44:
720:, provisions in the CCA are aimed at deterring practices by firms which are anti-competitive in that they restrict free competition. This part of the act is enforced by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC). The ACCC can litigate in the Federal Court of Australia, and seek pecuniary penalties of up to $ 10 million from corporations and $ 500,000 from individuals. Private actions for compensation may also be available.
1030:
the ACL, formerly s 71 of the TPA), supply by description or sample (s 56, s 57) and that the goods are of acceptable quality (s 54 of the ACL, formerly s 66 of the TPA, which used the term "merchantable quality"). As a caveat, where the consumer guarantees are not that of title, undisturbed possession or undisclosed securities, they only apply if the goods or services in question are supplied in trade or commerce.
314:
1046:) was released in January 2003 and received 212 submissions. The scope of the report was quite broad, with recommendations regarding mergers and acquisitions, exclusionary provisions, third line forcing, joint ventures, penalties and remedies, and the functions and powers of the ACCC. As a result, some amendments have been made to the Act.
873:). However, a feature of the Australian telecommunications market is that it is neither feasible nor efficient to have multiple networks, for example, of fibre-optic cables or of copper cables. For this reason, sections XIB and XIC of the Act exist to ensure that competitors (downstream users) have access to Telstra's networks.
883:. "Anti-competitive conduct" refers to the restrictive trade practices in Part IV of the Act (Sections 45, 45B, 46, 47 or 48), or when a carrier with a substantial degree of power in a telecommunications market has taken advantage of the power with the effect, or likely effect, of substantially lessening competition.
754:– an attempt to interfere with freedom of buyers to buy from other suppliers, such as agreeing to supply a product only if a retailer does not stock a competitor's product. Most forms of exclusive dealing are only prohibited if they have the purpose or likely effect of substantially lessening competition in a market.
1029:
Under the Trade
Practices Act implied conditions and warranties are mandatory: they cannot be excluded by a contractual intent to the contrary. The implied conditions are as to title (s 53 of the ACL, formerly s 69 of the TPA), quiet possession, freedom from encumbrances, fitness for purpose (s 55 of
634:
The
Australian Consumer Law (ACL) is applied as state law through the Fair Trading Acts in each Australian State and Territory, to extend the application of the ACL to individuals. The Act exempts the Commonwealth, State and Territory governments from some provisions of the Act. The immunity from the
1016:
The
Australian Consumer Law also prohibits a range of other unfair practices including bait advertising (advertising a product that is not reasonably available), pyramid schemes (Division 3 of Part 3-1 of the ACL, formerly Division 1AAA of Part IV of the TPA), and certain misrepresentations (e.g. a
832:
Australia is a free market economy; consequently, the Act does not establish the ACCC as a price-fixing body. An example of the use of this section is that, under a direction from the
Minister, the ACCC monitors the price of petrol. However, the ACCC cannot set the price of petrol, which has led to
707:
This part of the Act allows services to be 'declared' and for parties to negotiate terms and conditions of access. The
National Competition Council and the ACCC are both involved in registering agreement and assessing what is fair (to owners, to public, to users). As an alternative to declaring a
977:
Misleading or deceptive conduct (s 18 of the ACL, formerly s 52 of the TPA) is one of the most important consumer parts of the act. It allows both individuals and the ACCC to take action against corporations who engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive, or likely to mislead or deceive.
803:
A unique feature of the
Competition and Consumer Act, which does not exist in similar legislation overseas, is that the ACCC may grant exemptions. The ACCC may grant immunity based on assessment of the public benefits and anti-competitive detriments of the conduct, through the 'notification' or
849:
Part X provides immunities for liner shipping from the competition provisions of the Act contained in Part IV. Upon registration of agreements with the registrar of liner shipping, shipping operators may discuss and fix prices, pool revenues and losses, coordinate schedules and engage in other
774:
A priority of ACCC enforcement action in recent years has been cartels. The ACCC has in place an immunity policy, which grants immunity from prosecution to the first party in a cartel to provide information to the ACCC allowing it to prosecute. This policy recognises the difficulty in gaining
1025:
The
Australian Consumer Law implies into contracts with consumers certain guarantees (these were formerly known as warranties). Similar conditions are implied by the State Sale of Goods Acts, but these acts have slightly different jurisdictional limits (e.g. 'consumer' and 'goods') and the
1033:
The most important of these to a consumer is likely to be acceptable quality. If goods or services fail to reach a basic level of quality (considering the price of the goods/services) – that is they are defective, break, or do not do what they should do – then the ACL has been breached.
748:– taking advantage of substantial market power in a particular market, for one or more proscribed purposes; namely, to eliminate or damage an actual or potential competitor, to prevent a person from entering a market, or to deter or prevent a person from engaging in competitive conduct.
