94:
83:
3392:
for writing the
Russian language. Such an alphabet would not necessarily bind closely to the traditional Cyrillic orthography. The transition from Cyrillic to Latin has been proposed several times throughout history (especially during the Soviet era), but was never conducted on a large scale, except
285:
ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for
Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one
453:
of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between the new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration,
59:), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of
338:, and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials.
249:
Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer
Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical.
3324:
as well as in Old
Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case that it falls before a consonant (for example, in the word міръ), it is transliterated with an apostrophe
367:
The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for
Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting
412:
495:
449:
In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for
Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the
286:
character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for
Cyrillic text in any contemporary language.
454:
especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013.
3898:
396:. It can be rendered using only the basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the
274:
4669:
538:
462:
230:
4388:
Transliteration of
Slavonic: Report of the Committee for the Transliteration into English of Words Belonging to Russian and Other Slavonic Languages.
349:
is the main system of the Oxford
University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975—the
547:
4664:
4495:
408:
4402:"GOST 7.79-2000. System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Rules of transliteration of Cyrillic script by Latin alphabet"
4425:
4570:
3817:
195:
System of
Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet
119:
4100:
4122:
4092:
4035:
3934:
443:
110:, with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards.
4372:
33:
4041:
4864:
4280:
4241:
3940:
3911:
In general, the present practice of Russian transliteration would seem fairly messy, inconsistent, and subject to not infrequent change.
4417:
4409:
4190:
4156:
521:
206:
4854:
4274:
4235:
432:
3963:
362:
350:
315:
4067:
513:
4311:
4134:
3396:
The most serious possibility of adoption of a Latin alphabet for the Russian language was discussed in 1929–30 during the
4387:
4367:
3273:
Before the 2012 revision of the table, ъ was not romanized at the end of a word. Since that date, it is always romanized.
4331:
4202:
320:
4519:
4168:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4743:
4701:
4681:
4563:
3832:
3822:
3235:
270:
4418:"GOST R 52535.1-2006. Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports"
461:
of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in the passports must be transliterated by using the
89:(Cyrillic: Павел Дацюк), a former NHL and international ice hockey player, wearing a sweater with Latin characters
4859:
4778:
4773:
4716:
4686:
4608:
3842:
3827:
458:
450:
164:
4753:
4728:
4676:
4639:
431:, transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a
4793:
4711:
4659:
4654:
4644:
3964:"Modern Romanization of Russian Toponyms per UN Technical Reference: Phonological and Orthographic Analysis"
3837:
302:, in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of
4813:
4763:
4738:
4696:
4634:
3375:
4828:
4758:
4733:
4649:
4598:
4556:
2945:
541:
404:
544:
465:
17:
334:
The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics,
4818:
4436:
225:
standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 (
4833:
4768:
4748:
4593:
4096:
3397:
324:
149:
OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935.
4455:
4198:
4164:
4130:
3317:
3313:
532:
4401:
175:
This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the
4613:
4394:
4307:
4270:
4231:
4031:
4025:
3930:
3890:
4264:
4225:
3924:
524:
4691:
4499:
4378:
3971:
518:
439:
416:
335:
107:
44:
4410:"GOST R 52290-2004. Traffic control devices. Traffic signs. General technical requirements"
219:
Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports
4803:
3852:
3413:
3409:
428:
72:
71:). In the latter case, they would type using a system of transliteration fitted for their
64:
52:
48:
4629:
3408:
The letters of the Latin script are named in Russian as following (and are borrowed from
97:
A street sign in Russia with the name of a street shown in Cyrillic and Latin characters
4808:
4721:
299:
188:
133:
4412:(in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2006. p. 111.
3981:
3400:, when a special commission was created to propose a latinisation system for Russian.
93:
4848:
4603:
3976:
3878:
3847:
510:
504:
328:
303:
158:
86:
4420:(in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2007. p. 9.
4579:
4063:
3389:
56:
40:
82:
4469:
129:
4126:
106:
There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of
4823:
4352:
3856:
3056:
397:
4327:
4194:
3894:
233:
7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the
4160:
167:, GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000.
163:
Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the
79:
keyboards, and then use an automated tool to convert the text into Cyrillic.
