628:
85:) of relics is not treated as the outward recognition of sanctity. Rather, miracles confirmed a saint's sanctity, as evinced by the fact that when, in the twelfth century, the Papacy attempted to make sanctification an official process; many collections of miracles were written in the hope of providing proof of the saint-in-question's status. In the early Middle Ages, solemn translation marked the moment at which, the saint's miracles having been recognized, the relic was moved by a bishop or abbot to a prominent position within the church. Local veneration was then permitted. This process is known as
513:
178:
385:
31:
296:. New churches, situated in areas newly converted to Christianity, needed relics and this encouraged the translation of relics to far-off places. Relics became collectible items, and owning them became a symbol of prestige for cities, kingdoms, and monarchs, Relics were also desirable as they generated income from pilgrims traveling to venerate them. According to one legend concerning
613:
been left bereft of so great a blessing ... Then they added tears upon tears and wailing and unassuageable lamentation to their groans, saying: "Give us our patron and our champion, who with all consideration protected us from our enemies visible and invisible. And if we are entirely unworthy, do not leave us without a share, of at least some small portion of him."
1090:
623:
Professor Nevzat Cevik, the
Director of Archaeological Excavations in Demre (Myra), has recently recommended that the Turkish government should request the repatriation of St Nicholas' relics, alleging that it had always been the saint's intention to be buried in Myra. The Venetians, who also claimed
612:
Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the city learned of all that had happened from the monks who had been set free. Therefore, they proceeded in a body, a multitude of men and women, to the wharves, all of them filled and heavy with affliction. And they wept for themselves and their children, that they had
607:
who guarded them. According to one account, the monks showed the resting-place but then became immediately suspicious: "Why you men, do you make such a request? You haven't planned to carry off the remains of the holy saint from here? You don't intend to remove it to your own region? If that is your
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608:
purpose, then let it be clearly known to you that you parley with unyielding men, even if it mean our death." The tradesmen tried different tactics, including force, and manage to take hold of the relics. An anonymous chronicler writes about what happened when the inhabitants of Myra found out:
380:. Then vesting himself in his episcopal robes, he removed the relics from under the earth, and solemnly translated them into the church of the monks of St. John. After singing Mass, he deposited the holy body in a suitable place, which God has since made illustrious by many miracles.
281:, in 373 or 374 accompanied by a letter, the "Epistle of the Church of God in Gothia to the Church of God located in Cappadocia and to all the Local Churches of the Holy Universal Church". The sending of Sabbas' relics and the writing of the actual letter has been attributed to
193:
In the early church, the disturbance, let alone the division, of the remains of martyrs and other saints, was not of concern or interest, much less practised. It was assumed that they would remain permanently in their often-unidentified resting places in cemeteries and the
202:
began to be built over the site of the burial of saints. It came to be considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to saintly remains, and as such, several large "funerary halls" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, the primary example being the
218:
in 354. Perhaps partly because
Constantinople lacked the many saintly graves of Rome, translations soon became common in the Eastern Empire, even though it was still prohibited in the West. The Eastern capital was able to acquire the remains of Saints
66:
is the removal of holy objects from one locality to another (usually a higher-status location); usually only the movement of the remains of the saint's body would be treated so formally, with
292:
The spread of relics all over Europe from the 8th century onward is explained by the fact that after 787, all new
Christian churches had to possess a relic before they could be properly
624:
to have some parts of St
Nicholas, had another story: The Venetians brought the remains back to Venice, but on the way they left an arm of St Nicholas at Bari (The Morosini Codex 49A).
444:
447:
attempted unsuccessfully to rescue the rest of her relics. Finally, a
Spanish Jesuit, after many travels, brought the rest of the saint's relics to
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97:
881:
863:
254:
with its contents, but the upheavals of the barbarian invasions relaxed the rules, as remains needed to be relocated to safer places.
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343:, as well as much of the French nobility. The memory of this translation was formerly celebrated in the abbey of Beauvais as the
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732:
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such as items of clothing treated with less ceremony. Translations could be accompanied by many acts, including all-night
603:
in 1087. Tradesmen of Bari visited the relics of Saint
Nicholas in 1087 after finding out their resting-place from the
235:
declaring that "Grace remains entire with every part". An altar slab dated 357, found in North Africa but now in the
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370:, who had been residing in Cologne in his old age, had listened to the account of the finding of the relics,
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An anonymous Greek account of the transfer of the Body of Saint
Nicholas from Myra in Lycia to Bari in Italy
569:
463:
presided over a solemn ceremony commemorating the final translation of her relics to Toledo, in April 1587.
411:
Some relics were translated from place to place, buffeted by the tides of wars and conflicts. The relics of
350:
On
February 14, 1277, while work was being done at the church of St. John the Baptist (Johanniterkirche) in
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392:(in the golden reliquary held by Archbishop Georgy of Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas) visits the city of
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and on the forehead of the saint herself were written the words, "Cordula, Queen and Virgin". When
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112:(where he died in exile in 407) to Constantinople. The most commonly celebrated feast days are the
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The translation of the relics continued into modern times. On
December 4, 1796, as a result of the
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285:. This letter is the oldest known writing to be composed on Romanian soil and was written in
1047:"Ecumenical celebration relics of Saints Gregory Nazianzus and John Chrysostom [IT]"
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1029:"Return of the Relics of Sts. Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom to Constantinople"
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he wept, praised God from the depth of his soul, and requested the bystanders to sing the
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for possession of his relics. Cervia was left with a finger, while Fano took the rest.
