248:
358:
silver pieces in the style of the 17th and 18th centuries. However, these kind of work tends to bring more fame than money. Globalization has affected the design of silver pieces in Mexico as much of it is exported. Most
Mexican silver work today is updated designs, a trend that dates from the work of William Spratling in Taxco, making Mexico again a center of export for finished pieces. The tradition continues here, with some schools that teach the trade but most smiths learn through a term of apprenticeship, often as a part of the family business. Taxco has been designated a
514:
231:, much of Mexico metalworking continued to follow European trends, with elements added such as Mexican national symbols. Silverwork became less Baroque in nature and more secularized during the 19th century as political antagonism towards the Church grew and became more focused on items such as buttons, cane handles, pocket watches and hair decorations, incrustations as well as jewelry. The indigenous tended to keep more of the colonial era designs especially necklaces with dangling coins, glass and silver figurines, filigree.
439:
239:, who took traditional Mexican indigenous and colonial designs and gave them new adaptations, then teaching other artisans in the area. Today, Taxco's silverwork is one of Mexico's important exports of finished products. Copper working, mostly for utilitarian items and home décor continues in Santa Clara del Cobre, a tradition that has remained since the early colonial period. These items include bowls, plates, pitchers, vases and their quality has won awards in both Mexico and abroad.
78:
526:. Today, tin and other sheet metals, often from industrial waste, is still used to create decorative and functional objects such as castles, churches, masks, airplane models, saints, nativity scenes, contains, mirror frames, chandeliers, lamps, trays and plates. Another important line is toys, which are painted in bright enamels, especially in Celaya and San Miguel de Allende. Other important centers include Oaxaca,
420:
342:
211:), turtle shell and colored glass from Europe. The last was particularly popular with indigenous communities. One item that was important in the 18th century were cigarette and snuff cases made of both silver and gold, as the habit of using tobacco became very fashionable among the upper classes. The creation of the cases waned in the 19th as lower classes began to use tobacco as well.
391:
119:
105:
blending of these and some casting was known. One pre
Hispanic technique was to hammer metal flat, punch out a design and then layer this design over wood or leather, often used on shields. Silver was less used in the pre Hispanic period as it was less valued as tribute. It did not have the same divine symbolic value that gold did. The use of copper was almost exclusive to the
547:
17:
256:
131:
220:
97:. The mining and working of metals probably came to Mesoamerican cultures from the south. Metal working was principally in gold, silver, tin and lead, with some copper work known in what is now Michoacán. Gold was generally obtained in powder or pellet form in rivers and streams from various sites in Guerrero, Oaxaca, Michoacán, the
431:
Initially the items were purely utilitarian such as tools, locks, horseshoes and tools. Later in the colonial period, iron began to be used in other ways, including decorative elements in churches and mansions such as railings and balconies. The height of traditional
Mexican ironworking was in the 17 and 18th centuries.
333:, a type of dangling earring called an arracadas in gold are popular since the 20th century, which includes men of high social status in Mayan communities. The creation of gold and silver jewelry is very varied in Oaxaca mixed with various other materials including coral, coins, colored glass and various stones.
