30:
576:
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38:
873:, Elonroad, and others, are considered the most likely candidate for electric roads. Inductive charging is not considered a mature technology as it delivers the least power, loses 20%-25% of the supplied power when installed on trucks, and its health effects have yet to be documented. Overhead lines is the most mature technology, but the catenaries and overhead wires pose safety and maintenance issues, and motorway companies find overhead lines too expensive.
140:
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French companies operate over 1,400 ships of which 700 are registered in France. France's 110 shipping firms employ 12,500 personnel at sea and 15,500 on shore. Each year, 305 million tonnes of goods and 15 million passengers are transported by sea. Marine transport is responsible for 72% of France's
638:
since 2013. They work as classic trams but without needing rails and catenaries, and can transport up to 155 passengers while being ecological thanks to a diesel-electric hybrid engine. In the starting up, batteries feed the engine of the bus, which can then roll 150 meters before the diesel engine
888:
Technical
Standard 50717, has been approved in late 2022. Following standards, encompassing "full interoperability" and a "unified and interoperable solution" for ground-level power supply, are scheduled to be published by the end 2024, detailing complete "specifications for communication and power
629:
tram, flagship of the French manufacturer Alstom, enjoys an innovative design combining lighter bogies with a modular concept for carriages providing more choices in the types of windows and the number of cars and doors. The recent
Citadis-Dualis, intended to run at up to 100 km/h, is suitable for
98:
improvements were few and second rate. Transport became slow and awkward to use. The early modern period saw great improvements. There was a very quick production of canals connecting rivers. It also saw great changes in oceanic shipping. Rather than expensive galleys, wind powered ships that were
600:
system uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into eight-metre segments with three metre neutral sections between. Each tram has two power collection skates, next to which are antennas that send radio signals to energise the power rail segments as the tram passes
164:(Société nationale des chemins de fer français), the French national railway company. Like the road system, the French railways are subsidised by the state, receiving €13.2 billion in 2013. The railway system is a small portion of total travel, accounting for less than 10% of passenger travel.
978:
In most, if not all, French cities, urban bus services are provided at a flat-rate charge for individual journeys. Many cities have bus services that operate well out into the suburbs or even the country. Fares are normally cheap, but rural services can be limited, especially on weekends.
233:
is planning to remove the monopoly that rail currently has on long-distance journeys by letting coach operators compete. Travel to the UK through the
Channel Tunnel has grown in recent years, and from May 2015 passengers have been able to travel direct to Marseille, Avignon and Lyon.
739:
In order to overcome this dependence, in France and many more countries the long-distance coaches' market has been liberalised. Since 2015, with the law Macron, the market has exploded: the increasing demand lead to a higher supply of bus services and coach companies.
818:
in dense holiday traffic during rainfall. The collision and subsequent fire killed 53 people, among which 46 were children. After this crash, a regulation was enforced to prohibit the transportation of groups of children during this part of the year.
931:
will test two electric road systems (ERS) from 2023 to 2027. Both technologies will initially be tested in laboratory conditions, and upon meeting the test requirements they will be installed along 2 kilometers each on the
601:
over them. At any one time no more than two consecutive segments under the tram should actually be live. Alstrom developed the system primarily to avoid intrusive power supply cables in sensitive area of the old city of
856:
spanning 8,800 kilometers that recharges electric cars, buses and trucks while driving. Two projects for assessment of electric road technologies were announced in 2023. Three technologies are being considered:
1068:
and the VNF has an ongoing programme of maintenance and modernisation to increase depth of waterways, widths of locks and headroom under bridges to support France's strategy of encouraging freight onto water.
1342:
771:, is usually particularly busy. In 2004 there was more than 700 kilometres (430 mi) in accumulated traffic congestion. The black colour is the qualification with which the French government web site
671:
214:
France was ranked 7th among national
European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for intensity of use, quality of service and safety performance, a decrease from previous years.
204:
with larger wheels than the usual TGV, and a stronger 25,000 hp (18,600 kW) engine, broke the world speed record for conventional rail trains, reaching 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph).
