1024:
225:
in that a complete transfix is the entire structure which is placed into a root. A transfix is not a combination of prefixes, suffixes, and infixes, but its own unique structure which is split through a word. Similarly, another difference transfixes hold from other affixes is that the individual
192:'he beats'. While triconsonantal roots are widely considered to be the most common state, some linguists posit that biliteral roots may in fact be the default, though at least one scholar is skeptical of the legitimacy of these claims.
175:
that comprise the root. The word root is often an abstract series of three consonants, though single consonant, biliteral, and quadriliteral roots do exist. An example of a triconsonantal root would be
995:
Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern
Written Arabic : (Arabic-English). 4th ed., considerably enlarged and amended by the author. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, 1994. 285-286. Print.
1004:
Al-Hassan, Bello. "Transfixation in Hausa: A Hypothetical
Analysis." Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures. 45. (2011): n. page. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <
892:
The Hausa example demonstrates the presence of transfixation in non-Semitic languages, though the phenomenon does not seem to be attested outside the Afro-Asiatic family.
1005:
800:
The Arabic example shows the ways in which a great variety of different nouns and verbs can be derived from a single root through the use of transfixes.
1026:
Alexis NEME and Eric
Laporte (2015), Do computer scientists deeply understand Arabic morphology? - هل يفهم المهندسون الحاسوبيّون علم الصرف فهماً عميقاً؟
977:
McCarthy, John J. Formal
Problems in Semitic Phonology and Morphology. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 200-218. Print.
171:
A discontinuous affix is an affix whose phonetic components are not sequential within a word, and instead, are spread out between or around the
195:
Transfixes are placed into these roots in assigned positions, dictated by templates which are tied to the specific meaning of a given
128:
968:
Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative
Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. 62-64. Print.
1006:
http://www.sdalc.uw.edu.pl/index.php?journal=SDALC&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=33&path%5B%5D=21
546:
The
Maltese example efficiently demonstrates the broad nature of transfixes and how they can be inserted into a root.
901:
161:
200:
145:
250:
121:
1018:
Alexis NEME and Eric
Laporte (2013), Pattern-and-root inflectional morphology: the Arabic broken plural
234:
transfix do not encode any meaning individually. Only together do they create the tense meaning.
172:
165:
1042:
238:
114:
181:
246:
1036:
102:
51:
1016:
157:
142:
196:
226:
components of the transfix are meaningless on their own. If we look again at
926:
46:
946:
941:
936:
931:
81:
76:
66:
986:
Borg, Albert J. Maltese. London ;New York: Routledge, 1997. 244. Print.
916:
911:
242:
218:
214:
86:
61:
40:
35:
921:
906:
222:
153:
56:
31:
22:
184:) in Arabic, which can be inflected to create forms such as
237:The following are examples of verb inflection in
1028:, available also in Arabic, Indonesian, French
122:
8:
203:. The transfixes in the examples above are
259:Maltese indicative inflections of the root
804:
164:systems of morphology, like those of many
129:
115:
18:
964:
962:
548:
257:
958:
94:
21:
7:
778:'they corresponded with each other'
14:
550:Arabic derivatives from the root
213:Transfixes are different from
1:
806:Noun pluralization in Hausa
245:, and noun pluralization in
902:Nonconcatenative morphology
1059:
702:'he made (someone) write'
813:
810:
504:
431:
426:
388:
353:
348:
317:
282:
277:
272:
269:
267:
249:, all three of which are
156:which is inserted into a
263:: Perfect and Imperfect
559:Arabic transliteration
251:Afro-Asiatic languages
230:the components of the
16:Concept in linguistics
241:, noun derivation in
807:
555:
264:
152:is a discontinuous
805:
549:
258:
888:
887:
798:
797:
647:'writing' (noun)
542:
541:
166:Semitic languages
139:
138:
1050:
1009:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
808:
738:'he subscribed'
597:'he is writing'
556:
265:
162:root-and-pattern
131:
124:
117:
19:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1013:
1012:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
960:
955:
898:
428:
350:
279:
135:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1011:
1010:
997:
988:
979:
970:
957:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
844:
843:
840:
837:
834:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
796:
795:
794:'he dictated'
792:
780:
779:
776:
760:
759:
756:
740:
739:
736:
720:
719:
718:'he dictated'
716:
704:
703:
700:
685:
684:
681:
665:
664:
661:
649:
