851:, the "line integration time" is 80.4800 milliseconds, and the "downtrack summing" factor is 4. Since the shadow is centered at 6400 pixels from the bottom of the original 10800-pixel-high image (Mars Global Surveyor had a south-to-north Sun-synchronous orbit), we add (6400 × 0.08048 × 4) = 2060.3 seconds = 34 minutes 20.3 seconds to get a time of 04:00:33.3 UTC for the center of the shadow. Putting in the longitude/latitude/altitude coordinate values -310.8,10.9,0 into JPL Horizons we see that the predicted time of mid-transit was 04:00:36
25:
775:
763:
900:
principle the image could be as much as 43200 pixels high, but "downtrack summing" is used to merge adjacent lines. For instance, a downtrack summing factor of 27 causes every 27 lines to be merged into one, resulting in an image 1600 pixels high. Thus to determine the actual time that the Phobos shadow was imaged, it is necessary to locate the original image and measure how many pixels from the bottom of the image the shadow is found and add the corresponding offset to the image start time.
1038:
1028:
1214:
213:, transits of Phobos occur somewhere on Mars on most days of the Martian year. Its orbital inclination is 1.08°, so the latitude of its shadow projected onto the Martian surface shows a seasonal variation, moving from 70.4°S to 70.4°N and back again over the course of a Martian year. Phobos is so close to Mars that it is not visible south of 70.4°S or north of 70.4°N; for some days in the year, its shadow misses the surface entirely and falls north or south of Mars.
1035:
1025:
1218:
2427:
745:
699:
418:. There is some small discrepancy with the times reported for the series of images above. This may be due to imprecision in the ephemeris data used by JPL Horizons; also the JPL Horizons data gives local apparent solar time while the times reported above are probably some form of mean solar time (and therefore some of the discrepancy would be due to the Martian equivalent of the
2466:
2439:
911:, the line integration time is 80.48 milliseconds, and the downtrack summing factor is 27. The shadow is about 8 pixels high, centered at 993 pixels from the bottom of the original 1600-pixel-high image. We add (993 × 0.08048 × 27) = 2157.75 seconds = 35 minutes 57.75 seconds to get a time of 20:49:02.4 UTC for the center of the shadow.
159:
236:
Observers at high latitudes (but less than 70.4°) will see a noticeably smaller angular diameter for Phobos because they are considerably farther away from it than observers at Mars's equator. As a result, transits of Phobos for such observers will cover less of the Sun's disk. Because it orbits so
216:
At any given geographical location on the surface of Mars, there are two intervals in a
Martian year when the shadow of Phobos or Deimos is passing through its latitude. During each such interval, about half a dozen transits of Phobos can be seen by observers at that geographical location (compared
1291:
Stähler, S. C.; Widmer‐Schnidrig, R.; Scholz, J.‐R.; Driel, M.; Mittelholz, A.; Hurst, K.; Johnson, C. L.; Lemmon, M. T.; Lognonné, P.; Lorenz, R. D.; Müller, N. T.; Pou, L.; Spiga, A.; Banfield, D.; Ceylan, S.; Charalambous, C.; Clinton, J.; Giardini, D.; Nimmo, F.; Panning, M.; Zürn, W.; Banerdt,
899:
117.65 minutes, moving from south pole to north pole, and continuously points its camera straight down. The result is an image in the form of a very long thin vertical strip, where the pixels in the top part of the image are imaged nearly one hour after those in the bottom part of the image. In
678:
654:
894:
The timestamps printed on the photos in the NASA press release do not correspond to the actual time that the shadow was imaged, rather they represent the "image start time" of a vertically much larger original image. Mars Global
Surveyor orbits Mars in a Sun-synchronous polar orbit with
88:
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Transits of Phobos in 2019 were detected as a transient drop in the solar array current data of the InSight lander. At the time, the data were only acquired at 30s intervals, and so the events were only recorded as single-sample dips of a few to a few tens of per cent.
683:
659:
903:
For example, we examine the image labeled with the timestamp 1 September 1999 20:13:05 (UTC). We have the original images M07-00166 (red) and M07-00167 (blue), part of the gallery of MOC Global-Map Images, Subphase M07. The shadow is situated at roughly 14°N 236°W.