670:
consists largely of toll roads, except around large cities and in parts of the north. It is a network totalling 12,000 km (7,500 mi) of motorways operated by private companies such as
884:
formulated with Sweden, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Spain, Poland, and others. The first standard for electrical equipment on-board a vehicle powered by a rail electric road system (ERS),
1505:
2895:
1704:
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885:
1840:
Regulation (EU) 2023/1804 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU
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2135:
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1302:
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near Paris, is the fifth busiest airport in the world with 60 million passenger movements in 2008, and France's primary international airport, serving over 100 airlines.
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supply through conductive rails embedded in the road" as specified in the proposed technical standard prTS 50740 in accordance with
European Union directive 2023/1804.
755:.) This Saturday is usually at the end of July, though in 2007 both the last Saturday of July and the first Saturday of August are designated as Black Saturdays. The
1666:
1968:
1260:
877:
3215:
3001:
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cover a total distance of 365,000 km. The main trunk road network reflects the centralising tradition of France: the majority of them leave the gates of
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Trains have long had a monopoly on inter-regional buses, but in 2015 the French government introduced reforms to allow bus operators to travel these routes.
937:
1838:
1803:
3613:
703:
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1911:
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The revival of tram networks in France has brought about a number of technical developments both in the traction systems and in the styling of the cars:
1722:
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region between 2024 and 2027. The system is expected to supply 500kW of power for electric heavy trucks, as well as power for road utility vehicles and
1824:
Technical
Specification for ground-based feeding systems for dynamic electric road charging infrastructure on road vehicles in operation CLC/prTS 50740
2340:
747:, to the day of the year when road traffic is most dense due to the many departures on holiday. (Traffic problems are exacerbated by France's extreme
1684:
55:
relies on one of the densest networks in the world with 146 km of road and 6.2 km of rail lines per 100 km. It is built as a web with
1501:
2166:
1532:
736:
France is believed to be the most car-dependent country in Europe. In 2005, 937 billion vehicle kilometres were travelled in France (85% by car).
1634:
617:, used in Strasbourg has a modern design that makes it look almost as much like a train as a tram, and has large windows along its entire length.
901:(alimentation par le sol - APS) system for use with buses and other vehicles. The system has been tested for safety when the road is cleared by
2715:
2700:
1096:
1,000 and above. The country also maintains a captive register for French-owned ships in Iles
Kerguelen (French Southern and Antarctic Lands).
2027:
1402:
2468:
1233:(1999 est.) and by a 2005 estimate, there are three heliports. 288 of the airports have paved runways, with the remaining 199 being unpaved.
211:). Metro and tramway services are not thought of as trains and usually follow road traffic in driving on the right (except the Lyon Metro).
3343:
3099:
1748:
1325:
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will be tested for durability under highway traffic, and will attempt to reach 200kW of power delivery per truck using multiple receivers.
1283:
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and a land area of 800 km (310 sq mi). Two significant waterways not under VNF's control are the navigable sections of the
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3273:
2822:
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The French natural and man-made waterways network is the largest in Europe extending to over 8,500 kilometres (5,300 mi) of which (
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stop spacings ranging from 500 m to 5 km. Dualis is a strictly modular partial low-floor car, with all doors in the low-floor sections.
2670:
1779:
1259:, a full service global airline which flies to 20 domestic destinations and 150 international destinations in 83 countries (including
3208:
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229:
The French non-TGV intercity service (TET) is in decline, with old infrastructure and trains. It is likely to be hit further as the
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1441:
1025:. The assets managed by VNF comprise 6,700 kilometres (4,200 mi) of waterways, made up of 3,800 kilometres (2,400 mi) of
913:
and road adherence safety for vehicles, including motorcycles. Alstom will trial its electric road system (ERS) on the public road
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300:
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1999:
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1749:"PD CLC/TS 50717 Technical Requirements for Current Collectors for ground-level feeding system on road vehicles in operation"
130:
network inter yard in suburb of Paris. Here, the train is passing along the closed
Villemomble yard in direction of Valenton.