703:
Part IIIA of the CCA deals with third party access to services of facilities of national significance. For example, it covers access to electricity grids or natural gas pipelines. The aim of this part of the act is to encourage competition in upstream or downstream markets.
1007:
Section 21 bans unconscionability in consumer transactions. Section 22 gives factors that indicate unconscionability. This clarifies the application of unconscionability and circumstances where a consumer is at a "special disability".
783:
Part IVB allows the
Australian government to prescribe Industry Codes, and breach of these codes is a breach of the Act. The ACCC administers ongoing compliance with these codes. There are currently three codes made under this part:
757:
Third-line forcing: A type of exclusive dealing, third-line forcing involves the supply of goods or services on the condition that the acquirer also acquires goods or services from a third party. Third-line forcing is prohibited per
893:
is a telecommunications-specific access regime. The object of Part XIC is to promote the long-term interests of end-users of telecommunications carriage services and services that facilitate the supply of such carriage services:
886:
If the conduct continues after the issue of the
Competition Notice, the ACCC can seek an injunction and financial penalty through the Federal Court. Competition Notices also allow third parties to take legal action.
1103:
637:
741:
Secondary boycotts whose purpose is to cause substantially less competition (Actions between two persons engaging in conduct hindering 3rd person from supplying or acquiring goods or services from 4th)
376:
942:
The
Australian Consumer Law (ACL) is based on the proposition that low consumer power or lack of information is a market failure which needs to be addressed by interference in the market.
804:'authorisation' process. Such exemptions do not apply to resale price maintenance or misuse of market power. The ACCC maintains a public register of authorisations and notifications.
1294:
997:', the other party is or ought be aware of that disability, and that other party acts in a way that makes it unfair or unconscionable to accept the offer of the weaker party.
841:
Part IX allows the Australian Competition Tribunal, established in Part III of the Act, to review certain decisions of the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission.
623:, which sets out the division of powers between the federal and state parliaments. As a result, most of the CCA is drafted to apply only to corporations, thus relying on
667:
600:
879:
of the Act allows the ACCC to issue a Competition Notice to a carrier (telecommunications corporation) if it has reason to believe the corporation has engaged in
624:
1331:
1411:
628:
828:
To monitor the prices, costs and profits of an industry or business under the direction of the minister and to publicly report the results to the Minister.
993:' which was later clarified as a cause-of-action. The High Court of Australia held that an act was unconscionable if a party to a transaction is under a '
898:. The extent to which something promotes the long-term interests of end-users is assessed by having regard to three, and only three, objectives, namely:
1431:
1138:
620:
554:
1287:
822:
To hold price inquiries in relation to the supply of goods or services, and to publicly report the findings to the responsible Commonwealth minister
1225:
807:
In 2006 the Act was amended to include a new Division 3 to Part VIIA providing a process for formal clearance and authorisation of mergers.
160:
103:
912:
Under Part XIC, the ACCC can 'declare' particular telecommunications carriage services if it is in the long-term interests of end-users:
1280:
825:
To examine proposed price rises on 'notified' goods, subject to instruction from the Minister. This allows some control over price rises
989:
The inclusion of unconscionable conduct in the Australian Consumer Law is a codification and extension of the equitable principle of '
599:
in Australia, and seeks to promote competition, fair trading as well as providing protection for consumers. It is administered by the
523:
1436:
1426:
1421:
972:
950:
680:
361:
1369:
1357:
862:, now privatised, has traditionally dominated the telecommunications sector. Telstra owns the copper network infrastructure.
981:
Misleading or deceptive conduct carried out by companies can also be prosecuted by the state (under Chapter 4 of the ACL).
1267:
698:
547:
466:
674:
908:
encouraging economically efficient use of, and investment in, the infrastructure by which listed services are supplied.
642:
1315:
1226:"Unconscionable conduct and door to door sales – What lessons can be learnt from the two recent cases?"
870:
686:
619:
The Competition and Consumer Act (CCA) is an act of the Parliament of Australia and so its application is limited by
608:
395:
330:
1336:
1416:
1341:
1171:
1147:
1112:
1055:
767:
761:
540:
858:
The Act also regulates aspects of the Telecommunications market. In Australia the previously government-owned
611:
has the jurisdiction to determine private and public complaints made in regard to contraventions of the Act.
1374:
1175:
1151:
1116:
604:
582:
51:
917:
913:
895:
815:
Part VIIA enables the ACCC to examine the prices of selected goods and services in the Australian economy.
