60:
1202:
722:; as a reprisal, the latter state may also increase the tariffs. Trade war arises only if the competitive protection between states is of the same type and it is not valid in case of dumping exports (Perju, 2009). Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their
856:
Trading partners complained immediately. Those injured by World War I said that, without access by their exports to the
American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war loans. But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects. Democratic
817:
wanted to force Poland, by creating an economic crisis by increasing the tolls for coal and steel products developed there, to give up its territory. As a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to fast development of the port of
861:
said, "Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell. Our own tariffs are an important factor in each. They injure the former and invite the latter."
1096:
973:
993:
1350:
Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory
Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN:
953:
753:
was for control over the seas and trade routes, where
England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade during a period of intense European commercial rivalry. The
1168:
1138:
1389:
1120:
512:
928:
1126:
1072:
910:
710:
against each other in response to trade barriers created by the other party. If tariffs are the exclusive mechanism, then such conflicts are known as
1114:
983:
1090:
1078:
947:
935:
673:
485:
123:
966:
1156:
1260:
749:
was caused by disputes over trade; the war began with
English attacks on Dutch merchant shipping but expanded to vast fleet actions. The
1132:
542:
460:
1186:
1335:
1162:
978:
525:
326:
118:
742:
507:
757:
started over
British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. The
256:
865:
Five years after the passage of the tariff, American trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree.
834:
1180:
810:
822:, which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany.
1207:
228:
625:
497:
492:
178:
1041:
826:
904:
384:
306:
208:
547:
379:
321:
311:
243:
595:
1379:
1144:
666:
552:
344:
218:
1029:
1084:
1066:
941:
842:
562:
557:
316:
238:
1384:
958:
640:
93:
806:
754:
750:
615:
567:
417:
1102:
1047:
746:
590:
585:
472:
402:
233:
918:
899:
758:
659:
610:
288:
283:
1374:
790:
620:
51:
950:(1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution)
1225:
605:
447:
223:
133:
1351:
1331:
1268:
846:
814:
782:
778:
691:
630:
442:
188:
161:
71:
1230:
1215:
1010:
882:
878:
786:
635:
600:
198:
88:
1344:
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia
Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from
1174:
988:
923:
881:
raised tariffs on wheat. This customs war is often cited as one of the main causes of the
838:
802:
762:
699:
502:
412:
349:
113:
98:
944:, created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect
1240:
830:
770:
645:
537:
369:
354:
203:
193:
143:
108:
42:
1368:
1235:
1150:
707:
695:
532:
437:
427:
364:
359:
273:
268:
168:
128:
1290:
59:
1220:
858:
789:, which arose from another trade war with the same underlying causes, expanded the
774:
766:
455:
374:
263:
183:
741:
Trade wars could be escalated to full conflict between states as evidenced in the
1053:
1035:
422:
138:
801:
One example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the
1197:
1016:
870:
850:
432:
278:
103:
31:
894:
735:
407:
1345:
1201:
769:
government blockaded its ports, confiscated opium contraband and confined
17:
1108:
761:
after unrest over the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. The
731:
723:
213:
1044:(1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies
866:
819:
703:
173:
83:
78:
1355:
1097:
US Mexico Trade
Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping
874:
781:. The First Opium War eventually led to the British colony of
148:
58:
974:
International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes
849:. In the end, the tariff law raised the average American
877:
raised tariffs on
American goods by 40%, and Germany and
27:
Economic conflict using tariffs or other trade barriers
938:(1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995)
726:
position. Minor trade disagreements are often called
994:
United
Nations Commission on International Trade Law
954:Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization
1165:, part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s-present)
1121:South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute
1056:(1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community
745:after alleged violations of a new treaty. The
936:GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
667:
8:
1169:Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute
1139:Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute
777:to China and engage the Chinese Navy in the
1261:"What is trade war? definition and meaning"
929:List of multilateral free-trade agreements
674:
660:
36:
1358:or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1435993
1289:Staff, Investopedia (28 September 2009).