333:
systems in earlier years, a fast-growing number of France's major cities have modern tram or light rail networks, including
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361:. Recently the tram has seen a very big revival with many experiments such as ground level power supply in
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much faster and had more room for cargo became popular for coastal trade. Transatlantic shipping with the
176:(LGV) lines linked France's most populous areas with the capital, starting with Paris-Lyon. In 1994, the
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3503:
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1705:"Les autoroutiers divisés sur les solutions à mettre en place pour faire rouler des camions électriques"
756:
3541:
1240:, which has authority over the Paris region, managing 14 airports including the two busiest in France,
1237:
1573:
Motte-Baumvol, Benjamin; Bonin, Olivier; David Nassi, Carlos; Belton-Chevallier, Leslie (2016-07-21).
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914:
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479:
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122:
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1932:"Les aides proposées par ATMB à ses clients légers et lourds pour la décarbonation des transports"
1781:
Final draft: Standardization request to CEN-CENELEC on 'Alternative fuels infrastructure' (AFI II)
3455:
3380:
3350:
3016:
2961:
2915:
2763:
2729:
2313:
1605:
1490:
Georges Dobias: Urban Transport in France from Japan Railway & Transport Review, 16 June 1998
1058:
1042:
862:
807:
533:
2100:
1758:
666:
There are ~950,000 km (590,000 mi) of roads in France. The French motorway network or
509:
218:
160:
There is a total of 29,901 kilometres (18,580 mi) of railway in France, mostly operated by
37:
2007:
384:
have never given up their tram systems. Since the 1980s, several cities have re-introduced it.
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831:
707:
557:
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411:
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139:
46:
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494:- since 2000, 'trams on tyres' system featuring a single guide rail while running on tyres;
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811:
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324:
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72:
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1822:
1805:
Regulating Electric Road Systems in Europe - How can a deployment of ERS be facilitated?
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17:
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64:
60:
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280:
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68:
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Approximately 20% of the network is suitable for commercial boats of over 1000
372:
This way of travelling started disappearing in France at the end of the 1930s. Only
253:
are making plans to privatise the French railway network, following a similar model
2890:
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2552:
2352:
2323:
1477:
1245:
1168:
922:
497:
461:
423:
312:
201:
674:(Société des autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France). It has the 8th largest
806:
The term Black Saturday may also refer to Saturday July 31, 1982, when the worst
733:. To ensure an effective road network, new roads not serving Paris were created.
2557:
2460:
2305:
1985:
1502:
Dualis extends the reach of the Citadis family from Railway Gazette, 2 June 2007
1489:
1132:
346:
304:
296:
283:
service (frequently known as a 'metro'). Full metro systems are in operation in
95:
88:
1887:
Compatibility of an in-road Electric Road System with winter service operations
426:- since 2002 as a 'trams on tyres' system, replaced 2019 by conventional trams;
387:
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1192:
1184:
1136:
949:
597:
583:
354:
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1361:"French Train Hits 357 mph (575 km/h) Breaking World Speed Record"
1148:
1128:
1046:
944:
by Elonroad, which supplies 350kW of power per receiver, will be tested for
780:
634:
Prominent bi-articulated "tram-like" Van Hool vehicles (Mettis) are used in
455:
377:
100:
1811:, CollERS2 - Swedish German research collaboration on Electric Road Systems
1013:, manages the navigable sections. Some of the navigable rivers include the
91:
linking major settlements and providing quick passage for marching armies.
1077:
960:
1650:
1140:
1108:
965:
928:
902:
614:
602:
579:
362:
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235:
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1417:"The catastrophic consequences of privatisation in France - DSC Paris 1"
990:
2318:
2186:
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1172:
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675:
451:
3193:
395:
The following French towns and cities run light rail or tram systems:
2607:
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1196:
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1120:
1050:
870:
815:
764:
744:
358:
148:
104:
76:
787:
after Bison Futé's designation. Usually, the French call these days
1236:
Among the airspace governance authorities active in France, one is
952:. Both systems will be interoperable with cars, buses, and trucks.
