Jane Jacobs - Knowledge

1939:, a fundamental aspect of Jacobs economic theory. Transplant economies are usually manufacturing plants who have been moved from the location where the product was invented. The reason for the transplant is to save land, labour, fiscal, and transportation costs. Transplant regions are usually found along main transportation routes, where there is a large labour pool of available labour. Backward regions, Supply regions, and Transplant regions make up the most vulnerable types of economies to outside shocks and competition from low-cost production zones. The Jacobs spectrum of regions also includes types of cities which rely on classical principles of central-location. Jacobs discusses ' 1316:. Later, a Jane's Walk event was held in New York on 29–30 September 2007. In 2008, the event spread to eight cities and towns throughout Canada, and by 2016, Jane's Walks were taking place in 212 cities in 36 countries, on six continents. The interpretive walks typically apply ideas Jacobs identified or espoused to local areas, which are explored on foot and sometimes by bicycle. The walks normally take place in early May, on or close to her 4 May birth anniversary. Walks are organized and led by local volunteers, coordinated by a headquarters office in Toronto. There are more than 200 walks offered in Toronto, alone, in 2016, taking place on 6, 7 and 8 May. 1742:. Import substitution was a national economic theory implying that if a nation substituted its imports with national production, the nation would become wealthier, whereas Jacob's idea is entirely about cities and could be called urban import substitution. However, even this would lead to confusion since in practice, import substitution in India and Latin America were government subsidized and mandated, whereas Jacobs's concept of import replacement is a free market process of discovery and division of labor within a city. 1721:. Import replacement is the process of producing goods locally that formerly were imported, e.g., Tokyo bicycle factories replacing Tokyo bicycle importers in the 1800s. Jacobs claims that import replacement builds up local infrastructure, skills, and production. Jacobs also claims that the increased production is subsequently exported to other cities, giving those other cities a new opportunity to engage in import replacement, thus producing a positive cycle of growth. 1963:

diversification of the economy. Jacobs strongly encourages breakaway entrepreneurship and local investment capital to do this. The modus operandi may be in import-replacing, in world-first innovation, or the adoption of production which is new to the community. Jacobs also insists on the benefits of having a city-currency, which acts as a positive feedback mechanism, to help drive local innovation and import-replacement. It also protects from outside demand shocks.

901:, gives only passing mention to this event, however, despite Jacobs's strong influence on Caro. In 2017, Caro told an interviewer about the difficulty in cutting more than 300,000 words from his initial manuscript: "The section that I wrote on Jane Jacobs disappeared. To this day, when someone says: 'There's hardly a mention of Jane Jacobs,' I think, 'But I wrote a lot about her.' Every time I'm asked about that, I have this sick feeling." 792: 910: 1991:

commercial moral syndrome, and "moral syndrome B", or guardian moral syndrome. She claims that the commercial moral syndrome is applicable to business owners, scientists, farmers, and traders. Similarly, she claims that the guardian moral syndrome is applicable to government, charities, hunter-gatherers, and religious institutions. She also claims that these moral syndromes are fixed, and do not fluctuate over time.

6668: 1297: 1766:, Jacobs defined the city purely along the lines of geographically dense trade giving way to entrepreneurial discovery and subsequent improvements in the division of labor. Without the requirements of literacy, permanent and monumental building, or the signs of specialized civil and armed forces, 'cities' can be accurately interpreted as existing thousands of years before when Childe and Maisels place them. 995: 1676:

destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces. In the book, she celebrates the diversity and complexity of old mixed-use neighborhoods while lamenting the monotony and sterility of modern planning. Jacobs advocated the abolition of zoning laws and restoration of free markets in land, which would result in dense, mixed-use neighborhoods and she frequently cited New York City's

2078:

education; free thought in science; representational government and responsible taxes; and corporate and professional accountability. As the title of this book suggests, Jacobs's outlook is far more pessimistic than that of her previous works. However, in the conclusion she admits: "At a given time it is hard to tell whether forces of cultural life or death are in the ascendancy. Is sub

1873:-city status, tendencies foretelling economic, political, and cultural subservience to English-speaking Toronto. Such an outcome, Jacobs believed, would in the long run doom Quebec's independence as much as it would hinder Canada's own future. She concludes with her observation that the popular equating of political secession with political and economic failure is the result of the 1049:(an established school very close to the Jacobs residence in Toronto's Annex district) to reconfigure its facilities. Jacobs suggested not only that the redesign be stopped but that the school be forced from the neighbourhood entirely. Although Toronto council initially rejected the school's plans, the decision later was reversed – and the project was given the go-ahead by the 607:), speaking on the topic of East Harlem. She urged this audience to "respect – in the deepest sense – strips of chaos that have a weird wisdom of their own not yet encompassed in our concept of urban order". Contrary to her expectations, the talk was received with enthusiasm, but it also marked her as a threat to established urban planners, real estate owners, and developers. 6656: 573:. Although her editors expected a positive story, Jacobs criticized Bacon's project, reacting against its lack of concern for the poor African Americans who were directly affected. When Bacon showed Jacobs examples of undeveloped and developed blocks, she determined that "development" seemed to end community life on the street. When Jacobs returned to the offices of 6690: 62: 1146:. I equate it to what happens with biomass, the sum total of all flora and fauna in an area. The energy, the material that's involved in this, doesn't just escape the community as an export. It continues being used in a community, just as in a rainforest the waste from certain organisms and various plants and animals gets used by other ones in the place. 2030:: "development and co-development through differentiation and their combinations; expansion through diverse, multiple uses of energy; and self-maintenance through self-refueling" (p. 82). Jacobs also comments on the nature of economic and biological diversity and its role in the development and growth of the two kinds of systems. 1640:

their lack of economic value made them affordable for poor people. In this respect, she saw them as "guarantors of social diversity". That many of these older structures have increased in economic value solely due to their age was implausible in 1961. Issues of gentrification have dominated criticism of Jane Jacobs's planning ideas.

883:

hearing during which the crowd had charged the stage and destroyed the stenographer's notes. She was accused of inciting a riot, criminal mischief, and obstructing public administration. After months of trials conducted in New York City (to which Jacobs commuted from Toronto), her charge was reduced to disorderly conduct.

937:-age sons, and she did not want to continue fighting the New York City government. She and her husband chose Toronto because it was pleasant and offered employment opportunities, and they moved to an area of Toronto that included so many Americans avoiding the draft that it was called the "American ghetto". 1903:

did for modern urban planning, although it has not received the same critical attention. Beginning with a concise treatment of classical economics, this book challenges one of the fundamental assumptions of the greatest economists. Classical (and Neo-classical) economists consider the nation-state to

1647:

has criticized her ideas for not addressing problems of scale or infrastructure, and suggests that economists disagree with some of her approaches to development. For example, although her ideas of planning were praised at times as "universal", they are now thought inapplicable when a city grows from

803:

As part of his efforts to revitalize the area, Moses had proposed the extension of Fifth Avenue through Washington Square Park in 1935. In the face of community opposition, Moses had shelved the project, but revived the idea in the 1950s. Moses argued that the Fifth Avenue extension would improve the

698:

awarded a grant to Jacobs to produce a critical study of city planning and urban life in the US. (From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the foundation's Humanities Division sponsored an "Urban Design Studies" research program, of which Jacobs was the best known grantee.) Gilpatric encouraged Jacobs to

1675:

is her single-most influential book and, possibly, the most influential book on urban planning and cities. Published in 1961, this book was widely read by both planning professionals and the general public. The book is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which, she claimed,

1324:

In 2016, to mark the hundredth birth anniversary of Jane Jacobs, a Toronto gallery staged "Jane at Home", an exhibition running from 29 April – 8 May. Curated by Jane's son, Jim Jacobs, it offered glimpses of her home life, where she also worked. Her Toronto living room was represented, based on the

1221:

Jacobs fought an uphill battle against dominant trends of planning. Despite the United States remaining very much a suburban nation, the work of Jacobs has contributed to city living being rehabilitated and revitalized. Because of her ideas, today, many distressed urban neighborhoods are more likely

1071:

aged 89, on 25 April 2006, apparently of a stroke. She was survived by a brother, James Butzner (d. 2009); a daughter, Burgin Jacobs, her sons, James and Ned of Vancouver, and by two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Upon her death her family's statement noted: "What's important is not that

719:

remains one of the most influential books in the history of American city planning. She coined the terms "mixed primary uses", and "eyes on the street", which were adopted professionally in urban design, sociology, and many other fields. Jacobs painted a devastating picture of the profession of city

1881:

as a force for "standardization, uniformity, universality, and immutability". Since then, naturalists and their readers have gradually realized that nature is a force for diversity, and that, "diversity itself is of the essence of excellence". The right kind of secession, Jacobs states, can lead to

1627:

has generally been identified as her arch-rival during this period. One of their primary differences was their opposite views, the "top down" aggressive approach practiced by Moses contrasted the "bottom up" approach practiced by Jacobs that considered the community. Since then, Jacobs's ideas have

1434:

Damaris Reyes, executive director of Good Old Lower East Side (GOLES), received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism. Richard Kahan, as founder and CEO of the Urban Assembly, which created and manages 22 secondary public schools located in many of the lowest income neighborhoods in

1352:

to host an exhibit focusing on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York", which opened at the society in September that year. The exhibit aimed to educate the public on her writings and activism and used tools to encourage new generations to become active in issues involving their own neighborhoods.

1120:

Expansion and development are two different things. Development is differentiation of what already existed. Practically every new thing that happens is a differentiation of a previous thing, from a new shoe sole to changes in legal codes. Expansion is an actual growth in size or volume of activity.

2077:

posits Jacobs's argument that North American civilization shows signs of a spiral decline comparable to the collapse of the Roman empire. Her discussion focuses on "five pillars of our culture that we depend on to stand firm", which can be summarized as the nuclear family and community; quality in

1639:

Gentrification also was caused, however, by "the completely unexpected influx of affluent residents back into the inner city". The extent to which her ideas facilitated this phenomenon was at the time unimaginable. For example, she advocated the preservation of older buildings specifically because

1246:

In her book 'Death and Life of Great American Cities,' written in 1961, Ms. Jacobs's enormous achievement was to transcend her own withering critique of 20th-century urban planning and propose radically new principles for rebuilding cities. At a time when both common and inspired wisdom called for

728:

attacks, being called a "militant dame" and a "housewife": an amateur who had no right to interfere with an established discipline. One planner dismissed Jacobs's book as "bitter coffee-house rambling". Robert Moses, sent a copy, called it "intemperate and also libelous ... Sell this junk to

2337:

If self-government in the place is to work, underlying any float of population must be a continuity of people who have forged neighborhood networks. These networks are a city's irreplaceable social capital. Whenever the capital is lost, from whatever cause, the income from it disappears, never to

2056:

One particularly interesting insight is the creation of "something from nothing" – an economy from nowhere. In the biological world, free energy is given through sunlight, but in the economic world human creativity and natural resources supply this free energy, or at least starter energy. Another

1947:, or regional capitals, which are central locations for private markets and public services in a given geography. Finally, Jacobs presents the qualities of growing metropolitan areas. Jacobs defines the metropolis as a city that grows beyond its political borders. She terms the core city as the ' 990:

awarded her its Outstanding Lifetime Contribution award in 2002. In 1997, the city government of Toronto sponsored a conference entitled, "Jane Jacobs: Ideas That Matter", which led to a book by the same name. At the end of the conference, the Jane Jacobs Prize was created. It includes an annual

1745:

In the second part of the book, Jacobs argues that cities preceded agriculture. She argues that in cities trade in wild animals and grains allowed for the initial division of labor necessary for the discovery of husbandry and agriculture; these discoveries then moved out of the city due to land

1201:

Throughout her life, Jacobs fought to alter the way in which city development was approached. By arguing that cities were living beings and ecosystems, she advocated ideas such as "mixed use" development and bottom-up planning. Furthermore, her harsh criticisms of "slum clearing" and "high-rise

882:

covered community rallies and advocated against the expressway. Jacobs continued to fight the expressway when plans resurfaced in 1962, 1965, and 1968, and she became a local hero for her opposition to the project. She was arrested by a plainclothes police officer on 10 April 1968, at a public

531:

The other threat to the security of our tradition, I believe, lies at home. It is the current fear of radical ideas and of people who propound them. I do not agree with the extremists of either the left or the right, but I think they should be allowed to speak and to publish, both because they

1162:

While Jacobs saw her greatest legacy to be her contributions to economic theory, it is in the realm of urban planning that she has had her most extensive effect. Her observations about the ways in which cities function revolutionized the urban planning profession and discredited many accepted

