Sound barrier - Knowledge (XXG)

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to approach the speed of sound, it would undergo a rapid increase in drag and slow much more rapidly. It was understood that the drag did not go infinite, or it would be impossible for the projectile to get above Mach 1 in the first place, but there was no better theory and data was matching theory to some degree. At the same time, ever-increasing wind tunnel speeds were showing a similar effect as one approached Mach 1 from below. In this case, however, there was no theoretical development that suggested why this might be. What was noticed was that the increase in drag was not smooth, it had a distinct "corner" where it began to suddenly rise. This speed was different for different wing planforms and cross sections, and became known as the "critical Mach".

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velocity of the air is also a function of the forward speed of the aircraft. When the aircraft speed is high enough, the tips reach transonic speeds. Shock waves form at the blade tips and sap the shaft power driving the propeller. To maintain thrust, the engine power must replace this loss, and must also match the aircraft drag as it increases with speed. The required power is so great that the size and weight of the engine becomes prohibitive. This speed limitation led to research into

898:, with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull, attempted the highest sky-dive on record. The project would see Baumgartner attempt to jump 120,000 ft (36,580 m) from a helium balloon and become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier. The launch was scheduled for 9 October 2012, but was aborted due to adverse weather; subsequently the capsule was launched instead on 14 October. Baumgartner's feat also marked the 65th anniversary of U.S. test pilot 334:(ASI) uses air pressure differences between two or more points on the aircraft, typically near the nose and at the side of the fuselage, to produce a speed figure. At high speed, the various compression effects that lead to the sound barrier also cause the ASI to go non-linear and produce inaccurately high or low readings, depending on the specifics of the installation. This effect became known as "Mach jump". Before the introduction of 361: 61: 749:(registration N9604Z) unofficially exceeded Mach 1 in a controlled dive during a test flight at Edwards Air Force Base, as observed and reported by the flight crew; the crew were William Magruder (pilot), Paul Patten (co-pilot), Joseph Tomich (flight engineer), and Richard H. Edwards (flight test engineer). This was the first supersonic flight by a civilian airliner, achieved before the 694:. He also claimed to have repeated his supersonic flight on 14 October 1947, 30 minutes before Yeager broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1. Although evidence from witnesses and instruments strongly imply that Welch achieved supersonic speed, the flights were not properly monitored and are not officially recognized. The XP-86 officially achieved supersonic speed on 26 April 1948. 659: 494: 551: 470:. He reached this speed at less than full throttle, as he was concerned by the transonic buffeting. Dittmar himself does not make a claim that he broke the sound barrier on that flight and notes that the speed was recorded only on the AIS. He does, however, take credit for being the first pilot to "knock on the sound barrier". 905:

Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a world record 128,100 feet (39,045 m), or 24.26 miles, and broke the sound barrier as he traveled at speeds up to 833.9 mph (1342 km/h, or Mach 1.26). In the press conference after his jump, it was announced that he

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As a result of the X-1's initial supersonic flight, the National Aeronautics Association voted its 1947 Collier Trophy to be shared by the three main participants in the program. Honored at the White House by President Harry S. Truman were Larry Bell for Bell Aircraft, Captain Yeager for piloting the

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to run computational tests to determine whether the aircraft could break the sound barrier. These tests do not rule out the possibility, but are lacking accurate data on the coefficient of drag that would be needed to make accurate simulations. Wagner stated: "I don't want to exclude the possibility,

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the plane became uncontrollable above Mach 0.86, and at Mach 0.9 would nose over into a dive that could not be recovered from. Post-war tests by the RAF confirmed these results, with the slight modification that the maximum speed using new instruments was found to be Mach 0.84, rather than Mach 0.86.

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This claim is widely disputed, even by pilots in his unit. All of the effects he reported are known to occur on the Me 262 at much lower speeds, and the ASI reading is simply not reliable in the transonic. Further, a series of tests made by Karl Doetsch at the behest of Willy Messerschmitt found that

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at supersonic speeds produced a curve that went to infinite drag at Mach 1, dropping with increasing speed. This could be seen in tests using projectiles fired from guns, a common method for checking the stability of various projective shapes. As the projectile slowed from its initial speed and began

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Speeds of 950 km/h (590 mph) are reported to have been attained in a shallow dive 20° to 30° from the horizontal. No vertical dives were made. At speeds of 950 to 1,000 km/h (590 to 620 mph) the air flow around the aircraft reaches the speed of sound, and it is reported that the control surfaces no

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All of these effects, although unrelated in most ways, led to the concept of a "barrier" making it difficult for an aircraft to exceed the speed of sound. Erroneous news reports caused most people to envision the sound barrier as a physical "wall", which supersonic aircraft needed to "break" with a