648:
645:
634:
633:
630:
618:
617:
614:
599:
598:
595:
583:
582:
579:
564:
563:
560:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
523:
520:
506:
502:
501:
498:
488:
485:
471:
467:
466:
463:
453:
450:
436:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
407:
404:
390:
386:
385:
382:
372:
369:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
332:
329:
319:
315:
314:
311:
301:
298:
284:
281:
275:
274:
271:
268:
188:'he beat' and
137:
136:
134:
133:
126:
119:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
97:
96:
92:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1055:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
965:
963:
959:
952:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
895:
893:
883:
880:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
809:
803:
802:
801:
793:
790:
786:
782:
781:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
619:
615:
612:
608:
604:
601:
600:
596:
593:
589:
585:
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
557:
553:
547:
537:
535:
531:
527:
524:
522:"They killed"
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
489:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
457:
454:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
408:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
376:
373:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
302:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
276:
266:
262:
256:
255:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
211:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
132:
127:
125:
120:
118:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
103:Null morpheme
101:
100:
99:
98:
93:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
42:
39:
37:
33:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
20:
1025:
1017:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
891:
799:
788:
784:
772:
768:
764:
758:'he copied'
752:
748:
744:
732:
728:
724:
712:
708:
696:
692:
688:
677:
673:
669:
657:
653:
641:
637:
626:
622:
610:
606:
602:
591:
587:
575:
571:
567:
562:Translation
551:
545:
538:"They kill"
533:
529:
525:
517:
513:
509:
500:"She kills"
494:
490:
487:"She killed"
482:
478:
474:
459:
455:
447:
443:
439:
417:
413:
409:
406:"You killed"
401:
397:
393:
378:
374:
371:"You killed"
366:
362:
358:
338:
334:
326:
322:
307:
303:
295:
291:
287:
260:
236:
231:
227:
212:
208:
204:
194:
189:
185:
177:
170:
149:
140:
71:
884:"fortunes"
870:"cripples"
581:'he wrote'
465:"He kills"
452:"He killed"
422:"You kill"
384:"You kill"
331:"We killed"
953:References
867:ɡʷúrààɡʷúú
683:'offices'
632:'written'
344:"We kill"
300:"I killed"
273:Imperfect
201:derivation
197:inflection
146:morphology
143:linguistic
927:Circumfix
878:"fortune"
875:ʔárzìkʲíí
864:"cripple"
811:Singular
775:ū تكاتبوا
663:'office'
616:'writer'
432:Singular
354:Singular
313:"I kill"
283:Singular
158:word root
95:See also:
47:Circumfix
1037:Category
947:Duplifix
942:Suprafix
937:Simulfix
932:Interfix
896:See also
881:ʔárzúkàà
861:ɡʷúrɡʷùù
856:"emirs"
853:sàrààkáí
842:"herds"
839:ɡárààkáá
825:zárààtáá
791:a استكتب
554:(ك-ت-ب)
270:Perfect
219:suffixes
215:prefixes
209:ya––i–u.
160:, as in
150:transfix
82:Suprafix
77:Simulfix
72:Transfix
67:Interfix
52:Duplifix
1043:Affixes
847:sárkʲíí
828:"saws"
814:Plural
755:a اكتتب
735:a انكتب
505:Plural
429:person
389:Plural
351:person
318:Plural
280:person
239:Maltese
228:ḍaraba,
223:infixes
190:yaḍribu
23:Affixes
1020:|year=
917:Suffix
912:Prefix
850:"emir"
836:"herd"
833:ɡárkèè
819:zártòò
715:a أكتب
594:u يكتب
435:Masc.
243:Arabic
232:–a–a–a
221:, and
205:–a–a–a
186:ḍaraba
173:phones
87:Disfix
62:Libfix
41:Suffix
36:Prefix
1008:>.
922:Infix
907:Affix
822:"saw"
699:a كتب
680:مكاتب
629:مكتوب
578:a كتب
552:k–t–b
470:Fem.
261:q–t–l
247:Hausa
182:ض ر ب
178:ḍ–r–b
154:affix
57:Infix
32:Adfix
783:ista
660:مكتب
613:كاتب
207:and
148:, a
644:كتب
427:3rd
402:tom
349:2nd
325:tal
278:1st
199:or
168:.
141:In
1039::
961:^
785:kt
763:ta
747:ta
723:in
709:kt
707:ʾa
693:tt
668:ma
654:kt
652:ma
642:tb
623:kt
621:ma
588:kt
586:ya
534:un
528:qt
526:ja
493:qt
491:ta
483:at
458:qt
456:ja
418:un
412:qt
410:ta
377:qt
375:ta
367:ta
337:qt
335:no
327:na
306:qt
296:to
253:.
217:,
789:b
787:a
773:b
771:a
769:t
767:ā
765:k
753:b
751:a
749:t
745:k
743:i
733:b
731:a
729:t
727:a
725:k
713:b
711:a
697:b
695:a
691:a
689:k
678:b
676:i
674:t
672:ā
670:k
658:b
656:a
640:a
638:k
627:b
625:ū
611:b
609:i
607:t
605:ā
603:k
592:b
590:u
576:b
574:a
572:t
570:a
568:k
532:l
530:u
518:u
516:l
514:a
512:t
510:a
508:q
497:l
495:u
481:l
479:a
477:t
475:a
473:q
462:l
460:u
448:a
446:l
444:a
442:t
440:a
438:q
416:l
414:u
400:l
398:a
396:t
394:a
392:q
381:l
379:u
365:l
363:a
361:t
359:a
357:q
341:l
339:u
323:a
321:q
310:l
308:o
304:a
294:l
292:a
290:t
288:a
286:q
180:(
130:e
123:t
116:v
43:)
34:(
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