1990:

dialogue. It appears that she (as described by characters in her book) took newspaper clippings of moral judgments related to work, collected and sorted them to find that they fit two patterns of moral behavior that were mutually exclusive. She calls these two patterns "moral syndrome A", or

1962:

According to Jacobs, economies are constantly evolving and may move in and out of any of these categories. However, for an export-based economy such as a supply region, or a transplant town, to develop into a Forward city, the economy must engage in what she terms new-work. This implies a

401:, writing about working districts in the city. These experiences, she later said, "gave me more of a notion of what was going on in the city and what business was like, what work was like". Her first job was for a trade magazine, as a secretary, then an editor. She sold articles to the 442:

at Columbia, and once I was the property of Barnard I had to take, it seemed, what Barnard wanted me to take, not what I wanted to learn. Fortunately my high-school marks had been so bad that Barnard decided I could not belong to it and I was therefore allowed to continue getting an

2082:, with its murders of communities and wastes of land, time, and energy, a sign of decay? Or is rising interest in means of overcoming sprawl a sign of vigor and adaptability in North American culture? Arguably, either could turn out to be true." While Jacobs idealized US democracy, 2843:, pp. 29–30 "The suburbs did not appeal to the Jacobs family. 'Suburbs are perfectly valid places to want to live, but they are inherently parasitic, economically and socially, too, because they live off the answers found in cities,' Jacobs told a reporter for 1230:

It may be that we have become so feckless as a people that we no longer care how things do work, but only what kind of quick, easy outer impression they give. If so, there is little hope for our cities or probably for much else in our society. But I do not think this is

1922:

Along with the previous books focused on economics, Jacobs proposes an array of types of regional economies (stylized facts) which can help to understand their different challenges, and potential for development. One can start at the bottom end of the spectrum with the

2041:; and emergency adaptations" (p. 86). Their conversations also cover the "double nature of fitness for survival" (traits to avoid destroying one's own habitat as well as success in competition to feed and breed, p. 119), and unpredictability including the 1341:. On display were her typewriter, original manuscripts, rediscovered photographs demonstrating her distinctive styles, and personal mementos. The exhibit included furniture from previous homes in New York (her dining room is set up) and from Scranton, Pennsylvania. 1117:: No. If I were to be remembered as a really important thinker of the century, the most important thing I've contributed is my discussion of what makes economic expansion happen. This is something that has puzzled people always. I think I've figured out what it is. 2052:

The book is infused with many real-world economic and biological examples, which help keep the book "down to earth" and comprehensible, if dense. Concepts are furnished with both economic and biological examples, showing their coherence in both worlds.

1128:, I wrote about import replacing and how that expands, not just the economy of the place where it occurs, but economic life altogether. As a city replaces imports, it shifts its imports. It doesn't import less. And yet it has everything it had before. 2086:

echoes the skepticism and disappointment that led to her emigration to Canada in 1968. Later, she would indicate that North American cultures, among others, were grounded in a "plantation mentality" that was culturally and ecologically unsustainable.

2057:

interesting insight is the creation of economic diversity through the combination of different technologies, for example the typewriter and television as inputs and outputs of a computer system: this can lead to the creation of "new species of work".

1935:, which are usually known as natural resource extraction towns, and may be very wealthy during their heyday, but often suffer a decline into backwardness if the resource has run-out or has been substituted on outside markets. Similar to this is the ' 1209:

Despite the fact that Jacobs mainly focused on New York City, her arguments have been identified as universal. For instance, her opposition against the demolition of urban neighborhoods for projects of urban renewal had "special resonance" in

867:, a Greenwich Village resident and influential Democratic leader. De Sapio's involvement proved decisive. On 25 June 1958, the city closed Washington Square Park to traffic, and the joint committee held a ribbon tying (not cutting) ceremony. 664: 2406:

This ten-lane highway, to have been lined with huge apartment towers, would have cut Manhattan in two from east to west and wiped out the entire neighborhood that later became known as Soho and, also, much of neighboring Little Italy and

1042:. Following the election, the Toronto City Council's earlier decision to approve the bridge was reversed and the bridge construction project was stopped. The airport instead upgraded the ferry service and later built a pedestrian tunnel. 1171:-inspired towers". Glaeser agreed that these housing projects proved to be Moses' greatest failures, "Moses spent millions and evicted tens of thousands to create buildings that became centers of crime, poverty, and despair." 1409:, was awarded with the inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and a $ 100,000 cash prize in September 2007. The inaugural Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism was awarded to Omar Freilla, the founder of 1795:

advanced that while not openly criticizing her, English-speaking Canadian readers thought she did not understand how Canadian politics worked and that she was not being helpful in a time of distress for national unity (the

1111:: What do you think you'll be remembered for most? You were the one who stood up to the federal bulldozers and the urban renewal people and said they were destroying the lifeblood of these cities. Is that what it will be? 327:

or any formal training in urban planning; as a result, her lack of credentials was seized upon as grounds for criticism. The influence of her concepts eventually was acknowledged by highly respected professionals, such as

1442:

atop an unused elevated railroad line, led the foundation to award the 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for New Ideas and Activism, along with $ 60,000 to each man. The 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership was given to

527:, and therefore she was under suspicion. On 25 March 1952, Jacobs delivered her response to Conrad E. Snow, chairman of the Loyalty Security Board at the US Department of State. In her foreword to her answer, she said: 1648:

one million to ten million (as has happened many times in developing nations). Such arguments suggest that her ideas apply only to cities with similar issues to those of New York, where Jacobs developed many of them.

1463:, to recognize a person "who has had significant impact on the health of their region consistent with Jane Jacob's belief that successful cities foster a place-based, community-centered approach". The 2011 winner was 1635:

and some of the most expensive real estate in the world. Her family's conversion of an old candy shop into a home is an example of the gentrifying trend that would continue under the influence of Jacobs's ideas.

1754:. The apparent opposition between the traditional history and Jacobs' rests in differing definition of 'city', 'civilization', or 'urban'. Traditional history and archeology define 'urban' or 'civilization' as 1431:, founder of Youth Ministries for Peace and Justice, received the award for New Ideas and Activism. Both women received their medals and $ 100,000 awards at a dinner ceremony in September 2008 in New York City. 944:. A frequent theme of her work was to ask whether cities were being built for people or for cars. She was arrested twice during demonstrations. She also had considerable influence on the regeneration of the 1864:

are essential to the success of an independent Quebec and a smaller resultant Canada, an issue that is central to her book. Jacobs stresses the need for Montreal to continue developing its leadership of

1247:

bulldozing slums and opening up city space, Ms. Jacobs's prescription was ever more diversity, density and dynamism – in effect, to crowd people and activities together in a jumping, joyous urban jumble.

1205:

Jacobs is remembered as being an advocate for the mindful development of cities, and for leaving "a legacy of empowerment for citizens to trust their common sense and become advocates for their place".

438:

For the first time I liked school and for the first time I made good marks. This was almost my undoing because after I had garnered, statistically, a certain number of credits I became the property of

5445: 1994:

It is important to stress that Jane Jacobs is providing a theory about the morality of work, and not all moral ideas. Moral ideas that are not included in her system are applicable to both syndromes.

784:, also called for several blocks to be razed and replaced with upscale high-rises. The plan forced 132 families out of their homes and displaced 1,000 small businesses – the result was 6806: 4406: 991:

stipend of $ 5,000 for three years to be given to "celebrate Toronto's original, unsung heroes – by seeking out citizens who are engaged in activities that contribute to the city's vitality".

827:

eventually took over the organization, changing its name to the "Joint Emergency Committee to Close Washington Square to Traffic". Jacob—recruited to the cause by Gerard La Mountain, a local

831:

priest whose church was in the path of the planned LOMEX route—had joined the committee under Hayes, but she took a more prominent role under Rubinow, reaching out to media outlets such as

1191: 745: 3700:

Brent Toderian, Director of Planning for the City of Vancouver says of Jacobs: 'There isn't a person or book more influential in creating "Vancouverism" than Jane and The Death and Life'.

1791:

on the subject in which she evokes the relative overlooking of that book among her usual readership. This was the first time Jacobs was requested to discuss it in an interview. Columnist

1312:

In connection with Jane Jacobs Day in Toronto, two dozen free neighborhood walks in the city were offered that weekend (5 May 2007) as an active memorial to Jacobs, and they were dubbed

4387: 1908:. Jacobs argues that it is not the nation-state, rather it is the city that is the true player in this worldwide game. She restates the idea of import replacement from her earlier book 823:

In response, local activist Shirley Hayes created the "Committee to Save Washington Square Park", a coalition of dozens of local neighborhood groups that opposed the roadway extension.

871: 512:

as "parasitic", choosing to remain in Greenwich Village. They renovated their house, in the middle of a mixed residential and commercial area, and created a garden in the backyard.

177: 2548: 353: 3836: 1475:

took the prize "for her long-standing leadership in public policy, her academic work and her varied leadership experience in business, not-for-profit and government sectors".

5464: 4309: 4282: 1479:

accepted the 2013 award "for his influential career in public policy and passionate advocacy for quality design and commitment to development in the Ottawa area". In 2014,

4337: 1822: 703:

to look for ideas and actions which may improve thinking on how the design of cities might better serve urban life, including cultural and humane value." Affiliating with

741: 4368: 2351: 1167:, known for his work on urban studies, acknowledged that Jane Jacobs (1960s) had been prescient in attacking Moses for "replacing well-functioning neighborhoods with 4524: 1072:

she died but that she lived, and that her life's work has greatly influenced the way we think. Please remember her by reading her books and implementing her ideas".

6500: 1730:, Jacobs said that if she is remembered for being a great intellectual she will be remembered not for her work concerning city planning, but for the discovery of 1358: 4694: 6156: 2099:

Compiled by Jane Butzner, (1941) Columbia University Press; Compiled by Jane Jacobs (Née Butzner), Reprinted 1970 by Kennikat Press, Port Washington, New York.

423: 3855: 1717:

The thesis of this book is that cities are the primary drivers of economic development. Her main argument is that explosive economic growth derives from urban

1707:

offers, the theoretical underpinnings of the work challenge the modern development mindset. Jane Jacobs defends her positions with common sense and anecdotes.

3022:

editors. All the hyped new projects that planners and architects were building in the cities, she told them, bore no relation to what people actually needed."

6781: 707:(then called The New School for Social Research), she spent three years conducting research and writing drafts. In 1961, Random House published the result: 6756: 2110: 1899: 1667: 1272: 709: 265: 196: 1174:

She also was famous for introducing concepts such as the "Ballet of the Sidewalk" and "Eyes on the Street", a reference to what would later be known as

1959:

for these growing and innovative cities. CA Ramsay has proposed the term Forward Cities, as an echo to the opposing principle of 'Backward' economies.

308:. She was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on that project. After moving to Toronto in 1968, she joined the opposition to the 6447: 4403: 348:, the daughter of Bess Robison Butzner, a former teacher and nurse, and John Decker Butzner, a physician. They were a Protestant family. Her brother, 4149: 2994:' At that moment, Jacobs realized that the high-rise projects that Bacon was so proud of had been designed with total disregard for its inhabitants." 2018:(2000), a dialog between friends concerning the premise: "human beings exist wholly within nature as part of the natural order in every respect" (p. 6771: 6766: 5728: 5520: 1696:-winning biography of Robert Moses, although Caro does not mention Jacobs by name in the book despite Jacobs's battles with Moses over his proposed 1288:

announced a Jane Jacobs Day, held on 28 June 2006. The City of Toronto proclaimed her birthday the following year, 4 May 2007, as Jane Jacobs Day.

6731: 2466:

Milligan, Ian (2011). "'This Board Has a Duty to Intervene': Challenging the Spadina Expressway through the Ontario Municipal Board, 1963-1971".

3581: 6776: 6751: 6726: 5397: 5111: 4425: 3996: 3955: 3747: 3414: 641: 4384: 2517: 6811: 6547: 5256: 5208: 5014: 4993: 4974: 4068: 3925: 3894: 2806: 2587: 2171: 2145: 1735: 683: 3394: 6821: 6480: 3713: 2263: 968: 496:

in the Russian language. While working there she met Robert Hyde Jacobs Jr., a Columbia-educated architect who was designing warplanes for

3370: 1010:

Jacobs never shied away from expressing her political support for specific candidates. She opposed the 1997 amalgamation of the cities of

870:

Plans for LOMEX expressway continued despite growing community opposition in areas such as Little Italy. In the 1960s, Jacobs chaired the

3129: 6816: 5799: 2556: 1500:, winners of the prize in 2010, has continued to provide the award with a new life and new ways of promoting (and finding) the winners. 1266: 357: 274: 2445: 1552:

marked the 100th anniversary of Jacobs's birth, on 4 May 2016, and was featured on Google's homepage in 15 countries on four continents

749: 5944: 5033: 4601: 4551: 4226: 4168: 4024:

Howe, R. (2005). "The Spirit of Melbourne: 1960s Urban Activism in Inner-City Melbourne". In O'Hanlon, Seamus; Luckins, Tanja (eds.).

