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defenders had fired every weapon and had left them all pointed towards the city. On the wall of the commandant's quarters hung a detailed artillery map of the city and, close by, Estrada
Cabrera's last order - dated six days previously - for the establishment of an extra telephone line to "La Palma". Six great cellars were piled high with heaps of ammunition and the powder kegs stood in long rows; a paper on a door leading to the smaller chambers proclaimed that there were four million rounds of machine gun ammunition. There was also an abundant supply of flour, though the supply of meat had run out when the last mule was shot.
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especially Adrian
Vidaurre - that on this day, the National Assembly would declare the President unfit for his high office. Congress assembled in one of the city’s public buildings and requested that ten medical men should be deputized to go to "La Palma" and investigate; the ten departed willingly enough, but being perfectly aware that following instructions would have been a death sentence, they stopped at a nearby corner, waited for a few hours and returned to Congress with their decision: the president is most certainly insane.
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Wilhelm and his companions remained at the Hotel, which thanks to its solid walls and corrugated iron roof, withstood the rain of rifle bullets and shrapnel. Earth from patio flower tubs was stuffed into sacks to build a bomb-proof shelter for women and children. Old tram-lines from the street outside were torn up and used to reinforce the roof. Finally, using debris from a nearby demolished building - destroyed by the 1917-18 earthquakes- the guests were arable to barricade the main entrance to the building.
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from lynching twelve
Cabrerists with clubs and machetes in Central Square. zNor could they prevent arsonists from destroying the central railway station; thick, suffocating clouds of smoke poured over the city, literally obscuring the sun. Civic leadership regained control and three days later, Guatemala city had resumed its normal appearance. There was no victory celebration; citizens were busy rebuilding, treating the thousands wounded, and mourning the 800 killed.
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142:, as it was evident that the President was incapable of leading recovery efforts. Urged by his cousin, Manuel Cobos Batres, the Bishop of Facelli, Piñol y Batres from the Aycinena family, began preaching against government policies in the San Francisco Church in 1919. For the first time, the Catholic Church opposed the President. Additionally, Cobos Batres was able to inspire the national sentiment of conservative
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soon; but the troops were unreliable, deserting in great numbers to the
Unionists at every opportunity. Several hundred went missing every night during the Tragic Week. Afterwards, those caught trying to escape were killed on the spot by their officers. The troops still fighting were weakened by hunger, not because of lack of supplies, but rather due to miserable management of the commissariat.
24:
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the
Escamilla family which soon was known as "People's House". Tácito Molina wrote a founding declaration for the party, which was signed by fifty one citizens on 25 December 1919 and was later known as the "Three-fold Act" because it had to be folded in three when it was distributed to the citizens of the city. The document was distributed in Guatemala City until January 1, 1920.
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192:, the army fired their machine guns against it, leaving scores of dead and wounded on the ground. This caused a lot of resentment and anger and united the Guatemalan people against the President, who was already detested after two decades of strong-armed rule and, in particular, for his egregious incompetence in leading the recovery after the 1917-18 earthquakes.
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to have been built for a particular purpose: one was the dining room, another the kitchen, a writing room, and so on. The sun beat down on the barren compound, which had little open space, but had wonderful landscapes painted on the walls. At a little distance were thatched huts with a lone broad bench that servants and soldiers used as both a table and a bed.
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other way as the looting was beyond their control and everybody got all they could. In a few hours, every article of value had vanished; even sheets of roofing and bits of window hardware were wrenched off. The elegant landau that had belonged to the president was stolen, along with its purebred mules.
