Transnistria War - Knowledge (XXG)

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briefly assessing the situation, he assumed command of the army, relieving Netkachev, and ordered his troops to enter the conflict directly. On 3 July at 03:00, a massive artillery strike from 14th Army formations stationed on left bank of the Dniester obliterated the Moldovan force concentrated in Gerbovetskii forest, near Bender, effectively ending the military phase of the conflict. Romanian authors Anatolie Muntean and Nicolae Ciubotaru attribute to Lebed a quote demonstrating his support of the Transnistrian cause: "I am proud that we helped and armed Transnistrian guards against Moldovan fascists". He also called himself as "guarantor" of the "Dniester Republic". However, he bore no goodwill towards the Transnistrian leadership and frequently denounced them as "criminals" and "bandits". Another quote attributed to him describes his stance as follows: "I told the hooligans in Tiraspol and the fascists in Chișinău – either you stop killing each other, or else I'll shoot the whole lot of you with my tanks".

761: 603: 1384:, which allowed political pluralism at the regional (republican) level. In the Moldavian SSR, as in many other parts of the Soviet Union, national movements became the leading political force. As these movements exhibited increasingly nationalist sentiments and expressed intent to leave the USSR in favor of uniting with Romania, they encountered growing opposition from among the primarily Russian-speaking ethnic minorities living in the republic. This opposition to the new trends and potential future policies was manifested in a more visible way in Transnistria, where, unlike the rest of the MSSR, ethnic 133: 682: 524: 512: 702: 498: 170: 2245: 2138: 3989: 644: 728: 661: 486: 474: 455: 436: 417: 398: 375: 356: 344: 329: 157: 2444:, appropriating an unknown but large amount of equipment. With the commanding officer of the 14th Guards Army, General G. I. Yakovlev, openly supporting the newly created PMR, these forays usually met no resistance from army guards, who never faced punishment. Yakovlev eventually participated in the founding of the PMR, served in the PMR Supreme Soviet and accepted the position as the first chairman of the PMR Department of Defense on 3 December 1991, causing the Commander-in-Chief of the 1954: 773: 1425: 2315: 2302: 785: 2227:-250 bombs each. The other aircraft was a MiG-29UB providing cover. No direct hits were achieved on the intended target, but the bridge received some blast and splinter damage from near misses. One of the bombs went astray and fell on a civilian residence, killing a number of people inside. Sources from the 14th Army claimed a second MiG-29 attack on an oil refinery at Tiraspol the following day, in which one aircraft was allegedly shot down by a 2099:) were killed, but the military unit from Cocieri was defeated by the Moldovans. The officers and their families were forced to leave the village. More policemen were ferried the following days from the western bank of the Dniester. They organized a defense line around the three villages, while PMR forces retained control of Dubăsari. In the following weeks both PMR and Moldovan forces amassed large numbers in the area and fought a 716: 3979: 2393:, HRC Memorial observers interviewed 12 Transnistrian prisoners of war. The prisoners stated that while being initially detained and interrogated in Căușeni, they were severely beaten with clubs and gun buttstocks by Moldovan police, as well as being threatened with firing squads. There were also reports of captured Moldovan policemen, soldiers and volunteers being beaten and tortured by PMR forces. 615: 584: 572: 540: 810: 547: 1704: 797: 628: 303: 291: 279: 267: 248: 236: 224: 212: 197: 141: 2203:

Bender arrested the 14th Army's Major Yermakov on suspicion of planned subversion. After his arrest, PMR guards opened fire on the police station. The Moldovan government ordered its troops to enter the city the following morning. Urban warfare ensued between the two sides in the densely populated city, causing civilian casualties. The Moldovan radio said three Soviet Russian

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local eyewitnesses testified that in the same day, unarmed men that gathered in the Bender downtown square in request of the PMR Executive Committee, were fired at from machine guns. HRC observers were told by doctors in Bender that as a result of heavy fire from Moldovan positions between 19 and 20 June, they were unable to attend the wounded.

2709:[On measures to implement the Decree of the President of the Republic of Moldova of November 14, 1991 "On declaring the property of the Republic of Moldova weapons, military equipment, other military property belonging to military units stationed on the territory of the republic"] (in Russian). Archived from 2637:

participation of the 14th Army was indispensable for the victory of the separatists, ... Moldovan forces were concentrated in a forest near Bender, and Lebed decided to stop their advance by relying on his powerful artillery. At 0300 on 3 July massive barrages rained down on the unsuspecting Moldovans ...

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taken from the stores of the former 14th Army. The Russian troops chose not to oppose the PMR units who had come to help themselves from the Army's stores; on the contrary, in many cases they helped the PMR troops equip themselves by handing over weapons and by opening up the ammunition stores to them.

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Shortly before the escalation of the conflict in late June 1992, Romania provided military support to Moldova by supplying weaponry, ammunition and armed vehicles, and also by sending military advisers and training Moldovan military and police forces. Volunteers from Romania fought on Moldova's side.

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From 21 to 22 June, both sides engaged in intense urban street fighting, which employed the use of tanks, artillery and grenade launchers. Officers from both sides admitted that these actions led to an increase in civilian casualties. During this time period, ambulance cars were fired upon, with both

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The news of the havoc in Bender reached Tiraspol, only 11 km (7 miles) away, as Moldovan troops were approaching the crucial bridge over the Dniester. At this point, with the support of ROG's tanks, the Transnistrian Republican Guard and Cossack volunteers rushed to confront the Moldovan forces.

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was made in absence of "any real legal basis". The PMR interpreted this as meaning that the 1940-merger of the two sides of the Dniester river was dissolved. Moldova, however, did not agree, as large portions of the territory occupied in 1940 by the USSR remain in Ukraine, and almost immediately took

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and Moldova to believe that a union between Moldova and Romania was inevitable. This possibility caused fears among the Russian-speaking population that they would be excluded from most aspects of public life. From September 1989, there were strong scenes of protests in the region against the central

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in Moldovan territory numbered about 14,000 professional soldiers. The PMR authorities had 9,000 militiamen trained and armed by officers of the 14th Army. The volunteers came from the Russian Federation: a number of Don, Kuban, Orenburg, Sibir and local Transnistrian Black Sea Cossacks joined in to

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By 1992, Moldova had troops under the Ministry of the Interior. On 17 March 1992, they started recruiting troops for the newly created Ministry of Defence. By July 1992, total Moldovan troop strength has been estimated at 25,000–35,000, including called-up police officers, conscripts, reservists and

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One of the first clashes between the Moldovan government and separatists occurred on 2 November 1990 in Dubăsari. Local women stormed the Court and Prosecutor's Office and stayed there for several hours. A police detachment was then dispatched to clear a roadblock placed by the city residents on the