3208:
Unicode recommends encoding the primes used for the soft and hard signs as
269:
ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the
4404:(in Russian). Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology. 2002.
2956:
535:
472:". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things:
176:
4542:
4531:
4484:
4480:
295:
202:
76:
68:
60:
4545:
into various European languages, Morse, Braille, Georgian and Arabic
3025:
Diacritics may be omitted when back-transliteration is not required.
4368:
American Library Association & Library of Congress Romanization
4230:(7 ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 17–18.
3997:
Transliteration of Modern Russian for English-Language Publications
3859:
template to automatically generate pronunciation for Russian words
442:, a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the
413:
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use
259:
198:
92:
81:
4390:
Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. VIII (2017). 20 pp.
527:
234:
222:
4552:
4548:
4304:
The Conversion of Scripts, Its Nature, History, and Utilization
306:. It may be found in some international cartographic products.
2959:
at the beginning of a word, after vowels, and after й, ъ or ь.
327:(ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in
32:
For the romanization of Russian used on Knowledge (XXG), see
4520:"ONLINE transliteration of the text from Cyrillic to Latin"
277:(ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages.
4501:
Romanization Systems and Roman-Script Spelling Conventions
4013:(Pamphlet). Slavonic and East European Review. c. 1966.
3362:
Some archaic letters are transcribed in different ways.
229:). The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/
3398:
campaign of latinisation of the languages of the USSR
4622:
4586:
4457:
Machine Readable Travel Documents, Doc 9303, Part 3
3388:may also indicate the introduction of a dedicated
136:and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems.
331:libraries and in the British Library since 1975.
3393:for informal romanizations in the computer era.
3037:is accepted if reverse transliteration is needed
419:was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947.
102:Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin
4087:
4085:
4483:Working Group on Romanization Systems (2016).
3879:"Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic"
415:. The portion of the system pertaining to the
400:character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity.
275:International Organization for Standardization
124:Scientific transliteration, also known as the
4564:
4470:"Summary of romanization systems for Russian"
3801:
3788:
3778:
3765:
3752:
3739:
3726:
3713:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3661:
3648:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3596:
3583:
3577:
3560:
3547:
3541:
3524:
3518:
3501:
3488:
3482:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3358:
446:, but the system was also abandoned in 2010.
423:Transliteration of names on Russian passports
8:
4064:"Search for Cyrillic items in the catalogue"
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3021:
3019:
3017:
4463:(7th ed.). ICAO. 2015. pp. 33–34.
4397:Ottawa University, April 1965. 126 pp.
3009:initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.
2932:initially, after vowels, and after ъ and ь.
2296:
2103:
132:since the 19th century. It is based on the
4571:
4557:
4549:
3234:, and the apostrophes for the same as the
2940:
2938:
3999:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3975:
470:Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3
353:(ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions.
4269:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4030:. Oxford University Press. p. 240.
4027:New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide
3282:ъ is not romanized at the end of a word.
403:This particular standard is part of the
3929:(in Russian). Directmedia. p. 44.
3869:
2921:
409:United States Board on Geographic Names
34:Knowledge (XXG):Romanization of Russian
18:Transliteration of Russian into English
4543:Comparative transliteration of Russian
4498:Foreign Names Committee Staff (1994).
4395:Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets.
4137:from the original on 25 September 2011
4011:Guide to Style and Presentation of MSS
3818:Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
3204:
3202:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2868:
497:Common systems for romanizing Russian
438:In 1997, with the introduction of new
201:. It is the official standard of both
120:Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
4538:. Institute of the Estonian Language.
4524:Cyrillic → Latin transliteration (LC)
4490:. Institute of the Estonian Language.
4475:. Institute of the Estonian Language.
2967:
2965:
2865:
501:
7:
4587:By publisher (for several languages)
2987:after consonants except ч, ш, щ, ж (
444:Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs
128:, is a system that has been used in
27:Romanization of the Russian alphabet
4433:International Ice Hockey Federation
4334:from the original on 30 August 2013
4328:""О латинизации русского алфавита""
4127:"Order No. 1047 (31 December 2003)"
4283:from the original on 28 April 2016
4244:from the original on 30 April 2016
4205:from the original on 12 March 2017
4171:from the original on 12 March 2017
4044:from the original on 12 March 2017
3943:from the original on 12 March 2017
3320:is always transliterated as Latin
468:, which is published in Doc 9303 "
290:United Nations romanization system
207:Commonwealth of Independent States
25:
4195:"Order No. 320 (15 October 2012)"
4103:from the original on 13 June 2018
4070:from the original on 12 July 2020
3962:Zots, Ivan Vladimirovich (2020).