773:traders, resulted in the dispatch of the
1115:Trade war over genetically modified food
984:Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
1390:Metaphors referring to war and violence
1252:
1079:Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes
948:History of the World Trade Organization
50:
1127:Argentina–United States lemon dispute
1073:Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute
911:EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
7:
1000:List of trade wars or trade disputes
967:List of WTO dispute settlement cases
1091:Brazil–United States cotton dispute
907:, predecessor of the European Union
1177:U.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present)
1133:Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods
25:
1163:Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)
979:Investor-state dispute settlement
797:Exploration of an example (1920s)
327:International Chamber of Commerce
1200:
1153:(2018 U.S.-Canada trade dispute)
1157:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
845:) was signed by U.S. President
1346:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
835:House Ways and Means Committee
813:. The Weimar Republic, led by
1:
1330:. Washington D.C.: CQ Press.
1208:Business and economics portal
1187:China–United States trade war
889:Dispute settlement mechanisms
694:often resulting from extreme
403:Intellectual property rights
905:European Economic Community
853:tariff rate to 38 percent.
385:Economic and monetary union
307:International Monetary Fund
244:Voluntary export restraints
30:For the computer game, see
1406:
380:Customs and monetary union
322:World Customs Organization
312:International Trade Centre
29:
1181:Australia–China trade war
1145:Rare earths trade dispute
811:German–Polish customs war
743:Massacre of the Bandanese
345:Preferential trading area
1085:Broomcorn brooms dispute
1067:Beef hormone controversy
942:World Trade Organization
843:Senate Finance Committee
765:which started after the
626:Balassa–Samuelson effect
621:Ricardian trade theories
508:Largest consumer markets
317:World Trade Organization
1042:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act
959:Dispute Settlement Body
827:Fordney–McCumber Tariff
825:In September 1922, the
641:Lerner symmetry theorem
1326:Rothgeb, John (2001).
1265:BusinessDictionary.com
1069:(Beef War) (1989–2008)
869:raised its tariffs on
755:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
751:Second Anglo-Dutch War
616:Gravity model of trade
513:Leading trade partners
418:Government procurement
219:Exchange rate controls
63:
1103:EC-IT product dispute
1048:Anglo-Irish trade war
919:Free trade agreements
747:First Anglo-Dutch War
596:Heckscher–Ohlin model
591:Competitive advantage
586:Comparative advantage
473:Trade and development
234:Countervailing duties
62:
1312:Rothgeb, 2001, 32–33
1303:Rothgeb, 2001, 30–32
1030:Japan–Korea disputes
900:Economic integration
759:Shimonoseki Campaign
611:Intra-industry trade
339:Economic integration
289:Economic integration
284:Economic nationalism
1183:, (2017/18–present)
791:British possessions
239:Anti-dumping duties
179:Non-tariff barriers
124:Import substitution
1226:Economic sanctions
873:from 45% to 100%,
606:Economic geography
413:Competition policy
209:Technical barriers
189:Tariff-rate quotas
134:Trade facilitation
119:Export orientation
64:
1328:U.S. Trade Policy
847:Warren G. Harding
815:Gustav Stresemann
779:Battle of Kowloon
692:economic conflict
684:
683:
631:Linder hypothesis
443:Emissions trading
16:(Redirected from
1397:
1380:Economic warfare
1341:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1267:. Archived from
1257:
1231:Economic warfare
1216:Balance of trade
1210:
1205:
1204:
1011:Anglo-Dutch Wars
1005:Pre-20th century
924:Free-trade areas
883:Great Depression
787:Second Opium War
702:raise or create
676:
669:
662:
636:Leontief paradox
601:New trade theory
204:Export subsidies
89:Balance of trade
37:
21:
1405:
1404:
1400:
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1396:
1395:
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1311:
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1287:
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1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1175:Catfish Dispute
1063:
1026:
1007:
1002:
989:TRIPS Agreement
891:
857:Representative
841:, chair of the
839:Porter McCumber
833:, chair of the
803:Weimar Republic
799:
793:on the island.
