1006:. Leading figures in the fragile TFG, which was only capable of controlling small parcels of land, made the widely unpopular decision to invite Ethiopia to intervene in support of it. In a move widely opposed by many TFG parliamentarians, President Yusuf made the widely unpopular decision to invite Ethiopian troops to prop up his administration. As an institution, the TFG did not consent to or approve of the Ethiopian military intervention. No parliamentary approval was given for a decision openly opposed by a significant portion of the government. During late July 2006, over a dozen TFG parliamentarians resigned in protest of the Ethiopian invasion, and by August 2006 the government was mired in a severe internal crisis and at risk of collapse. Government soldiers began defecting over to the ICU.
1115:
1173:(CPI), a metric that purports to show the prevalence of corruption in a country's public sector. A World Bank report also alleged that about $ 130 million that the coalition government had received over this 2009 and 2010 period was unaccounted for. In July 2012, a report by the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (SEMG) submitted to the UN Security Council alleged that between 2009 and 2010, around 70 percent of funds that had been earmarked for development and reconstruction in Somalia were unaccounted for. President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed rebuked the claims, indicating in particular that a $ 3 million payment from the Government of
102:
1242:
1213:, Prime Minister Mohamed named a new Cabinet on 12 November 2010, which has been lauded by the international community. The allotted ministerial positions were reduced from 39 to 18. Only two Ministers from the previous Cabinet were reappointed: Hussein Abdi Halane, the former Minister of Finance and a well-regarded figure in the international community, was put in charge of a consolidated Ministry of Finance and Treasury; and Dr. Mohamud Abdi Ibrahim remained the minister of Commerce and Industry.
1226:
Independent
Constitutional Commission were also appointed to engage Somali constitutional lawyers, religious scholars and experts in Somali culture over the nation's upcoming new constitution, a key part of the government's Transitional Federal Tasks. In addition, high level federal delegations were dispatched to defuse clan-related tensions in several regions. According to the prime minister of Somalia, to improve transparency, Cabinet ministers fully disclosed their assets and signed a
1807:
53:
380:
1234:
all travel by ministers now require the
Premier's consent. A budget outlining 2011's federal expenditures was also put before and approved by members of parliament, with the payment of civil service employees prioritized. In addition, a full audit of government property and vehicles is being put into place. On the war front, the new government and its AMISOM allies also managed to secure control of Mogadishu by August 2011. According to the
364:
1194:
41:
730:
334:
309:
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coalition of Somali society. For much of 2007 the government was besieged and dysfunctional, with virtually no progress being made for political transition. It was plagued with charges of corruption and abuse, including the obstruction of relief aid deliveries. The
Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different insurgent factions. Some of the more radical elements, including
1075:. In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen-year conflict as his government had mandated to do. He also blamed the international community for its failure to support the government, and said that the speaker of parliament would succeed him in office per the
1305:
and he/she then names his/her
Cabinet. On 23 June 2012, the Somali federal and regional leaders met again and approved a draft constitution after several days of deliberation. The National Constituent Assembly overwhelmingly passed the new constitution on 1 August, with 96% voting for it, 2% against it, and 2% abstaining.
1058:
By
November 2008, the Islamist insurgency fighting against the Ethiopian army and TFG had effectively won. The majority of south and central Somalia, along with the capital was under the control of Islamist factions. Ethiopia had redeployed much of its army out of Somalia by the end of the year. More
1295:
to discuss post-transition arrangements. After extensive deliberations attended by regional actors and international observers, the conference ended in a signed agreement between TFG President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Prime
Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, Speaker of Parliament Sharif Adan Sharif Hassan,
1233:
An Anti-Corruption
Commission with the power to carry out formal investigations and to review government decisions and protocols was also established so as to more closely monitor all activities by public officials. Furthermore, unnecessary trips abroad by members of government were prohibited, and
1177:
had gone toward legitimate government expenses, including loans, security forces and parliament. Ahmed also asserted that the SEMG paper had been "timed to coincide with the end of transition period in order to discredit the TFG," and that the
Monitoring Group was the "wrong approach for Somalia's
1304:
parliament would be formed, consisting of an upper house seating 54 Senators as well as a lower house; b) 30% of the
National Constituent Assembly (NCA) is earmarked for women; c) the President is to be appointed via a constitutional election; and d) the Prime Minister is selected by the President
1256:
On 19 June 2011, Mohamed
Abdullahi Mohamed resigned from his position as Prime Minister of Somalia as part of the controversial Kampala Accord's conditions. The agreement would also see the mandates of the President, the Parliament Speaker and Deputies extended until August 2012, after which point
1063:
admitted that the country was slipping to the insurgency and "raised the prospect his government could completely collapse." Ethiopia announced it would withdraw its troops from Somalia by the end of 2008 on 28 November. To shore up his rule in Mogadishu, Yusuf deployed thousands of his own troops
1037:
regions in particular became hot spots. Islamist fighters gained strength and were able to move from different towns with little resistance as they had accrued significant public support. What had at first seemed to be a series of probes soon morphed into an significant insurgent offensive against
1153:
As a truce, in March 2009, Somalia's coalition government announced that it would re-implement Shari'a as the nation's official judicial system. However, conflict continued in the southern and central parts of the country. Within months, the coalition government had gone from holding about 70% of
1013:
seized control of Mogadishu in the last days of 2006, the TFG announced that the rivaling Islamic forces had been defeated and that no further major fighting was expected to take place. In the year after the invasion, the TFG parliament was purged of opposition figures and represented a narrow
1225:
In its first 50 days in office, Prime Minister Mohamed's new administration completed its first monthly payment of stipends to government soldiers, and initiated the implementation of a full biometric register for the security forces within a window of four months. Additional members of the
91:
90:
1064:
from Puntland to Mogadishu. Financial support for this effort was provided by the autonomous region's government. This left little revenue for Puntland's own security forces and civil service employees, leaving the territory vulnerable to piracy and terrorist attacks.