1402: 1353:

An accompanying exhibit publication included essays and articles by such architecture critics, artists, activists, and journalists as

1023: 4444: 3840: 500:. They married in 1944. Together they had a daughter, Burgin, and two sons, James and Ned. They bought a three-story building at 555 6796: 6786: 5335: 5060: 4749: 2399: 2241: 2228: 2213: 2200: 2187: 2158: 2132: 2119: 2104: 1035: 987: 975:. Jacobs said, "Cities, to thrive in the twenty-first century, must separate themselves politically from their surrounding areas." 565:

She was hired as an associate editor. After early success in that position, Jacobs began to take assignments on urban planning and "

493: 5457: 4353: 4313: 1631:

In places such as the West Village, the factors that she argued would maintain economic and cultural diversity have led instead to

4587: 5550: 4286: 1424: 313: 4573: 4334: 4187: 1943:, which are economies based on the accumulation and warehousing of export goods, usually at a maritime port location. Next are ' 6557: 6325: 6196: 5751: 4675: 1027: 1019: 4204: 1435:

New York City, received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership. Both received $ 100,000, in addition to the medal.

6552: 6440: 5822: 5601: 4365: 3541: 1997:

Jane Jacobs goes on to describe what happens when these two moral syndromes are mixed, showing the work underpinnings of the

1821:, Toronto, the rest of Canada, and the world; and that such independence can be achieved peacefully. As precedent, she cites 1792: 1543: 1537: 1215: 5489: 4766: 387: 3597: 3459: 1214:, Australia. In Melbourne in the 1960s, resident associations fought against large-scale high-rise housing projects of the 678:

article brought Jacobs to the attention of Chadbourne Gilpatric, then associate director of the Humanities Division at the

519:

era, Jacobs received a questionnaire about her political beliefs and loyalties. Jacobs was anti-communist and had left the

6801: 6741: 6285: 3431: 2923:"The Death and Life of Urban Design: Jane Jacobs, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the New Research in Urbanism, 1955–1965" 1746:

competition. It is commonly taught that agriculture preceded cities. This notion was promoted originally by archaeologist

1046: 457: 323:, Jacobs endured scorn from established figures. Routinely, she was described first as a housewife, as she did not have a 4496: 3684: 2304: 532:

themselves have, and ought to have, rights, and once their rights are gone, the rights of the rest of us are hardly safe.

523:

because of its apparent communist sympathies. Nevertheless, she was pro-union and purportedly appreciated the writing of

6435: 5901: 5794: 5756: 5513: 3464: 1464: 1377:. Many of these contributors participated in a series of panel discussions on "Jane Jacobs and the Future of New York". 887: 31: 1034:. During the mayoral campaign, Jacobs helped lobby against the construction of a bridge to join the city waterfront to 588:

offices to describe the impact that "revitalization" had on East Harlem, and he introduced Jacobs to the neighborhood.

6746: 6516: 6495: 6470: 3960: 3671:

She is why international experts come to Vancouver to study its renowned livability. She's the mother of Vancouverism.

3515: 3183: 2391: 2033:

Jacobs's characters discuss the four methods by which "dynamically stable systems" may evade collapse: "bifurcations;

1893: 1814: 1406: 1338: 5266:

Laurence, Peter L. (2006). "Contradictions and complexities: Jane Jacobs' and Robert Venturi's complexity theories".

1914:, while speculating on the further ramifications of considering the city first and the nation second, or not at all. 764:

was being transformed by city and state efforts to build housing (see, for example, Jacobs's 1961 fight to build the

508:

after the war, while Robert left Grumman and resumed work as an architect. The Jacobses rejected the rapidly growing

3863: 1927:, which are economies who have lost their competitive advantages and are losing population or becoming dependent on 6521: 6490: 5921: 5804: 5779: 5545: 3780: 2636: 1841:

and furniture from Norway or Norwegian-owned factories in Canada, the latter procedure being a product of Canadian

1758: – as a literate, socially stratified, monolithic political community, whereas, as one can see from 1697: 1598: 805: 293: 3806: 2420: 1053:(OMB) when opponents failed to produce credible witnesses and tried to withdraw from the case during the hearing. 740:

to become a full-time author and concentrate on raising her children. In other political activities she became an

6693: 6683: 5652: 5555: 5540: 4718: 1585: 1513: 1410: 1151:

Jane Jacobs, "City Views: Urban studies legend Jane Jacobs on gentrification, the New Urbanism, and her legacy",

1093: 785: 694:. In May 1958, Gilpatric invited Jacobs to begin serving as a reviewer for grant proposals. Later that year, the 501: 483: 259:; 4 May 1916 – 25 April 2006) was an American-Canadian journalist, author, theorist, and activist who influenced 4811:

The Emergence of Civilisation: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities, and the State in the Near East

4644: 4621: 4260: 1583:

A fictionalized version of her is played by Alison Smith in 3 episodes (Season 1, 2 and 5) of the Amazon series

1014:, fearing that individual neighbourhoods would have less power with the new structure. She backed an ecologist, 6791: 6542: 6526: 6485: 6430: 6360: 6305: 6131: 5709: 5699: 5694: 3658: 1564: 1520: 1483:

was recognized for his "contribution to improving the built form and advocacy for cities and the future of the

1480: 1456: 1448: 1389:, which had awarded grants to Jacobs in the 1950s and 1960s, announced on 9 February 2007, the creation of the 1179: 1068: 570: 2097:

Constitutional Chaff; Rejected Suggestions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, With Explanatory Argument

6672: 6634: 6619: 6475: 6365: 5974: 5861: 5789: 5771: 5761: 5506: 1869:

culture, but that ultimately, such a need can never be fulfilled by Montreal's increasing tendencies toward

1837:. Jacobs asserts that such an approach is colonial and hence backward, citing by example, Canada buying its 1444: 1183: 1050: 891:

devoted an hour of the eight-part, seventeen-and-a-half-hour series to the battle between Moses and Jacobs.

349: 301: 5140: 1910: 1882:

the right kind of diversity, and Quebec and Canada are capable of both, and must achieve both, to survive.

1860:

are also critically analyzed, an example being their failure to recognize that two respective, independent

1751: 1428: 520: 6761: 6736: 6678: 6614: 6370: 6092: 5929: 5738: 5646: 5355: 5061:"Cities and the Economic Development of Nations: An Essay on Jane Jacobs' Contribution to Economic Theory" 4310:"Rockefeller Foundation Honors Three New Yorkers' Urban Activism with 2010 Jane Jacobs Medal :: News" 3285: 1857: 1797: 1386: 1349: 1194:

to demolish the high-rise public housing projects so reviled by Jacobs and to replace them with low-rise,

796: 695: 679: 345: 93: 5006:

Wrestling with Moses: How Jane Jacobs Took on New York's Master Builder and Transformed the American City

1866: 1202:

housing" projects were instrumental in discrediting these once universally supported planning practices.

382:, she moved to New York City with her sister Betty. Jane Butzner took an immediate liking to Manhattan's 6589: 6400: 6206: 6146: 6041: 4283:"Rockefeller Foundation Honors Two New Yorker's Urban Activism with 2009 Jane Jacobs Medal :: News" 1370: 1345: 953: 945: 4713: 2045:

characterized in terms of multiplicity of variables as well as disproportional response to cause, and

1555:

a conference room at the offices of the New Economics Foundation in London is named in honor of Jacobs

729:

someone else." Later, her book was criticized from the left for leaving out race and openly endorsing

452:

After attending Columbia University's School of General Studies for two years, Butzner found a job at

6721: 6716: 6151: 6141: 6087: 5871: 5814: 5746: 3578: 2268: 2002: 1874: 1834: 1560: 1484: 1195: 1175: 461: 305: 231: 5409: 5123: 4422: 3993: 3758: 3411: 1509:

Jane Jacobs Way, West Village, New York City (Hudson Street and Eleventh Street, New York, New York)

1468: 6171: 6108: 6082: 5891: 5876: 5235: 3018:, p. 41 "When Jacobs returned to New York from Philadelphia, she began arguing with her 2990:'I said, "Where are the people?" didn't answer. He only said, "They don't appreciate these things. 2525: 2177: 1974: 1787:. It was published in 1980 and reprinted in 2011 with a previously-unpublished 2005 interview with 813: 781: 769: 765: 553: 469: 419: 160: 3391: 1849: 296:, which would have passed directly through the area of Manhattan that would later become known as 6390: 6072: 5611: 5283: 5163: 4943: 4893: 4680: 4671: 4626: 4501: 3752: 3436: 2942: 2499: 2491: 2309: 1983: 1806: 1747: 1739: 1731: 1718: 1492: 941: 839: 628: 600: 488: 309: 153: 4046:

Genius of Common Sense: Jane Jacobs and the Story of the Death and Life of Great American Cities

434:, and economics. About the freedom to pursue study across her wide-ranging interests, she said: 5471: 4741: 1825:

and how it enriched both nations. The origins of the contemporary secessionist-movement in the

1628:

been analysed many times, often in regard to the outcomes that their influences have produced.

956:

that dual citizenship was not possible at the time, implying that her US citizenship was lost.

929:

from 1971 until her death in 2006. She decided to leave the US in part because she opposed the

284:

efforts to protect neighborhoods from urban renewal and slum clearance, in particular plans by

6584: 6410: 6215: 6035: 5866: 5856: 5784: 5720: 5673: 5641: 5616: 5606: 5581: 5440: 5435: 5331: 5252: 5222: 5214: 5204: 5112:"Jane Jacobs as Spontaneous Economic Order Methodologist: Part 1: Intellectual Apprenticeship" 5029: 5010: 4989: 4970: 4745: 4064: 3921: 3890: 3721: 2802: 2593: 2583: 2483: 2395: 2359: 2237: 2224: 2209: 2196: 2183: 2167: 2154: 2141: 2128: 2115: 2100: 2046: 2038: 2034: 1830: 1726: 1677: 1374: 1285: 1153: 1098: 983: 952:

regarded as a major success. She became a Canadian citizen in 1974 and later, she told writer

848: 833: 761: 431: 383: 289: 67: 3917: 3911: 2385: 6609: 6295: 6006: 5959: 5906: 5657: 5371: 5363: 5312: 5275: 5196: 5155: 4935: 4885: 4733: 4699: 4473: 4460: 4268: 4005: 3969: 3633: 2934: 2475: 2042: 1826: 1688: 1527: 1354: 1330: 1261: 1089: 1003: 897: 864: 860: 809: 623: 411: 398: 379: 366: 333: 248: 51: 4233: 1606:, has clarified that the composite character was partially based on Jacobs, but more so on 1163:

planning models that had dominated mid-century planning. The influential Harvard economist

791: 456:

magazine. Her 1943 article on economic decline in Scranton was well publicized and led the

6639: 6599: 6345: 6300: 6230: 5954: 5949: 5493: 5461: 5188: 4552:"Edward Norton on New York City's 'secret sin' and the complicated legacy of Robert Moses" 4448: 4441: 4429: 4410: 4391: 4372: 4341: 4264: 4191: 4000: 3585: 3469: 3418: 3398: 2273: 2027: 1780: 1362: 1186:. The work of Jacobs and Newman would go on to affect American housing policy through the 1039: 979: 949: 909: 828: 592: 439: 329: 297: 244: 47: 6270: 5075: 1438:

The 2010 recipients were Joshua David and Robert Hammond, whose work in establishing the

361: 5454: 5398:"Jane Jacobs as Spontaneous Economic Order Methodologist: Part 2: Metaphors and Methods" 5356:"Insights and Reflections on Jane Jacobs' Legacy. Toward a Jacobsian theory of the city" 4876:

Laurence, Peter L. (March 2005). "Dark Age Ahead? Jane Jacobs' Latest Book in Context".

2005:

police are paid bonuses here – reinterpreted slightly as a part of the larger analysis.