1894:
1536:
1217:
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1030:
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574:
565:
386:
373:
334:
259:
217:
138:
121:
56:
36:
28:
1969:"Vinci teste la recharge par induction et par rail sur autoroute"
1103:
France also boasts a number of seaports and harbours, including
2880:
2290:
2144:
1905:
1903:
1156:
635:
338:
330:
161:
3197:
2148:
713:
France currently counts 30,500 km of major trunk roads or
1673:(French, meaning: Twenty years ago today, the Beaune accident)
1034:
189:
42:
329:
In spite of the closure of most of France's first generation
2136:
Le transport maritime from Armateurs de France (in French).
852:
France plans to invest 30 to 40 billion euro by 2035 in an
2124:
Voies navigables de France: conjuguer économie et écologie
2028:"France's loss-making inter-city services at a crossroads"
1403:"France's loss-making inter-city services at a crossroads"
1343:"Modal split of inland passenger transport, 2002 and 2012"
207:
Trains, unlike road traffic, drive on the left (except in
1855:"Alstom transfers tram power supply technology to buses"
838:, a technology that as of 2022 is being considered for
1636:
Bison futé prévoit un "samedi noir", premiers bouchons
905:, under exposure to snow, ice, salting, and saturated
869:. Ground-level power supply technologies, provided by
33:
Travel times by road in Metropolitan France from Paris
1557:
Roadways by country (incl. expressways and highways).
717:
and state-owned motorways. By way of comparison, the
75:
are all widely developed forms of transportation in
3580:
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3047:
2948:
2835:
2728:
2657:
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2459:
2428:
2351:
2304:
2271:
2250:
2194:
2185:
542:- since 2010 (previously existed from 1906 to 1952)
1986:"Bus and coach travel in France. About-France.com"
1724:Système de route électrique. Groupe de travail n°1
1029:and 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) of navigable
564:Tram systems are planned or under construction in
87:The first important human improvements were the
1519:
1517:
1261:Overseas departments and territories of France
167:From 1981 onwards, a newly constructed set of
3209:
2160:
1951:"L'APS d'Alstom bientôt testé sur les routes"
1575:"Barriers and (im)mobility in Rio de Janeiro"
1386:"the 2017 European Railway Performance Index"
1319:"Efficiency indicators of Railways in France"
725:. Indeed, trunk roads begin on the parvis of
8:
2536:
2515:
2375:
1280:, a day of extreme road congestion in France
365:, or trolleybuses pretending to be trams in
1529:International Transport Statistics Database
803:, both meaning (literally) Black Saturday.
200:, when a new version of the TGV dubbed the
3216:
3202:
3194:
2954:
2841:
2734:
2663:
2191:
2167:
2153:
2145:
1685:"Sur les routes de la mobilité électrique"
1388:. Boston Consulting Group. 8 January 2021.
1721:Patrick Pélata; et al. (July 2021),
1466:Allez le Tram from Railway-Technology.com
1061:, which are both under local management.
751:, with Paris being the hub of the entire
1201:
959:
799:long before the French adopted the term
678:network in the world, trailing only the
1912:"Présentation du projet eRoadMontBlanc"
1442:"French rediscover love for streetcars"
1295:
1949:Jean-Philippe Pastre (June 30, 2023),
1664:Il y a vingt ans, l'accident de Beaune
795:, this French phenomenon was known as
444:(Paris metropolitan area) - since 1992
279:Six cities in France currently have a
1865:from the original on 29 November 2020
779:(extremely busy) traffic. The French
7:
1884:Patrick Duprat (February 11, 2022),
1397:
1395:
257:used from the 1990s until the 2020s.
1910:Patrick Duprat (January 16, 2024),
3614:Passenger rail transport in France
1255:The national carrier of France is
814:collided into passenger cars near
126:SNCF freight train running on the
25:
1754:The British Standards Institution
1683:Laurent Miguet (April 28, 2022),
1306:Ministère des Affaires étrangères
1263:) across all 6 major continents.