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While some believe that the combination of a distinct history (especially 1918–1940) and a fear of discrimination by Moldovans, gave rise to separatist sentiments, others believe that ethnic tensions alone fail to account for the dynamics of the conflict. According to John Mackinlay and Peter Cross,

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This response was too much for the commander of the 14th Army General Yuri Netkachev, who ordered Russian troops to drive out the Moldovan forces. The 14th Army had always supported the separatists since the very beginning, but this direct support was the first open participation in combat. ... The

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arrived at the 14th Army headquarters with standing orders to inspect the army, prevent the theft of armaments from its depots, stop the ongoing conflict with any means available and ensure the unimpeded evacuation of armaments and Army personnel from Moldovan and through Ukrainian territory. After

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The Russian 14th Army's role in the area was crucial to the outcome of the war. The Moldovan army's position of inferiority prevented it from gaining control of Transnistria. Russia has since disbanded the 14th army and reduced troop strength in Transnistria to a corps of around 1,300 men who form

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and the Russian Federation in turn) stationed in Transnistria, had fought with and on behalf of the PMR forces. A significant portion of the personnel of the Russian 14th Army were local conscripts and officers that had been given local residence. PMR units were able to arm themselves with weapons

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signed a decree that declared void the decisions of the Second Congress of People Deputies of Transnistria from 2 September. For two months, Moldovan authorities refrained from taking action against this proclamation. Transnistria became one of the "unrecognized republics" that appeared throughout

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eyewitnesses on 19 June 1992 saw Moldovan troops in armored vehicles deliberately firing at houses, courtyards and cars with heavy machine guns. The next day, Moldovan troops allegedly shot at civilians that were hiding in houses, trying to escape the city, or helping wounded PMR guardsmen. Other

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erupted after regular Moldovan forces entered the city of Bender in an attempt to reestablish the authority of Moldova there. It has been reported that this action was a response to the stand-off at the police station in Bender on 19 June 1992. On the afternoon of that day, the Moldovan police in

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A second Moldovan attempt to cross the Lunga bridge took place on 13 December 1991. As a result of the fighting, 27 PMR troops were taken prisoner and four Moldovan troops (Ghenadie Iablocikin, Gheorghe Cașu, Valentin Mereniuk and Mihai Arnăut) were killed, without Moldova being able to cross the

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territory, accusing him of helping the PMR forces to arm themselves by using the weapons stocks of the 14th Army. At that time, General Yakovlev has been both Commander of the 14th Army and "Head of the National Defence and Security Department" of the PMR. The government of the Russian Federation

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On 1 March 1992 Igor Shipcenko, the PMR militia chief of Dubăsari, was killed by a teenager and Moldovan police were accused of the killing. Although minor, this incident was a sufficient spark for the already very tense situation to blow up and cause the conflict to escalate.

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Russia Vice-president Rutskoy, in a speech delivered on the main channel of the Russian television, called for all Russian forces in Tiraspol to storm Bender. In the course of the following days, parts of the city of Bender, including the center, were retaken by PMR forces.

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It is estimated that in total nearly one thousand people were killed in the conflict, with the number of wounded approaching 3,000. Unlike many other post-Soviet conflicts, IDPs (internally displaced persons) did not reach large numbers in the war of Transnistria.

2707:"О мерах по реализации Указа Президента Республики Молдова от 14 ноября 1991 года "Об объявлении собственностью Республики Молдова вооружения, военной техники, другого военного имущества, принадлежащего воинским частям, дислоцированным на территории республики"" 2032:, i.e. received full international recognition of its 27 August 1991 declaration of independence. After Transnistrian paramilitary advances Moldova declared the state of emergency on 29 March, the armed conflict culminated in May and June in three areas along the 2094:

On 2 March 1992, locals from Cocieri, after hearing about the situation in Dubăsari, broke into the small local arms depot to arm themselves against the PMR side. Three locals (Alexandru Luchianov from Cocieri, Alexandru Gazea from Molovata and Mihai Nour from

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that effectively cut the city off from the central government. After being prevented from clearing the roadblock, policemen opened fire, with three residents of Dubăsari being killed and 13 wounded, resulting in the first casualties of the conflict.

1926:, Smirnov and Andrei Cheban were arrested by Moldova's police and immediately transported to a prison in Moldova. In protest, the women's strike committee headed by Galina Andreeva blocked the Moscow–Chișinău railway line at a waypoint between 3045: 2072:(approx 30,000 inhabitants), together forming a contiguous mainly inhabited area 10–12 km (about 7 miles) along the shore. The only connection to the western bank from the three villages is either a ferry, or two bridges in Dubăsari. 2048: 2724: 2028:

bridge. After this second failed attempt, there was a lull in military activity until 2 March 1992, considered the official start date of the War of Transnistria. This day was the same day when Moldova was admitted as a member of the

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officially took the position of neutrality and non-involvement, many of its officers were sympathetic towards the fledgling Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and some even defected in order to help the PMR side openly. ROG

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members fought alongside Transnistrian separatists against Moldovan government forces in defense of a large ethnic-Ukrainian minority in Transnistria. The incongruous motive of assisting a mostly pro-Russian region was for the

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On 22 June 1992, acting on news that troops from the 14th Army were ready to cross the Dniestr and move deep into Moldova, the Moldovan military ordered an airstrike to destroy the bridge between Bender and Tiraspol. A three

365: 1839:, being exaggerated and, perhaps, intentionally politicized. Some described the language laws as "discriminatory" and criticized their rapid implementation. Others, on the contrary, complained the laws were not followed. 3120: 1776:

during 1940–1989. On 27 April 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR adopted the traditional tricolour (blue, yellow and red) flag with the Moldavian coat of arms and later changed in 1991 the national anthem to

3945: 407: 2452:, to promptly relieve him of his rank and service in the Russian military. Yakovlev's successor, General Yuriy Netkachev has assumed a more neutral stance in the conflict. However, his attempts at mediation between 1396:

who conducted a study based on casualty reports, significant numbers of both Transnistrians and Moldovans fought together on both sides of the conflict. They suggest that the conflict is more political in nature.

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Anatolie Muntean, Nicolae Ciubotaru – "Războiul de pe Nistru" (The war on Dniestr), Ager-Economistul Publishing House, Bucharest 2004, page 451 (with a photo of Lebed inspecting Transnistrian guards)

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In addition to Soviet weaponry inherited upon independence, Moldova also obtained arms from Romania. Romania also sent military advisors and volunteers to aid Moldova during the conflict.