3901:from the original on 3 March 2022
3262:MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE APOSTROPHE
4161:"Order No. 26 (3 February 2010)"
3977:10.20944/preprints202006.0095.v1
363:BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian
4435:. February 2011. Archived from
4426:"IIHF Transcription of Russian"
4330:(in Russian). 18 January 2010.
388:, and omitting apostrophes for
316:ALA-LC romanization for Russian
238:
4496:U.S. Board on Geographic Names
4353:Russian names of Latin Letters
4266:A Reference Grammar of Russian
3126:= э after consonants except й.
522:ISO 9:1995; GOST 7.79-2000(A)
457:In 2013, Order No. 320 of the
429:Soviet international passports
226:
126:International Scholarly System
65:native Russian keyboard layout
1:
4623:By language or writing system
4197:(in Russian). No. 6041.
4163:(in Russian). No. 5125.
4129:(in Russian). No. 3386.
4097:"Order No. 310 (26 May 1997)"
3404:Latin letter names in Russian
3291:The British Library uses ы =
4532:"Foreign geographical names"
4468:Pedersen, Thomas T. (2006).
4123:Ministry of Internal Affairs
4093:Ministry of Internal Affairs
3980:. 2020060095. Archived from
3232:MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE PRIME
3098:= ы before а, у, ы, э (ыа =
3076:= й before а, у, ы, э (йа =
3059:(·) may be used to signify:
405:BGN/PCGN romanization system
321:American Library Association
310:Library of Congress (ALA-LC)
4227:Old Church Slavonic Grammar
3308:In GOST 7.79-2000 Cyrillic
3236:modifier letter apostrophes
3171:to distinguish it from ц =
1946:ʼ (or loosely ')
407:which was developed by the
4881:
4865:Russian-language computing
4302:Wellisch, Hans H. (1978).
4224:Lunt, Horace Grey (2001).
3923:Vinogradov, N. V. (1941).
3833:Romanization of Macedonian
3823:Romanization of Belarusian
3373:
3249:MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE
2864:
500:
480:(as in pre-2010 systems),
360:
351:Library of Congress system
347:British Standard 2979:1958
313:
271:scientific transliteration
257:
186:
156:
117:
114:Scientific transliteration
31:
4263:Timberlake, Alan (2004).
4191:Federal Migratory Service
4157:Federal Migratory Service
4066:. British Library. 2014.
4024:Waddingham, Anne (2014).
3877:Ivanov, Lyubomir (2017).
3843:Romanization of Ukrainian
3828:Romanization of Bulgarian
3802:
3789:
3779:
3766:
3753:
3740:
3727:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3623:
3610:
3597:
3584:
3578:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3525:
3519:
3502:
3489:
3483:
3466:
3453:
3440:
3427:
3184:It is recommended to use
2297:Pre-18th century letters
459:Federal Migration Service
451:Federal Migration Service
336:two-letter tie characters
298:, a Working Group of the
165:USSR Council of Ministers
51:of Russian text from the
4855:Romanization of Cyrillic
4526:. Cestovatelské stránky.
3995:Shaw, J. Thomas (1967).
2883:ISO9:1995; GOST 2002(A)
213:GOST 52535.1-2006 (2006)
3883:Contrastive Linguistics
3838:Romanization of Serbian
3386:Latinization of Russian
3380:In a second sense, the
484:is transliterated into
476:is transliterated into
3376:Russian Latin alphabet
2909:Passport (2013), ICAO
548:Passport (2013), ICAO
98:
90:
75:, such as for English
3984:on 19 September 2020.
