333:) was held at Tokyo. Japanese cabinet ministers and military leaders discussed how to handle the Trautmann mediation. The navy did not have a strong opinion because the current war was basically the army's business. The army requested to end the war with more lenient conditions by a diplomatic way, as it faced a much stronger Far Eastern Soviet army at the northern Manchukuo border and wanted to avoid endless attrition warfare. However,
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on
November 26. At the end of November, the military situation for China became hopeless. The fall of Nanking, the capital, was imminent. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek decided to accept the Japanese proposal as the basis of peace negotiations, which was communicated to Trautmann on December 2, 1937.
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However, the
Japanese hardliners were gaining momentum in Tokyo after the bloody Battle of Shanghai. They thought the original proposal was too lenient and no longer a valid basis for peace talks. Japan officially refused the peace negotiation that was based on the first proposal and promised to
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Japan warned the proposal would be valid for only a limited time because a fierce battle still continued. However, Chiang Kai-shek expected diplomatic or military assistance from outside parties. Therefore, he deferred his government's reply to Tokyo. The
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On
January 15, 1938, Japanese primary cabinet members and military leaders had a conference. This time, the emperor did not attend. There was a heated argument about the continuation of the Trautmann mediation.
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with Japan in
November 1936. Germany's expectation for Japan was to be an eastern counterweight against the Soviet Union. For Germany, any armed conflict between China and Japan was very unwelcome.
337:, the minister of foreign affairs, strongly disagreed with the army. According to him, there was no hope for the Trautmann mediation because of the huge opinion gap between China and Japan.
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disagreed with him. Finally, Tada reluctantly agreed with Konoe and Hirota. That same day, Konoe reported the cabinet's conclusion, termination of
Trautmann's mediation, to the emperor.
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The next day, January 16, 1938, Konoe announced (first Konoe
Declaration, 第一次近衛声明), "The Japanese government will not negotiate with the Chiang Kai-shek government anymore."
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The following is a summary of the first
Japanese peace proposal, which was approved by Germany. Trautmann handed this proposal to the Chinese government on November 5, 1937.
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A Japanese diplomat told it to the German ambassador in Japan on
December 22, 1937. Japan also set January 5, 1938 as the deadline for a Chinese reply.
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Japan did not want endless war with China and so made the peace proposal and asked
Germany to mediate the peace talks in October 1937.
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However, this new proposal was far beyond what was acceptable for Chiang Kai-shek. He refused it but did not make an official reply.
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began. The mediation began in
November 1937 and ended on January 16, 1938, with Konoe announcing its termination.
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On January 11, 1938, six days after the deadline for a Chinese government reply, an Imperial Conference (
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took power, Germany maintained its good relationship with the Chinese government but signed the
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had escalated into the full-scale war. China appealed to the international community including
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After lengthy internal discussion, the Konoe cabinet made the second proposal as follows:
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on 15 November and concluded on November 24, having taken no effective measures. The
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During that time, Japan was gaining the upper hand militarily, with the end of the
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Since the 1920s, Germany had had a close relationship with the government of the
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Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and the Second United Front
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Cooperation between Japan, Manchukuo and China against communism
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A de-militarized zone in Shanghai with international police
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Cessation of all anti-Japan and anti-Manchukuo policies
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Demilitarized zones in North China and inner Mongolia
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Cooperation between Japan and China against communism
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360:References
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165:Background
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