1986:. As with her other work, she used an observational approach. This book is written as a 724:. This angered the male-dominated urban planning profession. Jacobs was criticized with 6350: 6330: 6310: 6290: 6280: 6275: 6220: 6117: 6113: 6102: 5934: 5911: 5851: 5529: 5449: 5325: 5192: 5004: 4862: 4617: 4154: 4101: 3989: 2278: 2219: 2068: 1998: 1905: 1693: 1632: 1607: 1533:

Jacobs' Ladder, rose bushes dedicated by Grassroots Albany (neighbors) in 1997, Toronto

1439: 1393:, "to recognize individuals who have made a significant contribution to thinking about 1313: 1301: 1223: 1164: 1015: 856: 817: 730: 704: 687: 548: 460:

to locate a warplane factory there. Encouraged by this success, Butzner petitioned the

324: 320: 682:. The foundation had moved aggressively into urban topics, with a recent award to the 6710: 6660: 6629: 6624: 6594: 6405: 6355: 6260: 6191: 6181: 6166: 6097: 6051: 6030: 5991: 5964: 5704: 5663: 5287: 5279: 5249:

The Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal, Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin

5180: 5167: 4734: 4184: 2946: 2503: 2258: 2253: 2166:(Children's Book Illustrated by Karen Reczuch), (June 1990) Oxford University Press. 1788: 1603: 1549: 1476: 1420: 1276:

in its analysis of the nature of social relations within the realm of urban studies.

1081: 1011: 852: 844: 824: 773: 721: 653: 632:

magazine. The resulting piece, "Downtown Is for People", appeared in a 1958 issue of

604: 270: 260: 133: 5087: 4947: 1574:, which depicts her victories over Robert Moses and her philosophy of urban design. 1296: 660:, was outraged and over the telephone, demanded of Whyte: "Who is this crazy dame?" 6579: 6340: 6335: 6225: 6211: 6176: 6127: 6023: 5982: 5896: 5886: 5668: 5159: 4791: 4212: 2079: 1624: 1620: 1593: 1394: 1168: 1085: 1061: 994: 934: 777: 700: 637: 566: 524: 394: 285: 5386: 3545: 5482: 5176: 4939: 4850:

Jane Jacobs, The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty

1980:

Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics

940:

She quickly became a leading figure in her new city and helped stop the proposed

603:. She addressed leading architects, urban planners, and intellectuals (including 6320: 6201: 6186: 6161: 6011: 6001: 3608: 2611: 1853: 1683: 1644: 1472: 1414: 1334: 1182:, who prepared the idea through a series of studies that would culminate in his 930: 892: 581: 569:". In 1954, she was assigned to cover a development in Philadelphia designed by 516: 393:

During her early years in Manhattan, Jacobs held a variety of jobs working as a

5200: 6315: 5996: 5571: 2938: 2662: 725: 558: 319:

As a woman and a writer who criticized experts in the male-dominated field of

281: 5316: 5226: 4525:"Motherless Brooklyn's depiction of a gritty New York is slow but entrancing" 3725: 3659:"Vancouver's density debate pits Sullivanism versus the ideas of Jane Jacobs" 2597: 2487: 2363: 6604: 6234: 6077: 2023: 1755: 1366: 1329:, where she often spoke with noted thinkers and political leaders including 1326: 1305: 1211: 1057: 1031: 926: 914: 562: 17: 4096: 3519: 1218:, which they argued had little regard for the impact on local communities. 1142:: That's the actual mechanism of it. The theory of it is what I explain in 804:

flow of traffic through the neighborhood and provide access to the planned

686:

for studies of urban aesthetics that would culminate in the publication of

464:

to support more operations in Scranton. Experiencing job discrimination at

5367: 5236:"Adapt, don't destroy: Leeds is the template to revive our scarred cities" 3973: 663: 6056: 6046: 6018: 5986: 5939: 5678: 5596: 5591: 5376: 2049:

where "a system can be making itself up as it goes along" (p. 137).

1870: 1861: 1818: 1447:, for her longtime work as writer, park administrator, and co-founder of 999: 768:

in lieu of large apartment houses), private developers, the expansion of

4897: 2495: 61: 6136: 5431: 3956:"Dead or Alive at Fifty? Reading Jane Jacobs on her Golden Anniversary" 3814: 2338:

return until and unless new capital is slowly and chancily accumulated.

1700:. Caro reportedly cut a chapter about Jacobs due to his book's length. 1187: 1064:", referring to that city's use of her "density done well" philosophy. 982:

in 1996 for her seminal writings and thought-provoking commentaries on

972: 922: 509: 497: 427: 292:

neighborhood. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the

112: 4497:"Review: Jacobs and Moses Star in 'Citizen Jane: Battle for the City'" 4257: 4123: 2479: 1982:(1992) moves outside of the city, studying the moral underpinnings of 1178:. The concept had a huge influence on planners and architects such as 580:

In 1955, Jacobs met William Kirk, an Episcopal minister who worked in

6239: 6122: 5586: 5346: 4889: 4150:"Jane Jacobs, Georgia O'Keeffe, and the Power of the Marimekko Dress" 3839:. Globe and Mail (subscription required). 25 May 2006. Archived from 1878: 1842: 960: 611:

printed the speech that year, along with photographs of East Harlem.

5141:"How Do We Grow?: Jane Jacobs on Diversification and Specialization" 4915:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. pp. 53–54, 304–305. 2138:

The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty

1777:

The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Sovereignty

5088:"'The Death and Life of a Reluctant Urban Icon,' A Review Essay on 3286:"Meet the woman who took on Robert Moses and saved lower Manhattan" 2352:"Street fighter: how Jane Jacobs saved New York from Bulldozer Bob" 1804:

was also not mentioned in the bibliography of her 2006 obituary in

965:

The Question of Separatism: Quebec and the Struggle over Separation

5881: 5296: 5218: 4602:"Jane Jacobs: The Future of City Planning | Inside Out Tours" 2922: 2794: 1987: 1427:, received the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal for Lifetime Leadership and 1295: 993: 908: 790: 662: 5498: 5576: 4926:

Laurence, Peter L. (August 2019). "Jane Jacobs's Urban Ethics".

1838: 5502: 3392:

People & Events: The Planning Debate in New York, 1955–1975

1656:

Jane Jacobs spent her life studying cities. Her books include:

1619:

The planners and developers she fought against to preserve the

577:, she began to question the 1950s consensus on urban planning. 4645:"Why I cannot fall fully for Jane Jacobs' Marginal Revolution" 4574:"Top-Down and Bottom-Up Urban Planning: A Synergetic Approach" 4169:

Toronto gallery shows how Jane Jacobs lived and worked at home

2180:: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics 1951:

city. She terms the suburban sprawl of the metropolis as the '

1734:. Critics erroneously claim that her ideas parrot the idea of 1703:

Beyond the practical lessons in city design and planning that

27:

American–Canadian journalist, author, and activist (1916–2006)

1284:

After the death of Jacobs in April 2006, New York City Mayor

1088:

movement. She has been characterized as a major influence on

1779:

incorporated and expanded Jacobs's presentation of the 1979

913:

Jacobs lived at 69 Albany Avenue (white porch) in Toronto's

780:. Moses' plan, funded as "slum clearance" by Title I of the 5327:

Cities Matter, A Montrealer's Ode to Jane Jacobs, Economist

4864:

Cities Matter, A Montrealer's Ode to Jane Jacobs, Economist

5402:

Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order and Organization

5116:

Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order and Organization

2793:

Laurence, Peter L. (2011). Page, Max; Mennel, Tim (eds.).

2421:"The Woman Who Saved New York City from Superhighway Hell" 2387:

New York & Los Angeles: Politics, Society, and Culture

1124:

I've gone at it two different ways. Way back when I wrote

4667: 4665: 3714:"Jane's Walk Tours, in Honor of Jane Jacobs, in New York" 3412:

Remarks at the presentation of the 2008 Jane Jacobs Medal

3304: 3302: 3231: 3229: 2193:

A Schoolteacher in Old Alaska: The Story of Hannah Breece

1829:

are examined, along with Canada's historical reliance on

1192:

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

1060:'s urban planning. Jacobs has been called "the mother of 4404:

CUI announces the 2014 Urban Leadership Award recipients

1417:; Mr. Freilla donated his $ 100,000 to his organization. 1136:: It's not a zero-sum game. It's a bigger, growing pie. 748:

in October 1967, and criticized the construction of the

2891: 2889: 1096:

thought. She discussed her legacy in an interview with

1045:

Jacobs also was active in a campaign against a plan of

360:, she worked for a year as the unpaid assistant to the 4848:

Philpot, Robin (2011). "Preface to the 2011 edition".

4613: 4611: 4588:"City making doesn't have to be top down vs bottom up" 4061:

What We See: Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs

1397:, specifically in New York City". Recipients include: 872:

Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway

178:

Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway

5059:

Desrochers, Pierre; Hospers, Gert-Jan (Spring 2007).

4767:"The Missing Jane Jacobs Chapter in The Power Broker" 3985: 3983: 1623:

were among those who initially criticized her ideas.

1496:

was appointed the stewards of the Jane Jacobs Prize.

760:

During the 1950s and 1960s, her home neighborhood of

354:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

6807:

Columbia University School of General Studies alumni

1602:

has drawn comparisons to Jane Jacobs. The director,

644:

was not popular with supporters of urban renewal at

6570: 6535: 6509: 6463: 6456: 6423: 6383: 6259: 6252: 6065: 5973: 5920: 5844: 5835: 5813: 5770: 5737: 5719: 5687: 5634: 5625: 5564: 5465:

Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation

3460:"'Studies in Power': An Interview with Robert Caro" 2664:

Why Creativity is the New Economy – Richard Florida

2208:(2000) New York: Random House, The Modern Library. 1570:Jacobs is the subject of the 2017 documentary film 986:. The community and urban sociology section of the 227: 204: 189: 170: 145: 120: 101: 75: 41: 5305:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 4878:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 2582:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2234:Vital Little Plans: The Short Works of Jane Jacobs 3889:. E. F. Schumacher Society. pp. 8, 105–106. 2022:), argues that the same principles underlie both 959:In 1980, she offered a more urban perspective on 182:Stop Spadina Save Our City Coordinating Committee 5347:"It's the cities, stupid: Jane Jacobs on cities" 4385:2013 Urban Leadership Award recipients announced 4366:CUI Awards recognize Urban Leaders across Canada 4059:Goldsmith, Stephen A.; Elizabeth, Lynne (2009). 1845:designed specifically to foster such factories. 837:, which provided more sympathetic coverage than 4039: 4037: 4035: 4019: 4017: 4015: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2468:Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine 1244: 1228: 1104: 921:Soon after her arrest in 1968, Jacobs moved to 799:, pictured, from being demolished for a highway 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 1955:. Economic literature sometimes uses the term 1931:transfers from wealthier areas. Next are the ' 1401:Barry Benepe, co-founder of the New York City 390:. The sisters soon moved there from Brooklyn. 277:" did not respect the needs of city-dwellers. 5514: 2637:"The death and life of Jane Jacobs critiques" 2549:"Jane Jacobs and the Power of Women Planners" 1800:was just defeated by a vote of 60 per cent). 925:, eventually settling at 69 Albany Avenue in 8: 5396:Szurmak, Joanna; Desrochers, Pierre (2017). 5110:Desrochers, Pierre; Szurmak, Joanna (2017). 5028:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 4986:Ideas that Matter: The Worlds of Jane Jacobs 4312:. The Rockefeller Foundation. Archived from 4285:. The Rockefeller Foundation. Archived from 4258:The Jane Jacobs Medal Created by Rockefeller 3607:. Onpha.on.ca. 19 April 2005. Archived from 2305:"Jane Jacobs, Urban Activist, Is Dead at 89" 1833:and foreign-owned manufacturing for its own 1680:as an example of a vibrant urban community. 733:, which Jacobs referred to as "unslumming". 547:in 1952 when it announced its relocation to 515:Working for the State Department during the 5391:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 4697:It's time to stop glorifying her theories. 3514:Kunstler, James Howard (6 September 2000). 2333:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 2111:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1900:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1785:Canadian Cities and Sovereignty-Association 1686:has cited it as the strongest influence on 1673:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1668:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1661:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1273:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1238:The Death And Life of Great American Cities 717:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 710:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 669:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 636:, and marked her first public criticism of 266:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 197:The Death and Life of Great American Cities 6460: 6256: 5841: 5631: 5521: 5507: 5499: 4063:. Oakland, California: New Village Press. 3916:. Westview Press and Basic Books. p. 3432:"Caro Speaks to the Spirit of Jane Jacobs" 2140:(1980 Random House and 2011 Baraka Books) 1516:West, Toronto (construction began in 2016) 1157:, June 2001, Interviewer: Bill Steigerwald 752:as a disaster for Manhattan's waterfront. 472:and for the right of workers to unionize. 426:for two years, taking courses in geology, 316:that were planned and under construction. 60: 38: 5375: 3781:"James Butzner Obituary, Waynesville, NC" 2446:"The places that mattered to Jane Jacobs" 2298: 2296: 2294: 1897:(1984) attempts to do for economics what 1724:In an interview with Bill Steigerwald in 1542:Jane Jacobs Street (Village of Cheshire) 978:She was selected to be an officer of the 5729:Regional Planning Association of America 5251:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3913:Radical Middle: The Politics We Need Now 3748:"Urban expert Jane Jacobs dies at 89yrs" 933:, she worried about the fate of her two 30:For other people named Jane Jacobs, see 4676:Outgrowing Jane Jacobs and Her New York 3566: 3501: 3489: 3344: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3220: 3208: 3170: 3158: 3103: 3067: 3055: 3031: 3015: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2868: 2840: 2828: 2744: 2732: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2290: 626:invited Jacobs to write an article for 617:Death and Life of Great American Cities 344:Jacobs was born Jane Isabel Butzner in 5441:Jane Jacobs's Order of Canada Citation 4716:Why our cities need less Jane Jacobs. 4375:, Martin Prosperity Blog, 4 April 2012 4227:"Rockefeller Foundation news advisory" 3605:Ontario Non-Profit Housing Association 3128:Gratz, Roberta Brandes (4 July 1026). 2578:Laurence, Peter L. (21 January 2016). 1461:Jane Jacobs Lifetime Achievement Award 843:. The committee gained the support of 736:In 1962, she resigned her position at 551:. She then found a well-paying job at 386:, which deviated some from the city's 70:civic group at a 1961 press conference 4638: 4636: 4550:Lange, Alexandra (15 November 2019). 4083: 3856:"Jane Jacobs: Sticking Up For Cities" 3685:"Jane Jacobs: Honoured in the breach" 3430:Fernandez, Manny (9 September 2008). 3356: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3271: 3115: 3091: 3079: 3043: 3003: 2895: 2880: 2856: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2720: 2518:"Urban Planning Has a Sexism Problem" 2001:and communism, and what happens when 1813:Jacobs's book advances the view that 1738:advanced earlier by scholars such as 684:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 263:, sociology, and economics. Her book 7: 6689: 5068:Canadian Journal of Regional Science 5045:Postmetropolis, Putting Cities First 4835: 4823: 3516:"Interview with Jane Jacobs, part 2" 2350:Wainwright, Oliver (30 April 2017). 2264:Highway revolts in the United States 482:She became a feature writer for the 6782:Writers from Scranton, Pennsylvania 5800:Professional transportation planner 5472:"Jane Jacobs: Libertarian Outsider" 4394:, Canadian Architect, 28 March 2013 4194:, Urbanspace Gallery, Toronto, 2016 4026:Go! Melbourne in the Sixties, Circa 3954:Klemek, Christopher (Spring 2011). 3854:Bernstein, Aaron (15 August 2004). 3544:. Ideas that Matter. Archived from 3371:"Won't you come home, Jane Jacobs?" 3284:Rorke, Robert (26 September 2016). 2073:Published in 2004 by Random House, 1267:Times Square Red, Times Square Blue 6757:Canadian women non-fiction writers 5470:Riggenbach, Jeff (28 April 2011). 5268:Journal of Architectural Education 5185:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 4984:Allen, Max, ed. (1 October 1997). 1592:The community organizer played by 1459:offers an award to honor her, the 1325:one at her Albany Avenue house in 1030:, at a time when he was seen as a 622:After reading her Harvard speech, 25: 5297:"Jane Jacobs (1916–2006): Before 5295:Laurence, Peter L. (March 2007). 5139:Ellerman, David (May–June 2005). 4523:Knight, Chris (31 October 2019). 4148:Lange, Alexandra (23 June 2017). 4028:. Beaconsfield. pp. 218–230. 2303:Douglas, Martin (26 April 2006). 1572:Citizen Jane: Battle for the City 1308:National Historic Site in Toronto 988:American Sociological Association 971:to separate the city proper from 808:(LOMEX), which would connect the 314:network of expressways in Toronto 6688: 6667: 6666: 6654: 5280:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2006.00033.x 5086:Desrochers, Pierre (Fall 2007). 4965:Alexiou, Alice Sparberg (2006). 4771:atlanticyardsreport.blogspot.com 4413:, Canadian Architect, 9 May 2014 4344:, Canadian Urban Institute, 2015 3994:Great Cities Need Great Builders 3885:Hannum, Hildegarde, ed. (1997). 3746:Martin, Sandra (26 April 2006). 3458:Caro, Robert (16 January 2018). 3184:"The Woman Who Saved Our Cities" 2921:Laurence, Peter L. (June 2006). 2151:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1894:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1887:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1764:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 1610:who was active a decade earlier. 1451:. She received $ 80,000 as well. 1425:West Harlem Environmental Action 1226:than cleared for redevelopment. 878:was sympathetic to Moses, while 599:, Jacobs delivered a lecture at 6772:Officers of the Order of Canada 6767:Members of the Order of Ontario 6197:Transferable development rights 5752:Environmental impact assessment 5324:Ramsay, Charles-Albert (2022). 4809:Maisels, Charles Keith (1990). 4622:Taller Buildings, Cheaper Homes 4308:Press Releases (20 July 2010). 4281:Press Releases (24 June 2009). 2801:. Chicago: APA Planners Press. 2419:Lawson, Wayne (14 April 2017). 2236:(2016) New York: Random House. 2195:(1995) Random House of Canada. 2114:(1961) New York: Random House. 1519:Jane Jacobs sculptural chairs, 1471:, won the 2015 award. In 2012, 1348:of New York partnered with the 1080:Jacobs is credited, along with 591:In 1956, while standing in for 217: 6732:Naturalized citizens of Canada 5823:Community economic development 5602:Planning and zoning commission 5455:Jane Jacobs Oral History, 1997 5160:10.1080/05775132.2005.11034300 5099:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4495:Kenny, Glenn (19 April 2017). 3683:Wikens, Stephen (6 May 2011). 3369:Whelton, Clark (6 July 1974). 2616:The Center for the Living City 1918:A spectrum of economic regions 1823:Norway's secession from Sweden 1815:Quebec's eventual independence 1544:Black Mountain, North Carolina 1538:Mount Pleasant, South Carolina 1216:Housing Commission of Victoria 967:. Jacobs was an advocate of a 756:Struggle for Greenwich Village 504:. Jane continued to write for 1: 6777:People from Greenwich Village 6752:Canadian architecture writers 6727:American architecture writers 5234:Jenkins, Simon (4 May 2006). 4044:Lang, G.; Wunsch, M. (2009). 3388:American Experience: New York 1848:The relevant public views of 1056:She also had an influence on 1020:Toronto's 2000 mayoralty race 458:Murray Corporation of America 6812:American emigrants to Canada 6436:Planning Accreditation Board 5795:Transit-oriented development 5757:Recreation resource planning 5247:Klemek, Christopher (2011). 5090:Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary 5074:(1): 115–130. Archived from 4967:Jane Jacobs: Urban Visionary 4940:10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.028 4048:. New York: David R. Godine. 3657:Wood, Daniel (7 June 2012). 3468:(Interview). Interviewed by 3465:The New York Review of Books 1523:(St. John's Square), Toronto 1385:As a tribute to Jacobs, the 1022:, and she was an adviser to 963:'s sovereignty in her book, 888:New York: A Documentary Film 32:Jane Jacobs (disambiguation) 5385:Laurence, Peter L. (2016). 5354:Stefano, Cozzolino (2015). 5345:Rosenfelder, Mark (2000s). 4911:Laurence, Peter L. (2016). 4714:Jane Jacobs's Tunnel Vision 4461:Jane Jacobs' 100th birthday 4442:2011 Toronto Legacy Plaques 3887:People, Land, and Community 3712:Roberts, Sam (3 May 2012). 3130:"The Genius of Jane Jacobs" 2392:University of Chicago Press 1559:Jacobs received the second 1530:, 69 Albany Avenue, Toronto 1407:Transportation Alternatives 1121:That is a different thing. 742:opponent of the Vietnam War 615:Rockefeller Foundation and 352:, served as a judge on the 6838: 6817:Philosophers of technology 6448:Professional organizations 5805:Urban freight distribution 5780:Transportation forecasting 5448:at John J. Burns Library, 5408:(2): 21–48. Archived from 5330:. Montreal: Baraka Books. 5201:10.4135/9781412965811.n157 5177:"Jacobs, Jane (1916–2006)" 5092:by Alice Sparberg Alexiou" 4969:. New Brunswick: Rutgers. 4852:. Baraka Books. p. X. 4476:. National Building Museum 4356:, Canadian Urban Institute 2847:magazine in October 1962." 2066: 2039:negative-feedback controls 1972: 1856:, and then Prime Minister 1802:The Question of Separatism 1771:The Question of Separatism 1698:Lower Manhattan Expressway 1665: 1190:Program, an effort by the 1047:Royal St. George's College 806:Lower Manhattan Expressway 294:Lower Manhattan Expressway 29: 6684:List of planning journals 6648: 5653:History of urban planning 5536: 5122:(2): 2–20. Archived from 4719:Literary Review of Canada 4684:, Published 30 April 2006 4643:Cowen, T. (25 May 2006). 