2862:
1414:
The Cabinet, formally known as the Council of Ministers, at first comprised 42 offices, but was later slimmed down to 31 portfolios during a period of contention in 2006. In 2010, it was further scaled down to 18 posts. The Council of Ministers was appointed by the
1054:
report accused the TFG of human rights abuses and war crimes including murder, rape, assault, and looting. The report also states that the TFG police force were implicated in arbitrary arrests of ordinary civilians in order to extort ransoms from their families.
1628:
Despite some significant political differences between them, all of these administrations shared similar legal structures, much of which were predicated on the judicial systems of previous Somali administrations. These similarities in civil law included:
1071:, accusing him of being a dictator and an obstacle to peace. That month he resigned after stating that he had lost control of the country to Islamist insurgents. On 29 December 2008, Yusuf announced before parliament in Baidoa his resignation as
88:
1099:. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation. Parliament was subsequently expanded to 550 seats to accommodate ARS members, which then elected
1046:. PM Nur had replaced PM Ali Gedi in November 2007, who was widely viewed as corrupt and an impediment to the reconciliation process. Much of the criminality in south Somalia during 2008 was linked to TFG security forces. In April 2008,
1873:. Italy maintains a special diplomatic delegation and a Technical Mission to Mogadishu, and is scheduled to re-open its embassy in the city. In 2011, the United Kingdom likewise announced plans to re-open its embassy in Mogadishu, with
1059:
than 80% of TFG military and security forces, nearly 15,000 personnel, deserted the government by the end of 2008. Rife with infighting and serious divisions, the TFG was once again on the brink of collapse by November 2008. President
972:(TNG) formed in 2000. During 2005 the TFG was deeply divided over the issue of a possible deployment of foreign troops in Somalia. Various prominent Somali leaders and groups threatened to forcefully oppose such an intervention.
3289:
942:
2866:
1704:
region to introduce free primary schools, with teachers receiving their salaries from the Puntland administration. As of 2007, primary schools have also seen a 28% increase in enrollment over the preceding three years.
967:
region. Before becoming president of the TFG during 2004, Abdullahi Yusuf was a member of an Ethiopian-backed coalition of warlords that had undermined a previous attempt at restoring a government in Somalia when the
3000:
1221:
group and an important military ally of the TFG, was also accorded the key Interior and Labour ministries. The remaining ministerial positions were largely assigned to technocrats new to the Somali political arena.
3956:
2175:
The UIC leaders say they will not discuss matters with the government as long as foreign troops remain on Somali soil; and the Somali Parliament (also based in Baidoa) is equally opposed to any Ethiopian
1154:
south-central Somalia's conflict zones, territory which it had inherited from the previous Yusuf administration, to losing control of over 80% of the disputed territory to the Islamist insurgents.
3758:
1134:
in February 2009 to retake control of the southern half of the country. To solidify its control of southern Somalia, the TFG formed an alliance with the Islamic Courts Union, other members of the
890:, resulted in an Ethiopian military withdrawal and the resignation of President Yusuf two years later. As the insurgency escalated, a conference between rebel forces and the TFG was opened in
859:
3988:
3732:
3541:
89:
3477:
1670:
The laws of the civilian government which were in effect prior to the military coup d'Γ©tat that saw the Barre regime into power were to remain in force unless the laws were amended.
3293:
2600:
2281:
484:
4076:
3204:
1623:
1338:
1210:
1076:
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was re-established to maintain law and order. The first police academy to be built in Somalia for several years opened on 20 December 2005 at Armo, 100 kilometres south of
2839:
2781:
3423:
4004:
SOMALIA: The Puntland State Minister for Planning and International Cooperation meets High Ranking European Ministers amid official Visit to the UK and the Netherland
870:
during the following months failed over the issues of foreign military forces in Somalia and ICU expansion out of the capital, US backed Ethiopian troops launched a
3964:
2470:
963:
presidency during the formation of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004 on the grounds that Yusuf would give up Somalia's long standing claim to the
3493:
3173:
3900:
3034:
767:
472:
4101:
1814:
The Transitional Federal Government is internationally recognized as the official government of Somalia. It occupies Somalia's seat in the United Nations, the
948:
2892:
553:
3878:
1114:
969:
930:
314:
4106:
3762:
2380:
224:
2627:"Opening Annual General Assembly Debate, Secretary-General Urges Member States to Press in Tackling Poverty, Terrorism, Human Rights Abuses, Conflicts"
4111:
3453:
2758:
1945:
1135:
1088:
899:
3359:
4096:
3985:
3635:
3230:
1378:
held 75 seats. By law, at least 12% of all representatives had to be women. Members of parliament are selected through traditional clan leaders or
4081:
3736:
2727:
1359:
elected the president and prime minister, and had the authority to pass and veto laws. It was also in charge of governance and administration of
3549:
1300:, Galmudug President Mohamed Ahmed Alim and Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jama'a representative Khalif Abdulkadir Noor stipulating that: a) a new 225 member
670:
666:
1788:
In August 2011, a TFG-Puntland cooperative agreement called for the creation of a Somali Marine Force unit, of which the already established
688:
650:
565:
2974:
3056:
2630:
1648:
The charter guaranteed respect for universal standards of human rights to all subjects of the law. It also assured the independence of the
711:
3474:
3656:
1819:
586:
3093:
2604:
2429:
2293:
1400:
A President was elected by Parliament. The President was head of government, and chose the Prime Minister, who would lead the cabinet.
