528:. Its reproductive cycle is divided into three distinct stages, the prereproductive, reproductive, and postreproductive. The prereproductive stages occurs from January to April and the postreproductive stage occurs from September to December. During these periods, the gonads are much smaller than the reproductive stage. Mating occurs in the summer from May to August, during which testes and ovaries grow significantly in size. The ovaries become a dark orange color and eggs are visible on the surface. Embryonic development occurs in 24–26 hours. Eggs are pelagic and 0.71–0.92 mm (0.028–0.036 in) in length. Sexual maturity is reached at 2 years of age and around 16 cm (6.3 in) in length for both males and females.
42:
561:
1198:
1212:
1205:
86:
569:
61:
1056:
421:
1042:
391:
The
Mediterranean horse mackerel has an elongated, compressed body (up to 60 cm (24 in) in length, common length 30 cm (12 in)) with a large head and projected lower jaw. The nostrils are small and close-set and the eyes are protected by a well-developed adipose eyelid. Its upper
602:
Despite being regularly caught in mixed-species fisheries, the
Mediterranean horse mackerel is listed as least concern by the IUCN. Its wide range buffers it from steep population declines, and none has been observed in recent years, with catches leveling out in the past decade. Overfishing in the
472:
is found in the territorial waters of every country bordering the Black Sea: Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, and
Ukraine. Subspecies populations are not isolated and some limited migration between seas occurs. Hybrid offspring have been found in the wild. Its typical depth range is
576:
The
Mediterranean horse mackerel is an important resource in the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea region. It makes up 54% of catches in the Black Sea and 39% in the Sea of Marmara. In the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, it only totals 3-4% of annual catches. Fixed nets and
603:
1980s led to a steep decline in catches in the Black and
Marmara Seas, but has since become stable. Some conservation measures are in place in certain European countries. Minimum catch lengths are 15 cm (5.9 in) in the
323:
that can reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in length. In the countries near the
Mediterranean and Black Seas, it makes up a significant portion of fish catch, 54% of fish caught in the latter. Despite
980:
Mollaret, Isabelle; Jamieson, Barrie G.M.; Justine, Jean-Lou (2000). "Phylogeny of the
Monopisthocotylea and Polyopisthocotylea (Platyhelminthes) inferred from 28S rDNA sequences".
589:
species in the
Mediterranean. Because it forms dense schools and lives in shallower waters, the Mediterranean horse mackerel is the more commonly caught species. Along with
432:
waters throughout the eastern
Atlantic Ocean from the Bay of Biscay to Mauritania, as well as the Mediterranean Sea, the Aegean archipelago, the Black Sea, the Propontis or
473:
5–250 m (16–820 ft), though it can be found as deep as 500 m (1,600 ft). It lives near the ocean floor, though it sometimes schools near the surface.
1762:
333:
1801:
1868:
1893:
1736:
1775:
1878:
1814:
1888:
41:
706:
1090:
1046:
1840:
1898:
1204:
1883:
1356:
1211:
1780:
1386:
1197:
1306:
1678:
1060:
560:
1806:
1371:
1351:
1326:
85:
1469:
1381:
1331:
1311:
1301:
1017:"The egg and larval growth stages of Horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Sea of Marmara"
468:
subspecies, also called the Black Sea scad, is native to the Black Sea, the Sea of
Marmara, and the Sea of Azov.
1585:
1517:
1449:
800:
Yankova, M.; D. Pavlov; P. Ivanova; E. Karpova; A. Boltachev; B. Öztürk; L. Bat; M. Oral; M. Mgeladze (2014).
1873:
1424:
536:
1640:
1454:
1376:
1138:
1083:
591:
506:
345:
918:
Pora, E. (1979). "Le chinchard de la Mer Noire (Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus), étude monographique".
548:
1555:
1527:
1464:
1444:
1439:
1271:
801:
180:
1832:
1845:
1687:
1532:
1512:
517:
367:. It was also described two other times, by Y. G. Aleev in 1956 and J. Dardignac and A. Vincent. Its
669:
1434:
542:
511:
445:
441:
401:
392:
jaw, or maxilla, is also large and wide. Its body is a dusky color, blue to grey to black in color
50:
1613:
1429:
457:
453:
230:
197:
80:
1692:
757:
396:
and on top of the head, while the lower two-thirds of the body is white to silver in color. Its
1767:
1710:
1133:
1076:
997:
308:
1793:
1580:
1321:
1220:
989:
960:
898:
858:
816:
780:
664:
405:
393:
568:
1366:
1346:
1336:
1183:
1178:
572:
Mediterranean horse mackerel are an important economic resource in the Mediterranean Sea.