561:
objects was introduced by the
Spanish. Bronze was mostly used for the casting of church bells, some tools and decorative elements on iron railings. The indigenous adapted it to the use of small bells used in ceremonial dances. Brass was used for many different types of implements, mostly for domestic
434:
Initially the main iron working centers were Puebla and Oaxaca. Oaxacan iron was exceptionally malleable and light allowing for intricate designs and tools not possible with other types of iron. Most
Oaxacan iron objects date from the 17th and 18th centuries and include locks, furniture and scissors,
357:
outfits. Traditional silver work in Mexico has its origins in the colonial period, as the metal was not particularly prized in the
Mesoamerican era. Mexican silver from the colonial era to the present can be found in many museum collections around the world. There are still artisans which still make
206:
One exception to the relative lack of precious metal work was that in silver, which became more important over the colonial period after the start of trade with Asia in the 17th century. Mexico's abundance made silver an important form of currency and silver working guilds gained prestige and power,
104:
In the pre
Hispanic period, metals were used to create needles, punches, tweezers, weapons and musical instrument but its most important uses, especially gold and silver, was as jewelry for the social elite and as offerings to the gods. Gold and silver were worked by hammering, plating and molds the
324:
region of
Michoacán, they make a type of dangling gold earring with the name of “siete lunas” or seven moons. In Yucatán rosaries made with gold or gold plated filigree are popular often made with red and pink coral. Turtle shell jewelry is incrusted with gold and silver. Soplillos are necklaces
234:
As mines gave out in the 19th and 20th centuries, precious metalworking declined. Traditional utilitarian iron and copper working declined due to industrialization. In the mid 20th century, a revival began in silver working in the town of Taxco, even though the area's mines had given out. It began
568:
miniature figures are made for collectors although originally they are created as toys for children. They typically include soldiers, furniture, boats, machines and more in
Romantic styles from the 19th century and before. Celaya makes a wide variety of miniature for doll houses including figures,
207:
mostly in the creation of coins, silverware, religious medallions, crosses and liturgical items. Indigenous silver jewelry often became marked by the use of silver coins as decoration. Trade with the Orient introduced elements to silver pieces such as pearls (later augmented by those found in the
166:
Initially, the working of metals in the new colony was heavily restricted or outright banned for several reasons, including protection of
Spanish metal guilds, the fact that the work did not contribute to royal taxes and the fear that the indigenous would make weapons. However, these soon became
430:
Iron was not worked in the Mesoamerican period, with its mining and working introduced by the Spanish. Exploration of the metal was initially banned to protect the industry in Spain, but as tools made from the metal were essential for exploration and conquest, the prohibition was soon ignored.
406:
as they were looking for gold and silver. It was not shipped to Spain as much as the other two. Instead, it eventually became important for the creation of utilitarian items, especially domestic items such as pots and pans. Today, the center of traditional copper work in Mexico is the state of
369:
The number of artisans who can do traditional Mexican silver work is dwindling. To help preserve the tradition, every two years the Hugo Salinas Price National Silver Prize is awarded to Mexican silversmiths in various categories. It is sponsored by the Fomento Cultural Grupo Salinas, the
195:. However, after the Conquest, the making of jewelry in Mexico nearly disappeared, with precious metals shipped to Spain. Only after 1551, with the establishment of a Mexican upper class, did this return slowly. At first Spanish craftsmen arrived to work European methods including
280:
jewelry has seen a revival, especially the production of earrings used for Mazahua weddings, but also bracelets and necklaces. In Guanajuato, jewelry making focuses on cast silver in colonial style often decorated with images of birds along with glass beads and pearls. In
263:
Jewelry making began well before the arrival of the Spanish, with mines providing supplies of metals and stones. The designs of modern Mexican handcrafted jewelry is a mixture of both Spanish and indigenous traditions. Indigenous designs are based on those seen in
203:, engraving and the incrustation of precious stones. But during the colonial period, these craftsmen never reached the level of their contemporaries in Europe. Indigenous craftsmen were relegated in this area to producing cheaper jewelry with lesser metals.
179:. and eventually indigenous craftsmen competed with European ones. Most of Mexican colonial metal work copied that in Spain, which was Gothic in style and later Renaissance. These styles eventually defined the handcraft work of areas such as Oaxaca,
521:
In the colonial period, tin was worked for its functional rather than aesthetic value. It was created and sold in standard sheets, which were then cut, folded and joined to make various objects. These sheets also became a traditional base for
158:
and subsequent exploration with the aim of finding more of these precious metals. Mining and metal working became a main aspect of the economy of colonial Mexico. Most of the emphasis was on the mining of gold, silver, copper, iron, lead,
153:
was a pair of discs, one in gold and one in silver, which represented the sun and moon respectively. The existence of gold and silver in Mexico was one of the main attractions for the Spanish in the New World, with the conquest of the
407:
Michoacán, especially the municipality of Santa Clara del Cobre. One traditional hammered copper object is a large vessel in which pork fat is rendered or sugar caramelized for making candies. Every year during the month of August
40:. However, during the colonial period, the working of metals rose again and took on much of the character traditional goods still have. Today, important metal products include those from silver, gold, copper, iron,
167:
impractical to enforce with the restrictions then only to the making of objects related to indigenous religion. The Spanish introduced new metalworking techniques, especially the promoting of copper work by
109:
in what is now Michoacán when the Spanish arrived. Copper instruments included axes, hoes, scythes, punches, chisels, needles, pins, arrowheads, brooches, canes, handles, helmets, shields and small bells.