869:
as a competitor. In 1997 deregulation continued when new entities were permitted to enter the market (see
440:
1362:
994:
627:. Some parts of the CCA have a broader operation, relying for instance on the telecommunications power (
528:
208:
198:
188:
483:
478:
366:
1043:
646:
167:
1089:
1075:
1261:
1229:
799:
Part VII: Authorisations, Notifications, and clearances in respect of restrictive trade practices
502:
424:
990:
751:
578:
488:
473:
356:
344:
219:
121:
71:
An Act relating to competition, fair trading and consumer protection, and for other purposes
497:
451:
447:
349:
1211:
1167:
1143:
1108:
43:
596:
456:
435:
381:
305:
603:(ACCC) and also gives some rights for private action. Schedule 2 of the CCA sets out the
1204:
404:
386:
1255:
1405:
1128:
Bruce A. Consumer Protection Law in Australia. LexisNexis 2011 (2nd edition due 2013)
493:
461:
283:
237:
278:
83:
930:
by an ordinary access undertaking given by the supplier of the declared service, or
923:
Persons can obtain access to declared services on terms and conditions set either:
745:
732:
507:
420:
371:
136:
17:
1243:
645:
was the first Australian text to critically analyse the most extensive changes to
313:
1000:
Section 20 codifies the common law by referring to the "unwritten law" (i.e. the
635:
Act does not generally derive to third parties who deal with the government: see
430:
181:
916:. Suppliers of declared services must comply with standard access obligations:
1001:
62:
1272:
662:
The CCA establishes four organisations with a role in administering the Act:
717:
409:
339:
93:
1004:). However, the inclusion of section 20 allows for remedies under the Law.
641:. The article: 'Consumer Protection Law in Australia' (LexisNexis 2011) by
1191:
335:
859:
865:
The market was partially deregulated in 1992 with the introduction of
1090:
Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No. 2) 2010
1042:
The Review of the Competition Provisions of the Trade Practices Act (
728:
708:
service, it may be subject to undertakings registered with the ACCC.
415:
268:
1212:
Small business success on Section 46 of the Trade Practices Act 1974
1026:
legislative phrases may have been interpreted slightly differently.
1104:
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare
866:
738:
Primary boycotts (an agreement between parties to exclude another)
638:
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare
1276:
764:– fixing a price below which resellers cannot sell or advertise
956:
Conditions and Warranties in Consumer Transactions – Part 3-2
1262:
Dawson Report Key Implemented Changes to Trade Practices Act
811:
Part VIIA: Prices surveillance, Notification, and Monitoring
312:
837:
Part IX: Review by Tribunal of determinations of commission
770:
that would result in a substantial lessening of competition
649:
law embodied within the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.
850:
conduct that would otherwise breach Part IV provisions.
927:
by agreement with the supplier of the declared service,
1205:
Resale Price Maintenance – The Need for Further Reform
902:
promoting competition in markets for listed services;
949:
Unfair Practices (including unconscionable conduct,
854:
Part XIB and Part XIC: Telecommunications Regulation
833:
complaints that the ACCC is a "toothless watchdog".
775:
information/evidence about price-fixing behaviours.
1383:
1350:
1324:
1308:
267:
259:
251:
243:
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117:
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89:
79:
50:
34:
668:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
601:Australian Competition & Consumer Commission
113:23 August 1974 (with amendments from the Senate)
585:. Prior to 1 January 2011, it was known as the
953:and unfair contracts) - Chapter 2 and Part 3-1
1288:
548:
8:
1021:Consumer Guarantees (Division 1 of Part 3-2)
1295:
1281:
1273:
1207:(2001) 9 Trade Practices Law Journal 19-29
818:The ACCC's functions under this part are:
595:). The Act is the legislative vehicle for
555:
541:
301:
42:
1244:ACCC webpage on industry codes of conduct
1139:Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio
959:Product safety and information - Part 3-3
621:section 51 of the Australian Constitution
516:Enforcement authorities and organizations
1067:
515:
394:
322:
304:
68:
905:promoting any-to-any connectivity; and
31:
7:
716:The restrictive trade practices, or
712:Part IV: Restrictive Trade Practices
284:Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1972
279:Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1971
1412:Acts of the Parliament of Australia
938:Schedule 2: Australian Consumer Law
27:Act of the Parliament of Australia
25:
1076:Competition and Consumer Act 2010
570:Competition and Consumer Act 2010
524:International Competition Network
36:Competition and Consumer Act 2010
1432:Consumer protection in Australia
1017:misrepresentation as to price).
933:through arbitration by the ACCC.
973:Misleading or deceptive conduct
967:Misleading or Deceptive Conduct
951:misleading or deceptive conduct
681:Australian Competition Tribunal
529:List of competition regulators
1:
699:Essential facilities doctrine
693:Part IIIA: Access to Services
962:Product Liability - Part 3-5
675:National Competition Council
631:) or the territories power.