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618:
Anonymous, Greek account of the transfer of the Body of Saint
Nicholas, 13th century
246:, were divided and widely distributed from the 4th century. In the West a decree of
145:, where he is known as San Tirso or Santo Tirso. Some of his relics were brought to
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791:
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473:("Sea Beggars") plundered the abbey in 1577; his relics were translated again to
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relics were moved from their resting-place at the abbey of Ten Duinen after the
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198:(but always outside the walls of the city, continuing a pagan taboo). Then,
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35:
821:
Heather, Peter and Matthews, John, (1991). "Passion of St. Saba the Goth",
1089:
583:
Some well-known translations of relics include the removal of the body of
239:, records the deposit beneath it of relics from several prominent saints.
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311:
The translation of relics was a solemn and important event. In 1261, the
39:
749:"Saint of the Day | Saint Thomas Aquinas, Doctor (Memorial) January 28"
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and other items buried with him are now very rare representatives of
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524:, from Myra in Asia Minor to Bari, Italy in 1087 (Historic Museum in
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118:(the day on which the saint died, not the modern idea of birthday).
634:'s depiction of the secret translation of the relics of Saint Mark.
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The date of a translation of a saint's relics was celebrated as a
78:
71:
63:
47:
29:
157:, the Cathédrale Notre Dame et Saint Thyrse. Thyrsus is thus the
929:"La diócesis de Toledo celebra el Año Jubilar de santa Leocadia"
604:
596:
588:
517:
448:
301:
231:. The division of bodies also began; the 5th-century theologian
864:"Riti e Credenze: San Paterniano 13 novembre - Cervia Turismo"
169:, in Germany, after his relics were transferred there in 836.
210:
The earliest recorded removal of saintly remains was that of
1035:
from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
662:
A famous and recent example is the return of the relics of
839:"Fully Certified Professional & Qualified Translators"
713:"The Translation of the Relics of St. John Chrysostom"
265:, Junius Soranus (Saran), that he should send him the
74:
and processions, often involving entire communities.
27:
Movement of a holy relic from one location to another
564:, and then his less respectful treatment after the
269:of saints of that region. Saran sent the relics of
121:Relics sometimes travelled very far. The relics of
980:
978:
923:
921:
556:memorialized. In England, the lengthy travels of
1076:Canonization and Authority in the Western Church
833:
831:
825:, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 102–113
700:Canonization and Authority in the Western Church
455:by sea, and then finally brought to Toledo from
327:. The translation took place in the presence of
610:
372:
100:is celebrated the translation of the relics of
947:"Beato Idesbaldo delle Dune su santiebeati.it"
536:Among the most famous translations is that of
242:Non-anatomical relics, above all that of the
8:
445:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
323:by William of Grès (Guillaume de Grès), the
319:and his two companions were placed in a new
362:, was discovered. Her relics were found to
149:: Thyrsus is thus the titular saint of the
113:
808:, p. 73, Burns & Oates, London, 1962;
642:merchants acquired the supposed relics of
477:in 1796 to avoid having them destroyed by
812:(1913) on the Louvre slab and True Cross.
451:in 1586. From Rome they were brought to
774:"Cathédrale Notre-Dame et Saint-Thyrse"
691:
423:, and from Oviedo they were brought to
986:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
882:"St Lucien - 1er Evêque du Beauvaisis"
431:). Her relics were venerated there by
7:
520:of the Translation of the Relics of
1071:, Princeton University Press, 1975.
1004:"Turks want Santa's bones returned"
250:only allowed the moving of a whole
965:"Santa Lutgarda su santiebeati.it"
96:in its own right. For example, on
25:
141:. His cult became popular in the
1088:
1078:, Oxford University Press, 1948.
915:(R. Washbourne, 1876), 361-362.
504:. Her relics remain in Ittre.
419:to Oviedo during the reign of
1:
650:, Egypt. These are housed in
568:, have been much studied, as
439:, who recovered for Toledo a
402:Pechersky Ascension Monastery
181:Translation of the relics of
1103:at the Catholic Encyclopedia
396:during its translation from
902:(R. Washbourne, 1876), 360.
823:Goths in the Fourth Century
358:, one of the companions of
77:The solemn translation (in
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261:requested of the ruler of
205:Old Saint Peter's Basilica
644:Saint Mark the Evangelist
560:'s remains to escape the
990:sourcebooks.fordham.edu
717:www.fatheralexander.org
304:competed with those of
165:became patron saint of
935:on September 27, 2007.
870:on September 27, 2007.
635:
621:
533:
408:
388:The Honorable Head of
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190:
114:
51:
50:of Freising Cathedral.