1650: 1036: 3050:[On 6 April, Cossacks in Krasnodar held a commemoration for those killed during the military conflict in Transnistria (PHOTO)] (in Russian). Radio Pridnestrovie. Archived from 2460:

were largely unsuccessful and the situation escalated to an open military engagement by June 1992. On 23 June, in the wake of a coordinated offensive by Moldovan forces, Major General

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A similar development occurred on 13 March in the villages of Coșnița, Pîrîta, Pohrebea and Doroțcaia. A second "bridge-head" was formed on the eastern bank, now south of Dubăsari.

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fight alongside the separatists. Due to the irregular makeup of the forces, troop strength of the PMR is in dispute, but it is believed that during March it numbered around 12,000.

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Neither side had a proper military force. The intervention of the Russian Fourteenth Army and its commander General Alexander Lebed on behalf of the Transdniestrians was decisive.

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interceded with the Moldovan government to obtain the release of General Yakovlev in exchange for 26 policemen detained by PMR forces at the start of the fighting in Dubăsari.

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The first fatalities in the emerging conflict took place on 2 November 1990, two months after the PMR's 2 September 1990 declaration of independence. Moldovan forces entered

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as "null and void" and viewed Moldova's Independence as an act of elimination of "the political and legal consequences of the above", declaring that the establishment of the

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ceasefires, lasted throughout the spring and early summer of 1992 until a ceasefire was declared on 21 July 1992, which has held. The conflict is sometimes known as the

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With the PMR's overwhelming military superiority, Moldova had little chance of achieving victory and the fighting was unpopular with the skeptical Moldovan population.

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sides accusing each other of the attacks. PMR sources stated that in Bender, one doctor was killed and several wounded, while six ambulance personnel were wounded in

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and Transnistria declared themselves as separate from Moldova and announced their application to be reattached to the Soviet Union as independent federal republics.

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A ceasefire agreement was signed on 21 July. This official document whose broad lines was established by the Russian side, was signed by the presidents of Russia (

1230: 6378: 5201: 5061: 4018: 1618: 1318: 1158: 1087: 995: 2706: 2437:. Moldovan forces used aircraft in the village of Parcani (Parkany) and shelled the ROG station there which meant engaging not just PMR but also Russian forces. 1080: 6154: 4703: 6395: 1732: 1575: 665: 6514: 6107: 6102: 5362: 4879: 4237: 6023: 5423: 4874: 4225: 4142: 2662: 2536: 1338: 1012: 5649: 5054: 4974: 4884: 4859: 4132: 4125: 2556: 2407: 1148: 3380:"Large-scale and gross violations of human rights and the situation in the zone of armed conflict in and around the city of Bender (June–July, 1992)" 3666: 2807: 2091:

from the Dubăsari raion (district), instead of returning to work in the occupied precinct in Dubăsari, now a milice precinct, gathered in Cocieri.

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Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alexei Arbatov, et al. eds. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997), p. 178

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regime in neighboring Romania in December 1989 and the partial opening of the border between Romania and Moldova on 6 May 1990, led many in

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Days after the truce had been agreed upon, a military confrontation between a local self-defence unit and the Moldovan army, took place in

1675: 1225: 2925: 2266: 2159: 4230: 6159: 5273: 5002: 4729: 4364: 4152: 4040: 3960: 3877:Приднестровский парламентарий: Причиной приднестровского конфликта стало то, что Молдавия провозгласила себя моноэтническим государством 1638: 6092: 2541: 6373: 6205: 5571: 5156: 4889: 4074: 3799:

Anatolie Muntean, Nicolae Ciubotaru – "Războiul de pe Nistru", Ager – Economistul Publishing House, Bucharest 2004, pages 119 and 122.

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in order to separate Transnistria into two halves, but were stopped by the city's inhabitants, who had blocked the bridge over the

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sapper battalion, under the orders of General Butkevich, went over to the PMR side. This battalion later destroyed the bridges at

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According to Romanian sources, at least one inmate was released from Bender prison to be enrolled in the Transnistrian Guard.

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over Moldovan-Romanian aggression." Following the war, 50 UNSO members were awarded the PMR "Defender of Transnistria" medal.

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in 1991. However, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, the territorial changes resulting from it have remained in place.

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tanks from the 14th Army, some bearing Russian flags, were destroyed when closing in on central Bender, two of them by

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The first area of military action was on the eastern shore of the Dniester river, from north to south, the villages of

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Building still showing damage from the brief fighting in Bender during Transnistria's war for independence from Moldova

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The language laws presented a particularly volatile issue as a great proportion of the non-Moldovan population of the

1718: 1404: 1389: 1333: 1070: 593: 4849: 4420: 2259: 2253: 2152: 2146: 1495: 3720: 3229:"Oazu Nantoi: "Conflictul nu este intern. Pacificatorii ruși au menirea de a nu admite rezolvarea acestui conflict"" 732: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6305: 5843: 5833: 5803: 5793: 5408: 5348: 5263: 5176: 5102: 4854: 3855: 3610: 2766: 1550: 1060: 6038: 6484: 6459: 6144: 5838: 5097: 5020: 5016: 5012: 4864: 4337: 4157: 4004: 3627: 1915: 1218: 1213: 1055: 334: 5991: 4635: 3121:"'Noi trebuie să ne închinăm rușilor și să uităm de români'. Interviu cu primul lider al găgăuzilor din Moldova" 2270: 2163: 6285: 6210: 5566: 5151: 4844: 4812: 4761: 4744: 4415: 4137: 4052: 4045: 3467: 2684:[Pavel Creangă: "During the entire war I did not receive a single written order!"]. KP.Md. 3 March 2010 2359: 2340: 1600: 1260: 1128: 895:(Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, PMR) forces, including the Transnistrian Republican Guard, militia and neo- 607: 6198: 6112: 2742: 1819:

as official languages. As the nationalist-dominated Moldavian Supreme Soviet outlawed these initiatives, the

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6 апреля казаки в Краснодаре провели поминовение погибших во время военного конфликта в Приднестровье (ФОТО)

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and Transnistria, which initially sought autonomy within the Moldavian SSR, in order to retain Russian and

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was proclaimed, "Pridnestrovie" being the name for Transnistria in Russian. On 22 December 1990 president

1543: 1515: 1343: 1165: 1114: 777: 252: 6290: 6050: 5256: 2837:"Unexpected Friendships: Cooperation of Ukrainian Ultra-Nationalists with Russian and Pro-Kremlin Actors" 6330: 5979: 5428: 5283: 5191: 5124: 5007: 4969: 4959: 4749: 4463: 3983: 3737: 2561: 2418: 2413: 1530: 1328: 1298: 1188: 421: 45: 4664: 2653: 360: 3524:"Human Rights and Russian Military Involvement in the "Near Abroad"" Human Rights Watch December. 1993 1953: 5863: 5536: 5433: 5403: 4793: 4507: 4502: 4182: 2449: 2083:

to support the PMR side stormed the police precinct in Dubăsari during the night. Moldovan president

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government's ethnic policies. The protests developed into the formation of secessionist movements in

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breakaway territory and a self-proclaimed republic, unrecognised by any United Nations member state.