35:
period with metals such as gold, silver and copper. Other metals were mined and worked starting in the colonial period. The working of gold and silver, especially for jewelry, initially declined after the
1596:
1601:
375:
268:
and artifacts from archeological sites. Most of Mexico's fine jewelry is made in silver, with the most important center being Taxco, Guerrero. A lesser known center is
1571:
1115:
1694:
259:
Silver necklace with ruby, emerald and Mexican opal with two jaguars in confrontation from Guadalajara on display at the Museum of Arte Popular in Mexico City
85:
Metal working in Mesoamerica, especially of silver, gold and copper was advanced by the time the Spanish arrived, mostly concentrated in the modern states of
569:
furniture, and decorations. Another popular line is toy soldiers. Most pieces are made with molds, some of which date from the 19th century, then painted.
247:
1591:
1278:
402:
While copper was worked in some parts of Mesoamerica, modern Mexican tradition is Spanish in origin. Copper working was initially ignored by the Spanish
572:
The main producer of handcrafted metal eating utensils is the city of Oaxaca, with fine silverware produced in Taxco. Other areas that make this are in
1826:
304:
While gold jewelry making faded during the colonial period in Mexico, it is still done in a number of places such as Iguala and Taxco in Guerrero. In
285:, artisans made necklaces and earrings of smooth or scratched silver, often with small dangling fish, combined with red and black porcelain beads. In
349:
Despite down from its peak in the colonial era, Mexico is still the number one producer of silver in the world. Silver pieces made in Mexico include
329:
tends to focus on the creation of earrings and rings with incrustations of gold and silver. Mayan influence can be seen in the large gold chains. In
557:, tin and iron are used to create old fashioned lamps, decorative items for the home as well as furniture and sculptures. The creation of brass and
1581:
1679:
732:
1674:
1654:
1210:
1785:
308:, large and small crosses are made with various metals along with gold necklaces of various colors. Gold filigree is an important trade in
44:
and more made into jewelry, household objects, furniture, pots, decorative objects, toys and more. Important metal working centers include
37:
1699:
1669:
1664:
1649:
1775:
1689:
1684:
1247:
1228:
1038:
636:
371:
955:
Lopez, Sergio Raul (October 18, 2000). "Temen se pierda orfebreria barroca" [Fear of losing Baroque precious metal work].
424:
1586:
1333:
1328:
1287:
458:, which eventually developed its own style. Western Mexican ironwork is distinguished by oriental influence due to trade with
298:
81:
Aztec or Mixtec frog ornament necklace from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 15-16th cent. Frogs are associated with the earth.
1606:
1348:
1271:
455:
1735:
1611:
1139:
446:
By the end of the 18th century, there were important iron working centers in Oaxaca, Puebla, Mexico City, Guanajuato and
1616:
1486:
21:
1561:
1508:
577:
513:
228:
1795:
1576:
523:
502:
297:
and Zitácuaro, they made dangling earrings called arracadas of silver with images of leaves, flowers and birds. In
1740:
1264:
1633:
363:
321:
991:
505:
is known for the creation of intricate crosses made of wrought iron, popular as symbols of divine protection.
1831:
1556:
1471:
438:
269:
200:
1720:
1659:
1513:
1498:
1493:
474:
1750:
1566:
1481:
1466:
466:
408:
395:
379:
49:
1800:
1461:
736:
1755:
265:
57:
1745:
1730:
1476:
1440:
1323:
1306:
470:
106:
320:, Guerrero and Chiapas to create earrings, necklaces and bracelets with intricate designs. In the
146:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1369:
1338:
1311:
531:
223:
19th century silver comb on display at the Allende House Museum in San Miguel Allende, Guanajuato
208:
123:
101:
and the Mayan region. As silver rarely appeared on the surface it was almost exclusively mined.