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measurements comparing the drag of a wing to the velocity of the air. During these explanations he would state "See how the resistance of a wing shoots up like a barrier against higher speed, as we approach the speed of sound." The next day, the London newspapers were filled with statements about a

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alphabetic code VA+SP, was measured traveling at a speed of 1,130 km/h (702 mph). However, no evidence of such a flight exists in any of the materials from that period, which were captured by Allied forces and extensively studied. Dittmar had been officially recorded at 1,004.5 km/h

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were clearly showing rapid increases in drag. The tip speed of a propeller blade is a function of the rotational speed and the length of the blade. As the engine power increased, longer blades were needed to apply this power to the air while operating at the most efficient RPM of the engine. The

282:, pilots sometimes flew at full power into terrain because the rapidly increasing forces acting on the control surfaces of their aircraft overpowered them. In this case, several attempts to fix it only made the problem worse. Likewise, the flexing caused by the low torsional stiffness of the 706:. The rocket-powered aircraft was launched from the bomb bay of a specially modified B-29 and glided to a landing on a runway. XS-1 flight number 50 is the first one where the X-1 recorded supersonic flight, with a maximum speed of Mach 1.06 (361 m/s, 1,299 km/h, 807.2 mph). 766: 262:

in Germany. This also led to propellers with ever-increasing numbers of blades, three, four and then five were seen during the war. As the problem became better understood, it also led to "paddle bladed" propellers with increased chord, as seen (for example) on late-war models of the

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but with a high-mounted horizontal tail to keep it clear of the wing wake. Compared to the all-moving tail on the M.52 the X-1 used a conventional tail with elevators but with a movable stabilizer to maintain control passing through the sound barrier. It was in the X-1 that

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entered service in the 1970s, both were later retired without being replaced by similar designs. The last flight of a Concorde in service was in 2003. Despite a resurgence of interest in the 2010s, as of 2024 there are no commercial supersonic airliners in service.

602:, with which it would only reach supersonic speed in a shallow dive. To develop a fully supersonic version of the aircraft, extra thrust would be provided with the addition of the No.4 augmentor which gave extra airflow from a ducted fan and reheat behind the fan. 777: 244:

By the late 1930s, one practical outcome of this was becoming clear. Although aircraft were still operating well below Mach 1, generally half that at best, their engines were rapidly pushing past 1,000 hp. At these power levels, the traditional two-bladed

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made "pulling out" of dives difficult; in one 1941 test flight test pilot Ralph Virde was killed when the plane flew into the ground at high speed. The problem was later solved by the addition of a "dive flap" that upset the airflow under these circumstances.

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longer affect the direction of flight. The results vary with different airplanes: some wing over and dive while others dive gradually. It is also reported that once the speed of sound is exceeded, this condition disappears and normal control is restored.

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turbojet-powered aircraft, which was designed to reach 1,000 mph (417 m/s; 1,600 km/h) (over twice the existing speed record) in level flight, and to climb to an altitude of 36,000 ft (11 km) in 1 minute 30 seconds.

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concepts fired phosphorus-powered engines out of artillery guns to get them to operational speeds. It is possible that this produced supersonic performance as high as Mach 2, but this was not due solely to the engine itself. In contrast, the German

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As the science of high-speed flight became more widely understood, a number of changes led to the eventual understanding that the "sound barrier" is easily penetrated, with the right conditions. Among these changes were the introduction of thin

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The comments about restoration of flight control and cessation of buffeting above Mach 1 are very significant in a 1946 document. However, it is not clear where these terms came from, as it does not appear the US pilots carried out such tests.

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broke the sound barrier at Mach 1.012, or 1,240 km/h (776.2 mph), while in a controlled dive through 41,088 feet (12,510 m). The purpose of the flight was to collect data on a new design of leading edge for the wing.

130:, a number of adverse aerodynamic effects that deterred further acceleration, seemingly impeding flight at speeds close to the speed of sound. These difficulties represented a barrier to flying at faster speeds. In 1947, American test pilot 321:

sharp needle nose on the front of the fuselage. Rocketry and artillery experts' products routinely exceeded Mach 1, but aircraft designers and aerodynamicists during and after World War II discussed Mach 0.7 as a limit dangerous to exceed.

578:. Conventional control surfaces became ineffective at the high subsonic speeds then being achieved by fighters in dives, due to the aerodynamic forces caused by the formation of shockwaves at the hinge and the rearward movement of the 134:

demonstrated that safe flight at the speed of sound was achievable in purpose-designed aircraft, thereby breaking the barrier. By the 1950s, new designs of fighter aircraft routinely reached the speed of sound, and faster.