3263:
2347:
1439:
1258:
1021:
By the beginning of 2008, insurgent pressure had mounted on the Ethiopian and TFG troops in the south-central regions of Somalia. The
548:
440:
4027:
3318:
760:
536:
531:
3208:
3784:
3519:
4091:
4061:
1509:
1010:
995:
820:
3572:
1374:
and other Islamist groups, the Islamists were awarded 200 seats. Representatives of citizens' groups and representatives of the
2552:
1686:
1356:
1350:
1123:
3673:
3392:
2836:
2785:
981:
933:(TNG) was formed. Another attempt was in Kenya during 2004 led to the formation of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG).
871:
4086:
2952:
2922:
1789:
3934:
3415:
3177:
1914:
1238:
and Prime Minister Mohamed, with increasing troop strength the pace of territorial gains is expected to greatly accelerate.
2815:
2708:
2088:
1479:
1763:
1391:
1104:
906:
813:
593:
465:
427:
416:
327:
260:
4052:
1712:, were ranked among the 100 best universities in Africa despite the harsh environment, which was hailed as a triumph for
1038:
Ethiopian and TFG forces. The TFG suffered further serious internal divisions in this period. During 2008, TFG President
3115:
2462:
1801:
1725:
1645:
law, although in practice shari'a was applied mainly to matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance and civil issues.
1609:
1170:
753:
740:
643:
247:
52:
3814:
2255:
1276:
insurgents to assume full control of the southern part of the country. By August 2011, the government, under President
3497:
2888:
2754:
1409:
1273:
887:
618:
452:
3908:
3026:
1539:
1469:
2406:
2045:
1489:
3720:
2415:
2053:
1166:
1100:
918:
1589:
1018:, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia.
3608:
1886:
1519:
1416:
1395:
1326:
1265:, Mohamed's former Minister of Planning and International Cooperation, was later named permanent prime minister.
1187:
3870:
3848:
2492:
2190:"Self-defence, Intervention by Invitation, or Proxy War? The Legality of the 2006 Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia"
1599:
1549:
1190:
was appointed the new prime minister of Somalia after the resignation of Premier Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke.
4006:
2005:
The TFG had Ethiopia's approval on the basis that under Yusuf, Somalia will rest its claim to the Ogaden region
1529:
1108:
3695:
1737:
1569:
1969:"Rejecting African Solutions to African Problems: The African Union and the Islamic Courts Union in Somalia"
1664:
1214:
1198:
1139:
947:
716:
403:
396:
58:
3445:
2975:"Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution 2002 (2011)"
1559:
1314:
1241:
1131:
824:
805:
693:
678:
148:
3631:
3351:
3234:
3145:
1827:
1459:
1096:
1068:
1060:
1039:
987:
960:
952:
875:
840:
433:
172:
2724:
1579:
1499:
1253:, the mandates of the President, the Parliament Speaker, and Deputies were extended until August 2012.
3957:"No: 248, 1 November 2011, Press Release Regarding the Re-opening of the Turkish Embassy in Mogadishu"
1830:. Somalia is one of the founding members of the OIC. The TFG also has ambassadors in other countries.
101:
40:
2557:
2289:
2079:"President Yusuf made the failed and unpopular decision to call in troops from neighbouring Ethiopia"
1968:
1709:
1680:
1371:
1322:
1262:
1072:
1015:
999:
894:
during 2008. Elements of the insurgency were merged into the TFG parliament in late 2008. Soon after
855:
517:
504:
497:
423:
2384:
1745:
1729:
1806:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1277:
1162:
1119:
895:
879:
844:
354:
184:
140:
74:
2153:
2131:
1996:
1087:
Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate
1051:
1043:
656:
3060:
2626:
2163:
2978:
2209:
2123:
1988:
1449:
1297:
80:
3085:
1150:, the two main Islamist groups in opposition, began to fight amongst themselves in mid-2009.
1130:
With the help of a small team of African Union troops, the coalition government also began a
2744:
2502:
2439:
2357:
2325:
2201:
1980:
1937:
1823:
1047:
926:
922:
832:
445:
234:
4057:
3267:
4010:
3992:
3481:
2843:
2731:
2712:
1693:
being spent on education. However, in practice, the education system was largely private.
1660:
1375:
1022:
797:
789:
683:
120:
4023:
3325:
1689:
was officially responsible for education in Somalia, with about 15% of the government's
363:
3792:
2749:
1250:
1193:
1158:
734:
4070:
3579:
2232:
2000:
1815:
1656:
1269:
1235:
280:
1907:"Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'"
1667:(either divided between district and regional courts, or a single court per region).
1103:, the former ARS chairman, to office. President Sharif shortly afterwards appointed
929:. Between 1991 and 2000, no central government existed in Somalia. During 2000, the
812:
from 14 October 2004 until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended and the
3669:
3384:
2944:
2914:
1364:
1227:
1147:
1030:
1026:
3657:
The Role of Islamic NGOs and Charities in a Stateless Country: The Case of Somalia
2256:"Somalia's transitional government on the verge of collapse - Somalia | ReliefWeb"
1984:
827:
aiming to restore national institutions to Somalia after the 1991 collapse of the
3930:
2580:
1906:
1050:
observed that the TFG was 'little more' than a collection of armed rival groups.
