135:
36:
2178:
and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. All OSI connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of the classes are shown in the following table:
1216:
Same order delivery: The network layer doesn't generally guarantee that packets of data will arrive in the same order that they were sent, but often this is a desirable feature. This is usually done through the use of segment numbering, with the receiver passing them to the application in order. This
2177:
ISO/IEC 8073/ITU-T Recommendation X.224, "Information
Technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Protocol for providing the connection-mode transport service", defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols designated class 0 (TP0) to class 4 (TP4). Class 0 contains no error recovery
1305:
can provide multiple endpoints on a single node. For example, the name on a postal address is a kind of multiplexing and distinguishes between different recipients of the same location. Computer applications will each listen for information on their own ports, which enables the use of more than one
578:
incorporating reliable transmission and data stream services. Together, TCP and UDP comprise essentially all traffic on the
Internet and are the only protocols implemented in every major operating system. Additional transport layer protocols that have been defined and implemented include the
2727:
Papastergiou, Giorgos; Fairhurst, Gorry; Ros, David; Brunstrom, Anna; Grinnemo, Karl-Johan; Hurtig, Per; Khademi, Naeem; Tüxen, Michael; Welzl, Michael; Damjanovic, Dragana; Mangiante, Simone (2017). "De-Ossifying the
Internet Transport Layer: A Survey and Future Perspectives".
2164:
Counted as follows: 12 bytes SCTP header + 16 bytes DATA chunk header or 20 bytes I-DATA chunk header + 16+ bytes SACK chunk. Additional non-data chunks (e.g. AUTH) and/or headers for additional data chunks, which might easily increase the overhead with 50 bytes or more, not
1425:, implement the connection-oriented communication at the network or data link layer rather than the transport layer. In X.25, in telephone network modems and in wireless communication systems, reliable node-to-node communication is implemented at lower protocol layers.
1355:
network. A byte stream is delivered while hiding the packet mode communication for the application processes. This involves connection establishment, dividing of the data stream into packets called segments, segment numbering and reordering of out-of-order data.
1331:
of data from different application processes, i.e. forming data segments, and adding source and destination port numbers in the header of each transport layer data segment. Together with the source and destination IP address, the port numbers constitute a
1409:
and shorter latency and is therefore often used for real-time multimedia communication where packet loss occasionally can be accepted, for example IP-TV and IP-telephony, and for online computer games.
555:
of general networking are different. The protocols in use today in this layer for the
Internet all originated in the development of TCP/IP. In the OSI model the transport layer is often referred to as
491:
1257:: The rate of data transmission between two nodes must sometimes be managed to prevent a fast sender from transmitting more data than can be supported by the receiving
1190:
Transport layer services are conveyed to an application via a programming interface to the transport layer protocols. The services may include the following features:
251:
2730:
1069:
1033:
484:
211:
1556:
1509:
835:
830:
703:
584:
580:
341:
336:
306:
1172:
692:
166:
1291:
may keep the network in a congested state; this situation can be avoided by adding congestion avoidance to the flow control, including
898:
682:
413:
356:
281:
1348:
1224:
1194:
883:
786:
529:
525:
423:
393:
119:
2528:"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification"
1382:
UDP is a very simple protocol and does not provide virtual circuits, nor reliable communication, delegating these functions to the
1327:
The transport layer is responsible for delivering data to the appropriate application process on the host computers. This involves
2023:
1533:
1084:
627:
477:
408:
201:
53:
1550:
1284:
1240:
979:
1336:, i.e. an identification address of the process-to-process communication. In the OSI model, this function is supported by the
100:
2531:
1283:
capabilities of the intermediate nodes and networks and taking resource reducing steps, such as reducing the rate of sending
1089:
617:
226:
216:
57:
72:
1295:. This keeps the bandwidth consumption at a low level in the beginning of the transmission, or after packet retransmission.
1619:
1574:
969:
964:
954:
820:
781:
677:
567:
346:
326:
276:
959:
903:
791:
730:
266:
261:
256:
1359:
Finally, some transport layer protocols, for example TCP, but not UDP, provide end-to-end reliable communication, i.e.