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During these days there was reason to fear that the
Cabrerists might attempt to outflank the city and fall upon the revolutionaries from the rear, causing each to defend himself as best he could in the confusion; and several times a truce was proclaimed, only to be broken a few minutes later. Prince
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San José fort was in similar situation to that of
Matamoros, except that the ammunition had been dispatched more recklessly; the ground was so littered with empty cases that it was difficult to walk. Given the large ammunition at the ex-president's disposal, it was remarkable that he surrendered so
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Cabrera resisted this designation and settled for a fight from his residence in "La Palma", which was a large enclosed area with roads crossing both ways, without civilizing aspects such as a park or garden. There was a clutter of small buildings painted in the crudest of colors; each house appeared
187:
On 11 March 1920, the new party organized a large demonstration against the government, demanding a new government, revision of the laws, administrative reforms, political freedom, and the abolition of press censorship. The
National Assembly leaders promised to receive them, but when the procession
146:
leaders José Azmitia, Tácito Molina, Eduardo
Camacho, Emilio Escamilla, and also Julio Bianchi, into forming a Central American Unionist party and opposing the strong-arm regime of Estrada Cabrera. The Unionist party began its activities with the support of several sectors of Guatemala City society,
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Several attempts were made to take the
Military Academy by force and to lynch the former president, but they all were strongly repelled by the Unionist guards as the party leaders were determined to return to a democracy ruled by law as soon as possible. Even so, they failed to prevent an angry mob
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Ever since January, the Unionists had been taking a more threatening attitude - openly challenging the Government; they had also been harassed and imprisoned, but they were treated with less severity than had been previous challengers. It was whispered, however, that if necessary, the whole country
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The new party was called "Unionist", to differentiate it from both the Liberal and Conservative parties and therefore be able to appeal to all "good willing, freedom and democracy loving" men who "dreamed of the Central American Union". The headquarters of the new party were in a house belonging to
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In "La Palma", the former garrison marched out as prisoners of war. All were well-nourished and relaxed and took their belongings on their backs. Meanwhile, Estrada Cabrera was transported to the Military Academy under diplomatic escort. Once evacuated, plundering commenced; officers looked the
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At first, friends as well as enemies were attacked, but after white badges bearing the name "Unionista" were distributed, the fire was more effective. A few hours later most men of the city were wearing that token in their hat, and there were even some that had a portrait of the new president on
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on April 8, 1920, and he wrote in his book that "there was a sort of feeling in the air as though something was about to happen". The prince had no way to know that in the previous days Unionist leaders Julio Bianchi and Tácito Molina, among others, had struck a deal with Congressional leaders -
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when the fighting ended, the damage was not as widespread as initially thought, with San José and the Central Prison suffering most of it. Those buildings were near each other and the surrounding houses were peppered with bullets and the streets partly torn up. The Infant's Asylum was hit by a
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fell. When the fort’s hungry defenders were bought off, "La Palma" was indefensible. By the following afternoon, the revolutionaries were absolute masters of the situation. The firing gradually ceased and Estrada Cabrera surrendered, along with the remainder of his forces, numbering about five
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The first couple of days, one ducked and ran as fast as one could across a street, but later one took things more calmly, and waited till the fire slackened. Plundering was rampant: A store across the street from where the Swedish prince was staying was ransacked. Finding the looters had left a
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Estrada Cabrera was forced to accept the new party due to internal and international pressure. On March 1, 1920, the National Assembly officially accepted the new party. Since then, Estrada Cabrera publicly admitted his willingness to bow to international opinion on opening spaces for political
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had it built in the "Candelaria Barrio" - practically within the city - solely because that was his birthplace. However, its walls, arranged in a star formation, had gun emplacements at every loop-hole, angle and tower; from little Colt machine guns to big 12 cm. Krupp guns from 1877. The
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Soon, great masses of people were marching through the streets shouting and waving and congratulating one another. Cars and other vehicles packed with passengers drove back and forth. Some added the clatter of tin cans and braying of toy trumpets to the noise, while in government buildings and
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The combat left water lines and electric cables damaged, leaving the city in darkness from the first night on; telephone and telegraph were also out of order. Bullets whistled about and the wildest rumors were the only source of news. owing to modern weaponry, it was a revolution hard fought.