1198:Restrictive Trade Practices
871:Communications in Australia
727:Most Price Agreements (see
723:These provisions prohibit:
687:Australian Energy Regulator
685:Part IIIAA establishes the
1453:
1303:Competition law by country
1192:Australian Competition Law
970:
881:"anti-competitive conduct"
696:
609:Federal Court of Australia
396:Anti-competitive practices
362:Herfindahl–Hirschman index
331:History of competition law
1174:362 (28 March 1956),
679:Part III establishes the
673:Part IIA establishes the
643:Ven. Alex Bruce ('Tenpa')
292:
274:
229:Trade Practices Bill 1974
173:Trade Practices Bill 1974
57:
41:
1268:Dawson Report Amendments
1115:1 (29 August 2007),
1056:Consumer Credit Act 2006
779:Part IVB: Industry Codes
768:Mergers and acquisitions
762:Resale price maintenance
666:Part II establishes the
588:Trade Practices Act 1974
161:House of Representatives
104:House of Representatives
1437:Consumer protection law
945:These parts deal with:
605:Australian Consumer Law
583:Parliament of Australia
52:Parliament of Australia
1427:2010 in Australian law
1422:1974 in Australian law
1012:Other Unfair Practices
985:Unconscionable Conduct
845:Part X: Liner shipping
794:the horticulture code.
441:Occupational licensing
317:
1250:Amendments and Reform
1168:[1956] HCA 81
1144:[1983] HCA 14
1109:[2007] HCA 38
316:
1260:Freehills Law Firm,
1223:Freehills Law Firm,
788:the franchising code
484:Occupational closure
479:Dividing territories
467:Essential facilities
367:Market concentration
1218:Consumer Protection
647:consumer protection
234:Member(s) in charge
154:Legislative history
18:Trade Practices Act
1266:Deacons Law Firm,
1232:on 21 August 2006.
995:special disability
658:Establishing Parts
615:Application of Act
503:Regulatory capture
318:
90:Territorial extent
1399:
1398:
1038:The Dawson Report
991:unconscionability
791:the oil code, and
752:Exclusive dealing
565:
564:
494:Misuse of patents
489:Predatory pricing
474:Exclusive dealing
357:Barriers to entry
345:Coercive monopoly
300:
299:
255:13–15 August 1974
141:17 September 1974
16:(Redirected from
1444:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1274:
1233:
1228:. Archived from
1210:Brendan Bailey,
1179:
1161:
1155:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1080:
1072:
557:
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448:Product bundling
350:Natural monopoly
302:
218:Second chamber:
46:
32:
21:
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597:competition law
561:
457:Refusal to deal
436:Tacit collusion
382:Relevant market
306:Competition law
288:
159:First chamber:
100:Enacted by
75:
72:
67:
66:
28:
23:
22:
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12:
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1203:Julie Brebner
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1186:External links
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1164:Blomley v Ryan
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625:Section 51(xx)
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1146:, (1983) 151
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992:
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629:Section 51(v)
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462:Group boycott
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260:Third reading
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244:First reading
242:
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238:Lionel Murphy
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209:Third reading
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178:Introduced by
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1390:
1230:the original
1170:, (1956) 99
1163:
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773:
746:market power
733:Price-Fixing
722:
715:
706:
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661:
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618:
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587:
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574:
569:
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508:Rent-seeking
421:Price fixing
372:Market power
293:
247:30 July 1974
213:24 July 1974
203:24 July 1974
193:16 July 1974
137:Royal assent
61:
35:
29:
607:(ACL). The
431:Bid rigging
182:Kep Enderby
1406:Categories
1176:High Court
1152:High Court
1117:High Court
1062:References
1002:common law
744:Misuse of
697:See also:
653:Provisions
498:copyrights
377:SSNIP test
226:Bill title
63:Long title
1391:Australia
718:antitrust
410:Collusion
340:oligopoly
146:Commenced
94:Australia
1309:Americas
1050:See also
891:Part XIC
877:Part XIB
577:) is an
336:Monopoly
296:In force
80:Citation
1384:Oceania
1363:Ireland
860:Telstra
581:of the
416:cartels
294:Status:
269:Repeals
110:Enacted
1375:Russia
1351:Europe
1079:(Cth).
918:s152AR
914:s152AL
896:s152AB
729:Cartel
670:(ACCC)
220:Senate
128:Passed
122:Senate
1342:Japan
1337:India
1332:China
1166:
1150:447,
1142:
1107:
1093:(Cth)
867:Optus
452:tying
425:cases
170:title
1325:Asia
731:and
567:The
496:and
450:and
338:and
168:Bill
1172:CLR
1148:CLR
1113:CLR
758:se.
593:TPA
579:Act
575:CCA
1408::
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591:(
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556:e
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423:(
20:)
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