524:. The protocols of this layer provide end-to-end communication services for applications. It provides services such as
79:
1568:
949:
647:
622:
443:
403:
271:
134:
1452:
1422:
999:
944:
667:
2575:
2553:
2155:
Excluding data chunk headers and overhead chunks. Without embedded chunks, an SCTP packet is essentially useless.
1939:
1402:
1099:
974:
86:
1591:
1368:
1328:
1288:
1248:
745:
296:
236:
1468:
1448:
1428:
The OSI connection-mode transport layer protocol specification defines five classes of transport protocols:
1239:, the transport protocol may check that the data is not corrupted, and verify correct receipt by sending an
1165:
1104:
1094:
1019:
544:
517:
463:
453:
246:
161:
145:
68:
46:
1609:
1580:
1544:
1515:
1292:
1206:
825:
637:
571:
331:
181:
2412:
There is also a connectionless transport protocol, specified by ISO/IEC 8602/ITU-T Recommendation X.234.
1455:
in UDP, accepting some overhead (e.g., due to outer checksums made redundant by inner integrity checks).
1440:
1218:
994:
923:
662:
458:
231:
2509:
2452:
2109:
1383:
1376:
1364:
1268:
1232:
989:
241:
1967:
1372:
1276:
1254:
750:
657:
533:
2778:
2757:
2305:
2146:
RUDP is not officially standardized. There have been no standard-related developments since 1999.
2052:
1995:
1272:
1228:
1158:
718:
632:
448:
176:
27:
Layer in the OSI and TCP/IP models providing host-to-host communication services for applications
1503:
1405:, since retransmissions are not possible to a large amount of hosts. UDP typically gives higher
574:(UDP) is used for simpler messaging transmissions. TCP is the more complex protocol, due to its
1210:
866:
642:
610:
599:
513:
376:
152:
93:
2747:
2739:
2442:
1302:
505:
2329:
1344:
1307:
1262:
937:
575:
2633:
1467:
This list shows some protocols that are commonly placed in the transport layers of the
1360:
1333:
1052:
367:
2772:
1624:
1527:
1488:
1472:
1443:, TCP and UDP are the only widely used transport protocols on the Internet. To avoid
1337:
1315:
859:
764:
1261:, causing a buffer overrun. This can also be used to improve efficiency by reducing
570:(TCP). It is used for connection-oriented transmissions, whereas the connectionless
2761:
2080:
1311:
1298:
1201:
rather than having to deal with the underlying connection-less models, such as the
672:
537:
286:
2683:
2658:
2527:
17:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2436:
1521:
1418:
1258:
1198:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1038:
1009:
35:
2743:
1459:
takes the latter approach, rebuilding reliable stream transport on top of UDP.
2432:
1406:
1109:
1004:
984:
771:
434:
1497:
1484:
1444:
1398:
1280:
1275:
can control traffic entry into a telecommunications network, so as to avoid
1144:
1129:
913:
593:
552:
521:
1197:: It is normally easier for an application to interpret a connection as a
543:
The details of implementation and semantics of the transport layer of the
1910:
1855:
1614:
1585:
1387:
1352:
1236:
1202:
548:
566:
The best-known transport protocol of the
Internet protocol suite is the
2718:
1562:
1480:
1476:
845:
776:
697:
1343:
Some transport layer protocols, for example TCP, but not UDP, support
2752:
2447:
1064:
1059:
887:
687:
651:
397:
291:
190:
170:
1279:
by attempting to avoid oversubscription of any of the processing or
2713:
1079:
1074:
908:
893:
796:
740:
735:
418:
196:
133:
2607:
2595:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1538:
1456:
1414:
1394:
1244:
1134:
1028:
1024:
1014:
918:
876:
871:
840:
725:
386:
381:
351:
301:
221:
186:
1139:
206:
29:
1310:
at the same time. It is part of the transport layer in the
1251:
schemes may be used to retransmit lost or corrupted data.