4630:, 4 May 2010 6:02 am 2939:10.1080/13574800600644001 2799:Reconsidering Jane Jacobs 2795:"The Unknown Jane Jacobs" 1750:and in recent times, by 1586:The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel 1411:Green Worker Cooperatives 1405:and a founding member of 1002:foreman Spencer Beebe in 795:Jacobs fought to prevent 786:Washington Square Village 484:Office of War Information 468:, she also advocated for 424:School of General Studies 59: 6822:Women's page journalists 6797:Environmental economists 6787:Radical centrist writers 6620:Marine spatial planning 6132:Healthy community design 5710:Village design statement 5700:Preservation development 5695:Conservation development 5317:10.1525/jsah.2007.66.1.5 5043:Soja, Edward W. (2000). 5024:Laurence, Peter (2016). 4736:Encyclopedia of the City 4712:Bratishenko, Lev (2016) 4693:Moskowitz, Peter (2016) 4451:, Heritage Toronto, 2011 4423:Victoria Memorial Square 4263:14 February 2007 at the 2547:Gratz, Roberta Brandes. 1565:National Building Museum 1521:Victoria Memorial Square 1457:Canadian Urban Institute 1449:Central Park Conservancy 1423:, executive director of 1339:Queen of the Netherlands 1069:Toronto Western Hospital 1028:mayoral campaign in 2003 720:planning, labeling it a 486:and then a reporter for 356:. After graduation from 6635:Real estate development 6366:List of urban theorists 5862:City Beautiful movement 5790:Rational planning model 5772:Transportation planning 5762:Sustainable development 5175:Ikeda, Sanford (2008). 5003:Flint, Anthony (2009). 4409:12 October 2016 at the 3999:24 October 2017 at the 3542:"The Jane Jacobs Prize" 3401:, PBS film description. 3397:8 December 2009 at the 2986:, pp. 39–40 2927:Journal of Urban Design 2206:The Nature of Economies 2035:positive-feedback loops 2016:The Nature of Economies 2010:The Nature of Economies 1445:Elizabeth Barlow Rogers 1184:defensible space theory 1144:The Nature of Economies 1051:Ontario Municipal Board 895:'s biography of Moses, 746:marched on the Pentagon 640:. Her criticism of the 492:, a publication of the 350:John Decker Butzner Jr. 6679:List of planned cities 6615:Landscape architecture 6371:List of urban planners 6093:Conservation community 5930:Collaborative planning 5739:Environmental planning 5647:Comprehensive planning 5483:Jane Jacobs's Legacy, 4813:. New York: Routledge. 4740:. Routledge. pp. 4649:Marginalrevolution.com 4474:"Vincent Scully Prize" 4371:10 August 2016 at the 3661:. The Georgia Straight 3584:30 August 2008 at the 1904:be the main player in 1467:, while his daughter, 1387:Rockefeller Foundation 1350:Rockefeller Foundation 1309: 1259: 1243: 1160: 1007: 918: 800: 797:Washington Square Park 696:Rockefeller Foundation 680:Rockefeller Foundation 671: 534: 445: 346:Scranton, Pennsylvania 94:Scranton, Pennsylvania 6590:Development economics 6441:Real estate education 6401:James Howard Kunstler 6326:Konstantinos Doxiadis 6207:Urban growth boundary 6147:Mixed-use development 6042:Intentional community 5487:online, July 31, 2009 5368:10.3280/TR2015-072022 5187:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 4732:Caves, R. W. (2004). 4215:on 27 September 2011. 3974:10.1353/dss.2011.0045 2384:Halle, David (2003). 2125:The Economy of Cities 1911:The Economy of Cities 1760:The Economy of Cities 1752:Charles Keith Maisels 1712:The Economy of Cities 1528:Toronto Legacy Plaque 1512:Jane Jacobs Park, 11 1429:Alexie Torres-Fleming 1346:Municipal Art Society 1299: 1291: 1126:The Economy of Cities 1084:, with inspiring the 997: 954:James Howard Kunstler 912: 794: 699:"explor the field of 666: 529: 521:Federal Workers Union 436: 403:Sunday Herald Tribune 300:, as well as part of 66:Jacobs as chair of a 6802:Writers from Toronto 6742:Women urban planners 6142:Leapfrog development 6088:Complete Communities 5945:Intelligent urbanism 5872:Garden city movement 5815:Economic development 5747:Environmental design 5492:3 March 2016 at the 5460:27 June 2015 at the 5446:Jane Jacobs's Papers 5388:Becoming Jane Jacobs 5195:. pp. 261–262. 5026:Becoming Jane Jacobs 4913:Becoming Jane Jacobs 4695:Bulldoze Jane Jacobs 4463:, Google, 4 May 2016 4432:, TorontoPlaques.com 4390:8 March 2016 at the 4335:Urban Leadership Day 4209:urbancenterbooks.org 3910:Satin, Mark (2004). 3866:on 23 September 2012 3785:wellsfuneralhome.com 2580:Becoming Jane Jacobs 2269:Innovation economics 1957:Jacobs agglomeration 1835:economic development 1561:Vincent Scully Prize 1536:Jane Jacobs Street, 1485:Greater Toronto Area 1477:William (Bill) Teron 1403:Green Market program 1196:mixed-income housing 1176:natural surveillance 462:War Production Board 378:In 1935, during the 358:Scranton High School 288:to overhaul her own 269:(1961) argued that " 232:Vincent Scully Prize 6548:Communist countries 6172:Planning Permission 6109:Filtering (housing) 6083:Cluster development 5892:Settlement movement 5877:Indigenous planning 5081:on 15 October 2013. 4672:Ouroussoff, Nicolai 4447:4 June 2016 at the 4428:1 June 2016 at the 4340:4 June 2016 at the 3817:on 13 November 2016 3492:, pp. 149–151. 3417:21 May 2009 at the 3211:, pp. 135–136. 3020:Architectural Forum 2667:, 26 September 2012 2178:Systems of Survival 2164:The Girl on the Hat 1975:Systems of Survival 1968:Systems of Survival 1736:import substitution 1599:Motherless Brooklyn 969:Province of Toronto 814:Williamsburg Bridge 782:Housing Act of 1949 770:New York University 766:West Village Houses 738:Architectural Forum 656:, the publisher of 646:Architectural Forum 609:Architectural Forum 597:Architectural Forum 586:Architectural Forum 584:. Kirk came to the 575:Architectural Forum 554:Architectural Forum 538:Architectural Forum 494:US State Department 470:equal pay for women 420:Columbia University 312:and the associated 161:Architectural Forum 6747:Anti-road protests 6431:Planning education 6391:Elizabeth Farrelly 6235:High-rise urbanism 6073:Affordable housing 5612:World Urbanism Day 5047:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4681:The New York Times 4627:The New York Times 4618:Glaeser, Edward L. 4531:. Th National Post 4502:The New York Times 4190:5 May 2016 at the 3990:Glaeser, Edward L. 3761:on 22 October 2010 3753:The Globe and Mail 3718:The New York Times 3689:The Globe and Mail 3548:on 7 February 2018 3522:on 30 October 2014 3437:The New York Times 2641:globalurbanist.com 2528:on 9 November 2021 2310:The New York Times 1937:transplant region' 1877:, which perceived 1807:The Globe and Mail 1748:Vere Gordon Childe 1740:Andre Gunder Frank 1732:import replacement 1719:import replacement 1578:In popular culture 1371:Thomas de Monchaux 1310: 1304:" group pauses at 1270:relies heavily on 1254:The New York Times 1008: 942:Spadina Expressway 919: 876:The New York Times 840:The New York Times 825:Raymond S. Rubinow 801: 750:World Trade Center 672: 654:C. D. Jackson 601:Harvard University 310:Spadina Expressway 6704: 6703: 6661:Cities portal 6585:Civil engineering 6566: 6565: 6419: 6418: 6248: 6247: 6216:Peri-urbanisation 6036:Planned community 5867:Dark-sky movement 5857:Car-free movement 5831: 5830: 5785:Trip distribution 5721:Regional planning 5674:Urban green space 5642:Land-use planning 5617:Labor market area 5607:Growth management 5582:Metropolitan area 5412:on 31 August 2017 5258:978-0-226-44174-0 5210:978-1-4129-6580-4 5126:on 31 August 2017 5016:978-1-4000-6674-2 4995:978-0-921773-44-3 4976:978-0-8135-3792-4 4576:. 21 August 2023. 4354:2011 announcement 4271:, 9 February 2007 4070:978-0-9815593-1-5 4009:, 19 January 2007 3927:978-0-8133-4190-3 3896:978-0-300-07173-3 3843:on 30 April 2006. 3614:on 1 October 2008 3377:. pp. 1, 24. 3375:The Village Voice 3311:, pp. 83–84. 3262:, pp. 50–52. 3190:. 6 December 2019 3173:, pp. 83–90. 3094:, pp. 27–28. 3082:, pp. 26–27. 3058:, pp. 57–59. 3046:, pp. 24–26. 3034:, pp. 43–49. 3006:, pp. 19–20. 2871:, pp. 30–31. 2831:, pp. 25–27. 2808:978-1-932364-95-8 2747:, pp. 23–24. 2735:, pp. 22–23. 2711:, pp. 20–21. 2699:, pp. 15–16. 2589:978-0-8122-4788-6 2480:10.7202/1003460ar 2172:978-0-195-40708-2 2146:978-1-926824-06-2 2047:self-organization 1949:Import-Replacing' 1831:natural resources 1678:Greenwich Village 1391:Jane Jacobs Medal 1381:Jane Jacobs Medal 1375:William McDonough 1286:Michael Bloomberg 984:urban development 948:neighbourhood, a 880:The Village Voice 849:Eleanor Roosevelt 834:The Village Voice 762:Greenwich Village 692:Image of the City 432:political science 384:Greenwich Village 290:Greenwich Village 280:Jacobs organized 238: 237: 115:, Ontario, Canada 68:Greenwich Village 16:(Redirected from 6829: 6692: 6691: 6670: 6669: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6610:Land development 6461: 6296:Donald Appleyard 6257: 6007:Mining community 5960:Radical planning 5907:Transition towns 5842: 5658:Spatial planning 5632: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5479: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5392: 5381: 5379: 5350: 5341: 5320: 5291: 5262: 5243: 5230: 5171: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5106: 5096: 5082: 5080: 5065: 5048: 5039: 5020: 5009:. Random House. 4999: 4988:. Ginger Press. 4980: 4952: 4951: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4890:10.2307/25068137 4873: 4867: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4739: 4729: 4723: 4710: 4704: 4691: 4685: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4640: 4631: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4439: 4433: 4420: 4414: 4401: 4395: 4382: 4376: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4278: 4272: 4269:The New York Sun 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4238: 4232:. Archived from 4231: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4211:. Archived from 4201: 4195: 4182: 4176: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4030: 4029: 4021: 4010: 4006:The New York Sun 3987: 3978: 3977: 3951: 3932: 3931: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3862:. Archived from 3851: 3845: 3844: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3813:. Archived from 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3757:. Archived from 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3613: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3518:. Archived from 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3427: 3421: 3408: 3402: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2918: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2559:on 20 March 2014 2555:. Archived from 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2524:. Archived from 2514: 2508: 2507: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2300: 2043:butterfly effect 1941:Entrepôt cities' 1925:backward' region 1827:Quiet Revolution 1689:The Power Broker 1514:Wellesley Street 1465:Eberhard Zeidler 1355:Malcolm Gladwell 1331:Marshall McLuhan 1280:Jane Jacobs Days 1262:Samuel R. Delany 1257: 1252:Martin Douglas, 1241: 1158: 1094:radical centrist 1004:Portland, Oregon 898:The Power Broker 865:Carmine De Sapio 861:William H. Whyte 810:Manhattan Bridge 624:William H. Whyte 399:freelance writer 380:Great Depression 367:Scranton Tribune 251: 221: 219: 192: 108: 89: 87: 64: 54: 39: 21: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6792:Urban theorists 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6655: 6653: 6644: 6640:Social sciences 6600:Urban economics 6572: 6562: 6531: 6505: 6452: 6415: 6379: 6346:Peter Calthorpe 6301:Ebenezer Howard 6262: 6244: 6231:Verticalization 6061: 5969: 5955:Market urbanism 5950:Livable streets 5916: 5837: 5827: 5809: 5766: 5733: 5715: 5683: 5627: 5621: 5560: 5532: 5527: 5494:Wayback Machine 5469: 5462:Wayback Machine 5428: 5415: 5413: 5395: 5384: 5362:(72): 151–158. 5353: 5344: 5338: 5323: 5294: 5265: 5259: 5246: 5233: 5211: 5174: 5143: 5138: 5129: 5127: 5109: 5094: 5085: 5078: 5063: 5058: 5055: 5053:Further reading 5042: 5036: 5023: 5017: 5002: 4996: 4983: 4977: 4964: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4711: 4707: 4692: 4688: 4670: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4616: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4449:Wayback Machine 4440: 4436: 4430:Wayback Machine 4421: 4417: 4411:Wayback Machine 4402: 4398: 4392:Wayback Machine 4383: 4379: 4373:Wayback Machine 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4342:Wayback Machine 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4316:on 23 July 2011 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4289:on 23 July 2011 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265:Wayback Machine 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4192:Wayback Machine 4183: 4179: 4175:, 11 April 2016 4167: 4163: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4042: 4033: 4023: 4022: 4013: 4001:Wayback Machine 3988: 3981: 3953: 3952: 3935: 3928: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634:"Omb.gov.on.ca" 3632: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3586:Wayback Machine 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3470:Claudia Dreifus 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3419:Wayback Machine 3409: 3405: 3399:Wayback Machine 3386: 3382: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2920: 2919: 2902: 2894: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723:, pp. 3–5. 