1802:Matts Andersson (July 4, 2022),
1208:Aéroport Charles de Gaulle 2 TGV
936:south of Paris. Wireless ERS by
128:"Grande ceinture complémentaire"
1504:. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
1303:Les grands secteurs économiques
882:European electric road standard
808:road accident in French history
791:(days of great departures). In
432:- since 2006, 'trams on tyres';
341:(Lyon having the biggest one),
2506:Government of National Defense
1967:Léna Corot (August 30, 2023),
1478:Porto:Metro from NYCsubway.org
1367:. Associated Press. 2007-04-03
180:opened, connecting France and
1:
2415:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2410:War of the Spanish Succession
2126:. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
1492:. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
1480:. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
1468:. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
1092:, including 55 ships of size
1007:Navigable Waterways of France
303:-type) systems are in use in
1703:Marc Fressoz (May 9, 2024),
1229:There are approximately 478
810:happened. Around 1:45 AM, a
2138:Retrieved 20 February 2009.
2075:(in French). Archived from
1561:Central Intelligence Agency
789:les jours de grands départs
3635:
3619:Public transport in France
2896:French subdivisions by GDP
2643:2022 presidential election
2628:2017 presidential election
1559:CIA - The World Factbook.
1508:February 13, 2009, at the
1248:. The former, located in
971:
878:French Ministry of Ecology
845:
743:Black Saturday refers, in
322:
272:
153:
3157:
2957:
2844:
2737:
2666:
2400:Second Hundred Years' War
2242:Liberalism and radicalism
2000:"France by Bus and Coach"
1242:Charles de Gaulle Airport
1223:Charles de Gaulle Airport
1006:
899:ground-level power supply
859:ground-level power supply
836:ground-level power supply
2671:Administrative divisions
1651:"Het Hurktoilet (Dutch)"
1638:, Le Monde, 28 July 2006
1594:10.1177/0042098015603290
1308:Retrieved 4 November 219
1273:Rail transport in France
1088:France has an extensive
753:national highway network
156:Rail transport in France
53:Transportation in France
18:Transportation in France
2891:Franc (former currency)
2496:Coup of 2 December 1851
2469:Long nineteenth century
2101:"Questions and Answers"
2066:"Presentation complete"
2042:"Waterways development"
974:Bus transport in France
956:Bus transport in France
897:Alstom has developed a
880:recommended adopting a
876:A working group of the
651:The ring road in Paris.
275:Rapid transit in France
173:Lignes à Grande Vitesse
145:double-decker TGV train
3274:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2911:Science and technology
2568:Provisional Government
2537:
2516:
2376:
1757:, 2022, archived from
1226:
1210:
1094:Gross register tonnage
1085:
1081:Container terminal at
998:
969:
843:
775:designates a day with
719:routes départementales
663:
652:
586:
530:- non-stop since 1881;
458:- non-stop since 1909;
392:
265:
226:
151:
131:
103:turned cities such as
49:
34:
1919:Cercle des Transports
1861:. 26 September 2019.
1623:Calendrier Bison Futé
1525:"Transport in France"
1284:Réseau Ferré National
1221:
1205:
1100:imports and exports.
1080:
993:
963:
830:
658:
650:
578:
390:
263:
242:and refurbishing the
221:
196:, the most recent on
142:
125:
40:
32:
3225:Transport in Europe
2716:World Heritage Sites
2633:Coronavirus pandemic
1011:navigation authority
986:Waterways and canals
854:electric road system
264:Train at Strasbourg.
240:new Class 374 trains
238:is also introducing
3609:Transport in France
3495:States with limited
2854:Automotive industry
2638:2021 labor protests
2395:Peace of Westphalia
2263:History of Normandy
2258:History of Brittany
1973:L'USINENOUVELLE.com
1843:, September 9, 2023
1789:European Commission
1737:on October 21, 2021
1709:L'USINENOUVELLE.com
1539:on 20 December 2008
1448:. Paris. 2008-07-18
1125:Cherbourg-Octeville
1043:navigable aqueducts
757:Autoroute du Soleil
727:Notre-Dame of Paris
194:world speed records
113:Cherbourg-Octeville
47:Paris-Gare de l'Est
2921:Telecommunications
2623:2015 Paris attacks
2486:Revolution of 1848
2314:Visigothic Kingdom
1827:, October 25, 2023
1791:, February 2, 2022
1761:on January 2, 2023
1669:2009-08-04 at the
1238:Aéroports de Paris
1231:airports in France
1227:
1211:
1086:
999:
970:
863:inductive charging
844:
664:
653:
587:
393:
266:
244:current Class 373s
227:
184:by rail under the
152:
132:
119:into major ports.