2438:
Requirements for
Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers
1397:
web browsing and email transfer. UDP may be used for
2684:"ITU-T Recommendation X.234 (07/1994) ISO/IEC 8602"
2659:"ITU-T Recommendation X.224 (11/1995) ISO/IEC 8073"
1447:intolerance, new transport protocols may mimic the
138:
The transport layer in the
Internet protocol stack.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2635:Cyclic-UDP: A Priority-Driven Best-Effort Protocol
2304:Reinitiate connection (if an excessive number of
1599:Comparison of Internet transport layer protocols
1436:, which is designed for less reliable networks.
563:, while numbered layers are not used in TCP/IP.
1371:(ARQ) protocol. The ARQ protocol also provides
2328:Multiplexing and demultiplexing over a single
1227:: Packets may be lost during transport due to
2714:"QUIC as a solution to protocol ossification"
1166:
485:
8:
2731:IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
512:is a conceptual division of methods in the
1393:TCP is used for many protocols, including
1173:
1159:
589:
492:
478:
141:
2751:
2510:"Introducing the Internet Protocol Suite"
2446:
2427:
2425:
1432:, providing the least error recovery, to
516:of protocols in the network stack in the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2180:
1602:
2421:
2139:
592:
433:
366:
316:
151:
144:
2619:
2712:Corbet, Jonathan (January 29, 2018).
2534:from the original on February 1, 2021
2514:System Administration Guide, Volume 3
2173:Comparison of OSI transport protocols
7:
1557:Stream Control Transmission Protocol
1510:Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
1413:Many non-IP-based networks, such as
585:Stream Control Transmission Protocol
581:Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2576:"Data Communication and networking"
1351:over an underlying packet-oriented
25:
1349:connection-oriented communication
1195:Connection-oriented communication
547:, which is the foundation of the
526:connection-oriented communication
2024:Explicit Congestion Notification
1534:NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast
1386:program. UDP packets are called
34:
1551:Reliable User Datagram Protocol
45:needs additional citations for
1698:Transport-layer packet entity
1498:AppleTalk Transaction Protocol
1:
2244:Concatenation and separation
1672:Typical data-packet overhead
1575:Transmission Control Protocol
1375:, which may be combined with
568:Transmission Control Protocol
2264:Segmentation and reassembly
2204:Connection-oriented network
1451:of a tolerated protocol, or
2391:Reliable Transport Service
1569:Structured Stream Transport
1231:and errors. By means of an
2795:
2744:10.1109/COMST.2016.2626780
2499:.
2371:Retransmission on timeout
1802:Preserve message boundary
2441:. Network Working Group.
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1563:Sequenced Packet Exchange
1289:automatic repeat requests
2608:Papastergiou et al. 2017
2596:Papastergiou et al. 2017
1592:Micro Transport Protocol
1390:, rather than segments.
1369:automatic repeat request
1329:statistical multiplexing
1249:Automatic repeat request
2224:Connectionless network
1469:Internet protocol suite
1247:message to the sender.
545:Internet protocol suite
518:Internet protocol suite
146:Internet protocol suite
2435:, ed. (October 1989).
2351:Explicit flow control
1581:User Datagram Protocol
1545:Reliable Data Protocol
1516:Fibre Channel Protocol
1207:User Datagram Protocol
572:User Datagram Protocol
139:
1776:Unreliable transport
1441:protocol ossification
1219:head-of-line blocking
137:
2583:Galgotias University
2561:Galgotias University
2463:Updated by RFC
2461:Internet Standard 3.
2308:are unacknowledged)
1843:Ordered / Unordered
1724:Connection-oriented
1377:congestion avoidance
1365:error detecting code
1269:Congestion avoidance
1233:error detection code
514:layered architecture
54:improve this article
1750:Reliable transport
1646:Packet header size
1277:congestive collapse
506:computer networking
2610:, p. 623-624.
2598:, p. 620-621.
1996:Congestion control
1473:OSI protocol suite
1273:Congestion control
1229:network congestion
719:Presentation layer
140:
18:Transport protocol
2554:"Transport Layer"
2410:
2409:
2136:
2135:
1318:in the OSI model.