87:
2807:
2705:
2652:
2524:
2149:
2078:
2017:
1713:
1318:
1284:(African Union Mission in Somalia) allies managed to secure control over all of
1202:
603:
477:
384:
379:
3290:"Somali PM: Anyone in gov't who commits corruption will be brought to justice"
2158:
1869:
also re-opened its embassy in the capital after a twenty-year absence, as did
1741:
1701:
1291:
In February 2012, Somali government officials met in the northeastern town of
883:
828:
628:
145:
3123:
2213:
2189:
2127:
1992:
4053:
Benadir Regional Administration β Transitional Federal Government of Somalia
3818:
2848:
2497:
2434:
2352:
2205:
1846:
1842:
1782:
1649:
1360:
1301:
1285:
1003:
863:
3759:"Somalia: Puntland President Speech at Constitutional Conference in Garowe"
3840:
2680:
2315:
2657:
2529:
2320:
2227:
2083:
2022:
1865:
re-opened its embassy in Mogadishu in December 2010. The following year,
1862:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1733:
1697:
1092:
943:
History of the Transitional Federal Government of the Republic of Somalia
891:
867:
613:
608:
598:
275:
3001:"UN Monitoring Group is against peace in Somalia, says President Sharif"
1822:(OIC). The Permanent Representative of Somalia to the United Nations is
2585:
2135:
2111:
1834:
1634:
991:
809:
3604:
1700:
region in the northeast was the second territory in Somalia after the
1870:
1854:
1781:. The Somali police also had a criminal investigations department in
1778:
1690:
1638:
1341:(TFC) laid out the basic way in which the government was to operate.
1292:
1281:
1218:
1143:
1034:
964:
851:
128:
4003:
1736:
region had its own local Ministry of Health, which is headed by Dr.
1728:
headed the country's healthcare system. The Minister of Health was
1744:
region in northwestern Somalia, with its Ministry of Health led by
1157:
During the coalition government's brief tenure, Somalia topped the
3699:
2381:"USCIRF Annual Report 2009 β The Commission's Watch List: Somalia"
2348:"Prospects 2008: Worsening crises wrack Horn of Africa - Ethiopia"
1866:
1805:
1642:
1379:
1367:
held 61 seats, while an alliance of minority clans held 31 seats.
1240:
1192:
1113:
946:
836:
850:
In 2005, the government relocated to Somalia from Kenya and made
2228:"Somali ministers resigns to protest Ethiopian troop deployment"
1874:
1422:
The government posts and ministerial positions were as follows:
1174:
1095:
brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia,
1067:
In December 2008, the TFG parliament moved to impeach President
986:
The new Transitional Federal Government under the Presidency of
1182:
New government and transition to Federal Government (2010β2012)
3931:"Somalia: India Reopens Its Embassy in Country After 20 Years"
1091:(ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in
2863:"Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term"
955:, one of the founders of the Transitional Federal Government.
2782:"UN boss urges support for Somalia ahead of Istanbul summit"
2379:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1 May 2009).
839:
during 2004, the TFG saw two presidents during its tenure:
823:(TNG) that had been formed in 2000, the TFG was the second
3632:"EC and UNICEF join hands to support education in Somalia"
3385:"BBC News β Somalia: PM Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed resigns"
1576:
Minister of General Affairs, Housing & Reconstruction
1313:
The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) constituted the
25:
Transitional Federal Government of the Republic of Somalia
2977:. UN Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group. Archived from
2945:"Somalia anger at corruption claims in leaked UN report"
1833:
The Transitional Federal Government currently maintains
3416:"Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier"
2430:"Fractured TFG undermines security prospects - Somalia"
1526:
Minister of Information, Posts & Telecommunication
3605:"Puntland (Somalia) to introduce free primary schools"
3233:. News.xinhuanet.com. 13 November 2010. Archived from
3059:. Allheadlinenews.com. 31 October 2010. Archived from
1652:, which in turn was protected by a judicial committee.
1566:
Minister of Federal Constitution & Reconciliation
1456:
Minister of Planning & International Co-operation
3292:. Allheadlinenews.com. 4 January 2011. Archived from
1476:
Minister of Interior Affairs & National Security
3901:"Djibouti Government Opens its Embassy in Mogadishu"
3207:. Garoweonline.com. 12 November 2010. Archived from
2603:. Garoweonline.com. 25 December 2008. Archived from
2194:
African Journal of International and Comparative Law
3494:"SomaliaReport: Second Garowe Conference Concludes"
1655:There was a three-tier judicial system including a
1624:
Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic
1339:
Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic
847:from 2009 until the transition to the FGS in 2012.
274:
257:
244:
230:
220:
206:
194:
178:
166:
154:
139:
116:
108:
23:
3875:Horseed Media β’ Somali News β’ Politics and Opinion
3578:. Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. Archived from
3542:"Somalia adopts a constitution, amidst insecurity"
3520:"Somalia: Somali Leaders Adopt Draft Constitution"
3027:"Somali-American is new prime minister in Somalia"
1944:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency.
902:(ARS) was elected president at the start of 2009.
3319:"Making Gains β AMISOM forces take new territory"
3057:"Approves Somalia's New PM After Repeated Delays"
862:, becoming the first political entity to control
3986:Italy first in West to reopen embassy in Somalia
2073:
2071:
1272:, as well as the United States, the TFG battled
1209:Per the Transitional Federal Government's (TFG)
3871:"SOMALIA: Ethiopia opens consulate in Puntland"
3446:"Al-Shabab rebels withdraw from Somali capital"
2681:"Last Ethiopian troops leave Somalia's capital"
2316:"Islamic fighters defeated, Somali leader says"
1257:new elections are to be organized, including a
3961:Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1259:parliamentary vote-based presidential election
1169:ranked the nation in last place on its annual
3379:
3377:
1245:Political map of Somalia (as of 25 May 2012).