46:. From a panel in the
38:relics being moved to
1122:Catholic spirituality
1095:Translation of relics
1051:www.christianunity.va
810:Catholic Encyclopedia
778:www.sisteron-buech.fr
730:Christian Iconography
676:Greek Orthodox Church
672:See of Constantinople
630:
538:St Benedict of Nursia
515:
387:
345:fête des Corps Saints
300:, the inhabitants of
180:
151:cathedral of Sisteron
33:
1097:at Wikimedia Commons
888:on December 4, 2007.
668:Gregory of Nazianzus
522:St. Nicholas of Myra
508:Notable translations
257:In the 4th century,
185:to the monastery of
18:Translation (relics)
806:Early Christian Art
792:"Saints of July 23"
698:Eric Waldram Kemp,
566:English Reformation
542:Regula S. Benedicti
433:Philip the Handsome
163:Liborius of Le Mans
102:St. John Chrysostom
1067:Patrick J. Geary,
735:2006-09-09 at the
682:in November 2004.
652:St Mark's Basilica
636:
534:
461:Philip II of Spain
409:
406:Makaryev Monastery
390:Venerable Macarius
325:bishop of Beauvais
317:Lucian of Beauvais
191:
133:, were brought to
127:Sozopolis, Pisidia
87:local canonization
52:
1093:Media related to
911:Joachim Sighart,
898:Joachim Sighart,
804:Eduard Syndicus,
680:Pope John Paul II
632:Jacopo Tintoretto
540:, author of the "
486:French Revolution
437:Joanna of Castile
196:catacombs of Rome
143:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
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1132:Christian saints
1127:Catholic liturgy
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931:. Archived from
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913:Albert the Great
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900:Albert the Great
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884:. Archived from
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866:. Archived from
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843:DHC Translations
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709:
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696:
619:
496:were carried to
427:(in present-day
421:Abd ar-Rahman II
415:were moved from
368:Albert the Great
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68:secondary relics
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702:, Oxford, 1948.
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693:
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664:John Chrysostom
660:
658:In recent times
620:
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578:Anglo-Saxon art
510:
494:Saint Lutgardis
398:Nizhny Novgorod
341:king of Navarre
298:Saint Paternian
271:Sabbas the Goth
259:Basil the Great
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36:St. Corbinian's
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1083:External links
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1074:Eric W. Kemp,
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969:Santiebeati.it
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585:Saint Nicholas
509:
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443:of the saint.
425:Saint-Ghislain
413:Saint Leocadia
354:, the body of
333:king of France
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135:Constantinople
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1012:. Retrieved
1010:. 2009-12-28
1007:
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989:
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959:
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941:
933:the original
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886:the original
876:
868:the original
858:
847:. Retrieved
845:. 2017-07-12
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757:. Retrieved
753:the original
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329:St. Louis IX
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248:Theodosius I
241:
209:
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187:Petershausen
159:patron saint
155:Basses Alpes
137:and then to
120:
115:dies natales
91:
86:
82:
76:
59:
56:Christianity
53:
1069:Furta Sacra
574:gospel book
558:St Cuthbert
364:be fragrant
337:Theobald II
294:consecrated
252:sarcophagus
233:Theodoretus
183:St. Gregory
108:village of
60:translation
1116:Categories
1014:2020-10-21
849:2020-10-21
759:2012-02-22
686:References
648:Alexandria
593:Asia Minor
570:his coffin
467:Idesbald's
279:Cappadocia
273:to him in
244:True Cross
200:martyriums
131:Asia Minor
98:January 27
83:translatio
321:reliquary
283:Bretannio
167:Paderborn
104:from the
94:feast day
1033:Archived
1008:BBC News
733:Archived
640:Venetian
638:In 828,
616:—
554:Adrevald
552:, which
544:", from
481:troops.
453:Valencia
275:Caesarea
106:Armenian
40:Freising
670:to the
562:Vikings
546:Cassino
429:Belgium
377:Te Deum
352:Cologne
221:Timothy
216:Antioch
173:History
153:in the
1101:Relics
550:Fleury
530:Poland
490:relics
488:, the
475:Bruges
471:Geuzen
457:Cuenca
417:Toledo
394:Kstovo
339:, the
335:, and
331:, the
313:relics
306:Cervia
267:relics
237:Louvre
225:Andrew
147:France
110:Comana
72:vigils
64:relics
58:, the
44:Merano
678:) by
646:from
605:monks
601:Italy
587:from
526:Sanok
502:Awirs
500:from
498:Ittre
441:tibia
287:Greek
139:Spain
129:, in
79:Latin
48:crypt
42:from
666:and
597:Bari
589:Myra
518:icon
449:Rome
435:and
302:Fano
229:Luke
227:and
595:to
591:in
548:to
492:of
404:to
400:'s
315:of
214:at
125:at
62:of
54:In
1118::
1049:.
1031:.
1006:.
988:.
977:^
967:.
949:.
920:^
841:.
830:^
776:.
715:.
599:,
580:.
572:,
532:).
528:,
459:.
347:.
289:.
277:,
223:,
207:.
89:.
81:,
1053:.
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