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streets were deserted and bloodshed commenced in earnest. The Unionists were caught off-guard: they were disorganized and they had almost no weapons, but they quickly remedied the situation: Government buildings were systematically plundered and they gathered arms and ammunition from the most
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On April 9, 1920, Guatemala City was awakened with machine-gun fire and shelling in every quarter of the city. In "La Palma" French field-howitzers and seventy-fives with anti-aircraft sights, quick firing guns and machine guns were drawn. Meanwhile, in
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Juan Viteri: Cabrera loyal minion and assassin. He was the son of Juan Viteri, whom Cabrera had killed in 1908 along with his brother Adolfo; he was in prison for several years and once he was released, he became a loyal servant to the
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Lieutenant Colonel Roderico Anzueto: in 1908 he was one of the cadets that denounced his classmates to the government when they tried to kidnap the President. After he was released from prison, he rejoined the Army and was President
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The people whose portraits are shown here were captured along with Estrada Cabrera after he surrendered in La Palma or were killed during the "Tragic Week" events. They are, according to the number written on their picture:
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Then, President of Congress, Adrián Vidaurre, former Secretary of War and up to that point one of the most important members of Cabrera's cabinet, declared the President insane and unable to continue. He designated
236:, had been elected on account of his good repute, his distinguished personal qualities and his great wealth, on the assumption that it would have rendered him less likely to enrich himself at others' expense.
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Col. Miguel López -Col. "Milpas Altas"-: Commander of Matamoros Fort. He was responsible for bombing Guatemala City during the Tragic Week and was lynched by an angry mob in the Central Square on April 15,
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Time has come for president Estrada Cabrera: the Unionists party take him away after he destroyed Guatemala's children, while Jesus holds Guatemala and reminds her that she must forgive.
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was a civil uprising that took place in Guatemala in the week of April 8 to April 14, 1920, led by Unionist Party leaders, student leaders and those who opposed President
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Venezuelan flag, the prince Fashioned it into a crude Swedish flag that flew from a hotel window for the duration, notifying both sides that it was a foreign legation.
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1162:
Bucheli, Marcelo (2006). "The United Fruit Company in Latin America: Business Strategies in a Changing Environment". In Jones, Geoffrey; Wadhwani, Daniel (eds.).
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But Estrada Cabrera was not done yet; upon learning of his diagnosis, he simply said: "Loco, ¿eh? ¡Ya verán su loco!" -"Mad, huh? They will see their madman!"-.
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127:'s life, but fortune had always favored him. Even though he was a civilian, he based his power entirely on the support of the military. By declaring war on
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Alberto García Estrada: Second in Command of Matamoros Fort who also coordinated the city bombing. Lynched in Central Square on April 15, 1920.
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barracks the soldiers simply looked on. Most of the soldiers had been bought off and had promised to remain neutral until the dust settled.
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when the latter refused to leave office after the National Assembly declared him mentally incompetent for the presidency and named
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flag dashed incessantly, nurses rode the running boards, each with medical supplies in one hand and a machete stuck in her belt.
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Franco Gálvez Portocarrero: Estrada Cabrera aide and unconditional servant. Was lynched in the Central Square on April 16, 1920.
107:- on December, 1919, when the Unionists Party leaders signed the Three-fold minutes. Conservative leaders are sitting forefront.
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General J. Claro Chajón: Army Commander in Chief and coordinator of the attacks on Guatemala City during the Tragic Week
270:, saloon rifles, shotguns, axes and crowbars. They enthusiastically raised barricades and dug trenches in the streets.
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in a family portrait. The prince was in Guatemala during the Tragic Week and wrote his experiences from it in his book
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students and the labor associations, who under the leadership of Silverio Ortiz founded the Patriotic Labor Committee.
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372:, Peruvian poet, diplomat and politician, was the only ally that Estrada Cabrera had on his last day as president.
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March 11, 1920. After attacking this unarmed and peaceful demonstration, Estrada Cabrera regime began to crumble.
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188:- numbering several thousand - arrived at the Military Academy, where the National Assembly had moved after the
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Máximo Soto Hall: wealthy poet and politician who spent most of the Estrada Cabrera years writing in his honor.