1522:
1361:
1276:
1257:
1173:
937:
604:
490:
433:
372:
127:
17:
993:
646:
1862:
1788:
1560:
1542:
1341:
1287:
1232:
1148:
1143:
1016:
702:
655:
578:
360:
352:
329:
312:
300:
137:
70:
65:
1715:
1479:
1474:
1159:
863:
842:
1749:
1672:
1484:
1316:
486:
429:
325:
316:
1663:
1055:
1603:
1598:
1499:
1489:
564:
Commercial capture of Mediterranean horse mackerel in tonnes from 1950 to 2009
502:
397:
304:
292:
147:
735:
1411:
1107:
532:
525:
449:
356:
157:
97:
1001:
903:
882:
489:
temperatures, the Mediterranean horse mackerel is oceandromous, that is it
420:
1702:
1041:
581:
are common methods used to catch Mediterranean horse mackerel. Along with
1723:
1657:
1618:
1400:
1099:
881:
Viette, Michèle; Piero Giulio Giulianini; Enrico Antonio Ferrero (1997).
715:
616:
524:
Like other mackerels, the Mediterranean horse mackerel's reproduction is
482:
437:
409:
296:
288:
117:
965:
1741:
1728:
1623:
1119:
612:
608:
498:
494:
349:
1754:
821:
785:
620:
596:
107:
1634:
1827:
1246:
567:
559:
419:
368:
328:
in the 1980s, catch numbers have leveled out and it is listed as
1819:
320:
1638:
1072:
640:
638:
636:
946:, Steindachner, 1868) on the coasts of the eastern Black Sea"
802:"Marine fishes in the Black Sea: recent conservation status"
1068:
938:"Abundance and distribution of eggs and larvae of anchony (
742:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
493:
within its native bodies of water. It feeds primarily on
843:"Stock identification of Mediterranean horse mackerel (
1647:
1573:
1541:
1498:
1410:
1399:
1285:
1255:
1230:
1219:
1157:
1117:
1106:
758:"Genetic divergence between the scad of subspecies
936:Sahin, Cemalettin; Necati Hacimurtazaoglu (2013).
887:(Teolostei, Carangidae), from the Gulf of Trieste"
400:is yellow and it has a distinct black mark just
670:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198645A43156470.en
334:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1084:
1024:Fisheries Advisory Commission Technical Paper
464:is found in the Mediterranean Sea, while the
428:The Mediterranean horse mackerel is found in
8:
847:) using morphometric and meritic characters"
751:
749:
766:) from the Black Sea and the Mediterranean"
595:, it makes up 59% of seafood production in
344:The Mediterranean horse mackerel was first
1635:
1407:
1227:
1114:
1091:
1077:
1069:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
59:
40:
31:
964:
902:
862:
820:
784:
668:
509:with other members of its genus, such as
363:Franz Steindachner, who gave it the name
876:
874:
436:, and the southwestern Sea of Azov. Its
1614:Butterfly kingfish (butterfly mackerel)
931:
929:
836:
834:
832:
632:
982:International Journal for Parasitology
942:, Linnaeus, 1758) and horse mackerel (
920:Institut Roumain de Recherches Marines
730:
728:
726:
7:
1833:73B1BD56-AD7C-1274-E91A-71218150227D
412:is preceded by two separate spines.
1869:IUCN Red List least concern species
656:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
619:, and 13 cm (5.1 in) in
408:. It has 36-41 gillrakers and the
25:
1894:Taxa named by Franz Steindachner
1210:
1203:
1196:
1054:
1040:
84:
883:"Reproductive biology of scad,
1357:Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel
891:ICES Journal of Marine Science
851:ICES Journal of Marine Science
611:, 12 cm (4.7 in) in
607:, 10 cm (3.9 in) in
481:A marine species that prefers
365:Caranx trachurus mediterraneus
239:Caranx trachurus mediterraneus
1:
1879:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
1387:West African Spanish mackerel
994:10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00197-6
864:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.05.001
249:Dardignac & Vincent, 1958
35:Mediterranean horse mackerel
1460:Mediterranean horse mackerel
809:Mediterranean Marine Science
773:Mediterranean Marine Science
259:Mediterranean horse mackerel
1889:Marine fish of North Africa
1307:Australian spotted mackerel
424:Map of the Black Sea region
1915:
1372:Queensland school mackerel
1352:Monterrey Spanish mackerel
1327:Indo-Pacific king mackerel
953:Turkish Journal of Zoology
756:Dobrovolov, I. S. (2000).