3219:MODIFIER LETTER PRIME
2955:are used to indicate
1852:ˮ (or loosely ")
492:Transliteration table
245:Street and road signs
221:is an adoption of an
183:GOST 7.79-2000 (2002)
96:
85:
4536:Place Names Database
153:GOST 16876-71 (1973)
4306:. New York: Wiley.
4125:(22 January 2004).
3889:(2). Sofia: 66–73.
3196:in all other cases.
3145:, and ый is either
3062:non-digraphs (тс =
498:
433:French-style system
325:Library of Congress
4199:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
4165:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
4131:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
2998:after ч, ш, щ, ж (
525:GOST 7.79-2000(B)
496:
217:GOST 52535.1-2006
197:is an adoption of
171:ST SEV 1362 (1978)
99:
91:
4842:
4841:
4507:. pp. 93–94.
4386:British Academy.
4193:(27 March 2013).
4037:978-0-19-957002-7
3936:978-5-4475-6305-9
3120:= ы after vowels;
2913:
2912:
2104:Pre-1918 letters
545:Passport (2010)
519:GOST 16876-71(2)
514:GOST 16876-71(1);
440:Russian passports
16:(Redirected from
4872:
4860:Russian language
4573:
4566:
4559:
4550:
4539:
4527:
4508:
4506:
4491:
4489:
4476:
4474:
4464:
4462:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4430:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4159:(5 March 2010).
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3874:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3363:
3360:
3333:
3330:
3306:
3300:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3167:тс is romanized
3165:
3154:
3135:
3129:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3012:
3000:ch, sh, shch, zh
2989:ch, sh, shch, zh
2978:
2972:
2969:
2960:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2906:Passport (2010)
2903:Passport (1997)
542:Passport (1997)
499:
417:Russian language
342:British Standard
108:Russian Cyrillic
63:rapidly using a
45:Russian language
21:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4618:
4582:
4577:
4530:
4518:
4515:
4504:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4442:on 4 April 2016
4439:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4379:Church Slavonic
4364:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4277:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4238:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3904:
3902:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3853:Template:ru-IPA
3814:
3809:
3406:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3336:
3328:
3307:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3157:
3136:
3132:
3054:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3015:
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193:GOST 7.79-2000
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73:keyboard layout
53:Cyrillic script
49:transliteration
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4878:
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4513:External links
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4099:(in Russian).
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516:UNGEGN (1987)
512:
509:
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493:
490:
424:
421:
376:, simplifying
361:Main article:
358:
355:
343:
340:
329:North American
314:Main article:
311:
308:
300:United Nations
291:
288:
282:
279:
266:
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258:Main article:
255:
252:
246:
243:
237:romanization (
214:
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189:GOST 7.79-2000
187:Main article:
184:
181:
172:
169:
157:Main article:
154:
151:
146:
143:
141:
138:
134:Czech alphabet
118:Main article:
115:
112:
103:
100:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4309:
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4278:
4276:9780521772921
4272:
4268:
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4237:3-11-016284-9
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3892:
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3873:
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3851:
3849:
3848:Faux Cyrillic
3846:
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3137:ий is either
3134:
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3022:
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3018:
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3008:
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2997:
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2986:
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2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2897:BS 2979:1958
2886:GOST 2002(B)
2880:GOST 1971(2)
2875:GOST 1971(1);
2872:ISO/R 9:1968
2860:
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536:BS 2979:1958
511:ISO/R 9:1968
508:
491:
489:
488:(a novelty).
487:
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87:Pavel Datsyuk
84:
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58:
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50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
4706:
4670:in Singapore
4580:Romanization
4535:
4523:
4500:
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4437:the original
4432:
4348:
4336:. Retrieved
4322:
4303:
4297:
4285:. Retrieved
4265:
4258:
4246:. Retrieved
4226:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4072:. Retrieved
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4026:
4019:
4010:
4005:
3996:
3990:
3982:the original
3967:
3957:
3945:. Retrieved
3925:
3918:
3910:
3903:. Retrieved
3886:
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3872:
3797:
3784:
3774:
3761:
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3735:
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3382:romanization
3381:
3379:
3370:Latin script
3326:
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3055:An optional
3034:
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507:
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162:
148:
125:
123:
105:
57:Latin script
41:romanization
38:
29:
4393:Gerych, G.
4141:24 February
2971:ye after ь.