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visited Transnistria and expressed the full support of Transnistrian separatists by Soviet Russia.

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Arms and Ethnic Conflict, John Sislin, Frederic S. Pearson (Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), p. 99

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did not speak Moldovan (Romanian). The problem of the official language in the MSSR had become a

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as its capital (1924–1940). It represents slightly more than one tenth of Moldova's territory.

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On 31 August 1989, the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR enacted two laws. One of them made

1388:(39.9%) were outnumbered by the combined figure of Russians and Ukrainians (53.8%) as per the 1373: 1170: 1138: 921: 840: 765: 752: 551: 271: 216: 3333: 384: 6265: 6171: 5912: 5683: 5653: 5619: 5464: 4771: 4514: 4359: 4342: 4279: 4187: 3738:"U.S. and Russian Policymaking With Respect to the Use of Force", chapter 4, Trans-Dniestria 2921: 2531: 2441: 2057: 1969: 1860: 1750: 1208: 900: 872: 848: 692: 240: 6340: 6087: 5939: 5907: 5581: 5561: 5319: 5233: 4668: 4602: 4408: 4284: 4274: 4192: 4008: 3724: 3650: 3597: 3533:

Vlad Grecu – "O viziune din focarul conflictlui de la Dubăsari", Prut International 2005,

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is the term used in the former Soviet Union for a virtually identical dialect of the

1365: 1323: 991: 987: 952: 503: 228: 202: 5046: 4519: 2434: 2383: 1942: 6139: 5663: 5629: 5384: 5329: 4903: 4781: 4712: 4332: 4030: 3988: 3502: 2963: 2595: 2474: 2224: 1988:

In December 1991, the Moldovan authorities arrested Lieutenant-General Yakovlev in

1836: 1807: 1490: 1450: 1369: 976: 972: 892: 720: 643: 490: 162: 88: 5900: 4536: 4531: 2655:

Uncertain Ground: Engaging with Europe's De Facto States and Breakaway Territories

27:

1990–1992 conflict between Moldova and Russian-backed self-proclaimed Transnistria

4204: 3811: 3590: 3447: 3423: 6245: 5974: 5895: 5828: 5658: 5251: 5241: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4579: 4023: 3695: 3278:

Reconstituting the market: the political economy of microeconomic transformation

3173: 2502: 2490: 2422: 2326:

The Republic of Moldova on 21 July 1992, after the end of the Transnistria War.

2069: 2013: 1625: 1525: 1377: 868: 17: 6280: 6230: 6149: 6018: 5268: 5186: 4294: 4289: 3604: 3005:"BIRN fact-check: what must be done for Russian forces to leave Transnistria?" 2873: 2618:

The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992–2018

1888: 1293: 956: 3919: 1962:

volunteers, especially from the Moldavian localities near the conflict zone.

5868: 3831: 3699: 3591:Хроника конфликта в Приднестровско – Молдавской республике с 1988 по 2006 г. 3572:

Vlad Grecu – "O viziune din focarul conflictului de la Dubăsari", page 38-39

2440:

In 1991, PMR paramilitary forces conducted forays into supply depots of the

1904:

steps to assert its sovereignty over the full territory of the former MSSR.

1455: 1385: 114:

independent state, but remains internationally recognized as part of Moldova

3076: 3071:[Participation of Russian Cossacks in the Transnistrian conflict]. 2430: 2314: 3581:

V. Grecu – "O viziune din focarul conflictului de la Dubăsari", page 65-68

6433: 6295: 5078: 4614: 4524: 3715: 3665:

Bárcenas Medina, Luis Andrés; López Jiménez, José Ángel (December 2011).

2497: 2457: 2351: 2033: 2017: 2001: 1938: 1931: 1868: 1852: 1812: 1508: 1485: 1480: 1381: 999: 964: 814: 110: 4681: 3876: 3845: 3025:

Ethnicity and territory in the former Soviet Union: regions in conflict.

2770: 1004: 53: 5036: 4557: 4494: 4316: 4306: 4264: 3978: 3648:

Cooper, Tim; Stratulat, Alexandru (May 1998). "War in Moldova (1992)".

3551: 2728: 2681:Павел Крянгэ: «За всю войну я не получил ни одного письменного приказа! 2679: 2061: 1989: 1668: 960: 904: 896: 801: 614: 583: 571: 539: 146: 92: 1863:. These self-proclaimed states maintained close ties with each other. 1783:, the national anthem of Romania since 1990. Later in 1990, the words 5372: 4354: 3246: 912: 706: 681: 523: 511: 175: 2004:, encouraged the Transnistrian people to obtain their independence. 79:

2 March – 21 July 1992(4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)

4585: 2096: 1952: 1446: 4673:

Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester

4198:

Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester

3690:

William Crowther,"Moldova: caught between nation and empire," in

3468:"Voronin says Romania started Moldova's war against Transnistria" 1364:

Under Soviet rule, the Moldavian SSR became subject of policy of

3250: 2204: 1977: 1919: 5344: 5050: 4685: 4435: 3949: 3781:"Moscow's "near Abroad": Security Policy in Post-Soviet Europe" 3552:"Dubossary marked anniversary of the first Dniester engagement" 2747:[Deep freeze conflict] (in Russian). Mk.ru. August 2012 1008: 2727:[Category:Book of Memory] (in Russian). Archived from 2238: 2131: 1957:

PMR trucks on the bridge between Tiraspol and Bender (Tighina)

2231:

missile, but this sortie was denied by Moldovan authorities.

867:) was an armed conflict that broke out on 2 November 1990 in 3906:[Geopolitical Aspect of the Transnistrian Conflict] 3148:"The radical right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989" 2373:

According to a Human Rights Center "Memorial" report, local

1914:

When, on 29 August 1991, Transnistria's independence leader

3702:, eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 322. 2223:

package took off from Chisinau, two of them armed with six

1757:

official language of the Soviet Union. It also mentioned a

1392:, largely due to higher immigration during the Soviet era. 910:

Fighting intensified on 1 March 1992 and, alternating with

4063:

Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova

1976:

Forces of the 14th Army (which had owed allegiance to the

75:(1 year, 8 months, 2 weeks and 5 days) 3850:[In the battle for the Donbass is Mr. Enactor!]. 3667:"Los Conflictos Congelados de la Antigua Unión Soviética" 1791:

were dropped and the name of the country was changed to "

3335:

Human Rights in Moldova: The Turbulent Dniester (Page 4)

2946:"Mircea Snegur: 'Ne-am achitat cu România cu un MiG 29'" 2808:"Transnistria: Monument pentru generalul criminal Lebed" 2194:

A ceasefire was in negotiation during June 1992 in the

1907:

At that time, the Republic of Moldova did not have its

899:

units, which were supported by elements of the Russian

3176:[Better to die as a wolf than live as a dog]. 2835:

Tarasiuk, Taras; Umland, Andreas (29 September 2021).