1211:Internet Protocol
1209:(UDP) and of the
1183:
1182:
611:Application layer
502:
501:
153:Application layer
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Transport layer"
16:(Redirected from
2786:
2765:
2755:
2723:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2632:Brian C. Smith,
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2506:
2500:
2459:
2450:
2448:10.17487/RFC1122
2429:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
1603:
1345:virtual circuits
1175:
1168:
1161:
602:
590:
494:
487:
480:
142:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2794:
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2703:
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2618:
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2556:
2552:
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2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2330:virtual circuit
2284:Error recovery
2175:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
1690:12 or 16 bytes
1664:12 or 16 bytes
1601:
1596:
1465:
1453:be encapsulated
1347:, i.e. provide
1325:
1308:network service
1287:. For example,
1263:buffer underrun
1188:
1179:
1150:
1149:
1055:
1044:
1043:
940:
938:Data link layer
929:
928:
862:
851:
850:
816:
814:Transport layer
805:
804:
767:
756:
755:
721:
710:
709:
613:
597:
596:
583:(DCCP) and the
576:stateful design
510:transport layer
498:
318:Transport layer
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2724:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2675:
2650:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2574:Heena, Khera.
2566:
2545:
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2501:
2420:
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2408:
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2401:
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2205:
2201:
2200:
2197:
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2174:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2148:
2138:
2137:
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2127:
2124:
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2118:
2115:
2112:
2105:
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2083:
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2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
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1973:
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1964:
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1960:
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1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1935:
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1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:Checksum size
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
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1835:
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1547:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1464:
1461:
1361:error recovery
1334:network socket
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1296:
1266:
1252:
1222:
1214:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:ITU-T G.hn PHY
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:ITU-T V-Series
1067:
1062:
1056:
1053:Physical layer
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1017:
1015:ITU-T G.hn DLL
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
935:
934:
931:
930:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
880:
879:
874:
863:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
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811:
810:
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803:
802:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
768:
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748:
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728:
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695:
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608:
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438:
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431:
430:
429:
428:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
391:
390:
389:
384:
371:
370:
368:Internet layer
364:
363:
362:
361:
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344:
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334:
329:
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320:
314:
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155:
149:
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128:
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42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2791:
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2494:
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2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2451:. STD 3.
2449:
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2428:
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2158:
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2131:
2128:
2125:
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2119:
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2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
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1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:44–48+ bytes
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:Multipath TCP
1621:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
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1558:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:Multipath TCP
1525:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1489:Fibre Channel
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
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1396:
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1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1338:session layer
1335:
1330:
1322:
1317:
1316:session layer
1314:, but of the
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
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1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:model of the
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1171:
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1162:
1157:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
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1111:
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1103:
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1098:
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1058:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
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1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
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943:
942:
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922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:Network layer
855:
854:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
809:
808:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:Session layer
760:
759:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
720:
714:
713:
706:
705:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
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664:
661:
659:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
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634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
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615:
612:
606:
605:
601:
595:
591:
588:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
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476:
475:
473:
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467:
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460:
457:
455:
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450:
447:
445:
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441:
440:
439:
436:
432:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
415:
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388:
385:
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369:
365:
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359:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
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338:
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319:
315:
310:
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275:
273:
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268:
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205:
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200:
198:
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192:
188:
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132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2735:
2729:
2717:
2706:Bibliography
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2678:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2644:February 23,
2642:, retrieved
2634:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2585:. p. 9.
2582:
2569:
2560:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2522:
2513:
2504:
2460:
2437:
2411:
2176:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2081:Multi-homing
1968:Flow control
1658:50–90 bytes
1655:20–60 bytes
1466:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1403:broadcasting
1399:multicasting
1392:
1381:
1373:flow control
1363:by means of
1358:
1342:
1326:
1312:TCP/IP model
1299:Multiplexing
1255:Flow control
1235:, such as a
1189:
813:
702:
565:
560:
556:
542:
538:multiplexing
534:flow control
509:
503:
464:
424:
357:
317:
307:
131:
116:
110:October 2015
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2738:: 619–639.