914:
Putting in the longitude/latitude/altitude coordinate values -124,14,0 into JPL Horizons gives an expected time of 20:49 for the transit, which is in good agreement once again. On 1 September 1999 the distance between the Earth and Mars was 9.9 light-minutes.
681:
657:
165:
164:
161:
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818:
166:
163:
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and a 2 K drop in surface temperature. The tilt of the seismometer was caused from contraction of the ground due to the temperature drop; everywhere but in the shadow the thermal shielding around the seismometer.
91:
1239:
Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lemmon, Mark T.; Maki, Justin; Banfield, Donald; Spiga, Aymeric; Charalambous, Constantinos; Barrett, Elizabeth; Herman, Jennifer A.; White, Brett T.; Pasco, Samuel; Banerdt, W. Bruce (2020).
95:
94:
90:
89:
96:
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We can also look up the original image files at M04-03241 (red) and M04-03242 (blue), part of the gallery of MOC Wide-Angle Images, Region Lunae Palus, Subphase M04. The "image start time" was 03:26:13.01
840:
and its high-resolution Mars
Orbital Camera. One such image was taken on 26 August 1999 and shows the shadow at high resolution. This image was featured in a 1 November 1999 NASA press release.
801:
Lander and
Orbiter photographed the shadow as well. The Lander detected the penumbral shadow of Phobos passing across it. This was detected only as a slight dimming of the ambient light; the
93:
927:
During the transits of spring 2020, all instruments onboard InSight recorded with full sampling rate and a slight tilt of the ultra-sensitive seismometer was observed, as well as a drop in
891:
Many dozens of other images of the shadow exist, but these are much lower resolution (by a factor of 27/4). Three such images are shown in the 1 November 1999 NASA press release.
680:
656:
855:, in perfect agreement within the error of determining the exact longitude and latitude of the center of the shadow. This was about 14:41 Martian local solar time, and the
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805:
Lander camera did not image the Sun. The shadow took about 20 seconds to pass over the Lander, moving at about 2 km/s. The shadow was simultaneously imaged from the
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377:
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325:
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The colors are distorted to enhance the visibility of the shadow. The blue and white horizontal stripes correspond to test chart patches on the spacecraft.
859:'s altitude was 46.5° above the horizon. JPL Horizons also shows that on 26 August 1999 the distance between the Earth and Mars was 9.6 light-minutes.
725:
shadow of Phobos can be seen to move rapidly over the
Martian surface. This shadow on the Martian surface has been photographed on many occasions by
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92:
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135:
passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a large part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a
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1413:
1397:
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close to Mars, Phobos cannot be seen north of 70.4°N or south of 70.4°S; observers at such latitudes will obviously not see transits, either.
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247:(MER-B) had photographed some transits of Phobos on 7, 10 and 12 March 2004. In the captions as seen below, the first row shows Earth time
1612:
1074:
1056:
46:
2110:
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221:). Transits of Phobos happen during Martian autumn and winter in the respective hemisphere; close to the equator they happen around the
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2355:
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1979:
68:
1632:
139:, Phobos can be seen from Mars as a large black disc rapidly moving across the face of the Sun. At the same time, the shadow (
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1509:
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Lander detects Phobos' shadow. The brownish stripes in the middle represent the martian surface visible above the spacecraft.
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A transit of Phobos from Mars usually lasts only thirty seconds or so, due to the moon's very rapid
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172:
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1313:
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705:
629:
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2020:
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1729:
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1677:
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1401:
1242:"Scientific Observations with the InSight Solar Arrays: Dust, Clouds and Eclipses on Mars"
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1042:
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Orbiter, which permitted locating the position of the lander in the orbiter pictures.
2480:
2430:
2198:
2027:
2010:
2002:
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Far more detailed images of the shadow were taken with the arrival in 1997 of the
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By examining maps of Mars we see the shadow is centered at around 10.9°N 49.2°W.
2134:
2129:
1592:
1404:(small images of the 7 March 2004 grazing transit are near the top of the page).
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on 26 August 1999. The center of the shadow was at 10.9°N 49.2°W at 04:00:33
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1964:
1827:
1436:(small images of the 12 March 2004 transit are near the bottom of the page).