6167:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

4036:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

2769:[History of War] (in Russian). Archived from 949:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

886: 862: 4383:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

3512:

Centre for European Political Studies, October 2001.

2000:

of Russia, in a speech delivered to 5,000 people in

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Bureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova

4218: 4166: 4113: 4083: 3997: 1922:, the capital of Ukraine, to meet Ukrainian leader 3276:. In Paul Hare; Mohammed Ishaq; Judy Batt (eds.). 3068:Участие казаков России в Приднестровском конфликте 1844:Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 963:, i.e. the part situated to the west of the river 6490:Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union 3904:"Aspect Geopolitic al Conflictului Transnistrean" 3893:O viziune din focarul conflictului de la Dubăsari 3606:Alexander Rutskoi visit in Bender in 1992 (video) 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 6182:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 5512:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 3832:"UNIMEDIA - Portalul de știri nr. 1 din Moldova" 6301:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 6216:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 5219:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) 3941:Armed conflict in and around the city of Bender 3332:Erika Dailey; Jeri Laber; Lois Whitman (1993). 3101:Приднестровье и Молдова. Можно ли уйти из СССР? 2960:"Borderland Europe: Transforming Transnistria?" 2469:Involvement of Russian and Ukrainian volunteers 967:(Nistru), was part of Romania (1918–1940). The 34: 3902:Covalschi, Stanislav; Leancă, Viorica (2014). 3492:Евгений Норин. Под знаменами демократии. С. 51 3247:"Transdniestrian conflict: origins and issues" 2839:. Illiberalism Studies Program. Archived from 2473:Volunteers from Russia and Ukraine, including 1761:. The second law stipulated the return to the 996:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 907:forces, including Moldovan troops and police. 6155:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 5356: 5062: 4697: 4447: 3961: 3912:Jurnalul juridic național: Teorie și practică 3895:, Editura Prut International, Chișinău, 2005 3847:В бой за Донбасс идет господин реконструктор! 3503:Borderland Europe: Transforming Transnistria? 3420:"Istoria creării Armatei Naționale (Moldova)" 2917: 2915: 1726: 1020: 8: 5274:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 3402:"Moldova's 1991 Declaration of Independence" 3204:. UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia. Archived from 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 817:(aimed to make Transnistria part of Ukraine) 6108:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 6103:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 3327: 3325: 3142: 3140: 3138: 5424:Military history of the Russian Federation 5396: 5363: 5349: 5341: 5069: 5055: 5047: 4952: 4908: 4817: 4786: 4704: 4690: 4682: 4569: 4484: 4472: 4454: 4440: 4432: 4254: 4170: 4143:2006 Transnistrian independence referendum 3968: 3954: 3946: 3807: 3805: 3792: 3790: 3747: 3745: 3306: 3304: 3174:"uk:'Краще згинути вовком, нiж жити псом'" 2830: 2828: 2701: 2699: 2663:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2537:Military history of the Russian Federation 1733: 1719: 1398: 1027: 1013: 1005: 31: 5674:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 4133:Russian military presence in Transnistria 4126:Romanian-language schools in Transnistria 3674:Conflictos Internacionales Contemporáneos 3443: 3441: 2909:, 8 October 2001. Retrieved 6 August 2014 2611: 2609: 2557:Russian military presence in Transnistria 2408:Russian military presence in Transnistria 2289:Learn how and when to remove this message 2182:Learn how and when to remove this message 5247:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 3879:, REGNUM News Agency, 20:04 3 March 2008 3044:Voskresenskaya, Ludmila (6 April 2014). 2300: 2252:This section includes a list of general 2145:This article includes a list of general 2079:In response, the Cossacks who came from 2047: 2036:, and died down on 19–21 June after the 5635:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 5505:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 5289:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012) 3027:Taylor & Francis, 2002, page 107. 2605: 2578: 1875:In the aftermath of the failure of the 1412: 1401: 990:, today's Transnistria was part of the 6256:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6187:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 6046:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 6024:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 5738:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 5414:Military history of the Russian Empire 3522:Analysis of the Transnistrian Conflict 2235:Ceasefire and Joint Control Commission 6406:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 5784:Russian colonization of North America 5098:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 4667:; also known as Tighina; belongs to 3643: 3641: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3280:. Taylor & Francis. p. 363. 2903:"Transnistria: relic of a bygone era" 994:as an autonomous republic called the 619:Pro-Moldovan Transnistrian volunteers 7: 5419:Military history of the Soviet Union 5242:Slovenian War of Independence (1991) 5157:Russian constitutional crisis (1993) 5125:Transnistria conflict (1990–present) 3098:Konoplyov, Roman (2 February 2014). 3023:Hughes, James and Sasse, Gwendolyn: 3003:Necșuțu, Mădălin (22 January 2021). 2587:Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova 1918:and three other deputies arrived in 6160:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 5202:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) 4875:Proposed reintegration into Moldova 4365:Operational Group of Russian Forces 4153:2012 Moldova security zone incident 3779:Bodie, William C. (18 March 1993). 3727:(Tiraspol’: , 2001), 56. Chapter 6. 6515:History of Transnistria since 1991 6206:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5572:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 5197:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) 4890:Unification of Moldova and Romania 4075:Unification of Moldova and Romania 3628:"Moldovan Forces Seize A Key Town" 3172:Tkachuk, Maryna (19 August 2011). 2862:Munteanu, Anatole (10 July 2009). 2258:it lacks sufficient corresponding 2151:it lacks sufficient corresponding 1759:linguistic Moldo–Romanian identity 1749:the official language, in lieu of 25: 6071:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 4148:2006 Transnistrian customs crisis 2935:, United Nations University Press 2114:In April, Russian Vice President 829:316–637 civilians killed in total 6125:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 5918:Russian conquest of Central Asia 5854:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 5650:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 5592:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4014:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 3987: 3977: 3858:from the original on 30 May 2014 3382:. Human Rights Center "Memorial" 3227:Ursu, Valentina (1 March 2020). 