1528:
317:
188:
1202:
1196:
1546:
1243:
1224:
1206:
1131:
1034:
632:
585:
236:
1551:
1379:
1343:
1301:
735:[Silver work] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido magazine. Archived from
573:
359:
168:
1364:
581:
273:
139:
98:
631:. Mexico City: Fondo Nacional para el Fomento de las ArtesanĂas. 1992. pp. V1–V17.
77:
1770:
498:
494:
277:
172:
994:[Importance of the prize] (in Spanish). Mexico: Fomento Cultural Grupo Salinas
1820:
1765:
1430:
1316:
290:
501:. It is used to make garden and home furniture, lamps, chimneys and chimney tools.
301:, Oaxaca, they make beaded necklaces with crosses and small animals made of silver.
1435:
1389:
419:
403:
330:
155:
150:
135:
61:
1256:
447:
341:
282:
86:
1805:
1725:
1523:
1518:
535:
482:
478:
451:
382:. The purpose is to promote the craft in the country both in Mexico and abroad.
176:
32:
390:
118:
1167:
Ortiz, Mario G. (Sep 8, 1992). "Tin exhibit mirrors wit, religion of Mexico".
546:
350:
192:
16:
1135:
180:
1445:
629:
Art popular mexicano al estilo FONART/FONART’s style in Mexican popular art
255:
134:
Copper cooking pot on display at the kitchen area of the old monastery of
130:
1715:
527:
326:
305:
196:
160:
94:
219:
1760:
1503:
589:
490:
486:
309:
294:
286:
184:
462:
as well as the use of iron for decorative purposes on wooden objects.
1790:
1394:
1384:
1374:
558:
459:
354:
90:
53:
163:
and tin with much of the metal, especially gold, shipped to Spain.
1425:
554:
550:
Necklace with brass insect decoration at the Museo de Arte Popular
512:
437:
418:
389:
340:
313:
254:
246:
218:
129:
117:
45:
442:
Iron cross on the Templo de Caridad in San Cristobal de las Casas
565:
1260:
325:
de cuentas de oro ochavadas in Yucatán. Fine jewelry making in
1124:
XII JORNADAS DE INVESTIGACIĂ“N Revista InvestigaciĂłn CientĂfica
41:
316:. Fine gold and silver wire is used by craftsmen in Oaxaca,
289:, Oaxaca they make silver necklaces with colonial era style
588:
in Guerrero, especially blades such as utility knives and
362:
in part because of its silver work, and it is home to the
1597:
Museo Universitario de Artes Populares MarĂa Teresa Pomar
376:
Fondo Nacional para el Fomento de las ArtesanĂas (FONART)
493:, San Felipe de los Herreros, Michoacán, Mexico City,
1198:
Mexican Style:Creative ideas for enhancing your space
1602:
National Fund for the Development of Arts and Crafts
145:
According to tradition, one of the first gifts that
1708:
1642:
1625:
1537:
1454:
1418:
1357:
1294:
1130:(2). Zacatecas: Universidad AutĂłnoma de Zacatecas.
345:Display of silver dishes at the Franz Mayer Museum
1118:[The artistic wrought iron of Zacatecas]
968:
966:
1572:Museo de la Laca and the Santo Domingo monastery
1079:
1077:
1075:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
927:
925:
923:
913:
911:
901:
899:
897:
887:
885:
883:
834:
832:
830:
828:
794:
792:
790:
788:
806:
804:
760:
758:
756:
754:
465:Handcrafted wrought iron is still important in
122:Colonial period gold/Silver book holder at the
1033:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 24.
652:
650:
648:
366:, which has a collection of this silver work.
1272:
818:
816:
435:often with intricate designs etched on them.
8:
1223:. Mexico City: Museo de Arte Popular. 2004.
1109:
1107:
517:Traditional votive painting on tin from 1911
353:, jars, platters, necklaces and buttons for
251:Artisan assembling silver necklace in Oaxaca
873:
871:
1592:Museo Regional de la Ceramica, Tlaquepaque
1279:
1265:
1257:
1116:"El hierro forjado artĂstico en Zacatecas"
950:
948:
946:
689:
687:
685:
675:
673:
671:
423:Antique iron tools and other items at the
1201:. New York: Universe Publishing. p.