338:, accurate measurements of supersonic speeds could only be made remotely, normally using ground-based instruments. Many claims of supersonic speeds were found to be far below this speed when measured in this fashion. 329:

During WWII and immediately thereafter, a number of claims were made that the sound barrier had been broken in a dive. The majority of these purported events can be dismissed as instrumentation errors. The typical

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Although Concorde and the Tu-144 were the first aircraft to carry commercial passengers at supersonic speeds, they were not the first or only commercial airliners to break the sound barrier. On 21 August 1961, a

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is required for an aircraft to pass through the transonic speed range safely, without losing pilot control. The Miles M.52 was the first instance of this solution, which has since been universally applied.

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On 14 October 1947, just under a month after the United States Air Force had been created as a separate service, the tests culminated in the first crewed supersonic flight, piloted by Air Force Captain

742:, a British journalist, was able to fly in a Super Sabre at 1000 mph, one of the few non-American civilians to exceed the speed of sound and one of the few civilians anywhere to make such a trip. 2050: 655:

to exchange all its high-speed research data and designs, including that for the M.52, with equivalent US research but the U.S. reneged on the agreement, and nothing was forthcoming in return.

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routinely broke the sound barrier in flight, for the first time on 3 October 1942. By September 1944, V-2s routinely achieved Mach 4 (1,200 m/s, or 3044 mph) during terminal descent.

769: 459:, broke the sound barrier while diving the rocket plane, and that several people on the ground heard the sonic booms. He claims that on 6 July 1944, Dittmar, flying Me 163B V18, bearing the 2000: 1242:. p. 18: "For various reasons it is fairly certain that the maximum attainable speed under self-propelled conditions will be that of sound in air", i.e., 750 mph (1,210 km/h). 582:, which together could override the control forces that could be applied mechanically by the pilot, hindering recovery from the dive. A major impediment to early transonic flight was 2467: 1904: 411:, but the resumption of normal control once a certain speed was exceeded, then a resumption of severe buffeting once the Me 262 slowed again. He also reported engine flame-out. 525:

A number of advanced features were incorporated into the resulting M.52 design, which resulted from consulting experts in government establishments with a current knowledge of

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level test flight in October 1948; this was a unique achievement at that time which provided "some validation of the aerodynamics of the M.52 upon which the model was based".

2127: 1404: 397:(TAS) of 606 mph. In a subsequent flight, Squadron Leader Anthony Martindale achieved Mach 0.92, but it ended in a forced landing after over-revving damaged the engine. 532:. In particular, the design featured a conical nose, for low supersonic drag, and sharp wing leading edges. The design used very thin wings of biconvex section proposed by 292:. This was solved in later models with changes to the wing. Worse still, a particularly dangerous interaction of the airflow between the wings and tail surfaces of diving 866: 118:

In dry air at 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound is 343 metres per second (about 767 mph, 1234 km/h or 1,125 ft/s). The term came into use during

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First Steps Toward Space: Proceedings of the First and Second History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics at Belgrade, Yugoslavia, September 26, 1967

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The existence of the sound barrier was evident to aerodynamicists before any direct in aircraft evidence was available. In particular, the very simple theory of thin

2484: 103:. When aircraft first approached the speed of sound, these effects were seen as constituting a barrier, making faster speeds very difficult or impossible. The term 2640: 2100: 1162: 2071: 233: 52:

transonic pushing into the sound barrier. The supersonic white cloud is formed by decreased air pressure and temperature around the tail of the aircraft (see

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Although the project was eventually cancelled, the research was used to construct an uncrewed 30% scale model of the M.52 that went on to achieve a speed of

1086: 2095: 1577: 2047: 1106: 586:, the phenomenon which caused flight inputs (stick, rudder) to switch direction at high speed; it was the cause of many accidents and near-accidents. An 2371: 1660: 366: 1997: 2462: 686:

became the first person to break the sound barrier in level flight on 14 October 1947, flying at an altitude of 45,000 ft (13.7 km).

2343: 926:, broke Baumgartner's record for highest sky-dive and also broke the sound barrier in the process. However, because Eustace's jump involved a 2260: 2245: 1342: 838:

On 12 January 1948, a Northrop uncrewed rocket sled became the first land vehicle to break the sound barrier. At a military test facility at

241:"sound barrier." Whether or not this is the first use of the term is debatable, but by the 1940s use within the industry was already common. 1594: 1490: 579: 44: 1048: 808:

By the late 1950s, the issue was so well understood that many companies started investing in the development of supersonic airliners, or

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to develop the world's first aircraft capable of breaking the sound barrier. The project resulted in the development of the prototype

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jet aircraft. He states that his ASI pegged itself at 1,100 kilometres per hour (680 mph). Mutke reported not just transonic

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There are a number of uncrewed vehicles that flew at supersonic speeds during this period. In 1933, Soviet designers working on

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but I can imagine he may also have been just below the speed of sound and felt the buffeting, but did not go above Mach-1."