3216:– via Uppsala Universitet. 3119:Bejan, Ștefan (21 August 2017). 2313: 2243: 2136: 2103:, with intermittent ceasefires. 1996:On 5 April 1992, Vice President 1702: 1596:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 1423: 938:Timeline of the Transnistria War 808: 795: 783: 771: 759: 746: 726: 714: 700: 680: 659: 642: 626: 613: 601: 582: 570: 545: 538: 522: 510: 496: 484: 472: 453: 434: 415: 396: 373: 354: 342: 327: 301: 289: 277: 265: 246: 234: 222: 210: 195: 168: 155: 139: 131: 58:Transnistrian forces during the 52: 6411:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 6056:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 5997:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 5310:List of ongoing armed conflicts 5152:East Prigorodny conflict (1992) 4058:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3474:. Tiraspol Times. 29 April 2008 2402:Involvement of the Russian Army 42:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6093:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 5743:War of the Austrian Succession 5279:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) 5172:Second Chechen War (1999–2009) 5137:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) 3680:. Ministerio de Defensa: 60–1. 2924:and Valery A. Tishkov (1996), 2868:[Campaign in Tigine]. 2542:Moldova–Transnistria relations 1968:At the same time, the Russian 1691:History of independent Moldova 1576:Romanian military intervention 1240:Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 104:Russian–Transnistrian victory 73:2 November 1990 – 21 July 1992 1: 6316:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 6194:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5945:Russian invasion of Manchuria 5935:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 5881:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 5876:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 5819:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 5809:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 5774:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 5769:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 5759:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 5749:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 5727:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 5722:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 5699:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 5694:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 5669:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 5645:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 5640:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 5625:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 5500:List of wars involving Russia 5495:Sino-Russian border conflicts 5305:List of Post-Soviet conflicts 5257:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) 5224:Wagner Group rebellion (2023) 5162:First Chechen War (1994–1996) 5120:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) 3854:(in Russian). 29 April 2014. 3554:. newdaynews.ru. 4 March 2011 3422:. Army.gov.md. Archived from 3152:Pennsylvania University Press 3127:(in Romanian). Archived from 2567:Uppsala Conflict Data Program 2496:During the Transnistria War, 1945:swore allegiance to the PMR. 1564:Moldavian Democratic Republic 6271:Eritrean War of Independence 6241:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6236:East German uprising of 1953 6177:Eastern Front (World War II) 6066:Red Army invasion of Georgia 6061:Red Army invasion of Armenia 6029:Estonian War of Independence 5970:Russian occupation of Tabriz 5891:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 5849:War of the Seventh Coalition 5732:War of the Polish Succession 5679:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 5192:Revolution of Dignity (2014) 5177:Tuzla Island conflict (2003) 5130:Transnistria War (1990–1992) 4121:Human rights in Transnistria 3075:(in Russian). Archived from 2872:(in Russian). Archived from 2616:De La Pedraja, René (2018). 2064:(approx 6,000 inhabitants), 1934:, until the men were freed. 1798:These events, including the 589:Ministry of Internal Affairs 6311:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 6261:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6130:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 6098:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 6034:Latvian War of Independence 5923:Russian conquest of Bukhara 5814:War of the Fourth Coalition 5799:War of the Second Coalition 5212:Russian invasion of Ukraine 5147:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 5142:South Ossetia War (1991–92) 4880:Proposed Russian annexation 3233:Radio Europa Liberă Moldova 2785:"Приднестровье без Шевцова" 2744:Конфликт глубокой заморозки 1937:In late 1991, policemen in 1877:Soviet coup attempt of 1991 1390:1989 Census in Transnistria 986:Before the creation of the 981:Declaration of Independence 887: 863: 6556: 6306:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 5844:War of the Sixth Coalition 5834:War of the Fifth Coalition 5804:War of the Third Coalition 5409:Military history of Russia 5371:Armed conflicts involving 4226:Reintegration into Moldova 2405: 2125: 935: 928:) in Moldova and Romania. 6419: 6145:Soviet invasion of Poland 5839:French invasion of Russia 5450:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 5399: 5264:Albanian Civil War (1997) 5182:Russo-Georgian War (2008) 5033: 4975:Romanian-language schools 4955: 4911: 4885:Russian military presence 4820: 4789: 4653: 4470: 4173: 4158:2022 Transnistria attacks 4005:First Partition of Poland 3723:24 September 2015 at the 3108:– via Google Books. 1842:On 2 September 1990, the 1154:North Caucasus insurgency 1046: 876: 852: 845:Războiul din Transnistria 828: 823: 561: 184: 124: 65: 51: 39: 6530:Military of Transnistria 6286:South African Border War 6211:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 6113:Chechen uprising of 1932 5794:Russo-Persian War (1796) 5320:List of frozen conflicts 5035:Note: Transnistria is a 4762:Joint Control Commission 4745:Transnistria Governorate 4416:Cobasna ammunition depot 4251:Participants and figures 4207:(2005–present; see also 4138:Joint Control Commission 4053:The Holocaust in Romania 4046:Transnistria Governorate 3846: 3692:New States, New Politics 3541:, page 30-34 (Romanian)] 3274:"Who are the Moldovans?" 3100: 3067: 3046: 2864: 2743: 2725:"Категория:Книга Памяти" 2680: 2389:In the Moldovan city of 2341:Joint Control Commission 1601:Transnistria Governorate 1509:Principality of Moldavia 1496:Voivodeship of Maramureș 951:and the creation of the 608:Popular Front of Moldova 5928:Khivan campaign of 1873 5779:Russo-Polish War (1792) 5284:Unrest in Kosovo (2004) 5252:Bosnian War (1992–1995) 2552:Odesa Military District 2527:History of Transnistria 2273:more precise citations. 2166:more precise citations. 2128:Battle of Bender (1992) 1881:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1676:Independence of Moldova 1656:Anti-fascist resistance 1476:Origin of the Romanians 969:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 108:Transnistria becomes a 6510:Wars involving Romania 6505:Wars involving Moldova 6401:Western Libya campaign 6076:East Karelian uprising 5597:Wagner Group rebellion 5532:Uprising of Bolotnikov 5269:Kosovo War (1998–1999) 5187:Maidan Uprising (2013) 5167:War in Abkhazia (1998) 4850:Moldova–Ukraine border 4767:1997 Moscow memorandum 4669:Municipality of Bender 4596:Southern security zone 4573:Northern security zone 4546:Southern security zone 4488:Northern security zone 4421:Moldova–Ukraine border 4178:1997 Moscow memorandum 3338:. Human Rights Watch. 