50:
35:
3596:
3595:
3191:
3190:
3153:
3152:
2944:
2943:
2831:
2830:
2823:Political parties
2759:Foreign relations
2724:
2723:
2653:
2652:
2436:French Revolution
2390:Thirty Years' War
2371:Absolute monarchy
2336:Kingdom of France
2232:Foreign relations
2212:Political history
1588:(14): 2956–2972.
1206:Train station of
996:Canal Saint-Denis
777:extrêmement dense
715:routes nationales
251:French government
231:French government
223:Gare Saint Lazare
16:(Redirected from
3626:
3533:Dependencies and
3232:Sovereign states
3218:
3211:
3204:
3195:
2955:
2871:Economic history
2842:
2735:
2664:
2542:
2521:
2420:Seven Years' War
2385:Wars of Religion
2381:
2366:House of Bourbon
2361:Early modern era
2341:Fundamental laws
2217:Military history
2192:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2139:
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2127:
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2018:
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2015:
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1996:
1990:
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1976:
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1957:
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1535:. Archived from
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1339:
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1332:
1330:
1324:. Archived from
1323:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1165:Port-la-Nouvelle
1113:Boulogne-sur-Mer
1083:Port of Le Havre
1073:Marine transport
1008:
832:Bordeaux tramway
763:to the south of
668:autoroute system
660:French autoroute
430:Clermont-Ferrand
94:All through the
21:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
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3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3576:
3534:
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3514:Northern Cyprus
3496:
3490:
3406:North Macedonia
3227:
3222:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3167:
3149:
3130:Public holidays
3043:
3002:Life expectancy
2940:
2827:
2720:
2649:
2618:Great Recession
2591:Fourth Republic
2586:1900 to present
2574:
2491:Second Republic
2455:
2424:
2347:
2300:
2267:
2246:
2181:
2173:
2143:
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2012:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1938:, June 30, 2023
1930:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1909:
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1890:
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1796:
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1671:Wayback Machine
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1297:
1292:
1269:
1216:
1090:merchant marine
1075:
1059:Brittany Canals
988:
976:
958:
895:
850:
825:
797:zwarte zaterdag
645:
327:
325:Trams in France
321:
277:
271:
186:English Channel
158:
137:
85:
59:at its center.
41:Two high-speed
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3632:
3630:
3622:
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3616:
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3588:European Union
3584:
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3581:Other entities
3578:
3577:
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3535:other entities
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3481:United Kingdom
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3294:Czech Republic
3291:
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2906:Stock exchange
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2732:
2726:
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2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:National parks
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
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2681:Climate change
2678:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:
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2648:
2647:
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2640:
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2615:
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2603:Fifth Republic
2600:
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2598:
2588:
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2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
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2511:Third Republic
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
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2446:First Republic
2443:
2441:Napoleonic era
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
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2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Greek colonies
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2092:
2057:
2033:
2019:
1991:
1977:
1959:
1941:
1923:
1899:
1876:
1846:
1830:
1814:
1794:
1771:
1740:
1713:
1695:
1675:
1656:
1642:
1627:
1615:
1565:
1549:
1513:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1433:
1408:
1391:
1377:
1352:
1334:
1331:on 2015-11-17.
1310:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1278:Black Saturday
1275:
1268:
1265:
1215:
1212:
1074:
1071:
1009:), the French
987:
984:
972:Main article:
957:
954:
894:
891:
867:overhead lines
846:Main article:
840:electric roads
824:
823:Electric roads
821:
783:call this day
749:centralisation
731:Kilometre Zero
644:
641:
632:
631:
623:Modular design
619:
618:
611:Modern styling
607:
606:
594:APS third rail
570:Fort-de-France
562:
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
391:Brest station.