763:First Opium War
680:
651:
650:
581:
573:
572:
528:
518:
517:
488:
478:
477:
448:Trade sanctions
398:
390:
389:
350:Free-trade area
340:
332:
331:
302:
294:
293:
259:
249:
248:
194:Import licenses
164:
154:
153:
114:Trade diversion
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:Customs duties
1382:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1281:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1241:Water conflict
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:(2018–present)
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:(1982–present)
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1135:(2013-present)
1130:
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1112:
1106:
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1088:
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939:
933:
932:
931:
926:
916:
915:
914:
908:
897:
890:
887:
831:Joseph Fordney
798:
795:
728:trade disputes
708:trade barriers
682:
681:
679:
678:
671:
664:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
646:Terms of trade
643:
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633:
628:
623:
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608:
603:
598:
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588:
582:
579:
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550:
545:
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538:Trading nation
535:
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524:
523:
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519:
516:
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510:
505:
500:
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489:
484:
483:
480:
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463:
458:
450:
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372:
370:Economic union
367:
362:
357:
355:Currency union
352:
347:
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199:Customs duties
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169:Trade barriers
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146:
144:Domestic trade
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109:Trade creation
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55:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1402:
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1343:
1339:
1337:1-56802-522-X
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1271:on 2018-06-21
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1237:
1236:Trade barrier
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1167:
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1155:
1152:
1151:Trump tariffs
1149:
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946:
945:
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
913:(post-Brexit)
912:
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906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
888:
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884:
880:
876:
872:
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836:
832:
829:(named after
828:
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764:
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739:
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733:
730:when the war
729:
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697:
696:protectionism
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543:United States
541:
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536:
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533:Trade mission
531:
530:
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438:Trade justice
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428:Globalization
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365:Single market
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360:Customs union
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348:
346:
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342:
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335:
328:
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318:
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308:
305:
304:
301:Organizations
298:
297:
290:
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275:
274:Laissez-faire
272:
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269:Protectionism
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200:
197:
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190:
187:
185:
184:Import quotas
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
163:
158:
157:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
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132:
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129:Trade finance
127:
125:
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117:
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100:
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38:
33:
19:
1361:
1327:
1320:Bibliography
1308:
1299:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1264:
1255:
1221:Currency war
1061:21st century
1024:20th century
864:
859:Cordell Hull
855:
824:
800:
775:British Navy
740:
727:
719:
715:
712:customs wars
711:
687:
685:
465:
456:Currency war
375:Fiscal union
264:Mercantilism
162:Restrictions
40:
1291:"Trade War"
1159:(2019–2023)
1147:(2012–2015)
1117:(2010–2011)
1105:(2008–2010)
1099:(2006–2009)
1093:(2002–2014)
1087:(1996–2014)
1081:(1996–1997)
1075:(1995–2000)
1054:Chicken War
1050:(1932–1938)
1038:(1898–1934)
1036:Banana Wars
1032:(1876–1945)
1019:(1839–1860)
1013:(1652–1784)
871:automobiles
720:tariff wars
461:Trade costs
423:Outsourcing
139:Trade route
52:World trade
1375:Trade wars
1369:Categories
1275:2017-08-15
1247:References
1017:Opium Wars
961:of the WTO
851:ad valorem
785:, and the
736:hyperbolic
526:By country
433:Fair trade
279:Free trade
229:Safeguards
104:Trade bloc
99:Trade pact
32:Trade Wars
18:Trade wars
895:Compromis
809:, in the
783:Hong Kong
716:toll wars
706:or other
698:in which
688:trade war
548:Argentina
466:Trade war
408:Smuggling
94:Trade law
1194:See also
1109:Milk War
732:metaphor
553:Pakistan
43:a series
41:Part of
1356:1435993
771:British
724:autarky
704:tariffs
563:Vietnam
558:Romania
503:Tariffs
498:Exports
493:Imports
257:History
224:Embargo
214:Bribery
174:Tariffs
1354:
1334:
1141:(2014)
1129:(2012)
1123:(2012)
1111:(2009)
867:France
837:, and
820:Gdynia
807:Poland
700:states
690:is an
580:Theory
397:Issues
84:Export
79:Import
72:Policy
879:Italy
875:Spain
718:, or
568:India
486:Lists
1352:SSRN
1332:ISBN
805:and
767:Qing
452:War
738:.
734:is
149:Tax
1371::
1263:.
885:.
714:,
686:A
45:on
1340:.
1293:.
1278:.
675:e
668:t
661:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