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made a plausible but officially unverified claim to have broken the sound barrier on 1 October 1947, while flying an XP-86

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288803814_On_the_aerodynamics_of_the_Miles_M52_E2443_-_A_historical_perspective

1023: 555: 379: 229: 812:, believing that to be the next "natural" step in airliner evolution. However, this has not yet happened. Although the 547:

generated by the nose of the aircraft. The fuselage had a 5-foot diameter with an annular fuel tank around the engine.

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demonstrated limits at Mach 0.85, with every flight over Mach 0.84 causing the aircraft to be damaged by vibration.

2132: 930:, while Baumgartner's did not, their vertical speed and free-fall distance records remain in different categories. 632: 427: 310: 1348: 1253: 204:

at supersonic speeds, creating a cracking sound. This finding is theoretical and disputed by others in the field.

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Vincenti, Walter (1997). "Engineering Theory in the Making: Aerodynamic Calculation "Breaks the Sound Barrier"".

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was the first woman to break the sound barrier, which she did on 18 May 1953, piloting a plane borrowed from the

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One of the highest recorded instrumented Mach numbers attained for a propeller aircraft is the Mach 0.891 for a

278:, different for each aircraft, in a dive. Doing so led to numerous crashes for a variety of reasons. Flying the 151:

are able to move faster than sound: the tip of the whip exceeds this speed and causes a sharp crack—literally a

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has been called "Britain's first supersonic pilot" because of a dive he made in a DH 108 on 6 September 1948.

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was in freefall for 4 minutes 18 seconds, the second longest freefall after the 1960 jump of

232:, the term itself was created accidentally. He was giving demonstrations at the annual show day at the 2541: 2503: 2449: 839: 809: 728: 687: 510: 467: 452: 404: 383: 375: 306: 286:'s wings caused them, in turn, to counteract aileron control inputs, leading to a condition known as 283: 275: 246: 426:

One bit of evidence presented by Mutke is on page 13 of the "Me 262 A-1 Pilot's Handbook" issued by

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on 27 September 1946. A similar problem is thought to have been the cause of the 1943 crash of the

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became the first woman in Congress to break the sound barrier, which she did as a passenger in an

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The sound barrier may have been first breached by living beings about 150 million years ago. Some

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Compressibility Dive Tests on the North American P-51D Airplane, ('Mustang IV') AAF No.44-14134

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Durant, Frederick C. and George S. James. "Early Experiments with Ramjet Engines in Flight".

677:, the first US crewed aircraft built to break the sound barrier, was visually similar to the 570:, a key to transonic and supersonic flight control, which contrasted with traditional hinged 2233: 1695: 1425: 927: 907: 583: 400: 288: 209: 123: 108: 92: 1064: 2195: 2078: 2054: 2027: 2004: 1981: 1783: 1432: 1315: 1278: 1166: 1110: 1090: 1071: 858: 541: 353:. It is widely agreed that this was due to inaccurate ASI readings. In similar tests, the 305:

on curved surfaces was another major problem, which led most famously to the breakup of a

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became the first person to break the sound barrier in a land vehicle in compliance with

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usually travel at higher than Earth's escape velocity, which is much faster than sound.

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Sudden increase of undesirable effects when an aircraft approaches the speed of sound

2048:"Felix Baumgartner: Daredevil Lands on Earth After Record Breaking Supersonic Leap" 919: 899: 874: 826: 781: 746: 739: 699: 683: 662: 648: 529: 184: 175: 167: 131: 119: 60: 1974: 1877:"The amazing career of aviation correspondent, author and journalist Allen Rowley" 1127: 635:, who was killed on 27 September 1946 when his DH 108 broke up at about Mach 0.9. 390:, was flown by Squadron Leader J. R. Tobin to this speed, corresponding to a 2072:"Alan Eustace Jumps From Stratosphere, Breaking Felix Baumgartner’s World Record" 2020: 2513: 1589:"Project Cancelled-The Disaster of Britain's Abandoned Aircraft Projects", Wood, 1308: 843: 606: 567: 237: 190: 17: 2230:

A Very British Sound Barrier: DH 108, A Story of Courage, Triumph and Tragedy

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The Quest for Mach One: A First-Person Account of Breaking the Sound Barrier

1684:"On the aerodynamics of the Miles M.52 (E.24/43) – a historical perspective" 1683: 870: 802: 798: 610: 571: 537: 408: 335: 205: 148: 2176:, November 1977 – February 1978. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press Ltd., 1977. 1377: 1018: 554:

One of the Vickers models undergoing supersonic wind-tunnel testing at the

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Brown, Eric (August–November 1980). "Miles M.52: The Supersonic Dream".