2916:Table notes
411:and by the
384:endings to
130:linguistics
4849:Categories
4834:Vietnamese
4702:Macedonian
4682:Belarusian
4362:References
4313:0471016209
4287:11 October
4248:11 October
3857:Wiktionary
3190:i, e, y, j
3057:middle dot
2869:Scholarly
859:e (ye, yo)
398:interpunct
199:ISO 9:1995
4779:Maldivian
4774:Malayalam
4749:Inuktitut
4717:Ukrainian
4687:Bulgarian
4665:in Taiwan
4485:"Russian"
3968:Preprints
3895:0204-8701
3318:Bulgarian
3314:Ukrainian
2900:BGN/PCGN
2866:Cyrillic
539:BGN/PCGN
505:Scholarly
502:Cyrillic
239:see below
227:see below
55:into the
4799:Sanskrit
4754:Japanese
4729:Georgian
4677:Cyrillic
4640:Armenian
4599:BGN/PCGN
4338:26 April
4332:Archived
4281:Archived
4242:Archived
4203:Archived
4169:Archived
4135:Archived
4101:Archived
4068:Archived
4042:Archived
3941:Archived
3905:11 March
3899:Archived
3855:for the
3812:See also
3754:дубль-вэ
3749:dublʹ-ve
2957:iotation
2946:digraphs
357:BGN/PCGN
205:and the
145:OST 8483
4809:Tibetan
4794:Persian
4784:Marathi
4712:Serbian
4707:Russian
4660:Chinese
4655:Burmese
4645:Bengali
4630:Amharic
4446:9 March
4373:Russian
4209:9 March
4175:9 March
4107:9 March
4074:9 March
4048:9 March
3947:9 March
3790:ипсилон
3785:ipsilon
3412:and/or
3295:, ый =
3259:ˮ
3246:ʼ
3229:ʺ
3216:ʹ
3188:before
3110:, ыэ =
3106:, ыы =
3102:, ыу =
3088:, йэ =
3084:, йы =
3080:, йу =
3066:, шч =
2894:ALA-LC
2731:ję (ja)
2684:ją (ju)
2543:ôt (ot)
1949:ʼ
1940:ʼ
1846:ʼ
533:ALA-LC
273:by the
265:ISO/R 9
209:(CIS).
177:COMECON
43:of the
4829:Uyghur
4814:Telugu
4804:Syriac
4789:Nepali
4764:Korean
4739:Hebrew
4697:Kyrgyz
4692:Kazakh
4650:Berber
4635:Arabic
4594:ALA-LC
4481:UNGEGN
4381:(2011)
4375:(2012)
4310:
4273:
4234:
4034:
3933:
3893:
3582:) or (
3546:) or (
3523:) or (
3487:) or (
3414:German
3410:French
3256:
3254:U+02EE
3243:
3241:U+02BC
3226:
3224:U+02BA
3213:
3211:U+02B9
3192:, but
2891:signs
2637:ę (ja)
2402:dz (ʒ)
2308:ê (j)e
2162:f (th)
2130:i (i')
1899:ȳ (ui)
1655:cz (c)
1593:x (ch)
1038:j (jj)
871:e (ye)
868:ë (yë)
824:e (ye)
821:e (ye)
812:e (ye)
530:signs
466:system
296:UNGEGN
203:Russia
77:QWERTY
69:JCUKEN
61:typing
4759:Khmer
4744:Hindi
4734:Greek
4722:Uzbek
4505:(PDF)
4488:(PDF)
4473:(PDF)
4461:(PDF)
4440:(PDF)
4429:(PDF)
3864:Notes
3783:) or
3780:игрек
3775:igrek
3329:'
3068:sh·ch
2590:ą (u)
2496:ô (o)
2256:i (ü)
1817:shch
281:ISO 9
260:ISO 9
47:(the
4824:Urdu
4819:Thai
4614:Yale
4604:GOST
4448:2021
4340:2013