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2590: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2402: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2335:. p. 138. 2330: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2302: 2301: 2292: 2287: 2274:Urban secession 2250: 2093: 2071: 2065: 2013: 2003:New York subway 1977: 1971: 1933:supply regions' 1890: 1798:1980 referendum 1781:Massey Lectures 1774: 1715: 1670: 1664: 1654: 1617: 1580: 1506: 1490:In April 2014, 1383: 1363:Robert Neuwirth 1322: 1294: 1282: 1258: 1256:, 25 April 2006 1251: 1242: 1235: 1159: 1150: 1078: 1067:Jacobs died in 1040:Toronto Islands 980:Order of Canada 950:housing project 907: 905:Life in Toronto 758: 620: 593:Douglas Haskell 557:, published by 541: 480: 450: 440:Barnard College 418:She studied at 376: 342: 330:Richard Florida 243: 223: 220: 1944) 215: 211: 190: 185: 166: 141: 116: 110: 106: 97: 91: 85: 83: 82: 81: 71: 55: 46: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6835: 6833: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6709: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6664: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6501:United Kingdom 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6481:Czech Republic 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6411:Randal O'Toole 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6351:Patrick Geddes 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6331:Kevin A. Lynch 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6311:Guy Benveniste 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6291:Daniel Burnham 6288: 6286:Colin Buchanan 6283: 6281:Clarence Stein 6278: 6276:Clarence Perry 6273: 6267: 6265: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6228: 6223: 6221:Urban vitality 6218: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128:Healthy cities 6125: 6120: 6118:Brusselization 6114:Gentrification 6111: 6106: 6103:Eminent domain 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5975:Cities by type 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5935:Context theory 5932: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5852:Athens Charter 5848: 5846: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5530:Urban planning 5528: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5480: 5467: 5452: 5450:Boston College 5443: 5438: 5427: 5426:External links 5424: 5423: 5422: 5393: 5382: 5351: 5342: 5336: 5321: 5299:Death and Life 5292: 5263: 5257: 5244: 5231: 5209: 5193:Cato Institute 5181:Hamowy, Ronald 5172: 5136: 5107: 5083: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5040: 5035:978-0812224429 5034: 5021: 5015: 5000: 4994: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4918: 4903: 4868: 4855: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4801: 4783: 4765:Oder, Norman. 4757: 4750: 4724: 4722:, October 2016 4705: 4686: 4661: 4632: 4607: 4593: 4579: 4565: 4542: 4515: 4487: 4465: 4453: 4434: 4415: 4396: 4377: 4358: 4346: 4327: 4300: 4273: 4250: 4239:on 7 June 2011 4218: 4196: 4177: 4161: 4155:The New Yorker 4140: 4115: 4088: 4086:, p. 194. 4076: 4069: 4051: 4031: 4011: 3979: 3933: 3926: 3902: 3895: 3877: 3846: 3828: 3798: 3772: 3738: 3704: 3675: 3649: 3625: 3589: 3571: 3559: 3533: 3506: 3504:, p. 152. 3494: 3482: 3450: 3422: 3410:Caro, Robert. 3403: 3380: 3361: 3359:, p. xiv. 3349: 3347:, p. 117. 3337: 3325: 3313: 3298: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3238:, p. 149. 3225: 3223:, p. 119. 3213: 3201: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3008: 2996: 2976: 2964: 2952: 2933:(2): 145–172. 2900: 2898:, p. 170. 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2833: 2821: 2807: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2654: 2628: 2603: 2588: 2570: 2539: 2509: 2458: 2437: 2411: 2400: 2394:. p. 16. 2376: 2342: 2331:Jacobs, Jane. 2323: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2279:Urban vitality 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2231: 2220:Dark Age Ahead 2216: 2203: 2190: 2174: 2161: 2148: 2135: 2122: 2107: 2092: 2089: 2084:Dark Age Ahead 2075:Dark Age Ahead 2069:Dark Age Ahead 2067:Main article: 2064: 2062:Dark Age Ahead 2059: 2012: 2007: 1973:Main article: 1970: 1965: 1906:macroeconomics 1889: 1884: 1858:Pierre Trudeau 1773: 1768: 1714: 1709: 1705:Death and Life 1666:Main article: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1633:gentrification 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608:Hortense Gabel 1590: 1579: 1576: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1469:Margie Zeidler 1453: 1452: 1440:High Line Park 1436: 1432: 1418: 1382: 1379: 1359:Reverend Billy 1321: 1318: 1293: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1249: 1233: 1165:Edward Glaeser 1148: 1077: 1074: 1036:island airport 1024:David Miller's 1016:Tooker Gomberg 906: 903: 857:Charles Abrams 818:Holland Tunnel 757: 754: 731:gentrification 705:The New School 688:Kevin A. Lynch 642:Lincoln Center 619: 613: 549:Washington, DC 540: 535: 479: 474: 449: 446: 409:magazine, and 388:grid structure 375: 372: 364:editor at the 341: 338: 325:college degree 321:urban planning 275:slum clearance 236: 235: 229: 225: 224: 213: 209: 208: 206: 202: 201: 193: 187: 186: 184: 183: 180: 174: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 157: 149: 147: 143: 142: 140: 139: 136: 134:urban theorist 131: 128: 124: 122: 118: 117: 111: 109:(aged 89) 103: 99: 98: 92: 79: 77: 73: 72: 65: 57: 56: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6834: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:Interstate 78 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6737:Tax resisters 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6697: 6696: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6630:Public policy 6628: 6626: 6625:Public health 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Urban ecology 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6559: 6558:Ancient Egypt 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406:Lewis Mumford 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356:Raymond Unwin 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6263:practitioners 6258: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192:Tract housing 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Temporary use 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6167:Planning gain 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:Creative city 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Urban village 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:Model village 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5992:Commuter town 5990: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5965:Urban renewal 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5902:Structuralism 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5834: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5705:Rural housing 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Redevelopment 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5383: 5378: 5377:11311/1036457 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5337:9781771863049 5333: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5300: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5105:(3): 115–136. 5104: 5100: 5093: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4841: 4838:, p. 25. 4837: 4832: 4829: 4826:, p. 24. 4825: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4751:9780415252256 4747: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4590:. 6 May 2022. 4589: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4553: 4546: 4543: 4530: 4529:National Post 4526: 4519: 4516: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4488: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4301: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205:"Jane Jacobs" 4200: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4141: 4129: 4125: 4124:"Toronto, ON" 4119: 4116: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3865: 3861: 3860:Business Week 3857: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3837:"Jane Jacobs" 3832: 3829: 3816: 3812: 3811:CrowdGift.com 3808: 3802: 3799: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3660: 3653: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3579:Eyeweekly.com 3575: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3451: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3335:, p. 85. 3334: 3329: 3326: 3323:, p. 86. 3322: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3274:, p. 65. 3273: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3250:, p. 78. 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3161:, p. 76. 3160: 3155: 3152: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3118:, p. 28. 3117: 3112: 3109: 3106:, p. 62. 3105: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3070:, p. 60. 3069: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2974:, p. 34. 2973: 2968: 2965: 2962:, p. 33. 2961: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2883:, p. 16. 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2859:, p. 14. 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2783:, p. 11. 2782: 2777: 2774: 2771:, p. 10. 2770: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2643:. 24 May 2011 2642: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2617: 2613: 2612:"Jane Jacobs" 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2401:9780226313702 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2377: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2259:Fred Gardiner 2257: 2255: 2254:David Crombie 2252: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:0-399-58960-0 2239: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2229:1-4000-6232-2 2226: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2214:0-679-60340-9 2211: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2201:0-679-30818-0 2198: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188:0-679-74816-4 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2159:0-394-72911-0 2156: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2133:0-394-70584-X 2130: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2120:0-679-60047-7 2117: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2105:0-804-60605-6 2102: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1875:Enlightenment 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:René Lévesque 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1789:Robin Philpot 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1722: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1604:Edward Norton 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1554: 1551: 1550:Google Doodle 1547: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Peggy Shepard 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1344:In 2007, the 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1248: 1239: 1236:Jane Jacobs, 1232: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082:Lewis Mumford 1075: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:Metro Toronto 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 916: 911: 904: 902: 900: 899: 894: 890: 889: 884: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 863:, as well as 862: 858: 854: 853:Lewis Mumford 850: 846: 845:Margaret Mead 842: 841: 836: 835: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 798: 793: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774:urban renewal 772:, and by the 771: 767: 763: 755: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 732: 727: 723: 722:pseudoscience 718: 714: 712: 711: 706: 702: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 670: 665: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 630: 625: 618: 614: 612: 610: 606: 605:Lewis Mumford 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 555: 550: 546: 539: 536: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 513: 511: 507: 503: 502:Hudson Street 499: 495: 491: 490: 485: 478: 475: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 447: 444: 441: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 413: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 381: 374:New York City 373: 371: 369: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 339: 337: 335: 331: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 271:urban renewal 268: 267: 262: 261:urban studies 258: 255: 250: 246: 242: 233: 230: 226: 210:Robert Jacobs 207: 203: 199: 198: 194: 188: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 171:Organizations 169: 163: 162: 158: 156: 155: 151: 150: 148: 144: 137: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 123: 119: 114: 105:25 April 2006 104: 100: 95: 78: 74: 69: 63: 58: 53: 49: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6694: 6671: 6652: 6580:Architecture 6553:Nazi Germany 6395: 6361:Thomas Adams 6341:Loretta Lees 6336:Le Corbusier 6306:Edmund Bacon 6271:Andrés Duany 6226:Urbanization 6212:Urban sprawl 6177:Rural flight 6157:Permeability 6152:Model cities 6024:Logging camp 5983:Company town 5897:Smart growth 5887:New Urbanism 5669:Urban design 5485:City Journal 5484: 5475: 5414:. Retrieved 5410:the original 5405: 5401: 5387: 5359: 5326: 5311:(66): 5–15. 