323:Main article:
320:
317:
311:(2 lines) and
291:(4 lines) and
273:Main article:
270:
267:
209:Alsace-Moselle
178:Channel Tunnel
154:Main article:
136:
133:
84:
81:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3631:
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3612:
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3606:
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3589:
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3579:
3573:
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3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
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3550:
3548:
3547:Faroe Islands
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:South Ossetia
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
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3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
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3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
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3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Liechtenstein
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
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3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
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3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
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3292:
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3287:
3285:
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3280:
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3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
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3212:
3207:
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3200:
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3196:
3183:
3180:
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3156:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3088:
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3075:
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3050:
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3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Birth control
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
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2917:
2914:
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2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
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2879:
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2869:
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2857:
2855:
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2840:
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2834:
2824:
2821:
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2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
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2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Constitutions
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
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2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
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2656:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
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2584:
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2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:Années folles
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Second Empire
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:July Monarchy
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
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2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:Ancien Régime
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2339:
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2320:
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2309:
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2297:
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2287:
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2282:
2279:
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2270:
2264:
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2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
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2240:
2238:
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2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
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528:Saint-Étienne
526:
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523:
520:
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517:
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511:
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505:
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469:
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437:
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3524:Transnistria
3486:Vatican City
3313:
3072:Coat of arms
3062:Architecture
3034:Social class
2992:Homelessness
2977:Demographics
2935:
2931:Trade unions
2864:Central bank
2806:criminal law
2769:Human rights
2752:presidential
2596:Algerian War
2579:Contemporary
2553:Vichy France
2548:World War II
2518:Belle Époque
2451:First Empire
2353:Early Modern
2324:West Francia
2131:
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2108:. Retrieved
2104:
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2084:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2072:
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1859:Rail Insider
1858:
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1528:
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1445:
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1423:. 2020-03-26
1420:
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1364:
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1313:
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1235:
1228:
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1000:
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805:
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633:
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560:- since 2012
554:- since 2012
548:- since 2006
546:Valenciennes
536:- since 1994
488:- since 2006
394:
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287:(16 lines),
278:
248:
228:
213:
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198:3 April 2007
171:
166:
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51:
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3562:Isle of Man
3497:recognition
3466:Switzerland
3401:Netherlands
3182:WikiProject
2997:Immigration
2987:Health care
2849:Agriculture
2801:enforcement
2558:Free France
2527:World War I
2474:Restoration
2461:Late Modern
2331:Middle Ages
2306:Middle Ages
2291:Celtic Gaul
1869:29 November
1690:Le Moniteur
1133:Fos-sur-Mer
1055:River Somme
1005:, English:
950:motorcycles
948:effects on
919:Rhône-Alpes
801:samedi noir
785:samedi noir
480:Montpellier
347:Montpellier
315:(2 lines).
307:(2 lines),
297:Light metro
295:(2 lines).
96:Middle Ages
89:Roman roads
3603:Categories
3436:San Marino
3396:Montenegro
3376:Luxembourg
3356:Kazakhstan
3259:Azerbaijan
3125:Philosophy
3110:Literature
3022:secularism
2818:Parliament
2613:2005 riots
2563:Liberation
2429:Revolution
2296:Roman Gaul
2281:Prehistory
2237:Journalism
2110:2008-10-29
2086:2008-10-29
2051:2008-10-29
2013:2016-06-15
1893:, Alstom,
1765:January 2,
1543:2009-02-17
1452:2008-08-13
1427:2021-10-14
1371:2007-04-03
1290:References
1257:Air France
1214:Air travel
1193:Strasbourg
1185:Saint-Malo
1137:La Pallice
1047:reservoirs
909:, and for
781:newspapers
773:Bison Futé
598:Alstom APS
584:Strasbourg
534:Strasbourg
355:Strasbourg
169:high-speed
45:trains at
3552:Gibraltar
3371:Lithuania
2982:Education
2936:Transport
2786:Judiciary
2747:Elections
2701:Mountains
2659:Geography
2405:Louis XIV
2195:Overviews
2008:Angloinfo
2004:Angloinfo
1610:155241715
1602:0042-0980
1149:Marseille
1129:Dunkerque
938:Electreon
903:snowplows
474:Marseille
456:Tourcoing
378:Marseille
293:Marseille
101:New World
3572:Svalbard
3557:Guernsey
3504:Abkhazia
3451:Slovenia
3446:Slovakia
3421:Portugal
3279:Bulgaria
3172:Category
3105:Language
3017:Religion
2962:Abortion
2916:Taxation
2813:Military
2774:Intersex
2764:Politics
2730:Politics
2532:Interwar
2227:Economic
2222:Language
2207:Timeline
1863:Archived
1667:Archived
1640:(French)
1625:(French)
1506:Archived
1365:Fox News
1347:Eurostat
1267:See also
1141:Le Havre
1109:Bordeaux
1057:and the
966:Grenoble
942:Rail ERS
615:Eurotram
603:Bordeaux
580:Eurotram
558:Le Havre
540:Toulouse
486:Mulhouse
436:Grenoble
412:Bordeaux
406:Besançon
363:Bordeaux
343:Toulouse
309:Toulouse
236:Eurostar
225:station
135:Railways
117:Le Havre
109:Bordeaux
3476:Ukraine
3426:Romania
3386:Moldova
3344:Ireland
3339:Iceland
3334:Hungary
3324:Germany
3319:Georgia
3309:Finland
3304:Estonia
3299:Denmark
3284:Croatia
3269:Belgium
3264:Belarus
3254:Austria
3249:Armenia
3244:Andorra
3239:Albania
3163:Outline
3145:Theatre
3140:Symbols
3100:Gardens
3090:Fashion
3082:Cuisine
3049:Culture
3039:Welfare
3012:Poverty
2950:Society
2926:Tourism
2886:Exports
2859:Banking
2837:Economy
2796:history
2691:Islands
2686:Borders
2319:Francia
2273:Ancient
2251:Regions
2202:History
2187:History
1349:. 2012.
1225:, Paris
1173:Roscoff
1145:Lorient
1105:Bayonne
1051:tunnels
1037:, 1595
964:Bus in
917:in the
886:CENELEC
761:highway
708:Germany
676:highway
662:network
627:Citadis
510:Orléans
468:Le Mans
452:Roubaix
83:History
3567:Jersey
3509:Kosovo
3471:Turkey
3461:Sweden
3441:Serbia
3431:Russia
3416:Poland
3411:Norway
3391:Monaco
3361:Latvia
3329:Greece
3314:France
3289:Cyprus
3177:Portal
3077:Cinema
3057:Anthem
3029:Racism
3007:People
2901:Mining
2876:Energy
2711:Rivers
2676:Cities
2608:May 68
2179:topics
2176:France
1608:
1600:
1421:DiEM25
1250:Roissy
1197:Toulon
1153:Nantes
1121:Calais
1066:tonnes
1033:, 494
1031:rivers
1027:canals
893:Trials
871:Alstom
865:, and
816:Beaune
765:France
759:, the
745:France
700:Canada
692:Russia
625:: The
613:: The
596:: The
568:, and
504:Nantes
400:Angers
359:Nantes
313:Rennes
188:. The
149:Toulon
105:Nantes
77:France
3542:Åland
3456:Spain
3381:Malta
3351:Italy
3135:Sport
3120:Music
3115:Media
2972:Crime
2696:Lakes
2080:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
1955:TRM24
1915:(PDF)
1895:PIARC
1891:(PDF)
1809:(PDF)
1785:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1606:S2CID
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1177:Rouen
1161:Paris
1117:Brest
1049:, 35
1045:, 65
1041:, 74
1039:locks
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1019:Seine
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929:Vinci
915:RN205
907:brine
812:coach
793:Dutch
769:Spain
723:Paris
704:Spain
696:Japan
688:India
684:China
672:Sanef
643:Roads
566:Tours
552:Dijon
522:Rouen
516:Reims
492:Nancy
448:Lille
418:Brest
374:Lille
367:Nancy
335:Paris
319:Trams
305:Lille
285:Paris
73:water
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3095:Flag
2881:Euro
2779:LGBT
1936:ATMB
1871:2020
1767:2023
1598:ISSN
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162:SNCF
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