957:
5927:
5922:
5883:ASHRAE Handbook
5871:
5855:Passive smoking
5837:
5770:
5764:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5522:
5516:
5497:Whole-house fan
5411:Run-around coil
5406:Reversing valve
5351:Mechanical room
5341:Kerosene heater
5331:Infrared heater
5261:Gasoline heater
5201:Fan filter unit
5116:Condensate pump
5101:Centrifugal fan
5019:
4922:Radiant heating
4917:Radiant cooling
4892:Passive cooling
4887:Microgeneration
4757:Central heating
4705:
4681:Thermal comfort
4573:
4567:
4562:
4491:
4463:
4443:(6): 144â158).
4430:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4151:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4120:Climate Puzzles
4114:
4113:
4109:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4030:
4029:
4025:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3624:
3614:
3610:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3014:Thermal physics
2980:
2900:
2882:
2766:heat conductors
2752:
2747:
2708:
2702:
2664:
2656:
2647:
2635:
2626:graduum caloris
2604:
2595:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2510:
2502:Main articles:
2500:
2484:Doppler cooling
2477:quantum effects
2465:quantum physics
2461:
2426:
2421:
2401:Reynolds Number
2381:
2375:
2342:
2322:infrared window
2301:determines the
2264:
2258:
2213:
2208:
2148:
2146:Heat exchangers
2111:mechanical work
2087:
2034:
2010:climate control
1989:
1974:
1939:
1918:
1910:
1890:internal energy
1867:
1859:
1827:
1819:thermal barrier
1736:
1667:state of matter
1640:
1588:degrees Rankine
1562:
1557:
1556:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1504:
1503:
1478:
1477:
1448:
1447:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1300:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1206:
1169:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1098:
1068:
1067:
1031:
1030:
1009:
995:
994:
908:
907:
873:
862:
849:
834:
823:
813:
773:
772:
746:
745:
744:) and Prandtl (
721:
720:
696:
695:
692:Rayleigh number
680:
652:
646:
616:
610:
583:thermal contact
578:
572:
547:
546:
522:
521:
498:
493:
492:
471:
470:
443:
438:
437:
407:
388:
383:
382:
374:
296:
227:proportionality
173:internal energy
145:
139:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6239:
6237:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6198:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6175:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6107:Process safety
6104:
6102:Process design
6099:
6097:Fluid dynamics
6094:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6005:Unit processes
6002:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5633:Psychrometrics
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Air flow meter
5526:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5306:Heating system
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:Heat exchanger
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5251:Gas compressor
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5186:Expansion tank
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Ceramic heater
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4947:Solar air heat
4944:
4939:
4937:Renewable heat
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4848:
4846:Forced-air gas
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4696:Thermodynamics
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:Psychrometrics
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4621:Gas compressor
4618:
4616:Fluid dynamics
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4490:
4489:External links
4487:
4486:
4485:
4461:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4402:
4390:
4388:, p. 296.
4378:
4376:, p. 300.
4366:
4364:, p. 277.
4354:
4342:
4340:, p. 274.
4330:
4318:
4316:, p. 147.