905:Four years later the TFG transitioned to the
761:
8:
3116:"Somali Prime Minister Unveiled His Cabinet"
2493:"Horn of Africa's challenges grow - Somalia"
2461:Albin-Lackey, Christopher (12 August 2008).
982:Ethiopian invasion and occupation of Somalia
3634:. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
3475:Somalia: Garowe conference comes to a close
3313:
3311:
2154:"Somalia for the Somalis: An idea in peril"
1708:Several universities in Somalia, including
1536:Minister of Employment, Youth & Sports
1466:Minister of Justice & Religious Issues
1325:, to whom the cabinet reported through the
1317:of government, with the TFP serving as the
1205:and other diplomats at the UN headquarters.
898:, former head of the ICU and leader of the
315:Transitional National Government of Somalia
4077:Transitional federal government of Somalia
4024:"Iran to open embassies in five countries"
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3080:
3078:
2601:"Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009"
2282:"Somali govt soldiers defect to Islamists"
1042:began undermining the new prime minister,
866:since 1991. After several merger talks in
768:
754:
349:
100:
20:
3841:"FBI investigates Somalis in Minneapolis"
3168:
3166:
2915:"Somalia government money 'goes missing'"
2046:"Somalia: Don't Cross the Mogadishu Line"
1826:. The Deputy Permanent Representative is
1337:Alongside the national constitution, the
1321:branch. The government was headed by the
1136:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
1089:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
976:Ethiopian military occupation (2006β2009)
917:During early 1991, the government of the
900:Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
3815:"We urgently need an Embassy in Somalia"
3146:"Somali Lawmakers Pass Proposed Cabinet"
2408:Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State
1586:Minister of Water,Minerals & Energy
1506:Minister of Agriculture & Livestock
1424:
1079:of the Transitional Federal Government.
959:The Ethiopian government heavily backed
3761:. MaritimeSecurity.Asia. Archived from
1898:
1496:Minister of Women & Family Affairs
998:who also sought to forcibly depose the
858:(ICU) rose to power after defeating an
374:
352:
16:Government of Somalia from 2004 to 2012
3851:from the original on 23 September 2020
2581:"Islamists close in on Somali capital"
1810:Current diplomatic missions of Somalia
1762:The Transitional Federal Government's
1165:for three consecutive years. In 2009,
1122:, who later became a President of the
1111:, as the nation's new prime minister.
874:and installed the TFG under President
804:) was internationally recognized as a
3733:"New Police Academy Opens in Somalia"
3676:from the original on 18 December 2020
3395:from the original on 11 November 2020
3264:"Security Council Meeting on Somalia"
2955:from the original on 13 December 2012
2734:, Reuters (FT.com), 29 December 2008.
2473:from the original on 11 November 2020
2091:from the original on 31 December 2008
1480:Abdisamad Mallin Mahamud Sheikh Hasan
1201:in a meeting with UNDP Administrator
1146:militia. Furthermore, Al-Shabaab and
256:
243:
239:
205:
201:
193:
177:
165:
161:
153:
7:
3937:from the original on 19 October 2012
3362:from the original on 18 January 2016
3205:"Somali Premier Unveils New Cabinet"
3037:from the original on 12 October 2015
2818:from the original on 26 October 2009
1936:Central Intelligence Agency (2011).
1596:Minister of Education & Culture
1107:, the son of slain former president
3611:from the original on 9 January 2021
3456:from the original on 6 October 2011
3414:Gettleman, Jeffrey (23 June 2011).
2889:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2009"
2808:"Islamists break Somali port truce"
2525:"'Thousands' desert Somalia forces"
2116:Review of African Political Economy
1820:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1766:was officially responsible for the
1486:Minister of Finance & Treasury
990:wished to establish authority over
801:
3721:Somaliland β Government Ministries
3638:from the original on 15 April 2009
3630:Ihebuzor, Noel (31 January 2005).
2895:from the original on 22 April 2012
2865:. Garoweonline.com. Archived from
2861:Online, Garowe (12 January 2011).
2784:. Horseedmedia.net. Archived from
2706:"Somalia's president quits office"
1917:from the original on 27 March 2014
1610:Abdiwahaab Ugas Huseen Ugas Khalif
1556:Minister of Transport & Ports
1440:Abdullahi Haji Hassan Mohamed Nuur
1268:Backed by the United Nations, the
14:
4107:2012 disestablishments in Somalia
4030:from the original on 2 April 2012
3881:from the original on 19 June 2010
3426:from the original on 31 July 2020
3096:from the original on 28 June 2011
3086:"International News β World News"
2925:from the original on 17 June 2012
1911:Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
1606:Minister of Trade & Industry
925:transitioned into the full scale
854:its capital. During mid-2006 the
485:Members of the Federal Parliament
4112:Factions in the Somali Civil War
4062:African Union Mission in Somalia
3571:Dr Andre Le Sage (1 June 2005).