645:Smith-Vaniz, W.F. (2015).
1594:
1470:Yellowtail horse mackerel
1382:Streaked Spanish mackerel
1332:Japanese Spanish mackerel
1312:Broadbarred king mackerel
1302:Atlantic Spanish mackerel
1194:
1015:Artüz, M. Levent (2000).
736:"Trachurus mediterraneus"
531:It is parasitized by the
236:
229:
210:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1586:Scombroid food poisoning
1518:Blacksail snake mackerel
1450:Greenback horse mackerel
719:. February 2017 version.
705:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
416:Distribution and habitat
269:Black Sea horse mackerel
1693:Trachurus_mediterraneus
1679:Trachurus mediterraneus
1649:Trachurus mediterraneus
1624:Bonitos (tribe Sardini)
1425:Atlantic horse mackerel
1062:Trachurus mediterraneus
1048:Trachurus mediterraneus
944:Trachurus mediterraneus
885:Trachurus mediterraneus
845:Trachurus mediterraneus
760:Trachurus Mediterraneus
709:Trachurus mediterraneus
649:Trachurus mediterraneus
264:Trachurus mediterraneus
190:Trachurus mediterraneus
18:Trachurus mediterraneus
1899:Fish described in 1868
1619:Tunas (tribe Thunnini)
1455:Japanese jack mackerel
1377:Serra Spanish mackerel
1223:(tribe Scomberomorini)
1139:Atlantic chub mackerel
940:Engraulis encrasicouls
904:10.1006/jmsc.1996.0185
663:: e.T198645A43156470.
592:Engraulis encrasicolus
573:
565:
425:
340:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1884:Fish of the Black Sea
1556:Okhotsk atka mackerel
1528:Violet snake mackerel
1465:Pacific jack mackerel
1445:Cunene horse mackerel
1440:Chilean jack mackerel
1272:Double-lined mackerel
841:Turan, Cemal (2004).
571:
563:
537:Gastrocotyle trachuri
423:
295:found in the eastern
267:), also known as the
172:T. mediterraneus
1604:Subfamily Scombrinae
1533:White snake mackerel
1513:Black snake mackerel
1051:at Wikimedia Commons
379:meaning "rough" and
371:name comes from the
216:(Steindachner, 1868)
1435:Cape horse mackerel
966:10.3906/zoo-1212-31
585:, it is one of two
549:Cemocotyle trachuri
543:Pseudaxine trachuri
477:Biology and ecology
462:T. m. mediterraneus
452:range extends from
440:range extends from
213:T. m. mediterraneus
51:Conservation status
1430:Blue jack mackerel
764:Carangidae, Pisces
574:
566:
426:
287:, is a species of
277:Mediterranean scad
246:Suareus furnestini
242:Steindachner, 1868
1856:
1855:
1641:Taxon identifiers
1632:
1631:
1599:Family Scombridae
1569:
1568:
1395:
1394:
1221:Spanish mackerels
1192:
1191:
1134:Atlantic mackerel
1110:(tribe Scombrini)
1045:Media related to
556:Human interaction
460:. The subspecies
309:Mediterranean Sea
255:
254:
250:
243:
224:
217:
74:
16:(Redirected from
1906:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
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1718:
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1705:
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1695:
1683:
1682:
1681:
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1667:
1666:
1636:
1581:Mackerel as food
1549:
1548:
1506:
1505:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1322:Chinese mackerel
1295:
1294:
1265:
1264:
1240:
1239:
1228:
1214:
1207:
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1167:
1166:
1127:
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1115:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1059:Data related to
1058:
1044:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1005:
977:
971:
970:
968:
950:
933:
924:
923:
915:
909:
908:
906:
878:
869:
868:
866:
838:
827:
826:
824:
822:10.12681/mms.700
806:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:10.12681/mms.284
770:
753:
744:
743:
732:
721:
720:
699:
682:
681:
679:
677:
672:
642:
383:meaning "tail".
307:, including the
248:
241:
222:
215:
192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1610:Other Scombrids
1590:
1565:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1503:
1502:
1500:Snake mackerels
1494:
1415:
1414:
1402:
1391:
1367:Papuan seerfish
1347:Korean mackerel
1337:Kanadi kingfish
1292:
1291:
1281:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1237:
1236:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1188:
1184:Island mackerel
1179:Indian mackerel
1164:
1163:
1153:
1124:
1123:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1009:
979:
978:
974:
959:(37): 773–781.