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Yoshimura, Akira, translated by Retsu Kaiho and Michael Gregson (1996).

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Yeager, Chuck, Bob Cardenas, Bob Hoover, Jack Russell and James Young.

1539:"Skeptoid #154: Was Chuck Yeager the First to Break the Sound Barrier?" 1329: 493: 221: 156: 1790:

Transcripts, PBS, air date: 14 October 1997. Retrieved: 26 April 2009.

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turbojet powered aircraft, designed to achieve supersonic level flight

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and Roger Dyar had exceeded the speed of sound during test dives in a

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On 15 October 1997, in a vehicle designed and built by a team led by

754: 474: 1858:"U.S. Senate: Mach-Buster Maggie: The Supersonic Senator from Maine" 873:("Super Sonic Car"), captured the record 50 years and one day after 466:(623.8 mph) in level flight on 2 October 1941 in the prototype 1998:"A rocket powered sled runs along the ground on the rails in Muroc" 386:

variant, the Mark XI, fitted with an extended "rake type" multiple

1272:"The Amazing George Welch, Part Two, First Through the Sonic Wall" 764: 657: 549: 492: 359: 59: 43: 997:" for information on the sound associated with supersonic flight. 902:'s successful attempt to break the sound barrier in an aircraft. 418:

In 1999, Mutke enlisted the help of Professor Otto Wagner of the

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Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft

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claimed to have broken the sound barrier on 9 April 1945 in the

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is still sometimes used today to refer to aircraft approaching

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in this high drag regime. Flying faster than sound produces a

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This article is about the aviation term. For other uses, see

2255:(The Aviation Factfile). Kent, UK: Grange Books plc, 2005. 1840:"Today in History: Jackie Cochran Breaks the Sound Barrier" 1217:. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers. p. 108. 562:

Another critical addition was the use of a power-operated

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Chuck Yeager and the Bell X-1: Breaking the Sound Barrier

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John Derry: The Story of Britain's First Supersonic Pilot

540:. The wing tips were "clipped" to keep them clear of the 2322:, a collection of tutorials by Dr. Mark S. Cramer, Ph.D. 2128:"Alan Eustace, D-7426, Bests High-Altitude World Record" 1117:, Volume 90, Issue 5, September–October 2002. p. 1. 643:

The first aircraft to officially break the sound barrier

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made after the 19th century generally have a supersonic

1516:(in German). Berlin: Aviatic-Verlag GmbH. pp. 17, 122. 2340:

reaching Mach 1 at intersection TESGO taken from below

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DiracDelta.co.uk: Science and Engineering Encyclopedia

1758:. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc. p. 36. 1568:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1974. 455:

pilot Mano Ziegler claims that his friend, test pilot

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According to British aerodynamicist W. F. Hilton, of

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Hallion, Dr. Richard P. "Saga of the Rocket Ships."