3266:. Somaliweyn.org. Archived from
2761:from the original on 1 July 2014
2725:"Somali President Yusuf resigns"
2653:"Profile: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed"
2633:from the original on 11 May 2011
2292:. 16 August 2006. Archived from
2018:"Profile: Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed"
1948:from the original on 1 July 2014
1510:Abullahi Haaji Hasan Mahamed Nur
1083:Coalition government (2009β2010)
1011:Ethiopian National Defence Force
970:Transitional National Government
931:Transitional National Government
872:full-scale invasion in late 2006
821:Transitional National Government
794:Dowladda Federaalka Kumeelgaarka
728:
378:
362:
332:
307:
85:
51:
39:
4102:Somali Civil War (2009βpresent)
3548:. 1 August 2012. Archived from
3352:"Al-Shabaab 'dug in like rats'"
3350:Independent Newspapers Online.
3003:. Garowe Online. Archived from
1540:Mahamed Muhiyadin Sheikh Mursal
1470:Ahmed Hasan Gabobe (Ugas Bille)
1357:Transitional Federal Parliament
1351:Transitional Federal Parliament
1124:Transitional Federal Government
878:in Mogadishu. The invasion and
782:Transitional Federal Government
385:Member State of the Arab League
225:Transitional Federal Parliament
4082:2004 establishments in Somalia
4022:Isayev, S. (26 January 2012).
3573:"Stateless Justice in Somalia"
2891:. Transparency International.
1967:Cocodia, Jude (3 April 2021).
1790:Puntland Maritime Police Force
1637:which affirmed the primacy of
1490:Dr. Abdinaasir Mahamed Abdulle
1:
3231:"Somali PM names new cabinet"
2715:, BBC News, 29 December 2008.
2188:Khayre, Ahmed Ali M. (2014).
2110:Samatar, Abdi Ismail (2006).
1985:10.1080/19392206.2021.1922026
1392:List of Presidents of Somalia
1186:On 14 October 2010, diplomat
1105:Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke
994:, and sought assistance from
907:Federal Government of Somalia
814:Federal Government of Somalia
328:Federal Government of Somalia
3607:. Afrol News. 6 April 2006.
1802:Foreign relations of Somalia
1590:Abdulqaadir Maxamed Dhiaisow
1436:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1249:In June 2011, following the
1171:Corruption Perceptions Index
951:Former President of Somalia
802:Ψ§ΩΨΩΩΩ
Ψ© Ψ§ΩΨ§ΨͺΨΨ§Ψ―ΩΨ© Ψ§ΩΨ§ΩΨͺΩΨ§ΩΩΨ©
3789:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2780:kamaal says (22 May 2010).
2755:Central Intelligence Agency
2383:. Unhcr.org. Archived from
1520:Dr. Abdicasiis Sheikh Yusuf
1410:Somali Council of Ministers
1370:After an alliance with the
860:alliance of Somali warlords
651:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
4128:
4097:War in Somalia (2006β2009)
2553:"TFG on brink of collapse"
2416:International Crisis Group
2286:Mail & Guardian Online
2112:"The Miracle of Mogadishu"
2054:International Crisis Group
1799:
1792:(PMPF) would form a part.
1755:
1678:
1621:
1600:Prof. Axmed Aydiid Ibrahim
1550:Abdiraxmaan Sheikh Ibrahim
1407:
1389:
1348:
1167:Transparency International
1101:Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
979:
940:
919:Somali Democratic Republic
2842:22 September 2012 at the
1887:Child soldiers in Somalia
1530:Abdulqaadir Mahamed Ahmed
1396:Prime Minister of Somalia
1363:. Each of the four major
1298:Abdirahman Mohamed Farole
1188:Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed
286:
270:
240:
216:
202:
190:
162:
99:
67:
35:
30:
2730:31 December 2008 at the
1877:following suit in 2012.
1841:maintains an embassy in
1696:In 2006, the autonomous
1665:courts of first instance
1178:peace and development."
1109:Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke
1002:which was in control of
886:that led to the rise of
835:. After being formed in
587:Administrative divisions
404:Provisional Constitution
4092:Provisional governments
2711:24 January 2012 at the
2206:10.3366/ajicl.2014.0090
1796:International relations
1738:Mohamed Bashir Ali Bihi
1570:Abdiraxmaan Hosh Jibril
1199:Mohamed Abdullahi Omaar
831:regime and the ensuing
816:(FGS) was inaugurated.
1811:
1546:Minister of Fisheries
1246:
1206:
1127:
956:
882:sparked a large scale
825:interim administration
806:provisional government
793:
679:Somali nationality law
667:Diplomatic missions of
149:provisional government
4087:Government of Somalia
3991:15 March 2012 at the
3696:"Puntland in Somalia"
3670:"WHO EMRO β About us"
3659:by Valeria Saggiomo.
3174:"The Peninsula Qatar"
2629:. Unis.unvienna.org.
1853:in Somaliland and in
1809:
1687:Ministry of Education
1460:Abdullahi Godah Barre
1244:
1196:
1117:
1097:Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah
988:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
953:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
950:
841:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
434:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
173:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed
117:Common languages
4058:Somali Peace Process
4009:25 July 2011 at the
3821:on 10 September 2012
3480:12 June 2012 at the
3007:on 28 September 2013
2558:The New Humanitarian
2290:Agence France-Presse
2087:. 30 December 2008.
1768:Somali National Army
1710:Mogadishu University
1681:Education in Somalia
1560:Adan Abdullaahi Adan
1446:Minister of Defence
1404:Council of Ministers
1372:Islamic Courts Union
1323:President of Somalia
1263:Abdiweli Mohamed Ali
1215:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
1140:Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
1073:President of Somalia
1000:Islamic Courts Union
856:Islamic Courts Union
453:Council of Ministers
248:Transitional charter
3967:on 29 November 2014
3500:on 27 December 2014
3180:on 11 December 2012
2981:on 28 December 2013
2814:. 21 October 2009.