948:
935:
934:
927:
917:
916:
912:
880:
879:
872:
840:
839:
830:
804:
799:
798:
794:
768:
755:
754:
747:
734:
733:
724:
701:
700:
685:
675:
673:
644:
643:
634:
629:
558:
479:
418:
389:
342:
244:
218:
201:
194:
188:
175:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Jack mackerels
1871:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1697:
1684:
1669:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:Snake mackerel
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1412:Jack mackerels
1405:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:Pacific sierra
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1277:Shark mackerel
1274:
1268:
1266:
1258:Grammatorcynus
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1174:Short mackerel
1170:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1112:
1108:True mackerels
1104:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1065:at Wikispecies
1052:
1036:
1035:External links
1033:
1030:
1029:
1007:
988:(2): 171–185.
972:
925:
910:
897:(2): 267–272.
870:
857:(5): 774–781.
828:
815:(2): 366–379.
792:
779:(1): 133–139.
745:
722:
703:Froese, Rainer
683:
631:
630:
628:
625:
557:
554:
478:
475:
470:T. m. ponticus
466:T. m. ponticus
434:Sea of Marmara
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414:
388:
385:
341:
338:
291:in the family
273:horse mackerel
253:
252:
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220:T. m. ponticus
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128:Actinopterygii
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1578:
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1561:Atka mackerel
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1544:
1543:Hexagrammidae
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1317:Cero mackerel
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1233:Acanthocybium
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66:Least Concern
56:
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33:
30:
19:
1648:
1480:Arabian scad
1475:African scad
1459:
1416:(15 species)
1401:Non-Scombrid
1293:(18 species)
1286:
1256:
1231:
1160:Rastrelliger
1158:
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674:. Retrieved
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583:T. trachurus
582:
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547:
541:
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512:T. trachurus
510:
501:, and small
480:
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450:longitudinal
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198:Steindachner
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29:
1750:iNaturalist
1673:Wikispecies
1547:(2 species)
1504:(5 species)
1485:Crozet scad
1263:(2 species)
1238:(1 species)
1165:(3 species)
1125:(4 species)
676:19 November
533:monogeneans
503:crustaceans
487:subtropical
438:latitudinal
430:subtropical
387:Description
348:in 1868 by
326:overfishing
317:subtropical
281:common scad
223:Aleev, 1956
206:Subspecies
1863:Categories
1490:Rough scad
627:References
485:water and
398:caudal fin
311:. It is a
305:Mauritania
293:Carangidae
148:Carangidae
1403:mackerels
587:Trachurus
526:oviparous
499:anchovies
406:operculum
402:posterior
357:zoologist
346:described
319:, marine
166:Species:
159:Trachurus
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1768:10153599
1724:FishBase
1700:BioLib:
1664:Q2301294
1658:Wikidata
1100:Mackerel
1002:10704600
716:FishBase
617:Bulgaria
495:sardines
491:migrates
483:brackish
448:and its
410:anal fin
394:dorsally
350:Austrian
297:Atlantic
289:mackerel
231:Synonyms
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1742:5210496
1574:Related
1120:Scomber
740:FAO.org
613:Romania
609:Ukraine
404:to the
377:trachys
369:generic
332:by the
200:, 1868)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1846:126820
1820:126820
1807:189388
1794:198645
1781:168590
1755:118694
1703:126979
1026:(202).
1000:
922:: 753.
621:Turkey
597:Turkey
579:seines
546:, and
507:shoals
375:roots
359:, and
1841:WoRMS
1828:Plazi
1763:IRMNG
1716:57PKT
1247:Wahoo
1020:(pdf)
949:(pdf)
805:(pdf)
769:(pdf)
505:. It
373:Greek
299:from
1815:OBIS
1802:NCBI
1789:IUCN
1776:ITIS
1737:GBIF
1729:1278
998:PMID
678:2021
661:2015
615:and
515:and
458:43°E
454:13°W
446:28°N
442:49°N
381:oura
321:fish
285:scad
257:The
1711:CoL
1688:ADW
990:doi
961:doi
899:doi
859:doi
817:doi
781:doi
665:doi
456:to
444:to
303:to
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605:EU
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271:,
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261:(
196:(
73:)
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