1420:(small images of the 10 March 2004 transit are near the middle of the page).
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986:
817:
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1969:
1309:
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822:
797:
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722:
230:
140:
1926:
1607:
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210:
1652:
784:
Orbiter images Phobos' shadow a few kilometers directly north of the
146:
The event could also be regarded as a particularly quick and shallow
1385:
1114:
415:
866:
816:
475:
prior set of transits occurred in late April 2003 – early May 2003
157:
1475:
994:
887:. The text label of "20:13:05" represents the image start time.
128:
1448:
1354:
908:
884:
856:
852:
848:
830:
614:
next set of transits occurred in the second half of March 2005
441:
248:
124:
105:
18:
1388:(must use telnet interface for non-Earth observation points)
883:. The center of the shadow was at 14°N 236°W at 20:49:02.4
229:, while farther from the equator they happen closer to the
1091:"MOC Wide-Angle Images, Region Lunae Palus, Subphase M04"
209:
Because Phobos orbits close to Mars and in line with its
1294:"Geophysical Observations of Phobos Transits by InSight"
1444:
825:
shadow of Phobos on the
Martian landscape, as seen by
2454:
2343:
2294:
2276:
2220:
2211:
2191:
2175:
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2048:
2001:
1992:
1950:
1738:
1631:
1533:
1500:
1491:
907:In this case the image start time is 20:13:04.69
414:The data in the tables below is generated using
143:) of Phobos moves across the Martian surface.
1460:
624:NASA released images of transits of the moon
8:
2217:
1998:
1497:
1467:
1453:
1445:
1317:
1267:
1257:
879:on Mars on 1 September 1999 as imaged by
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
612:
473:
424:
86:
32:This article includes a list of general
2461:
978:
1190:"MOC Global-Map Images, Subphase M07"
947:List of missions to the Moons of Mars
7:
1372:Phobos Transiting Mars Observed by
1440:Animation of 10 March 2004 transit
750:A repeated line scan image by the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
642:Transits viewed from Mars by the
628:, the moon Phobos and the planet
426:Transits of Phobos from the Mars
2464:
2437:
2426:
2425:
1165:"MOC global-map image M07-00167"
1140:"MOC global-map image M07-00166"
773:
761:
743:
697:
676:
652:
382:
375:
368:
361:
323:
316:
309:
276:
269:
23:
349:
297:
257:
1344:J. Bell, M. Lemmon, M. Wolff,
1072:MOC wide-angle image M04-03242
1054:MOC wide-angle image M04-03241
1:
1348:, IAU Circ., 8298, 2 (2004).
206:of approximately 7.6 hours.
1882:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
1298:Geophysical Research Letters
991:SP-425 The Martian Landscape
967:Transit of Mercury from Mars
389:
330:
283:
2316:Inspiration Mars Foundation
957:Transit of Deimos from Mars
251:, and the second row shows
16:Transit of a Moon from Mars
2508:
2351:Artificial objects on Mars
962:Transit of Earth from Mars
636:rover on the planet Mars.
80:
2420:
2368:List of films set on Mars
2183:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
1980:Classical albedo features
1482:
1346:Transits of Mars I and II
1292:W. B. (16 October 2020).
2286:List of missions to Mars
351:12 March 2004 transit –
299:10 March 2004 transit –
253:Martian local solar time
2444:Solar System portal
1246:Earth and Space Science
721:Viewed from orbit, the
259:7 March 2004 transit –
53:more precise citations.
2058:Solar eclipses on Mars
1917:"Swiss cheese" feature
1773:Concentric crater fill
952:Solar eclipses on Mars
888:
833:
593:(12:30:00 – 12:30:28)
571:(13:41:02 – 13:41:38)
549:(14:47:15 – 14:47:53)
527:(07:36:33 – 07:37:07)
505:(01:39:58 – 01:40:31)
483:(02:46:25 – 02:46:54)
199:
116:
83:Solar eclipses on Mars
2487:Astronomical transits
1427:image gallery: Sol 47
1411:image gallery: Sol 45
1395:image gallery: Sol 42
870:
820:
169:
148:annular solar eclipse
99:
2258:Permanent settlement
1310:10.1029/2020GL089099
1259:10.1029/2019EA000992
1252:(5): e2019EA000992.