4306:
4287:
4257:
4244:
4233:. 19 June 2023
4218:
4211:
4193:
4184:
4172:
4163:
4133:
4107:
4064:
4023:
3970:
3925:
3893:
3868:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3794:
3769:
3762:
3744:
3722:
3683:
3666:
3653:
3635:
3608:
3590:
3583:
3565:
3553:
3547:Megan Crouse:
3540:
3515:
3484:
3449:
3434:
3416:
3361:
3354:
3336:
3314:
3296:
3289:
3269:
3251:
3244:
3221:
3186:
3179:
3158:
3143:
3123:
3106:
3080:
3058:
3051:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2899:
2896:
2881:
2878:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2728:Prince-elector
2701:
2698:
2688:Jan Ingenhousz
2670:Jan Ingenhousz
2663:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2634:
2631:
2600:
2593:
2574:
2571:
2566:Main article:
2563:
2560:
2555:storing energy
2547:
2544:
2539:
2524:
2521:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2460:
2457:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2412:vapor pressure
2374:
2371:
2341:
2338:
2299:carbon dioxide
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2184:shell and tube
2152:heat exchanger
2147:
2144:
2129:Peltier effect
2103:thermal energy
2086:
2083:
2033:
2030:
1988:
1985:
1977:Climate models
1973:
1972:Climate models
1970:
1938:
1935:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:polymerization
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1826:
1823:
1752:vapor pressure
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1702:
1692:
1671:Mason equation
1639:
1636:
1592:
1591:
1569:
1565:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1511:
1501:
1485:
1475:
1455:
1445:
1427:
1423:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1268:radiant energy
1205:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1132:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1002:
987:
986:
980:
970:
964:
955:is the volume
950:
940:
930:
918:
915:
901:
879:
876:
869:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
846:
840:
837:
830:
826:
822:
819:
816:
810:
806:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
784:
781:
757:
754:
732:
729:
707:
704:
679:
676:
650:Nusselt number
645:
642:
612:Main article:
609:
606:
574:Main article:
571:
568:
567:
566:
554:
544:
532:
529:
519:
505:
501:
490:
478:
468:
450:
446:
422:
419:
414:
410:
406:
403:
400:
395:
391:
373:
370:
369:
368:
361:
356:
353:
348:
337:
328:
327:of that fluid.
313:
295:
292:
138:
135:
53:thermal energy
38:Earth's mantle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6238:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Heat transfer
6204:
6203:
6201:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6043:Mass transfer
6041:
6039:
6038:Heat transfer
6036:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:organizations
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Duct cleaning
5713:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:Control valve
5564:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:Turning vanes
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Thermal wheel
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:Solar chimney
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Fan coil unit
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Cooling tower
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:Vapor barrier
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Solar heating
4960:
4958:
4957:Solar cooling
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Refrigeration
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Passive house
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Chilled water
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Sensible heat
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Noise control
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Heat transfer
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4398:Thompson 1786
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:Thompson 1786
4382:
4379:
4375:
4374:Thompson 1786
4370:
4367:
4363:
4362:Thompson 1786
4358:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4338:Thompson 1786
4334:
4331:
4327:
4326:Thompson 1786
4322:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4212:9781450477673
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3910:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3763:9781107043787
3759:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3626:|author=
3619:
3611:
3609:1-56670-495-2
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3586:
3584:0-07-023684-4
3580:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3504:(2): 023104.
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3245:0-07-310445-0
3241:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3107:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3052:0-13-101367-X
3048:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Heat capacity
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:William Prout
2927:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2906:William Prout
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2886:sensible heat
2879:
2876:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:absolute zero
2470:
2469:laser cooling
2466:
2459:Laser cooling
2458:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2438:Uttar Pradesh
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:in intervals.
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2172:coolant fluid
2169:
2165:
2164:space heating
2161:
2157:
2156:refrigeration
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:thermal diode
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:Vacuum flasks
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2028:engineering.