1162:
1160:
713:
711:
701:
699:
372:SecretarĂa de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL)
727:
725:
723:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
545:
76:
15:
1582:Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca
601:
959:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2.
7:
1786:Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
450:, as well as western Mexico such as
38:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1781:Traditional metal working in Mexico
171:in Michoacan and various metals by
29:Traditional metal working in Mexico
24:in Santa Clara del Cobre, Michoacán
235:with the work of American artisan
14:
1776:Traditional copper work in Mexico
1827:Metallurgical industry of Mexico
425:La Lagunilla Market, Mexico City
1358:Textiles and other fiber crafts
1334:Green glazed pottery of Atzompa
1288:Mexican handcrafts and folk art
1114:Leyniers, A (May–August 2008).
1607:National Museum of Mexican Art
1238:Ruiz de Esparza, José (1995).
1221:Arte del Pueblo: Manos de Dios
1171:. Milwaukee, WI. p. OZWC.
1:
1736:Mexican handcrafted fireworks
1612:National Pyrotechnic Festival
1242:. Mexico City: JGH Editores.
1643:Handcrafts by federal entity
1617:Palm Sunday Handcraft Market
1587:Museo Nacional de la Máscara
394:Copper products for sale in
1562:Mexico City Alebrije Parade
1509:Tenancingo, State of Mexico
1092:Arte del Pueblo, p. 401-402
229:Mexican War of Independence
215:Independence to the present
1848:
1796:Votive paintings of Mexico
1577:Museo de Trajes Regionales
1195:Aprahamian, Peter (2000).
503:San Cristobal de las Casas
1741:Mexican ironwood carvings
411:holds a copper festival.
1634:List of Mexican artisans
992:"Importancia del premio"
364:William Spratling Museum
312:, often made with local
20:Heating copper plate in
1557:Feria Maestros del Arte
1181:Arte del Pueblo, p. 417
1101:Arte del Pueblo, p. 406
1083:Arte del Pueblo, p. 414
1069:Arte del Pueblo, p. 402
1060:Arte del Pueblo, p. 401
1029:Hossack, Karin (1999).
1019:Arte del Pueblo, p. 416
981:Arte del Pueblo, p. 397
972:Arte del Pueblo, p. 396
940:Arte del Pueblo, p. 394
931:Arte del Pueblo, p. 391
917:Arte del Pueblo, p. 387
905:Arte del Pueblo, p. 383
891:Arte del Pueblo, p. 379
838:Arte del Pueblo, p. 410
798:Arte del Pueblo, p. 409
764:Arte del Pueblo, p. 377
530:, Mexico City, Puebla,
270:San Felipe del Progreso
1329:Blanco family (Oaxaca)
551:
518:
443:
427:
399:
346:
260:
252:
224:
142:
127:
82:
25:
22:AbdĂłn Punzo's workshop
1751:Mexican mask-folk art
1567:Museo de Arte Popular
1482:Santa Clara del Cobre
1467:San Bartolo Coyotepec
1240:MĂ©xico de oro y plata
1031:Handmade Style Mexico
549:
516:
467:San Miguel de Allende
441:
422:
409:Santa Clara del Cobre
396:Santa Clara del Cobre
393:
380:Museo de Arte Popular
344:
258:
250:
222:
133:
121:
80:
50:Santa Clara del Cobre
19:
1756:Mexican pointy boots
1472:San MartĂn Tilcajete
266:Mesoamerican codices
201:repoussé and chasing
1746:Mexican lacquerware
1731:Mexican featherwork
1721:Alfeñique in Mexico
1514:Teotitlán del Valle
1499:Santo Tomás Jalieza
1494:Santa MarĂa Atzompa
1441:Miss Lupita project
1324:Barro negro pottery
1307:Ceramics of Jalisco
739:on February 9, 2013
276:. Here traditional
1801:MarĂa Teresa Pomar
1462:Ocotlán de Morelos
1410:Textiles of Oaxaca
1405:Textiles of Mexico
1400:Tenango embroidery
1370:Basketry of Mexico
1339:Mata Ortiz pottery
1312:Pottery of Metepec
552:
519:
475:city of Guanajuato
444:
428:
400:
347:
261:
253:
225:
209:Gulf of California
143:
128:
124:Franz Mayer Museum
83:
73:Prehispanic period
26:
1814:
1813:
1538:Organizations and
1295:Clay and ceramics
1212:978-0-7893-0402-5
1169:Milwaukee Journal
810:Aprahamian, p. 60
586:Tecpan de Galeana
578:Ciudad Altamirano
237:William Spratling
99:Central Highlands
1839:
1552:Ciudadela Market
1380:Mexican rag doll
1344:Talavera pottery
1302:Mexican ceramics
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1234:
1216:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1145:on March 4, 2016
1144:
1138:. Archived from
1121:
1111:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
961:
960:
952:
941:
938:
932:
929:
918:
915:
906:
903:
892:
889:
878:
875:
866:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
839:
836:
823:
820:
811:
808:
799:
796:
783:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
749:
748:
746:
744:
729:
718:
715:
706:
703:
694:
691:
680:
677:
666:
663:
657:
656:Aprahamian, p 58
654:
643:
642:
625:
454:, Zacatecas and
169:Vasco de Quiroga
107:Purépecha Empire
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1704:
1695:State of Mexico
1638:
1621:
1539:
1533:
1529:Tonalá, Jalisco
1450:
1414:
1365:Amuzgo textiles
1353:
1290:
1285:
1250:
1237:
1231:
1219:
1213:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1007:
997:
995:
990:
989:
985:
980:
976:
971:
964:
954:
953:
944:
939:
935:
930:
921:
916:
909:
904:
895:
890:
881:
876:
869:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:Ruiz, p.114-118
846:
842:
837:
826:
822:Ruiz, p.21, 105
821:
814:
809:
802:
797:
786:
781:
777:
772:
768:
763:
752:
742:
740:
731:
730:
721:
716:
709:
704:
697:
692:
683:
678:
669:
664:
660:
655:
646:
639:
627:
626:
603:
598:
544:
511:
417:
388:
339:
322:Tierra Caliente
274:State of Mexico
245:
217:
189:San Luis PotosĂ
140:State of Mexico
116:
114:Colonial period
75:
70:
31:dates from the
12:
11:
5:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1832:Arts in Mexico
1829:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Sawdust carpet
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1709:Related topics
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Alfeñique fair
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1235:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1156:
1126:(in Spanish).
1103:
1094:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1046:
1039:
1021:
1005:
983:
974:
962:
942:
933:
919:
907:
893:
879:
867:
858:
849:
840:
824:
812:
800:
784:
782:Ruiz, p.21, 54
775:
773:Ruiz, p.15, 22
766:
750:
719:
707:
695:
681:
667:
658:
644:
637:
600:
599:
597:
594:
543:
540:
510:
507:
499:Amozoc de Mota
456:Aguascalientes
416:
413:
387:
384:
338:
335:
244:
243:Jewelry making
241:
216:
213:
173:Pedro de Gante
149:received from
126:in Mexico City
115:
112:
74:
71:
69:
66:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1844:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Popotillo art
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:Soteno family
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1251:
1249:968 7535 38 5
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1230:968 5059 88 8
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:0-8118-2567-1
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
967:
963:
958:
951:
949:
947:
943:
937:
934:
928:
926:
924:
920:
914:
912:
908:
902:
900:
898:
894:
888:
886:
884:
880:
874:
872:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
835:
833:
831:
829:
825:
819:
817:
813:
807:
805:
801:
795:
793:
791:
789:
785:
779:
776:
770:
767:
761:
759:
757:
755:
751:
738:
734:
733:"La Plateria"
728:
726:
724:
720:
714:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
690:
688:
686:
682:
676:
674:
672:
668:
665:Ruiz, p.10-11
662:
659:
653:
651:
649:
645:
640:
638:968 29 4019 2
634:
630:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
602:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
563:
560:
556:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:folk ex votos
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
436:
432:
426:
421:
414:
412:
410:
405:
404:conquistadors
397:
392:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
367:
365:
361:
360:Pueblo Mágico
356:
352:
343:
336:
334:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
299:Huazolotitlán
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
257:
249:
242:
240:
238:
232:
230:
221:
214:
212:
210:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
162:
157:
152:
148:
147:Hernán Cortés
141:
137:
132:
125:
120:
113:
111:
108:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
79:
72:
67:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
23:
18:
1780:
1487:Punzo family
1455:Crafts towns
1436:Lupita dolls
1390:Quechquemitl
1349:Tree of Life
1239:
1220:
1197:
1189:Bibliography
1177:
1168:
1149:December 21,
1147:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1127:
1123:
1097:
1088:
1065:
1030:
1024:
998:December 21,
996:. Retrieved
986:
977:
956:
936:
861:
852:
843:
778:
769:
743:December 21,
741:. Retrieved
737:the original
661:
628:
571:
564:
553:
542:Other metals
520:
464:
445:
433:
429:
401:
368:
348:
331:Quintana Roo
303:
262:
233:
226:
205:
165:
156:Aztec Empire
151:Moctezuma II
144:
136:Zinacantepec
103:
84:
62:wrought iron
56:for tin and
52:for copper,
48:for silver,
33:Mesoamerican
28:
27:
1806:Marta Turok
1726:Huichol art
1675:Mexico City
1524:Tlaquepaque
1519:Tlalpujahua
1477:San Pablito
877:Ruiz, p.125
865:Ruiz, p.122
856:Ruiz, p.120
693:Ruiz, p.114
679:Ruiz, p.106
536:Tlaquepaque
483:Teocaltiche
479:Guadalajara
452:Guadalajara
398:, Michoacán
351:candelabras
177:Mexico City
1821:Categories
1655:Guanajuato
1431:CartonerĂa
717:Ruiz, p.15
705:Ruiz, p.12
596:References
227:After the
193:Guanajuato
1680:Michoacán
1540:festivals
1136:1870-8196
448:Querétaro
283:Pátzcuaro
181:Zacatecas
87:Michoacán
58:Zacatecas
1716:Alebrije
1700:Tlaxcala
1660:Guerrero
1626:Artisans
590:machetes
532:Tlaxcala
528:Irapuato
378:and the
327:Campeche
306:Ometepec
197:filigree
161:platinum
95:Guerrero
1761:Piteado
1670:Jalisco
1665:Hidalgo
1650:Chiapas
1504:Temoaya
957:Reforma
491:Morelia
487:Jalisco
318:Yucatán
310:Chiapas
295:Huetamo
291:crosses
287:Yalalag
278:Mazahua
272:in the
185:Durango
68:History
1791:Vochol
1690:Puebla
1685:Oaxaca
1446:Piñata
1395:Rebozo
1385:Petate
1375:Huipil
1246:
1227:
1209:
1134:
1037:
635:
584:, and
582:Ayutla
574:Cualac
559:bronze
495:Puebla
460:Manila
386:Copper
374:, the
355:charro
337:Silver
91:Oaxaca
54:Celaya
1426:Amate
1419:Paper
1143:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
562:use.
555:Brass
314:amber
293:. In
46:Taxco
1632:see
1244:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1151:2012
1132:ISSN
1035:ISBN
1000:2012
745:2012
633:ISBN
566:Lead
534:and
497:and
471:Leon
415:Iron
191:and
93:and
60:for
509:Tin
175:in
42:tin
1823::
1205:.
1203:58
1159:^
1122:.
1106:^
1074:^
1049:^
1008:^
965:^
945:^
922:^
910:^
896:^
882:^
870:^
827:^
815:^
803:^
787:^
753:^
722:^
710:^
698:^
684:^
670:^
647:^
604:^
592:.
580:,
576:,
538:.
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
469:,
199:,
187:,
183:,
138:,
89:,
64:.
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
1252:.
1233:.
1215:.
1153:.
1128:4
1043:.
1002:.
747:.
641:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