881:Mars Global Surveyor
838:Mars Global Surveyor
827:Mars Global Surveyor
813:26 August 1999 image
727:Mars Global Surveyor
717:Images of the shadow
596:13 57 16 – 13 57 42
574:15 44 38 – 15 45 13
552:17 27 19 – 17 27 56
530:11 06 16 – 11 06 49
508:06 35 36 – 06 36 08
486:08 18 32 – 08 19 00
187:, larger of the two
2400:Timekeeping on Mars
2077:Planetary transits
2062:Satellite transits
1975:Observation history
1823:Lobate debris apron
1319:20.500.11850/444382
449:(Local Solar time)
434:
357:
305:
265:
227:September equinoxes
108:, as viewed by the
1432:2012-07-16 at the
1416:2012-07-16 at the
1400:2012-07-16 at the
1127:NASA press release
1077:2007-03-11 at the
1059:2007-03-11 at the
1041:2005-12-15 at the
1031:2005-12-15 at the
1015:NASA press release
919:Other observations
889:
834:
795:In the 1970s, the
709:(October 28, 2023)
692:(February 8, 2024)
671:(January 19, 2024)
425:
350:
298:
258:
219:transits of Deimos
200:
198:, 20 August 2013).
117:
2452:
2451:
2405:Sol (day on Mars)
2373:Martian scientist
2356:Memorials on Mars
2339:
2338:
2310:The Case for Mars
2207:
2206:
1988:
1987:
1922:Terrain softening
1887:Ring mold craters
1855:North Polar Basin
1778:Dark slope streak
1623:Vastitas Borealis
1520:Dust devil tracks
1125:November 1, 1999
942:Astronomy on Mars
929:solar irradiation
690:Transit of Phobos
685:
661:
632:as viewed by the
619:
618:
412:
411:
348:
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296:
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167:
131:takes place when
121:transit of Phobos
97:
79:
78:
71:
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2303:The Mars Project
2218:
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2156:
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1999:
1860:Ocean hypothesis
1710:Outflow channels
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1321:
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1217:. Archived from
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1192:. Archived from
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1167:. Archived from
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1151:
1142:. Archived from
1136:
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1106:
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1093:. Archived from
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435:
420:equation of time
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98:
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49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
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2410:Darian calendar
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2038:Voltaire crater
2016:Stickney crater
1984:
1946:
1788:Fretted terrain
1734:
1634:
1627:
1588:Sinus Meridiani
1573:Planum Australe
1548:Cerberus (Mars)
1529:
1487:
1485:Outline of Mars
1478:
1473:
1434:Wayback Machine
1418:Wayback Machine
1402:Wayback Machine
1371:
1367:
1357:DVI file is at
1341:
1339:Further reading
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231:winter solstice
217:to zero or one
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115:on 2 April 2022
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170:Video (01:30/
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2471:Solar System
2390:Life on Mars
2385:Flag of Mars
2326:Mars Society
2308:
2301:
2268:Terraforming
2263:Colonization
2065:
2033:Swift crater
1875:polar wander
1603:Terra Sabaea
1543:Arabia Terra
1424:
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1386:JPL Horizons
1373:
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1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
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1148:. Retrieved
1144:the original
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1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
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998:. Retrieved
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863:Other images
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644:Perseverance
643:
634:Perseverance
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503:8 March 2004
481:7 March 2004
474:
440:Earth time (
428:
416:JPL Horizons
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111:Perseverance
110:
65:
56:
37:
2213:Exploration
2135:5261 Eureka
1803:Groundwater
1768:Composition
1593:Tempe Terra
1583:Quadrangles
1510:Circulation
1425:Opportunity
1409:Opportunity
1393:Opportunity
1026:Map of area
704:Transit of
666:Transit of
464:ang. diam.
459:ang. diam.
429:Opportunity
354:Opportunity
302:Opportunity
262:Opportunity
243:Opportunity
240:Mars Rover
150:by Phobos.