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Manuel Echeverría y Vidaurre: one of the president’s aides. He was the only one able to flee the country.
1260:
Unión Tipográfica (1920). "Principales jefes del Cabrerismo" (in Spanish). Guatemala: Unión Tipográfica.
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Estrada Cabrera finally surrendered on April 14, 1920, along with his only loyal friend, Peruvian poet
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Luis Fontaine: French citizen. He was a servant of the President and died in combat on April 10, 1920.
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their chest. On the government side, steady fire was maintained from "La Palma" and the two forts of
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On April 8, 1920, Guatemalan people filled up the street in front of the National Assembly.
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In the Shadow of the Giant, the Making of Mexico's Central America Policy (1876-1930)
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Reseña histórica de la parte que el elemento obrero tuvo en el Partido Unionista
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Universidad de San Carlos was called Universidad "Estrada Cabrera" since 1918.
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Gregorio González: Second Police Chief. He killed himself on April 9, 1920.
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orders had been expelled from Guatemala in 1872 by the liberal regimes of
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El libro de las efemérides: capítulos de la historia de América Central
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Andrés Largaespada: writer who defended the President in the newspapers
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Between two continents, notes from a journey in Central America, 1920
1200:(in Spanish). Fondo para Cultura de la Universidad de México, México.
1149:"The Octopus and the Generals: the United Fruit Company in Guatemala"
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Heberto Correa: university student and secret police undercover agent
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Col. Manuel de León Arriaga: Second in Command of the Army Artillery
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Another picture from the people in front of the National Assembly.
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Los últimos treinta años pasados de la vida política de Guatemala
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1168:. Vol. 2. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar. pp. 342–383.
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and did not return to the country until after the coup against
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The Catholic Church at the time was very weak and had only the
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Gerardo Márquez: son of Felipe Marquez and a convicted murderer
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1269:(in Spanish). La Habana, Cuba: Imprenta Sainz, Arca y Cía.
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Brigadier Juan P.F. Padilla: La Palma Commander of Defense
1283:. London, UK: E. Nash and Grayson, Ltd. pp. 148–209.
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General Miguel Larrave: Mazatenango Commander in the Army
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General José Reyes: Chief of Staff during the Tragic Week
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Mayor Emilio Méndez: Prison Director. Died in combat in
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shell, killing about thirty mothers and their newborns.
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Prólogo de "¡Ecce Pericles!" de Rafael Arévalo Martínez
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Lieutenant Colonel Carlos de León Régil: police officer
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Col. José Pineda Chavarría: Director of the Post Office
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Lieutenant Colonel Eduardo Anguiano: killed in combat.
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1147:
Bucheli, Marcelo; Jones, Geoffrey G. (May 27, 2005).
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José Félix Flores: died in combat on April 13, 1920.
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unlikely places. They armed themselves with knives,
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Mayor Julio Ponce: died in combat on April 8, 1920.
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571:With his Army Staff the day after his resignation.
539:Gilberto Mancilla: Coronel Eduardo Anguiano’s aide
180:rivals, but kept arresting Unionist sympathizers.
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509:: Peruvian poet and close friend of the President
447:José Félix Flores, Jr.: Eduardo Anguiano’s friend
232:Herrera, then a representative from his hometown
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524:Jesús F. Sáenz: First Secretary to the President
583:With family and children after his resignation.
456:Mayor José María Mirón: died on April 15, 1920.
409:General J. Antonio Aguilar: Chief of Police of
344:Matamoros fort lacked any strategic advantage.
1211:(in Spanish). Vol. 3. Sánchez y de Guise.
530:Felipe Márquez: Estrada Cabrera’s secret agent
216:Prince Wilhelm and his companions returned to
1181:. Univ of Alabama Pr; edition: Vintage Intl.