5308: 5304: 5298: 5274:(3): 49–60. 5271: 5267: 5248: 5240:The Guardian 5239: 5184: 5154:(5): 50–83. 5151: 5147: 5128:. Retrieved 5124:the original 5119: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5076:the original 5071: 5067: 5044: 5025: 5005: 4985: 4966: 4959:Bibliography 4931: 4927: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4849: 4843: 4831: 4819: 4810: 4804: 4798:. June 2001. 4795: 4792:"City Views" 4786: 4774:. Retrieved 4770: 4760: 4735: 4727: 4717: 4708: 4703:, 4 May 2016 4698: 4689: 4679: 4652:. Retrieved 4648: 4625: 4596: 4582: 4568: 4556:. Retrieved 4545: 4533:. Retrieved 4528: 4518: 4506:. Retrieved 4500: 4490: 4478:. Retrieved 4468: 4456: 4437: 4418: 4399: 4380: 4361: 4349: 4330: 4318:. Retrieved 4314:the original 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4287:the original 4276: 4253: 4241:. Retrieved 4234:the original 4221: 4213:the original 4208: 4199: 4185:Jane at Home 4180: 4172: 4164: 4153: 4143: 4131:. Retrieved 4127: 4118: 4106:. Retrieved 4100: 4097:"Add a City" 4091: 4079: 4060: 4054: 4045: 4025: 4004: 3968:(2): 75–79. 3965: 3959: 3912: 3905: 3886: 3880: 3868:. Retrieved 3864:the original 3859: 3849: 3841:the original 3831: 3819:. Retrieved 3815:the original 3810: 3807:"Ned Jacobs" 3801: 3789:. Retrieved 3787:. 5 May 2009 3784: 3775: 3763:. Retrieved 3759:the original 3751: 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3717: 3707: 3699: 3692:. Retrieved 3688: 3678: 3670: 3663:. Retrieved 3652: 3640:. Retrieved 3628: 3616:. Retrieved 3609:the original 3604: 3592: 3574: 3567:Alexiou 2006 3562: 3550:. Retrieved 3546:the original 3536: 3524:. Retrieved 3520:the original 3509: 3502:Alexiou 2006 3497: 3490:Alexiou 2006 3485: 3473:. Retrieved 3463: 3453: 3441:. Retrieved 3435: 3425: 3406: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3364: 3352: 3345:Alexiou 2006 3340: 3328: 3316: 3289:. Retrieved 3279: 3267: 3260:Alexiou 2006 3255: 3248:Alexiou 2006 3243: 3236:Alexiou 2006 3221:Alexiou 2006 3216: 3209:Alexiou 2006 3204: 3192:. Retrieved 3187: 3178: 3171:Alexiou 2006 3166: 3159:Alexiou 2006 3154: 3142:. Retrieved 3137: 3133: 3123: 3111: 3104:Alexiou 2006 3099: 3087: 3075: 3068:Alexiou 2006 3063: 3056:Alexiou 2006 3051: 3039: 3032:Alexiou 2006 3027: 3019: 3016:Alexiou 2006 3011: 2999: 2984:Alexiou 2006 2979: 2972:Alexiou 2006 2967: 2960:Alexiou 2006 2955: 2930: 2926: 2876: 2869:Alexiou 2006 2864: 2852: 2844: 2841:Alexiou 2006 2836: 2829:Alexiou 2006 2824: 2812:. Retrieved 2798: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2745:Alexiou 2006 2740: 2733:Alexiou 2006 2728: 2716: 2709:Alexiou 2006 2704: 2697:Alexiou 2006 2692: 2687:, p. 9. 2685:Alexiou 2006 2680: 2669:, retrieved 2663: 2657: 2645:. Retrieved 2640: 2631: 2619:. Retrieved 2615: 2606: 2579: 2573: 2561:. Retrieved 2557:the original 2552: 2542: 2530:. Retrieved 2526:the original 2522:nextcity.org 2521: 2512: 2474:(2): 25–39. 2471: 2467: 2461: 2449:. Retrieved 2440: 2428:. Retrieved 2424: 2414: 2405: 2386: 2379: 2367:. Retrieved 2356:The Guardian 2355: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2314:. Retrieved 2308: 2233: 2218: 2205: 2192: 2176: 2163: 2150: 2137: 2124: 2109: 2096: 2083: 2080:urban sprawl 2074: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2032: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2009: 1996: 1993: 1979: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1953:City-Region' 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1847: 1817:is best for 1812: 1805: 1801: 1793:Richard Gwyn 1784: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1759: 1744: 1725: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1687: 1682: 1672: 1671: 1660: 1655: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1625:Robert Moses 1621:West Village 1618: 1597: 1594:Cherry Jones 1584: 1571: 1569: 1558: 1526:Jane Jacobs 1504:Other honors 1497: 1491: 1489: 1481:Jack Diamond 1460: 1454: 1395:urban design 1390: 1384: 1343: 1323: 1314:Jane's Walks 1311: 1292:Jane's Walks 1283: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1229: 1220: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1180:Oscar Newman 1173: 1169:Le Corbusier 1161: 1152: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1090:decentralist 1086:New Urbanist 1079: 1066: 1062:Vancouverism 1055: 1044: 1009: 998:Jacobs with 977: 964: 958: 946:St. Lawrence 939: 920: 917:for 35 years 896: 886: 885: 879: 875: 869: 838: 832: 822: 802: 778:Robert Moses 759: 737: 735: 716: 715: 708: 701:urban design 691: 675: 673: 668: 657: 649: 645: 638:Robert Moses 633: 627: 621: 616: 608: 596: 590: 585: 579: 574: 571:Edmund Bacon 567:urban blight 552: 544: 543:Jacobs left 542: 537: 530: 525:Saul Alinsky 514: 505: 487: 481: 476: 465: 453: 451: 437: 417: 410: 406: 402: 395:stenographer 392: 377: 365: 362:women's page 343: 334:Robert Lucas 318: 302:Little Italy 286:Robert Moses 279: 264: 256: 253: 240: 239: 195: 191:Notable work 159: 152: 107:(2006-04-25) 80:Jane Butzner 36: 18:Trader Ethic 6722:2006 deaths 6717:1916 births 6573:disciplines 6396:Jane Jacobs 6321:James Rouse 6202:Urban decay 6187:Third place 6162:Placemaking 6012:Pit village 6002:Global city 5476:Mises Daily 5432:Jane Jacobs 4173:Toronto Sun 4133:17 February 4128:Jane's Walk 4108:17 February 4102:Jane's Walk 3870:28 November 3821:17 February 3791:17 February 2845:Madmoiselle 2671:16 November 2425:Vanity Fair 2316:17 February 1945:Hub cities' 1854:Claude Ryan 1783:, entitled 1684:Robert Caro 1645:Tyler Cowen 1473:Anne Golden 1415:South Bronx 1335:Paul Martin 1320:Exhibitions 1302:Jane's Walk 1026:successful 1018:, who lost 931:Vietnam War 893:Robert Caro 582:East Harlem 340:Early years 241:Jane Jacobs 121:Occupations 43:Jane Jacobs 6711:Categories 6316:Ian McHarg 6261:Theorists/ 6038:(New town) 5997:Ghost town 5836:Concepts/ 5572:Urban area 5360:Territorio 5219:2008009151 4508:28 January 4084:Flint 2009 3765:23 October 3642:15 October 3390:. Disc 7; 3357:Flint 2009 3333:Flint 2009 3321:Flint 2009 3309:Flint 2009 3291:9 December 3272:Flint 2009 3140:(1): 16–17 3134:The Nation 3116:Flint 2009 3092:Flint 2009 3080:Flint 2009 3044:Flint 2009 3004:Flint 2009 2896:Allen 1997 2881:Flint 2009 2857:Flint 2009 2781:Flint 2009 2769:Flint 2009 2757:Allen 1997 2721:Flint 2009 2563:22 January 2532:22 January 2451:22 January 2430:22 January 2407:Chinatown. 2369:22 January 2285:References 2024:ecosystems 1862:currencies 1643:Economist 1337:, and the 1224:gentrified 1102:magazine. 726:ad hominem 559:Henry Luce 443:education. 282:grassroots 127:Journalist 90:4 May 1916 86:1916-05-04 6605:Geography 6517:Barcelona 6496:Singapore 6471:Australia 6464:Countries 6078:Cityscape 5845:Movements 5416:31 August 5288:141674846 5227:750831024 5168:158650636 5148:Challenge 5130:31 August 4934:: 29–38. 4836:Soja 2000 4824:Soja 2000 4776:9 October 3755:(Toronto) 3726:0362-4331 3194:7 January 3188:The Attic 2947:110512401 2598:911518358 2504:144671198 2488:0703-0428 2364:0261-3077 2028:economies 1867:Québécois 1756:Synoecism 1615:Criticism 1567:in 2000. 1563:from the 1367:Tom Wolfe 1327:The Annex 1306:Fort York 1212:Melbourne 1058:Vancouver 927:The Annex 816:with the 776:plans of 667:Cover of 563:Time Inc. 306:Chinatown 146:Employers 6673:Category 6522:Shanghai 6424:Training 6066:Concepts 6057:Boomtown 6047:Arcology 6019:Man camp 5987:Monotown 5940:Ekistics 5922:Theories 5838:theories 5679:Urbanism 5628:branches 5597:Planning 5592:Land use 5546:Theories 5490:Archived 5458:Archived 4948:85454787 4898:25068137 4554:. Curbed 4445:Archived 4426:Archived 4407:Archived 4388:Archived 4369:Archived 4338:Archived 4320:28 April 4293:28 April 4261:Archived 4243:28 April 4188:Archived 3997:Archived 3618:28 April 3582:Archived 3526:21 April 3415:Archived 3395:Archived 2647:11 March 2621:11 March 2496:43562363 2248:See also 2091:Writings 1988:Platonic 1929:largesse 1871:regional 1819:Montreal 1762:or from 1694:Pulitzer 1264:'s book 1250:— 1234:— 1149:— 1032:longshot 1000:Ecotrust 829:Catholic 517:McCarthy 466:Iron Age 454:Iron Age 138:activist 6695:Commons 6571:Related 6384:Critics 6137:LEED-ND 5635:General 5565:General 5556:Outline 5541:History 5183:(ed.). 4674:(2006) 4620:(2010) 4480:26 June 3992:(2007) 3961:Dissent 3731:11 June 3694:11 June 3665:11 June 3475:2 April 3443:2 April 3144:27 June 2553:CityLab 2223:(2004) 2182:(1992) 2153:(1985) 2127:(1969) 1843:tariffs 1498:Spacing 1493:Spacing 1413:in the 1188:HOPE VI 1038:on the 973:Ontario 923:Toronto 676:Fortune 658:Fortune 650:Fortune 634:Fortune 629:Fortune 545:Amerika 510:suburbs 506:Amerika 498:Grumman 489:Amerika 477:Amerika 430:, law, 428:zoology 273:" and " 257:Butzner 222: 214: 154:Amerika 113:Toronto 6543:Africa 6527:Sydney 6510:Cities 6491:Serbia 6486:Russia 6457:Places 6253:People 6240:Zoning 6123:Infill 5587:Suburb 5334: 5286: 5255: 5225: 5217: 5207: 5166: 5032: 5013: 4992: 4973: 4946: 4928:Cities 4896: 4796:Reason 4748: 4654:14 May 4558:19 May 4535:19 May 4067: 3924: 3893: 3724: 3598:"Home" 2945: 2805: 2596: 2586: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2398: 2362: 2240: 2227: 2212: 2199: 2186: 2170: 2157: 2144: 2131: 2118: 2103: 1879:nature 1727:Reason 1692:, his 1373:, and 1240:, 1961 1222:to be 1154:Reason 1140:Jacobs 1133:Reason 1115:Jacobs 1108:Reason 1099:Reason 1076:Legacy 1006:, 2004 961:Quebec 859:, and 448:Career 234:(2000) 228:Awards 205:Spouse 200:(1961) 130:author 6536:Other 6476:China 5912:YIMBY 5882:NIMBY 5688:Rural 5660:(Eur) 5626:Major 5551:Index 5284:S2CID 5179:. In 5164:S2CID 5144:(PDF) 5095:(PDF) 5079:(PDF) 5064:(PDF) 4944:S2CID 4894:JSTOR 4700:Slate 4237:(PDF) 4230:(PDF) 3637:(PDF) 3612:(PDF) 3601:(PDF) 3552:6 May 2943:S2CID 2814:5 May 2500:S2CID 2492:JSTOR 1999:Mafia 1652:Works 935:draft 915:Annex 412:Vogue 247: 216:( 212: 50: 6105:(US) 5712:(UK) 5649:(US) 5577:City 5436:IMDb 5418:2017 5332:ISBN 5253:ISBN 5223:OCLC 5215:LCCN 5205:ISBN 5189:Sage 5132:2017 5030:ISBN 5011:ISBN 4990:ISBN 4971:ISBN 4778:2007 4746:ISBN 4656:2011 4560:2020 4537:2020 4510:2020 4482:2012 4322:2011 4295:2011 4245:2011 4135:2017 4110:2017 4065:ISBN 3922:ISBN 3891:ISBN 3872:2012 3823:2017 3793:2017 3767:2009 3733:2018 3722:ISSN 3696:2012 3667:2012 3644:2007 3620:2011 3554:2006 3528:2014 3477:2020 3445:2020 3293:2023 3196:2020 3146:2016 2816:2016 2803:ISBN 2673:2021 2649:2020 2623:2020 2594:OCLC 2584:ISBN 2565:2020 2534:2020 2484:ISSN 2453:2020 2432:2020 2396:ISBN 2371:2020 2360:ISSN 2318:2016 2238:ISBN 2225:ISBN 2210:ISBN 2197:ISBN 2184:ISBN 2168:ISBN 2155:ISBN 2142:ISBN 2129:ISBN 2116:ISBN 2101:ISBN 2026:and 1984:work 1839:skis 1455:The 1092:and 812:and 674:The 648:and 397:and 332:and 304:and 298:SoHo 249:OOnt 102:Died 96:, US 76:Born 52:OOnt 5434:at 5372:hdl 5364:doi 5313:doi 5276:doi 5197:doi 5156:doi 4936:doi 4886:doi 4742:405 3970:doi 3138:303 2935:doi 2476:doi 1596:in 1487:". 1300:A " 1231:so. 690:'s 595:of 561:of 422:'s 407:Cue 254:née 6713:: 6233:/ 6214:/ 6130:/ 6116:/ 5985:/ 5474:. 5404:. 5400:. 5370:. 5358:. 5309:66 5307:. 5303:. 5282:. 5272:59 5270:. 5238:. 5221:. 5213:. 5203:. 5191:; 5162:. 5152:48 5150:. 5146:. 5118:. 5114:. 5103:21 5101:. 5097:. 5072:30 5070:. 5066:. 4942:. 4932:91 4930:. 4892:. 4884:. 4882:64 4880:. 4794:. 4769:. 4744:. 4678:. 4664:^ 4647:. 4635:^ 4624:. 4610:^ 4527:. 4499:. 4267:, 4207:. 4171:, 4152:. 4126:. 4099:. 4034:^ 4014:^ 4003:, 3982:^ 3966:58 3964:. 3958:. 3936:^ 3920:. 3918:30 3858:. 3809:. 3783:. 3750:. 3720:. 3716:. 3698:. 3687:. 3669:. 3603:. 3462:. 3434:. 3373:. 3301:^ 3228:^ 3186:. 3136:. 3132:. 2941:. 2931:11 2929:. 2925:. 2903:^ 2888:^ 2797:. 2639:. 2614:. 2592:. 2551:. 2520:. 2498:. 2490:. 2482:. 2472:39 2470:. 2423:. 2404:. 2390:. 2358:. 2354:. 2307:. 2293:^ 2037:; 2020:ix 1852:, 1810:. 1548:a 1369:, 1365:, 1361:, 1357:, 1333:, 1198:. 874:. 855:, 851:, 847:, 820:. 744:, 713:. 652:. 415:. 405:, 370:. 336:. 245:OC 218:m. 48:OC 5522:e 5515:t 5508:v 5478:. 5420:. 5406:4 5380:. 5374:: 5366:: 5349:. 5340:. 5319:. 5315:: 5301:" 5290:. 5278:: 5261:. 5242:. 5229:. 5199:: 5170:. 5158:: 5134:. 5120:4 5038:. 5019:. 4998:. 4979:. 4950:. 4938:: 4900:. 4888:: 4780:. 4754:. 4658:. 4604:. 4562:. 4539:. 4512:. 4484:. 4324:. 4297:. 4247:. 4158:. 4137:. 4112:. 4073:. 3976:. 3972:: 3930:. 3899:. 3874:. 3825:. 3795:. 3769:. 3735:. 3646:. 3622:. 3569:. 3556:. 3530:. 3479:. 3447:. 3295:. 3198:. 3148:. 2992:" 2988:" 2949:. 2937:: 2818:. 2759:. 2651:. 2625:. 2600:. 2567:. 2536:. 2506:. 2478:: 2455:. 2434:. 2373:. 2320:. 1923:' 1589:. 788:. 252:( 88:) 84:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.