123:across the
59:August 2012
51:introducing
2481:Categories
1870:Polar caps
1850:Mud cracks
1833:Meteorites
1818:Lava tubes
1753:Carbonates
1688:Labyrinthi
1563:Iani Chaos
1502:Atmosphere
1225:2007-05-29
1200:2007-05-29
1175:2007-05-29
1150:2007-05-29
1115:Page Moved
1101:2007-05-29
1000:27 January
973:References
875:shadow of
181:of the Sun
34:references
2395:Sub-Earth
2378:Mythology
2331:Mars race
2098:Asteroids
1994:Astronomy
1965:Hesperian
1960:Amazonian
1932:Volcanism
1907:Spherules
1828:Marsquake
1783:Dichotomy
1698:by height
1693:Mountains
1493:Geography
1374:Curiosity
1328:225482160
873:penumbral
823:penumbral
723:penumbral
408:15:43:04
403:15:42:54
398:15:42:44
393:15:42:35
344:11:04:42
339:11:04:32
334:11:04:23
292:08:16:51
287:08:16:41
194:Curiosity
173:real-time
2431:Category
2295:Advocacy
2278:Missions
2221:Concepts
2050:Transits
2021:Monolith
1970:Noachian
1942:Yardangs
1838:on Earth
1798:Glaciers
1643:"Canals"
1635:features
1633:Physical
1430:Archived
1414:Archived
1398:Archived
1278:32715027
1075:Archived
1057:Archived
1039:Archived
1036:Map zoom
1029:Archived
936:See also
807:Viking 1
803:Viking 1
798:Viking 1
786:Viking 1
782:Viking 1
753:Viking 1
734:Viking 1
605:1224.6"
583:1225.5"
561:1226.3"
539:1227.6"
517:1229.8"
495:1230.7"
447:Duration
438:Duration
406:13:41:17
401:13:41:07
396:13:40:57
391:13:40:47
342:07:36:48
337:07:36:38
332:07:36:28
290:02:46:33
285:02:46:23
141:antumbra
102:transits
2363:Fiction
2344:Related
2238:Landing
2233:Orbiter
2192:General
2161:2007 NS
2151:1999 UJ
2141:1998 VF
2130:Trojans
2117:2007 WD
2106:Impacts
2086:Mercury
1952:History
1912:Surface
1843:on Mars
1808:Gullies
1793:Geysers
1740:Geology
1730:Gravity
1725:Valleys
1678:Gullies
1668:Craters
1658:Catenae
1653:Canyons
1608:Tharsis
1553:Cydonia
1535:Regions
1525:Methane
1515:Climate
1381:YouTube
1269:7375148
788:Lander.
706:Mercury
630:Mercury
602:880.4"
580:784.5"
558:669.4"
536:908.4"
514:665.0"
492:779.2"
454:separ.
211:equator
179:Eclipse
154:Transit
137:transit
100:Phobos
47:improve
2457:Portal
2435:
2424:
2176:Comets
2071:Deimos
2066:Phobos
2028:Deimos
2011:Phobos
1715:Plains
1683:Mensae
1673:Fossae
1326:
1304:(19).
1276:
1266:
877:Phobos
668:Deimos
626:Deimos
608:60.4°
586:33.7°
542:76.3°
498:34.6°
457:Phobos
452:Minim.
185:Phobos
133:Phobos
36:, but
2243:Rover
2228:Flyby
2199:Orbit
2081:Earth
2003:Moons
1937:Water
1813:Lakes
1763:Color
1613:Undae
1376:Rover
1324:S2CID
1215:"map"
646:rover
599:625"
564:8.0°
555:193"
533:114"
520:8.9°
511:517"
489:671"
469:alt.
431:rover
245:rover
223:March
196:rover
113:rover
1902:Soil
1647:list
1476:Mars
1274:PMID
1002:2009
995:NASA
871:The
821:The
780:The
577:64"
225:and
129:Mars
104:the
1379:on
1355:TeX
1314:hdl
1306:doi
1264:PMC
1254:doi
909:UTC
885:UTC
857:Sun
853:UTC
849:UTC
831:UTC
467:Sun
462:Sun
442:UTC
422:).
249:UTC
183:by
176:):
125:Sun
106:Sun
2483::
2143:31
1360:).
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119:A
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191:(
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66:(
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57:(
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