3146:Sabrina Ramet (1999), 2806:M. A. (12 June 2012). 2512:Involvement of Romania 2306: 2053: 1958: 1887:on the territories of 1867:bridge over the river 1544:Bessarabia Governorate 1344:Wagner Group rebellion 925: 844: 185:Commanders and leaders 6500:Wars involving Russia 6495:Separatism in Moldova 6465:Transnistria conflict 6396:Intervention in Syria 6331:Tajikistani Civil War 6039:Lithuanian–Soviet War 5980:Battle of Robat Karim 5429:Post-Soviet conflicts 5008:Poles in Transnistria 4750:Transnistria conflict 4479:Transnistrian control 4464:Transnistria conflict 4188:2003 Kozak memorandum 3984:Transnistria conflict 3736:Irina F. Selivanova. 3596:17 March 2009 at the 3508:25 March 2007 at the 3054:on 10 September 2014. 2931:10 March 2009 at the 2598:until 27 August 1991. 2562:Transnistria conflict 2305:Bender's war memorial 2304: 2196:Bender (Tighina) area 2051: 2044:Cocieri-Dubăsari area 1956: 1780:Deșteaptă-te, române! 1531:United Principalities 1299:Revolution of Dignity 1236:Dungan–Kazakh clashes 1038:Post-Soviet conflicts 943:Historical background 936:Further information: 864:Voyna v Pridnestrovye 853:Война в Приднестровье 824:Casualties and losses 634:and military advisors 46:Transnistria conflict 6540:1991 in Transnistria 6535:1990 in Transnistria 6520:1992 in Transnistria 6379:Annexation of Crimea 6083:Central Asian Revolt 5992:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5864:Russo-Circassian War 5547:Pugachev's Rebellion 5490:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 5434:Russian Armed Forces 5404:Early modern warfare 4238:Annexation by Russia 4193:2005 Yushchenko Plan 4183:1999 Istanbul summit 3852:Комсомольская Правда 3755:"Вождь в чужой стае" 2713:on 12 November 2017. 2592:Constituent republic 2450:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov 1851:the USSR, alongside 1372:was changing due to 1360:Political background 1319:annexation of Crimea 687:Russian Armed Forces 666:Ministry of Interior 253:Tudor Dabija-Cazarov 6439:Sphere of influence 6369:Russo-Ukrainian War 6226:First Indochina War 6199:Soviet–Japanese War 6135:Xinjiang War (1937) 6004:Kazakhstan Campaign 5789:Kościuszko Uprising 5689:Second Northern War 5567:Coup attempt (1991) 5460:Soviet-Finnish wars 5082:conflicts in Europe 4929:Moldova Steel Works 4825:2006 customs crisis 4661:Anenii Noi district 4219:Potential solutions 4209:Berlin Plus package 4167:Resolution attempts 4105:Ceasefire agreement 3426:on 4 September 2011 3272:Hare, Paul (1999). 2901:Richard Humphries. 2590:until 23 May 1991. 2547:Moldovan neutrality 2397:Foreign involvement 2369:Human rights abuses 2200:a full-scale battle 2122:Bender/Tighina area 1793:Republic of Moldova 1681:War of Transnistria 1669:Republic of Moldova 1651:Soviet deportations 1551:Treaty of Bucharest 1442:Chernyakhov culture 1205:Kyrgyz revolutions 632:Romanian volunteers 479:Vladimir Antyufeyev 6429:Russian Revolution 6364:Russo-Georgian War 6346:Second Chechen War 6326:Georgian Civil War 5965:Russo-Japanese War 5717:Great Northern War 5615:Russo-Crimean Wars 5587:Second Chechen War 5485:Russo-Turkish wars 5480:Russo-Swedish wars 5470:Russo-Persian Wars 5455:Russo-Crimean Wars 5315:List of proxy wars 4348:Vadim Krasnoselsky 3757:by Mikhail Bergman 3632:The New York Times 3131:on 23 August 2017. 2948:. 14 October 2011. 2624:. pp. 93–94. 2307: 2229:S-125 Neva/Pechora 2209:T-12 antitank guns 2054: 1959: 1827:Political conflict 1709:Moldova portal 1304:pro-Russian unrest 926:Războiul moldo-rus 422:Vladimir Atamaniuk 6480:Conflicts in 1992 6475:Conflicts in 1991 6470:Conflicts in 1990 6447: 6446: 6336:First Chechen War 6291:Soviet–Afghan War 6276:Angolan Civil War 6051:Polish–Soviet War 6009:Finnish Civil War 5987:Russian Civil War 5886:November Uprising 5824:Anglo-Russian War 5764:Bar Confederation 5577:First Chechen War 5557:Russian Civil War 5552:Decembrist revolt 5542:Bulavin Rebellion 5537:Razin's Rebellion 5520: 5519: 5475:Russo-Polish Wars 5443:Lists by opponent 5338: 5337: 5044: 5043: 5029: 5028: 4942: 4941: 4898: 4897: 4860:Political parties 4830:Foreign relations 4807: 4806: 4679: 4678: 4657:Dubăsari district 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4632: 4611: 4588: 4566: 4565: 4528: 4511: 4499: 4462:Geography of the 4429: 4428: 4404:Gagauzia conflict 4392: 4391: 4246: 4245: 4068:Moldovan language 3311:Hare, Ishaq, Batt 3065:Gladkovskaya, V. 2876:on 27 August 2016 2865:Кампания в Тигине 2843:on 18 August 2023 2731:on 25 March 2016. 2503:struggle of Slavs 2299: 2298: 2291: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2116:Alexander Rutskoy 2008:Military conflict 1949:Military strength 1893:Northern Bukovina 1774:Romanian language 1770:Moldovan language 1766:Romanian alphabet 1743: 1742: 1646:Soviet occupation 1469:Early Middle Ages 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Archived from 2956: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2922:Kumar Rupesinghe 2919: 2910: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2773:on 4 March 2016. 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2660: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2613: 2599: 2583: 2532:Kozak memorandum 2442:14th Guards Army 2317: 2294: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2269:this section by 2260:inline citations 2247: 2246: 2239: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2162:this article by 2153:inline citations 2140: 2139: 2132: 2068:and the city of 2038:Battle of Bender 1970:14th Guards Army 1861:Nagorno-Karabakh 1735: 1728: 1721: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1521:Early Modern Era 1427: 1417: 1399: 1231:Gorno-Badakhshan 1226:South Kyrgyzstan 1199:Batken spillover 1056:Nagorno-Karabakh 1041: 1039: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1006: 890: 880: 878: 866: 856: 854: 837:Transnistria War 813: 812: 811: 800: 799: 798: 788: 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3496: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3472:miris.eurac.edu 3466: 3465: 3461: 3446: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3208:on 4 April 2016 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3145: 3136: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3079:on 26 July 2014 3069: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2933:Wayback Machine 2920: 2913: 2907:The Japan Times 2900: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2767:"История Войны" 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2658: 2650:de Waal, Thomas 2648: 2647: 2643: 2632: 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555: 532: 531: 529:Yuri Netkachev 519: 507: 493: 481: 469: 450: 431: 412: 393: 370: 351: 339: 322: 320: 318: 317: 298: 296:Leonid Carasev 286: 274: 262: 243: 231: 219: 207: 190: 187: 186: 182: 181: 179: 178: 165: 151: 149: 127: 126: 122: 121: 118: 117: 116: 115: 101: 97: 96: 87: 85: 81: 80: 71: 63: 62: 49: 48: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6552: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6389:2022 invasion 6387: 6385: 