2027:
2026:power station
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1922:heat equation
1916:Heat equation
1915:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:melting point
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1771:boiling point
1768:
1764:
1763:closed system
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:boiling point
1740:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:recombination
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:burning glass
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1567:
1563:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1470:(unity for a
1469:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:absolute zero
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1130:
1121:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
991:
984:
981:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
958:
954:
951:
948:
944:
941:
938:
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931:
916:
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902:
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896:
895:
894:
877:
874:
867:
863:
859:
853:
850:
844:
838:
835:
828:
824:
820:
814:
808:
797:
786:
770:
693:
688:
686:
677:
675:
673:
666:
664:
659:
657:
651:
643:
641:
639:
634:
632:
631:mass transfer
628:
624:
620:
615:
607:
605:
603:
602:Heat equation
599:
595:
593:
592:Fourier's law
588:
584:
577:
569:
552:
545:
530:
520:
503:
499:
491:
476:
469:
466:
448:
444:
436:
435:
434:
420:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
393:
389:
380:
371:
366:
362:
360:
357:
354:
352:
349:
346:
345:Fourier's Law
342:
338:
336:
332:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
300:
293:
291:
289:
288:phase changes
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
257:Fourier's law
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
149:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
74:
73:phase changes
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:Heat transfer
39:
34:
30:
19:
6182:
6170:
6053:Unit process
6037:
5893:Fireproofing
5677:and services
5673:Professions,
5571:Gas detector
5471:Trickle vent
5446:Smoke damper
5441:Smoke canopy
5436:Space heater
5366:Plenum space
5301:Heating film
5181:Exhaust hood
5151:Dehumidifier
5091:Blast damper
5086:Barrier pipe
5061:Air purifier
4972:Thermosiphon
4851:Free cooling
4767:Chilled beam
4691:Thermal mass
4676:Stack effect
4661:Particulates
4641:Infiltration
4630:
4572:Fundamental
4472:
4468:
4440:
4436:
4412:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4300:
4290:
4273:
4269:
4260:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4230:
4221:
4202:
4196:
4187:
4166:
4157:
4150:. Retrieved
4145:
4136:
4124:. Retrieved
4119:
4110:
4101:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4043:(11): 1379.
4040:
4036:
4026:
4017:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3964:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3916:. Retrieved
3909:the original
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3880:
3871:
3859:. Retrieved
3855:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3806:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:
3772:
3753:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3725:
3692:
3686:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3599:
3593:
3574:
3568:
3556:
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:
3518:
3501:
3497:
3487:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3443:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3345:
3339:
3327:. Retrieved
3317:
3308:
3299:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3235:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3170:
3133:
3126:
3116:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3093:the original
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3061:
3042:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2891:
2883:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2851:
2776:
2755:
2753:
2717:
2693:
2681:
2657:
2648:
2636:
2618:
2615:Isaac Newton
2612:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2581:Isaac Newton
2549:
2526:
2511:
2462:
2446:
2405:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2363:
2315:
2289:consists of
2285:
2274:through the
2224:energy audit
2220:air currents
2214:
2211:Architecture
2206:Applications
2192:
2180:right angles
2176:
2149:
2133:
2122:
2118:thermocouple
2115:
2096:
2063:reflectivity
2062:
2060:
2045:
2035:
1998:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1919:
1911:
1876:
1838:
1830:Condensation
1828:
1825:Condensation
1811:
1798:film boiling
1793:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1745:
1713:deionization
1679:
1657:
1624:
1608:
1593:
1324:
1265:
1215:
1199:
1119:
1064:shear stress
1060:steady state
992:
988:
982:
972:
966:
960:
952:
942:
932:
903:
897:
771:
689:
681:
668:
662:
661:
653:
637:
635:
621:
617:
597:
596:
579:
375:
305:
269:
250:
245:
237:
235:
229:between the
216:
193:
158:
101:
97:
77:
44:
43:
29:
5903:Warm Spaces
5545:Blower door
5523:and control
5521:Measurement
5502:Windcatcher
5476:Trombe wall
5416:Sail switch
5396:Refrigerant
5391:Recuperator
5266:Grease duct
5226:Freeze stat
5211:Fire damper
5081:Back boiler
5051:Air ionizer
5046:Air handler
5010:Ventilation
4862:Hybrid heat
4727:Air barrier
4646:Latent heat
4475:: 273â304.
4350:Martin 1951
4314:Martin 1951
4084:: 129â136.
3886:12 December
3737:21 December
3528:www.eia.gov
3465:: 654â663.
3425:"Radiation"
3073:20 November
2972:meteorology
2924:, the term
2407:Latent heat
2358:outer space
2232:Smart meter
2188:double pipe
2109:to perform
2099:heat engine
1987:Engineering
1960:Biot number
1873:Ice melting
1809:, or CHF).
1789:, or DNB).
1717:sublimation
1675:evaporation
1634:in France.