2628: 2587: 2526: 2385: 620:Meanwhile, test pilots achieved high speeds in the 2194:Pisano, Dominick A., R. Robert van der Linden and 1881:The Secret Library | Leeds Libraries Heritage Blog 1397:"Nazi-era pilot says he broke sound barrier first" 1017:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (19 August 2007). 784:broke the sound barrier on 14 October 1947 in the 2011:, January 22, 1948. Retrieved: September 9, 2011. 1716:, Thrupp, Gloucestershire: Budding Books, p. 40, 1298:(Technical report). Wright Field. 9 October 1944. 2217:(in German). Berlin: Avantic Verlag GmbH, 1996. 1172:, December 2, 1997. Retrieved: January 15, 2009. 885:Breaking the sound barrier as a human projectile 95:and other undesirable effects experienced by an 1898: 1896: 436: 2641:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records 2270:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979. 1331:NASA's First 50 Years: Historical Perspectives 989:" for the science behind the speed called the 178:capabilities suggest that certain long-tailed 2365: 1391: 1389: 1387: 702:in aircraft #46-062, which he had christened 8: 1975:"Douglas Passenger Jet Breaks Sound Barrier" 1905:"I Was There: When the DC-8 Went Supersonic" 1511: 834:Breaking the sound barrier in a land vehicle 460: 2327:Breaking the Sound Barrier with an Aircraft 1483:"Pilot claims he broke sound barrier first" 2372: 2358: 2350: 1714:de Havilland Vampire: The Complete History 1182: 1180: 1178: 867:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 380:Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough 345:issued a press release stating that Lts. 236:in 1935 where he demonstrated a chart of 2096:"Baumgartner's Records Ratified by FAI!" 1838:Magazine, Smithsonian; Hendry, Erica R. 1733:Rivas, Brian, and Bullen, Annie (1996), 1160:"Did Dinosaurs Break the Sound Barrier?" 1446: 1444: 1009: 978: 735:piloted by Air Force Major Clyde Good. 566:, also known as the all-moving tail or 99:or other object when it approaches the 2042: 2040: 1463:from the original on 25 September 2015 1285:, 1998–2000. Retrieved: June 12, 2011. 1128:"The Accuracy of Black Powder Muskets" 1663:from the original on 5 September 2018 1510:Käsmann, Ferdinand C. W. (1999) 1451:Schulz, Matthias (19 February 2001). 317:rocket aircraft in the Soviet Union. 7: 910:for 4 minutes 36 seconds. 2613:greatest of a spacecraft population 2213:Radinger, Willy and Walter Schick. 2104:. February 22, 2013. Archived from 1934:barrier/source.html "Sound Barrier" 1337:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1049:"F-14 Condensation cloud in action" 594:Initially, the aircraft was to use 2285:. New York: Penguin Studio, 1997. 2136:. October 24, 2014. Archived from 1903:Wasserzieher, Bill (August 2011). 1407:from the original on 20 March 2017 1309:Spitfire – Typical high speed dive 1283:Planes and Pilots Of World War Two 25: 2542:furthest landing on another world 2346:, illustrating the sound barrier. 1140:from the original on 22 July 2011 609:1.38 in a successful, controlled 428:Headquarters Air Materiel Command 378:, flown during dive tests at the 270:Nevertheless, propeller aircraft 2552:furthest travel on another world 724:, with Yeager accompanying her. 710:flights, and John Stack for the 513:began a top-secret project with 2034:. Retrieved: September 9, 2011. 1875:Libraries, Leeds (2022-03-03). 1493:from the original on 2016-03-04 1426:"Me 262 and the Sound Barrier". 1354:from the original on 2017-12-25 869:rules. The vehicle, called the 382:in April 1944. The Spitfire, a 2162:"Breaking the Sound Barrier." 2046:Sunseri, Gina and Kevin Doak. 1940:. Retrieved: October 14, 2012. 1814:"Collier 1940-1949 Recipients" 143:Some common whips such as the 39:Sound barrier (disambiguation) 1: 2296:Yeager, Chuck and Leo Janos. 2251:Winchester, Jim. "Bell X-1." 2183:Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2001. 1988:. Retrieved: August 30, 2010. 1513:Die schnellsten Jets der Welt 1438:. Retrieved: August 30, 2010. 1328:Dick, Steven J., ed. (2010). 1055:. Retrieved: August 30, 2010. 922:, a senior vice president at 651:signed an agreement with the 2009:Universal International News 1653:"Miles on Supersonic Flight" 1254:"The 'Brickwall' in the Sky" 1252:Ley, Willy (November 1948). 