2589:. 14 December 2008.
2418:. 23 December 2008.
2164:Mail & Guardian
2050:Global Policy Forum
1773:In addition, a new
1764:Ministry of Defense
1758:Military of Somalia
1752:Military and police
1516:Minister of Health
1296:Puntland President
1278:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
1163:Failed States Index
1120:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
845:Sharif Sheikh Ahmed
355:Politics of Somalia
185:Sheikh Sharif Ahmed
75:Soomaaliyeey toosoo
3911:on 16 January 2016
3795:on 8 February 2012
3765:on 21 January 2012
3585:on 18 January 2012
3450:Al Jazeera English
3420:The New York Times
3356:Independent Online
2837:Shariah in Somalia
2661:. 29 December 2008
2561:. 17 November 2008
2533:. 12 December 2008
2467:Human Rights Watch
2360:. 27 December 2007
2152:(15 August 2006).
2026:. 29 December 2008
1942:The World Factbook
1913:. 21 August 2012.
1828:Idd Beddel Mohamed
1812:
1726:Ministry of Health
1247:
1207:
1128:
1052:Human Rights Watch
1044:Nur Hassan Hussein
957:
880:foreign occupation
735:Somalia portal
657:Abshir Omar Huruse
625:Claimed territory
619:South West Somalia
594:States and regions
3847:. 10 March 2009.
3785:"Somali Ministry"
3270:on 5 January 2014
2687:. 15 January 2009
2505:. 5 November 2008
2463:"So Much to Fear"
2056:. 9 February 2005
1837:in 34 countries.
1732:. The autonomous
1615:
1614:
1580:Jaylani Nur Iikar
1500:Casho Ismaan Aqil
1450:Hussein Arab Isse
1428:Cabinet Position
1197:Foreign Minister
961:Abdullahi Yusuf's
921:collapsed as the
778:
777:
712:Political parties
689:Visa requirements
644:Foreign relations
524:Recent elections
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
320:
319:
208:β’ 2011-2012
180:β’ 2009-2012
168:β’ 2004-2008
92:
81:Qolobaa Calankeed
71: (2004β2012)
4119:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4019:
4013:
4001:
3995:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3963:. Archived from
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3907:. Archived from
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3817:. Archived from
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3791:. Archived from
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3735:. Archived from
3729:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3702:on 17 April 2018
3698:. Archived from
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3552:on 7 August 2012
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3496:. Archived from
3490:
3484:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3391:. 19 June 2011.
3381:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3324:. Archived from
3323:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3260:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3176:. Archived from
3170:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3122:. Archived from
3120:Alshahid Network
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2951:. 17 July 2012.
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2858:
2852:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2741:
2735:
2722:
2716:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2503:Oxford Analytica
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2440:Oxford Analytica
2426:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2358:Oxford Analytica
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2328:. 2 January 2007
2326:Associated Press
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2296:on 31 March 2008
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2122:(109): 581β587.
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1973:African Security
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1903:
1824:Elmi Ahmed Duale
1661:court of appeals
1425:
1386:Executive branch
1315:executive branch
1309:Structure of TFG
1132:counteroffensive
1048:Oxford Analytica
996:Ethiopian troops
927:Somali Civil War
923:Somali Rebellion
833:Somali Civil War
803:
770:
763:
756:
733:
732:
731:
569:
446:Hamza Abdi Barre
387:
383:
382:
366:
350:
336:
335:
324:
323:
311:
310:
304:
303:
288:
287:
235:Somali Civil War
104:
94:
93:
55:
43:
21:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4067:
4066:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4011:Wayback Machine
4002:
3998:
3993:Wayback Machine
3984:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3877:. 30 May 2010.
3869:
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3839:
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3834:
3824:
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3808:
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3503:
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3492:
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3482:Wayback Machine
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3010:
3008:
2999:
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2984:
2982:
2973:
2972:
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2958:
2956:
2943:
2942:
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2928:
2926:
2921:. 1 June 2012.
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2844:Wayback Machine
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2788:on 19 June 2010
2779:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2757:. 14 May 2009.
2743:
2742:
2738:
2732:Wayback Machine
2723:
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2713:Wayback Machine
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2280:
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2265:
2263:
2262:. 4 August 2006
2254:
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2249:
2239:
2237:
2226:
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2187:
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2182:
2168:
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2011:
1966:
1965:
1961:
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1398:
1390:Main articles:
1388:
1376:Somali diaspora
1353:
1347:
1335:
1311:
1184:
1085:
1069:Abdullahi Yusuf
1061:Abdullahi Yusuf
1040:Abdullahi Yusuf
1029:along with the
984:
978:
945:
939:
915:
876:Abdullahi Yusuf
819:Succeeding the
774:
745:
741:Other countries
729:
727:
722:
721:
707:
699:
698:
675:
663:
646:
636:
635:
589:
579:
578:
573:
567:
558:
547:Parliamentary:
541:
520:
510:
509:
500:
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489:
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781:
779:
717:Human rights
564:Referendum:
397:Constitution
375:
297:Succeeded by
296:
291:
132:
124:
68:
59:Coat of arms
18:
3971:26 December
3915:26 December
3885:26 December
3855:26 December
3825:26 December
3799:16 February
3743:26 December
3706:26 December
3680:26 December
3504:26 December
3460:26 December
3399:26 December
3366:26 December
3241:30 December
3215:30 December
3184:26 December
3155:30 December
3130:26 December
3100:26 December
3067:30 December
3041:26 December
2959:28 December
2266:13 December
1714:grass-roots
1319:legislative
1203:Helen Clark
694:Visa policy
604:Hirshabelle
478:Aden Madobe
466:Legislature
292:Preceded by
221:Legislature
4071:Categories
4034:26 January
3642:9 February
3615:9 February
2691:26 October
2477:21 October
2159:Relief Web
1893:References
1847:consulates
1818:, and the
1742:Somaliland
1720:Healthcare
1702:Somaliland
1622:See also:
1382:councils.
