122:
341:
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225:, a traditional intellectual elite. The nature of education relies on liturgical texts made themselves principal masters in the church. In order to hold religious singers, dancers and choristers, they were invaluable sources and interpreters of ecclesiastical knowledge and doctrine. The "intellectual elite" however pervaded with orthodox belief laying outside the church and not requisite to courts of the feudal kings, nobles, and barons.
25:
569:
215:
period in 330 AD. The teaching highly emphasized
Christian and Islamic dogma; Christian education at primary level often conducted by clergy in place of worship and major monasteries located northern and northwestern part of the country. Graduation from these centers leads to earn priesthood and
488:
Although most educated debteras remained to church, they were largely scribes, copying texts from sacred books and petitioned for fee, running ecclesiastical affairs or set chronicles in courts of kings and nobles, who sometimes, were illiterate. Illiteracy is not critical matters on the ruling
307:
was basic rule for church leaders and transition to higher education and serving as debtera or full-time priest. At this time, grasping the whole Psalms of David into memory with proper pronunciation and intonation is needed, and other prayers such as
148:
first accepted in the region. The education was highly emphasized
Christian dogma, consisted up to higher education, the monastery. Students graduated from every monasteries earn ranks of priesthood and upon reaching the final stage, the
675:
in 1908. Main objectives of designated curriculum, despite retaining the traditional educational system, were to cultivate foreign relations by educating certain elites and to acquire knowledge in favor of foreign language.
504:
Illiteracy was not always confined to feudal nobility of the
Ethiopian Empire since they paid no attention. In the mid-1880s, Flad (1923:87) collected numerous collection of Ethiopian manuscripts in private library in
160:
Debteras are ordained clergymen specialized ecclesiastical and secular knowledge and considered literate people among ruling class of feudal monarchy. Some debteras suspected to have an occult knowledge, such as
279:
studied orally at this stage and writing and numerical studies could continue depending on increasing instruction and pupils wishes. Religious songs therefore started and students would serve choristers.
256:("the apostle's syllabary"), by studying the first epistle general of Saint John in Ge'ez. Hence, writing and numerical studies began and teachers often taught themselves in their own will.
121:
42:
926:
607:, the Swedish missionaries trained Ethiopian Protestants to spread beliefs and translate Holy Bible to vernacular language (Afan Oromo) by renown translator
626:
as
Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1855–1868) granted passionated introduction of European technology to Ethiopia and Protestant missionaries growing concurrently.
565:, where students studying grammar, religion, politics and civic concepts. In this cases, monasteries were played crucial role for expansion of education.
611:, popularly known as Abbaa Gammachiis, to spread medical facility and modernization through teaching the Bible. The chief leaders also used to prescribe
295:(king), where "Negus" also the first word or phrase of each section. Procession to one Negus to another was highly recommended. Upon reaching the 15th
916:
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of politically powerful; their prowess to draw secular power and literacy often brought stigmatization from society, labeling them "tenquai" (meaning
291:), consisting of reading Psalms in Ge'ez pronunciation where instructor supervising pupils carefully. Lessons divided into 15 parts, named after
89:
61:
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was not able to write. Count
Gleichen wrote in his 1898 book that upper classes only could write and read with exception of priests, and the
444:(Ge'ez grammar), teaching twelve different types of composition, takes considerable memory and duration; Sewasew takes 13–19 years and 4 for
394:(general liturgy). Each of these could be learning in the same institution in specialized localities. For example, monastery of Bethlehem in
169:
by laity. In line with
Orthodox institution, Islamic and other indigenous education also influenced Ethiopia and by the mid-19th century,
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Formally, traditional education faded away since the start of
European-styled schools opened in the early 20th century and assistance by
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Until 1929, the school was not ready for formal service, as traditional
Orthodox church element permeating the curriculum.
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for sons of nobilities and aristocrats as general populace rejected such steps. Some scholars marked the beginning of
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299:, the student graduated from primary level and parents and teachers bestowed gifts to the pupil. In this parlance,
537:. Ethiopian peasants believed that every natural phenomenon, even catastrophic, disease and deaths caused by the "
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561:, characterized by stage where students identified Arabic letters and memorized texts and the higher level,
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means socialization towards political authority. Under the last stage in elementary school, the role to be
187:. It was speculated that the first modern curriculum was designated as Menelik opened his school in 1908.
870:
855:
795:"Traditional Institutions and Traditional Elites: The Role of Education in the Ethiopian Body-Politic"
701:"Traditional Institutions and Traditional Elites: The Role of Education in the Ethiopian Body-Politic"
659:(r. 1889–1913) modernization, he forced to establish state-sponsored educational institution near his
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missionaries opened the first modernized theological education and influenced some people to convert.
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thoroughly. Missionaries expansion was successful in the south region of
Ethiopia, especially
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and Tigray
Province, to focus seminaries and mission school. They taught students to write
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has crucial role to disseminate traditional ancient educational system of Ethiopia to read
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etc. Another important text was taken from 17th century Ethiopian philosopher
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Outstanding students despite striving in higher education, may earn the term "
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352:" or "debtera" and usually went ancient type of higher education typical to
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with his disciples singing to Axumite emperor Gebre Meskel in Remhai Hotel,
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schools were located in the monasteries of Woshara, Wadela and Goji in
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Chali, Gemechis T.; Taverniers, Miriam; Legesse, Guta (21 June 2022).
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has three branches in its own: the first dealing with the study of
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nobles were illiterate and hired educated debteras to look after.
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class, but were used as occult powers. One portal reported that
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The primary level had five stages. The first level consisted of
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could neither read nor write and Vanderheym reported that most
18:
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The Islamic education had two levels, the lower level,
533:). The most ordinary debteras often vulnerable to many
460:(Book of Wise Philosopher), with passages derived from
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Mosque in Dana, a traditional Islamic education center
332:(hours of night service) should be memorized in mind.
360:. Education at this level had three branches: first
344:
Biblical composite manuscript from 16th–18th century
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
583:were active through northern part of Ethiopia, in
16:Educational system of Ethiopia from 330 AD to 1908
615:in favor of strengthen European diplomatic ties.
153:, they acquire an intellectual elite, known as
140:traditional educational system traced back to
525:The most educated elites among the class was
8:
263:from sections in the New Testament and the
886:
618:There was great success in conversion to
219:Undergraduated students furtherly became
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:while the second stage was consisted of
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673:Menelik II Primary and Secondary School
368:(School of Poetry) and the third was
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927:History of Christianity in Ethiopia
753:"Ethiopia - Education | Britannica"
328:(rudiments of general liturgy) and
271:, emphasized the pronunciation and
58:"Traditional education in Ethiopia"
197:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
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364:(School of Music) and second was
917:History of education in Ethiopia
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259:The third stage was memorizing
34:needs additional citations for
267:, which was read by pupils in
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636:Modern education in Ethiopia
372:(School of texts or books).
191:Roles of Orthodox teachings
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283:The fourth stage known as
888:10.1163/2031356X-34020008
671:with an establishment of
458:Metsahafe-Falasfa Tabiban
430:in Tigray were noted for
125:Modern painting of Saint
793:Milkias, Paulos (1976).
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856:"Education in Ethiopia"
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613:Waaqeffanna
547:love potion
539:incantation
514:Tewodros II
163:witchcrafts
911:Categories
832:2022-06-21
762:2022-06-20
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683:References
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601:Afan Oromo
578:Portuguese
478:Zera Yacob
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543:evil eye
470:Diogenes
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484:Skills
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446:Derset
432:Kedase
426:) and
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402:while
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462:Plato
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400:Degua
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301:Negus
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450:Kine
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