1024:Astronomy Picture of the Day 788:, as shown in this newsreel. 761:The sound barrier understood 556:Royal Aircraft Establishment 453:Messerschmitt Me 163 "Komet" 234:National Physical Laboratory 230:Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft 1803:. London: Macdonald. p. 17. 1453:"Flammenritt über dem Moor" 1104:"Crackin' good mathematics" 420:Munich Technical University 355:North American P-51 Mustang 126:experienced the effects of 54:Prandtl–Glauert singularity 2688: 2344:An interactive Java applet 2300:. New York: Bantam, 1986. 2181:The X-Planes: X-1 to X-45, 2133:U.S. Parachute Association 1682:Brinkworth, B. J. (2010). 1318:. spitfireperformance.com. 1258:Astounding Science Fiction 633:Geoffrey de Havilland, Jr. 489:Breaking the sound barrier 311:Geoffrey de Havilland, Jr. 122:when pilots of high-speed 36: 29: 2603:greatest on another world 2598:greatest of a spaceflight 1700:10.1017/S0001924000003602 1634:. London: Airlife, 1990. 1093:. oxforddictionaries.com. 351:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 265:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 91:is the large increase in 2298:Yeager: An Autobiography 1909:Air & Space Magazine 1801:The North American Sabre 1688:The Aeronautical Journal 1234:Portway, Donald (1940). 1074:. thefreedictionary.com. 722:Royal Canadian Air Force 301:due to the formation of 294:Lockheed P-38 Lightnings 30:Not to be confused with 2330:by Carl Rod Nave, Ph.D. 1712:Watkins, David (1996), 1659:: 355. 3 October 1946. 1608:Air Enthusiast Thirteen 1240:Oxford University Press 309:and death of its pilot 274:able to approach their 1512: 1236:Military Science Today 1189:Technology and Culture 1158:Wilford, John Noble. 789: 700:Charles "Chuck" Yeager 670: 598:'s latest engine, the 559: 502: 461: 441: 371: 80: 57: 2662:Aircraft aerodynamics 2579:Deepest ocean vehicle 2228:Rivas, Brian (2012), 780: 745:On 21 August 1961, a 727:On December 3, 1957, 661: 553: 496: 364:A Spitfire PR Mk XI ( 363: 63: 47: 2608:greatest of a person 1844:Smithsonian Magazine 1799:Wagner, Ray (1963). 1754:Wood, Derek (1975). 840:Muroc Air Force Base 729:Margaret Chase Smith 511:Ministry of Aviation 405:Messerschmitt Me 262 384:photo-reconnaissance 307:de Havilland Swallow 284:Supermarine Spitfire 276:critical Mach number 2636:Spaceflight records 2537:furthest spacecraft 2499:Water-borne vehicle 2440:propulsively-driven 2085:. October 24, 2014. 2061:, October 14, 2012. 1777:"Faster Than Sound" 1380:on 6 February 2005. 1374:"The Unknown Pilot" 1372:Mutke, Hans Guido. 738:In the late 1950s, 629:de Havilland DH 108 2557:closest to the Sun 2380:Extremes of motion 2174:AirEnthusiast Five 2140:on October 3, 2015 2077:2019-06-16 at the 2053:2020-11-11 at the 2026:2012-10-20 at the 2003:2011-03-22 at the 1980:2006-10-26 at the 1782:2017-08-29 at the 1775:Bancroft, Dennis. 1737:, William Kimber, 1632:Testing Early Jets 1431:2016-03-05 at the 1403:. 12 August 2001. 1314:2015-09-24 at the 1277:2012-03-25 at the 1170:The New York Times 1165:2020-12-08 at the 1115:American Scientist 1109:2016-03-22 at the 1089:2015-04-11 at the 1070:2016-10-13 at the 790: 671: 631:. One of them was 600:Power Jets W.2/700 580:centre of pressure 560: 503: 372: 347:Harold E. Comstock 332:airspeed indicator 200:could flick their 81: 58: 2649: 2648: 2459:production model 2261:978-1-84013-809-2 2246:978-1-90659-204-2 1756:Project Cancelled 1344:978-0-16-084965-7 1270:Jordan, Corey C. 1260:. pp. 78–99. 944:The Sound Barrier 918:In October 2014, 896:Felix Baumgartner 890:Felix Baumgartner 879:supersonic flight 778: 733:F-100 Super Sabre 704:Glamorous Glennis 558:(RAE) around 1946 483:ballistic missile 447:In his 1990 book 343:Republic Aviation 109:supersonic flight 16:(Redirected from 2679: 2572:highest altitude 2428:transcontinental 2423:propeller-driven 2374: 2367: 2360: 2351: 2234:Walton-on-Thames 2169:. July 16, 2003. 2150: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2108:on March 2, 2013 2092: 2086: 2068: 2062: 2044: 2035: 2018: 2012: 1995: 1989: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1947: 1941: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1911:. 