6384:War in Donbas 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 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5860: 5859:Caucasian War 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:War on terror 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:War in Donbas 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:2016 conflict 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5038: 5032: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4515:Molovata Nouă 4513: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4434: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:United States 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270:Mircea Snegur 4268: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4041:Moldavian SSR 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3897:(in Romanian) 3894: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3820:0-262-51093-6 3817: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3797:(in Romanian) 3793: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3772: 3768:(in Romanian) 3763: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539:9975-69-741-0 3536: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456:0-8476-8855-0 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3347: 3345:9781564320896 3341: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313:, p. 369-370. 3312: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3289: 3287:90-5702-328-8 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3162:, pp. 290 ff. 3161: 3160:0-271-01810-0 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3033:0-7146-8210-1 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2855: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2746: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2683: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631:9781476634494 2627: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412:Although the 2409: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2337:Mircea Snegur 2334: 2333:Boris Yeltsin 2324: 2316: 2303: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2250: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2186: 2183: 2175: 2165: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2085:Mircea Snegur 2082: 2081:Rostov-on-Don 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058:Molovata Nouă 2050: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897:Hertsa region 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:Moldavian SSR 1882: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1857:South Ossetia 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833:Moldavian SSR 1826: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639:Moldavian SSR 1635: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1606:The Holocaust 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366:Russification 1359: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1334:2022 invasion 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159:IS insurgency 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1129:North Ossetia 1127: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1100:South Ossetia 1098: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076:Border crisis 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 992:Ukrainian SSR 989: 988:Moldavian SSR 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 955:in 1940, the 954: 953:Moldavian SSR 950: 942: 939: 931: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 914: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 883: 874: 870: 865: 859: 850: 846: 842: 838: 827: 822: 816: 806: 805: 803: 791: 779: 769: 767: 757: 754: 743: 739: 734: 724: 722: 712: 711: 710: 708: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688: 683: 675: 674: 670: 669: 668: 667: 653: 652: 651: 650: 645: 639: 623: 616: 611: 610: 609: 599: 595: 592: 591: 590: 585: 580: 578: 573: 568: 567: 566: 565: 560: 553: 541: 535: 534: 530: 525: 520: 518: 513: 508: 506: 505: 504:Boris Yeltsin 494: 492: 482: 480: 470: 466: 461: 451: 447: 442: 432: 428: 423: 413: 409: 404: 394: 390: 386: 381: 380:Ștefan Chițac 371: 367: 362: 352: 350: 340: 337: 336: 324: 323: 321: 314: 309: 299: 297: 287: 285: 275: 273: 263: 259: 254: 244: 242: 241:Pavel Creangă 232: 230: 220: 218: 208: 205: 204: 203:Mircea Snegur 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 177: 166: 164: 153: 152: 150: 148: 129: 128: 123: 113: 112: 107: 106: 105: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 82: 78: 72: 69: 68: 64: 61: 55: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6320: 6140:World War II 5664:Smolensk War 5630:Livonian War 5330:War on drugs 5129: 5019: / 5015: / 4995:Demographics 4916:Central bank 4835:Human rights 4754: 4735:World War II 4713:Transnistria 4498:(Vasilievca) 4338:Igor Smirnov 4333:Transnistria 4084: 4031:World War II 3923:. Retrieved 3911: 3892: 3891:Vlad Grecu, 3872: 3860:. Retrieved 3851: 3840: 3826: 3774: 3762: 3752:(in Russian) 3732: 3716: 3712:(in Russian) 3707: 3691: 3686: 3677: 3673: 3660: 3649: 3631: 3601:(in Russian) 3586: 3577: 3568: 3556:. Retrieved 3546: 3529: 3517: 3497: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3471: 3462: 3428:. Retrieved 3424:the original 3414: 3406:the original 3396: 3384:. Retrieved 3349:. Retrieved 3334: 3318: 3310: 3291:. Retrieved 3277: 3267: 3255:. Retrieved 3241: 3232: 3222: 3210:. Retrieved 3206:the original 3196: 3184:. Retrieved 3177: 3167: 3129:the original 3124: 3114: 3093: 3081:. Retrieved 3077:the original 3072: 3060: 3052:the original 3039: 3024: 3019: 3008: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2964:the original 2954: 2940: 2906: 2878:. Retrieved 2874:the original 2869: 2857: 2845:. Retrieved 2841:the original 2815:. Retrieved 2811: 2801: 2789:. Retrieved 2779: 2771:the original 2761: 2749:. Retrieved 2737: 2729:the original 2719: 2711:the original 2686:. Retrieved 2674: 2666: 2654: 2644: 2635: 2617: 2596:Soviet Union 2585: 2581: 2515: 2507: 2495: 2472: 2439: 2427:Gura Bâcului 2414:Russian Army 2411: 2388: 2380: 2372: 2364: 2358:part of the 2356: 2349: 2345: 2330: 2285: 2276: 2257: 2217: 2213: 2193: 2178: 2172:October 2016 2169: 2150: 2113: 2110: 2107:Coșnița area 2093: 2078: 2074: 2055: 2026: 2011: 1995: 1987: 1975: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1936: 1916:Igor Smirnov 1913: 1906: 1874: 1865: 1841: 1837:Gordian knot 1830: 1808:Transnistria 1797: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1571:Sfatul Țării 1491:Golden Horde 1451:Free Dacians 1394: 1370:Soviet Union 1363: 1329:Kerch Strait 1278: 1274:Transnistria 1273: 1183:Central Asia 1081:2022 clashes 985: 977:Nazi Germany 973:Soviet Union 971:between the 946: 917: 911: 909: 893:Transnistria 836: 834: 721:Don Cossacks 698: 678: 671: 657: 649:Armed Forces 640: 577:Armed Forces 502: 491:Tom Zenovich 441:Fedor Dobrov 335:Igor Smirnov 333: 201: 163:Transnistria 125:Belligerents 109: 103: 89:Transnistria 76: 40:Part of the 29: 6246:Vietnam War 6116: [ 5975:World War I 5896:Crimean War 5829:Finnish War 5745:(1740–1748) 5734:(1733–1738) 5659:Ingrian War 5375:(including 4730:Before 1792 4655:belongs to 4258:Pro-Moldova 4024:Moldovenism 3696:Ian Bremmer 3558:5 September 3430:5 September 3351:5 September 3186:25 December 2990:www.hrw.org 2870:artofwar.ru 2787:. Zavtra.ru 2491:Igor Girkin 2271:introducing 2198:. 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