1345:Parliament
1274:Al Shabaab
1016:Al-Shabaab
1009:After the
913:Background
888:Al-Shabaab
884:insurgency
829:Siad Barre
671:in Somalia
655:Minister:
629:Somaliland
141:Government
4060:from the
3769:20 August
3522:. ANP/AFP
3011:28 August
2985:2 January
2849:Arab News
2745:"Somalia"
2498:ReliefWeb
2435:ReliefWeb
2353:ReliefWeb
2214:0954-8890
2176:presence.
2128:0305-6244
2001:236350899
1993:1939-2206
1952:5 October
1938:"Somalia"
1921:24 August
1843:Mogadishu
1835:embassies
1783:Mogadishu
1675:Education
1650:judiciary
1618:Judiciary
1361:Mogadishu
1302:bicameral
1286:Mogadishu
1023:Shabeelle
1004:Mogadishu
864:Mogadishu
554:2021β2022
518:Elections
505:Judiciary
498:Judiciary
424:President
417:Executive
155:President
112:Mogadishu
31:2004β2012
4028:Archived
4007:Archived
3989:Archived
3935:Archived
3879:Archived
3849:Archived
3845:NBC News
3674:Archived
3636:Archived
3609:Archived
3556:1 August
3478:Archived
3454:Archived
3424:Archived
3393:Archived
3389:BBC News
3360:Archived
3150:CBS News
3094:Archived
3090:ABC News
3035:Archived
3031:Fox News
2953:Archived
2923:Archived
2893:Archived
2840:Archived
2816:Archived
2812:BBC News
2759:Archived
2728:Archived
2709:Archived
2685:NBC News
2658:BBC News
2631:Archived
2530:BBC News
2471:Archived
2332:14 March
2321:NBC News
2089:Archived
2084:BBC News
2023:BBC News
1946:Archived
1915:Archived
1881:See also
1863:Djibouti
1859:Puntland
1851:Hargeisa
1839:Ethiopia
1734:Puntland
1698:Puntland
1280:and its
1093:Djibouti
892:Djibouti
868:Khartoum
684:Passport
614:Puntland
609:Jubaland
599:Galmudug
568:(latest)
3905:Demotix
3589:26 June
3526:23 June
3430:23 June
3335:12 June
3300:12 June
3274:12 June
2929:23 June
2899:12 July
2873:12 June
2822:27 June
2792:27 June
2637:12 June
2611:12 June
2586:Reuters
2391:27 June
2300:21 July
2240:9 March
2169:24 July
2136:4007061
2060:22 July
2030:9 March
1770:(SNA).
1643:Islamic
1639:shari'a
1635:charter
1211:Charter
1077:Charter
992:Somalia
937:History
810:Somalia
808:of the
473:Speaker
259:β’
246:β’
146:Federal
109:Capital
77:"(2012)
69:Anthem:
3941:18 May
2765:31 May
2212:
2134:
2126:
2095:9 July
1999:
1991:
1871:Turkey
1855:Garowe
1845:, and
1779:Bosaso
1691:budget
1663:, and
1293:Garowe
1282:AMISOM
1138:, and
1035:Bakool
1025:, the
965:Ogaden
852:Baidoa
798:Arabic
790:Somali
198:
158:
133:·
131:
129:Arabic
125:·
123:
121:Somali
3583:(PDF)
3576:(PDF)
3329:(PDF)
3322:(PDF)
2665:4 May
2565:6 May
2537:6 May
2509:4 May
2446:4 May
2412:(PDF)
2364:4 May
2132:JSTOR
1997:S2CID
1867:India
1380:shura
1365:clans
837:Kenya
706:Other
566:1979
135:
127:
4036:2012
3973:2014
3943:2011
3917:2014
3887:2014
3857:2014
3827:2014
3801:2012
3771:2012
3745:2014
3708:2014
3682:2014
3644:2007
3617:2007
3591:2009
3558:2012
3528:2012
3506:2014
3462:2014
3432:2011
3401:2014
3368:2014
3337:2011
3302:2011
3276:2011
3243:2010
3217:2010
3186:2014
3157:2010
3132:2014
3102:2014
3069:2010
3043:2014
3013:2012
2987:2014
2961:2013
2931:2012
2901:2010
2875:2011
2824:2010
2794:2010
2767:2009
2693:2023
2667:2024
2639:2011
2613:2011
2567:2024
2539:2024
2511:2024
2479:2020
2448:2024
2393:2010
2366:2024
2334:2024
2302:2024
2268:2023
2242:2024
2210:ISSN
2171:2024
2124:ISSN
2097:2011
2062:2024
2032:2024
1989:ISSN
1954:2011
1923:2012
1875:Iran
1724:The
1685:The
1659:, a
1394:and
1355:The
1219:Sufi
1175:Oman
1144:Sufi
1033:and
780:The
549:2016
537:2022
532:2017
428:List
46:Flag
2949:BBC
2919:BBC
2202:doi
1981:doi
1857:in
1849:in
1641:or
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