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Tom. 2252: 2229: 2214: 2199: 2180: 2173: 2167:(TV program) 2163: 2156:Bibliography 2142:. Retrieved 2138:the original 2131: 2122: 2110:. Retrieved 2106:the original 2099: 2090: 2082: 2066: 2058: 2031: 2016: 2008: 1993: 1985: 1970: 1959:. Retrieved 1957:. 2024-03-18 1954: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1917:. Retrieved 1913:the original 1908: 1884:. Retrieved 1880: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1833: 1821:. Retrieved 1817: 1808: 1800: 1795: 1787: 1771: 1755: 1750: 1734: 1729: 1713: 1708: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1665:. Retrieved 1656: 1647: 1631: 1623: 1607: 1602: 1585: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1548:. Retrieved 1542: 1529: 1506: 1495:. Retrieved 1486: 1477: 1465:. Retrieved 1456: 1435: 1421: 1409:. Retrieved 1400: 1378:the original 1367: 1356:. Retrieved 1330: 1323: 1304: 1295: 1290: 1282: 1266: 1257: 1247: 1235: 1230: 1214: 1209: 1192: 1188: 1169: 1154: 1142:. Retrieved 1122: 1114: 1098: 1079: 1060: 1052: 1044: 1032:. 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London: 1034:August 30, 995:Sonic boom 968:References 962:Vapor cone 957:Sonic boom 939:David Lean 863:Andy Green 848:California 679:Miles M.52 637:John Derry 626:swept-wing 615:supersonic 572:tailplanes 564:stabilator 545:shock wave 527:supersonic 519:Miles M.52 499:Miles M.52 468:Me 163A V4 247:propellers 206:Meteorites 197:Diplodocus 153:sonic boom 113:sonic boom 76:Shock wave 73:Supersonic 48:U.S. Navy 2588:Endurance 2563:Aircraft 2509:submerged 1616:0143-5450 1487:USA Today 1005:Citations 941:directed 877:'s first 871:ThrustSSC 803:Mach tuck 799:area rule 611:transonic 451:, former 409:buffeting 392:corrected 341:In 1942, 180:dinosaurs 174:of their 149:stockwhip 2667:Airspeed 2629:See also 2620:Aircraft 2527:Distance 2450:on rails 2418:Aircraft 2338:Concorde 2075:Archived 2059:ABC News 2051:Archived 2024:Archived 2001:Archived 1978:Archived 1818:naa.aero 1780:Archived 1661:Archived 1544:Skeptoid 1491:Archived 1461:Archived 1429:Archived 1405:Archived 1349:Archived 1312:Archived 1275:Archived 1163:Archived 1135:Archived 1107:Archived 1087:Archived 1068:Archived 951:See also 816:and the 814:Concorde 786:Bell X-1 751:Concorde 675:Bell X-1 667:Bell X-1 622:tailless 538:low drag 222:airfoils 182:such as 157:Firearms 145:bullwhip 97:aircraft 67:Subsonic 2504:sailing 2492:British 2408:Vehicle 2334:a video 1986:dc8.org 1550:22 June 993:, and " 753:or the 542:conical 299:Flutter 139:History 2594:Space 2533:Space 2304: 2289: 2274: 2259: 2244: 2238:Surrey 2221: 2215:Me 262 2206: 2187: 1762: 1741: 1720: 1638: 1614: 1593: 1520: 1401:news24 1341: 1221: 1201:310695 1199: 1144:9 June 934:Legacy 924:Google 875:Yeager 861:pilot 797:, the 757:flew. 755:Tu-144 475:ramjet 449:Me-163 194:, and 70:Mach 1 50:F/A-18 2672:Sound 2401:sound 2396:light 2392:Wave 2386:Speed 2336:of a 1580:p.137 1352:(PDF) 1335:(PDF) 1197:JSTOR 1138:(PDF) 1131:(PDF) 985:See " 973:Notes 842:(now 692:Sabre 367:PL965 202:tails 2302:ISBN 2287:ISBN 2272:ISBN 2257:ISBN 2242:ISBN 2219:ISBN 2204:ISBN 2185:ISBN 2146:2014 2114:2014 2032:NASA 1921:2017 1825:2021 1788:NOVA 1760:ISBN 1739:ISBN 1718:ISBN 1669:2013 1636:ISBN 1612:ISSN 1591:ISBN 1552:2017 1518:ISBN 1469:2015 1413:2015 1339:ISBN 1219:ISBN 1146:2011 1036:2010 1029:NASA 810:SSTs 712:NACA 673:The 613:and 607:Mach 536:for 315:BI-1 272:were 83:The 2101:FAI 1696:doi 1692:114 846:), 509:'s 480:V-2 147:or 87:or 2658:: 2236:, 2232:, 2198:. 2130:. 2098:. 2081:. 2057:. 2039:^ 2030:. 2007:. 1984:. 1953:. 1936:. 1907:. 1895:^ 1879:. 1860:. 1842:. 1816:. 1786:. 1690:. 1686:. 1655:. 1630:. 1610:. 1541:. 1485:. 1459:. 1455:. 1443:^ 1399:. 1386:^ 1347:. 1281:. 1256:. 1193:38 1191:. 1177:^ 1133:. 1113:. 1051:. 1027:. 1021:. 881:. 857:, 624:, 430:, 267:. 188:, 163:. 155:. 115:. 56:). 2373:e 2366:t 2359:v 2308:. 2293:. 2278:. 2263:. 2248:. 2225:. 2210:. 2191:. 2148:. 2116:. 1964:. 1923:. 1889:. 1864:. 1846:. 1827:. 1766:. 1745:. 1724:. 1702:. 1698:: 1671:. 1642:. 1618:. 1554:. 1524:. 1500:. 1471:. 1415:. 1361:. 1225:. 1203:. 1148:. 1038:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

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