4308:ISBN
4289:2015
4271:ISBN
4250:2015
4232:ISBN
4211:2017
4177:2017
4143:2011
4109:2017
4076:2017
4050:2017
4032:ISBN
3949:2017
3931:ISBN
3907:2021
3891:ISSN
3887:XLII
3316:and
3251:and
3221:and
2951:and
2944:The
2928:е =
2889:Road
1814:shch
1811:shch
1808:shch
1805:shch
1802:shch
1799:shch
528:Road
463:ICAO
392:and
380:and
323:and
294:The
235:ICAO
223:ICAO
140:GOST
39:The
4769:Lao
4609:ISO
3972:doi
3803:зет
3798:zet
3796:Z:
3773:Y:
3767:икс
3762:iks
3760:X:
3747:W:
3734:V:
3721:U:
3708:T:
3695:S:
3682:R:
3669:Q:
3656:P:
3643:O:
3630:N:
3617:M:
3611:эль
3606:elʹ
3604:L:
3591:K:
3579:йот
3572:or
3570:jot
3568:J:
3555:I:
3536:or
3532:H:
3513:or
3509:G:
3496:F:
3477:or
3473:E:
3460:D:
3447:C:
3434:B:
3421:A:
3416:):
3384:or
3312:in
3169:t-s
3149:or
3141:or
3112:y·e
3108:y·y
3104:y·u
3100:y·a
3090:y·e
3086:y·y
3082:y·u
3078:y·a
3064:t·s
2846:p͡s
2799:k͡s
2752:i͡ę
2705:i͡ą
2564:ō͡t
2376:i͡e
2230:i͡e
2099:ia
2084:i͡a
2052:iu
2037:i͡u
1864:ie
1796:shh
1790:shh
1770:sh
1723:ch
1676:ts
1661:t͡s
1629:kh
924:zh
427:In
382:-yy
378:-iy
372:to
254:ISO
241:).
231:IEC
4851::
4534:.
4522:.
4431:.
4279:.
4240:.
4201:.
4167:.
4133:.
4095:.
4084:^
4040:.
3970:.
3966:.
3939:.
3909:.
3897:.
3885:.
3881:.
3741:вэ
3736:ve
3715:тэ
3710:te
3702:эс
3697:es
3689:эр
3684:er
3676:ку
3671:ku
3663:пэ
3658:pe
3637:эн
3632:en
3624:эм
3619:em
3598:ка
3593:ka
3585:жи
3574:ži
3549:ха
3543:аш
3538:ha
3534:aš
3526:жэ
3520:гэ
3515:že
3511:ge
3503:эф
3498:ef
3475:je
3467:дэ
3462:de
3454:цэ
3449:ce
3441:бэ
3436:be
3337:^
3297:uy
3293:ui
3238:,
3201:^
3194:cz
3173:ts
3158:^
3151:yy
3139:iy
3124:·e
3118:·y
3114:);
3096:y·
3092:);
3074:y·
3070:);
3042:^
3035:jj
3016:^
3007:yo
3005:=
3002:);
2994:=
2991:);
2985:ye
2983:=
2980:ё
2964:^
2953:yë
2949:ye
2937:^
2930:ye
2861:–
2825:ps
2822:ѱ
2814:–
2775:ѯ
2767:–
2728:ѩ
2720:–
2681:ѭ
2673:–
2634:ѧ
2626:–
2587:ѫ
2579:–
2540:ѿ
2532:–
2493:ѡ
2485:–
2446:ꙋ
2438:–
2417:js
2399:ѕ
2391:–
2355:ẹ
2352:ѥ
2344:–
2305:є
2292:–
2280:y̆
2271:yh
2253:ѵ
2245:–
2224:ye
2206:ѣ
2198:–
2177:fh
2174:f̀
2159:ѳ
2151:–
2112:і
2096:ia
2093:ya
2090:ya
2087:ya
2081:ya
2078:ya
2072:ja
2069:ja
2066:ja
2063:ja
2060:я
2049:iu
2046:yu
2043:yu
2040:yu
2034:yu
2031:yu
2025:ju
2022:ju
2019:ju
2016:ju
2013:ю
2005:e
1984:e'
1978:eh
1966:э
1958:–
1919:ь
1911:y
1890:y'
1872:ы
1825:ъ
1784:šč
1781:šč
1778:щ
1767:sh
1764:sh
1761:sh
1758:sh
1755:sh
1752:sh
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