1524:view factor
1230:transparent
963:elsewhere),
108:transparent
81:temperature
6200:Categories
5659:Thermostat
5581:Humidistat
5512:Zone valve
5481:TurboSwing
5356:Oil heater
5326:Humidifier
5256:Gas heater
5206:Fan heater
5176:Evaporator
5161:Economizer
5136:Compressor
5041:Air filter
5024:Components
4841:Forced-air
4737:Antifreeze
4710:Technology
4656:Outgassing
4596:Convection
4509:- Overview
4425:References
4037:Atmosphere
3533:28 January
2960:convection
2950:conduction
2936:, it says:
2926:convection
2858:conduction
2803:Moist air
2704:See also:
2377:See also:
2260:See also:
2249:Thermostat
2105:(heat) to
2014:insulation
1979:study the
1803:nucleation
1756:evaporates
1727:Ionization
1472:black body
1468:emissivity
648:See also:
608:Convection
570:Conduction
351:Convection
331:Conduction
294:Mechanisms
219:mechanical
141:See also:
5769:Industry
5618:OpenTherm
5296:Heat pump
5291:Heat pipe
5241:Fume hood
5216:Fireplace
5121:Condenser
5071:Attic fan
4867:Hydronics
4014:201590290
3961:240331557
3717:218967044
3618:cite book
3411:225136577
3403:0022-1120
3025:Citations
2964:Convectio
2944:radiation
2934:chemistry
2854:radiation
2613:In 1701,
2493:directly.
2276:pyrolysis
2200:heat pipe
2195:heat sink
1647:Lightning
1484:σ
1454:ϵ
1442:heat flux
1422:ϕ
1377:−
1353:σ
1350:ϵ
1338:ϕ
1298:σ
1295:ϵ
1283:ϕ
1257:electrons
1204:Radiation
1185:α
1091:μ
1074:μ
1043:ρ
1040:Δ
1007:ρ
1004:Δ
917:ρ
914:Δ
878:α
875:ν
857:Δ
854:β
839:α
836:μ
821:ρ
818:Δ
798:⋅
528:Δ
477:ρ
465:heat flux
445:ϕ
418:Δ
405:ρ
390:ϕ
372:Advection
359:Radiation
335:diffusion
311:Advection
253:transport
231:heat flux
153:radiation
6172:Category
6080:Branches
5993:Concepts
5876:See also
5601:LonWorks
5535:Aquastat
5401:Register
5381:Radiator
5036:Air door
4836:Firestop
4636:Humidity
4611:Enthalpy
4601:Dilution
4586:Bake-out
4574:concepts
4152:24 March
4126:24 March
3966:warming.
3329:20 April
2978:See also
2856:than by
2795:Mercury
2735:Mannheim
2532:Outgoing
2453:enthalpy
2434:Mirzapur
2280:infrared
2071:silvered
2047:Radiance
1220:, i.e.,
1118:, where
685:buoyancy
325:momentum
179:(P) and
177:pressure
165:Enthalpy
137:Overview
5968:History
5675:trades,
5246:Furnace
5111:Chiller
4783:Coolant
4457:4024834
4103:source.
4086:Bibcode
4045:Bibcode
3992:Bibcode
3918:2 March
3861:18 June
3812:18 June
3787:18 June
3697:Bibcode
3467:Bibcode
3383:Bibcode
3204:Bibcode
3153:2213384
3099:9 April
2955:carried
2787:Medium
2724:Bavaria
2562:History
2328:(LWIR)
2272:Biochar
2085:Devices
2055:reflect
1878:Melting
1865:Melting
1734:Boiling
1584:kelvins
1522:is the
1496:is the
1466:is the
1440:is the
1253:protons
1228:or any
975:is the
945:is the
935:is the
246:caloric
127:photons
106:or any
6121:Others
5962:topics
5828:SMACNA
5788:ASHRAE
5608:(MERV)
5562:(CADR)
5540:BACnet
5493:(ULPA)
5346:Louver
5271:Grille
5146:Damper
5096:Boiler
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