1142:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
1131:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
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361:Estrada Cabrera loyal adherents until the end
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518:J. Sotero Segura Alfaro: secret police agent
466:Ricardo Sánchez: a relative of the President
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554:Brigadier Enrique Aris: secret police agent
138:Opposition to his regime started after the
123:Several attacks had been made on president
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527:Col. Angel Santis: friend of the President
430:. Died in that department on May 10, 1920.
22:
15:
99:Picture taken inside the People's House -
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521:Manuel María Girón: government official
500:Col. Rafael Yaquián: Urban Police Chief
1245:(in Spanish). Guatemala: unpublished.
1165:Entrepreneurship and Global Capitalism
7:
1205:Hernández de León, Federico (1930).
426:Col. Salvador Alarcón: Commander of
175:Another picture from March 11, 1920.
115:Last official portrait of president
1216:Montenegro, Gustavo Adolfo (2005).
503:Gorge I. Galán: Secret Police Chief
1301:Semana Trágica de Guatemala (1920)
14:
413:. Died in prison on May 10, 1920.
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488:Other close collaborators were:
184:would side with the Unionists.
1241:Ortiz Rivas, Silverio (1922).
1222:Revista Domigo de Prensa Libre
1:
1136:Bianchi Smout, Julio (1941).
278:and Matamoros. Cars with the
1224:(in Spanish). Archived from
1196:De los Ríos, Efraín (1948).
247:Tragic week April 9–14, 1920
149:Universidad Estrada Cabrera
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1265:Vidaurre, Adrián (1921).
234:Santa Lucía Cotzumalguapa
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1247:Partially reproduced in
1123:Arévalo Martínez, Rafael
1253:Rafael Arévalo Martínez
1154:Harvard Business Review
47:April 8, 1920
1353:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
1106:Unión Tipográfica 1920
742:Hernández de León 1930
630:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
491:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
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399:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
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317:Between two continents
229:as interim president.
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125:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
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117:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
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82:as interim president.
76:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
38:Semana Trágica de 1920
1303:at Wikimedia Commons
1198:Ombres contra Hombres
1173:Buchenau, J. (1996).
875:Arévalo Martínez 1945
836:Arévalo Martínez 1945
800:Arévalo Martínez 1945
785:Arévalo Martínez 1945
754:Arévalo Martínez 1945
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439:Jorge Ubico Castañeda
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140:1917-1918 earthquakes
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672:Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán
668:Justo Rufino Barrios
641:Notes and references
635:United Fruit Company
323:Combat lasted until
1324:14.6228°N 90.5314°W
1320: /
1003:, pp. 200–201.
826:, pp. 189–190.
507:José Santos Chocano
441:’s Chief of Police
378:José Santos Chocano
370:José Santos Chocano
190:1917-18 earthquakes
72:Tragic Week of 1920
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17:Tragic Week of 1920
1067:Prins Wilhelm 1922
1055:Prins Wilhelm 1922
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1001:Prins Wilhelm 1922
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967:, p. 196-197.
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887:Prins Wilhelm 1922
863:Prins Wilhelm 1922
848:Prins Wilhelm 1922
838:, p. 408-412.
824:Prins Wilhelm 1922
814:, p. XIV-XVI.
812:Bianchi Smout 1941
773:Prins Wilhelm 1922
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706:Prins Wilhelm 1922
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1358:Conflicts in 1920
1348:1920 in Guatemala
1329:14.6228; -90.5314
1299:Media related to
1228:on 6 October 2014
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313:Wilhelm of Sweden
290:April 10–13, 1920
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1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
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1327: /
428:Totonicapán
131:during the
1342:Categories
1315:90°31′53″W
1312:14°37′22″N
691:References
406:president.
328:thousand.
86:Background
63:Guatemala
51:1920-04-08
332:Aftermath
280:Red Cross
1277:(1922).
1125:(1945).
674:in 1954.
589:See also
276:San José
268:machetes
59:Location
1232:20 July
311:Prince
144:criollo
129:Germany
101:Spanish
49: (
1185:
662:left;
646:Notes
423:1920.
1234:2014
1183:ISBN
70:The
44:Date
1251:by
1344::
1220:.
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53:)
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