2693:January 17,
2668:January 17,
2620:Corbet 2018
2108:Bundling /
1522:IL Protocol
1419:Frame Relay
1384:application
1259:data buffer
1225:Reliability
1199:data stream
1125:IEEE 802.16
1120:IEEE 802.15
1115:IEEE 802.11
1039:IEEE 802.11
1010:Frame Relay
530:reliability
2416:References
1849:Unordered
1846:Unordered
1834:Unordered
1831:Unordered
1667:14+ bytes
1504:Cyclic UDP
1449:wire image
1407:throughput
1293:slow start
1217:can cause
1110:IEEE 802.3
1034:Q.922 LAPF
1005:IEEE 802.3
985:IEEE 802.2
772:Named pipe
551:, and the
435:Link layer
80:newspapers
2779:OSI model
2753:2164/8317
2538:March 10,
2433:R. Braden
2051:Multiple
1878:Optional
1860:Optional
1828:Delivery
1719:Datagram
1716:Datagram
1713:Datagram
1704:Datagram
1701:Datagram
1693:14 bytes
1684:?? bytes
1681:20 bytes
1661:12 bytes
1485:AppleTalk
1463:Protocols
1445:middlebox
1388:datagrams
1145:Bluetooth
1130:IEEE 1394
1090:SONET/SDH
1051:1.
936:2.
914:AppleTalk
858:3.
812:4.
763:5.
717:6.
609:7.
594:OSI model
553:OSI model
522:OSI model
2773:Category
2532:Archived
2184:Service
2165:counted.
1911:checksum
1909:Partial
1904:16 bits
1901:16 bits
1898:32 bits
1895:16 bits
1892:16 bits
1889:16 bits
1886:16 bits
1856:checksum
1840:Ordered
1837:Ordered
1710:Segment
1707:Segment
1678:8 bytes
1675:8 bytes
1652:8 bytes
1649:8 bytes
1615:UDP-Lite
1606:Feature
1586:UDP-Lite
1353:datagram
1323:Analysis
1237:checksum
1203:datagram
1186:Services
704:more....
587:(SCTP).
549:Internet
520:and the
2762:1846371
2719:LWN.net
2688:Itu.int
2663:Itu.int
2053:streams
1526:MPTCP,
1481:IPX/SPX
1477:NetWare
1439:Due to
1285:packets
777:NetBIOS
698:NETCONF
557:Layer 4
465:more...
449:Tunnels
425:more...
358:more...
308:more...
297:TLS/SSL
252:ONC/RPC
189: (
94:scholar
2760:
1555:SCTP,
1549:RUDP,
1532:NORM,
1508:DCCP,
1502:CUDP,
1487:, and
1471:, the
1065:RS-449
1060:RS-232
1027:
888:ICMPv6
688:Telnet
652:HTTP/3
643:Gopher
536:, and
508:, the
292:Telnet
191:HTTP/3
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2758:S2CID
2639:(PDF)
2579:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2110:Nagle
1938:Path
1854:Data
1590:μTP,
1579:UDP,
1573:TCP,
1567:SST,
1561:SPX,
1543:RDP,
1514:FCP,
1496:ATP,
1303:Ports
1213:(IP).
1080:I.431
1075:I.430
965:CSLIP
909:IS-IS
894:IPsec
801:X.225
797:SOCKS
741:ASCII
736:ASN.1
600:layer
559:, or
419:IPsec
197:HTTPS
101:JSTOR
87:books
2695:2017
2670:2017
2646:2020
2540:2023
2497:9293
2495:and
2493:8029
2489:6864
2485:6633
2481:6298
2477:6093
2473:5884
2469:4379
2465:1349
2456:1122
2406:Yes
2403:Yes
2397:Yes
2386:Yes
2366:Yes
2363:Yes
2360:Yes
2346:Yes
2343:Yes
2340:Yes
2320:Yes
2314:Yes
2306:PDUs
2299:Yes
2296:Yes
2290:Yes
2279:Yes
2276:Yes
2273:Yes
2270:Yes
2267:Yes
2259:Yes
2256:Yes
2253:Yes
2250:Yes
2239:Yes
2219:Yes
2216:Yes
2213:Yes
2210:Yes
2207:Yes
2199:TP4
2196:TP3
2193:TP2
2190:TP1
2187:TP0
2126:Yes
2123:Yes
2120:Yes
2097:Yes
2094:Yes
2069:Yes
2043:Yes
2040:Yes
2037:Yes
2034:Yes
2015:Yes
2012:Yes
2009:Yes
2006:Yes
1990:Yes
1984:Yes
1981:Yes
1978:Yes
1959:Yes
1956:Yes
1953:Yes
1950:Yes
1930:Yes
1918:Yes
1875:Yes
1872:Yes
1869:Yes
1866:Yes
1863:Yes
1823:Yes
1820:Yes
1817:Yes
1808:Yes
1805:Yes
1797:Yes
1794:Yes
1791:Yes
1782:Yes
1779:Yes
1771:Yes
1765:Yes
1762:Yes
1759:Yes
1745:Yes
1742:Yes
1739:Yes
1736:Yes
1733:Yes
1640:RUDP
1635:DCCP
1630:SCTP
1539:QUIC
1520:IL,
1457:QUIC
1421:and
1415:X.25
1401:and
1395:HTTP
1367:and
1281:link
1245:NACK
1029:LAPB
1025:X.25
1000:L2TP
980:PLIP
970:SLIP
960:HDLC
955:SDLC
919:X.25
899:IGMP
884:ICMP
877:IPv6
872:IPv4
841:QUIC
836:DCCP
831:SCTP
787:PPTP
726:MIME
693:DHCP
683:SNMP
678:SMTP
668:SMPP
648:HTTP
618:NNTP
414:IGMP
394:ICMP
352:QUIC
347:RSVP
342:SCTP
337:DCCP
302:XMPP
282:SNMP
277:SMTP
262:RTSP
237:OSPF
227:NNTP
222:MQTT
217:MGCP
212:LDAP
202:IMAP
187:HTTP
167:DHCP
73:news
2748:hdl
2740:doi
2453:RFC
2443:doi
2400:No
2394:No
2383:No
2380:No
2377:No
2374:No
2357:No
2354:No
2337:No
2334:No
2323:No
2317:No
2311:No
2293:No
2287:No
2247:No
2236:No
2233:No
2230:No
2227:No
2129:No
2117:No
2114:No
2103:No
2100:No
2091:No
2088:No
2085:No
2075:No
2072:No
2066:No
2063:No
2060:No
2057:No
2031:No
2028:No
2003:No
2000:No
1987:No
1975:No
1972:No
1947:No
1944:No
1940:MTU
1933:No
1927:No
1924:No
1921:No
1915:No
1814:No
1811:No
1788:No
1785:No
1768:No
1756:No
1753:No
1730:No
1727:No
1620:TCP
1610:UDP
1479:'s
1434:TP4
1430:TP0
1423:ATM
1243:or
1241:ACK
1140:USB
1105:DSL
1100:OTN
1095:PON
1085:PDH
1020:PPP
995:MAC
990:LLC
975:GFP
950:ARP
945:ATM
924:PLP
904:IPX
846:SPX
826:UDP
821:TCP
792:RTP
782:SAP
751:PGP
746:TLS
731:XDR
673:SSH
663:NTP
658:NFS
638:FTP
633:DNS
628:SSI
623:SIP
598:by
504:In
459:MAC
454:PPP
444:ARP
409:ECN
404:NDP
332:UDP
327:TCP
287:SSH
272:SIP
267:RIP
257:RTP
247:PTP
242:POP
232:NTP
207:IRC
182:FTP
177:DNS
162:BGP
56:by
2775::
2756:.
2746:.
2736:19
2734:.
2716:.
2686:.
2661:.
2581:.
2559:.
2530:.
2512:.
2491:,
2487:,
2483:,
2479:,
2475:,
2471:,
2467:,
2424:^
2132:?
2046:?
2018:?
1962:?
1491:.
1483:,
1475:,
1417:,
1379:.
1340:.
1301::
1271::
867:IP
561:L4
540:.
532:,
528:,
398:v6
387:v6
382:v4
377:IP
171:v6
2764:.
2750::
2742::
2722:.
2697:.
2672:.
2622:.
2563:.
2542:.
2516:.
2458:.
2445::
1265:.
1221:.
1174:e
1167:t
1160:v
890:)
886:(
654:)
650:(
493:e
486:t
479:v
400:)
396:(
193:)
173:)
169:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
