52:
115:
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series of physical postures at a level of difficulty fitting the abilities of the participants. In each posture, instructors encourage students to observe their internal sensations, without judgment, and to respond to them compassionately. Throughout, participants are encouraged to make choices for themselves about what feels comfortable and safe in their bodies, and instructors spaciously invite students to modify any posture as needed. The class ends similarly to ordinary postural yoga in a resting pose (
2041:
198:, in 2002 by David Emerson and colleagues. It was designed to promote an enhanced feeling of safety for traumatised individuals as they engage in an exercise that is focused on body awareness, which might otherwise be overwhelming for them. It addresses the need for a trauma-informed yoga practice able to identify and mitigate potentially triggering environmental and physiological circumstances, while still providing the psychological and physical benefits that typical yoga practice offers.
334:
emotionally safe for the participants, thereby facilitating a healing atmosphere for traumatised individuals. When students feel increased levels of safety and groundedness in their environment, they are said to be at an appropriate mid-range level of arousal for working with their traumas effectively. In that state, they can learn to work with the physiological experiences of trauma in a more adaptive and less destructive manner.
101:, allowing traumatized individuals to reconnect with and identify their own physical sensations. Mind-body approaches allow participants to work through their somatic trauma memories and feel safe enough to emotionally and verbally process their traumatic memories. Such approaches involve increasing awareness of, and attention to, bodily sensations, while emphasizing present-moment experience. In this way, they seek to counteract
385:, medication) for trauma. Classes are designed to vary, and thus efficacy has not been established. Trauma-sensitive yoga can be used as a primer to individual psychotherapy, as a means of preparing and grounding the body before uncovering stored traumatic memories, and establishing a traumatized individual's buy-in for treatment.
333:
Individuals who have experienced psychological trauma often view their internal body sensations as dangerous and foreign, and form destructive habits as a means of coping with their internal experiences. Therefore, instructors strive throughout to create an environment that feels both physically and
69:
in the body, which may manifest as an uncontrollable and constant state of heightened arousal and fear. Those with a history of trauma may also interpret this chronic stress response as a threat to their sense of self and relation to the world. Traumatized individuals often have difficulty soothing
316:
Trauma-sensitive yoga is designed to begin gently, with a seated breathing exercise, followed by light movements. While adhering to the conditions of the five core domains (i.e., physical environment, exercises, teaching style, adjustments, and language), the instructor guides the class through a
153:
The techniques of yoga alleviate effects on the body's nervous system. The mindfulness and meditation aspect of yoga allows the mind to maintain objective awareness on the body's physical sensations, while maintaining a state of calm. The aspect of yoga geared toward breath manipulation helps to
105:
responses. Finally, mind-body approaches attempt to help traumatized individuals to nurture their bodies. In this way, messages from the physical body may provide information for traumatized individuals about their identities and help individuals regain ownership over their internal responses.
161:
Yoga is associated with a reduction in physiological and somatic complaints often attributable to post-traumatic stress disorder, such as pain and anxiety. Research also suggests that yoga produces psychological benefits for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder such as reduction of
324:
Certain conditions remain constant to ensure that participants feel safe, including consistency of room appearance and class structure, instructors' reminders to participants of where the exits are located, and bright lighting so that participants can see their surroundings.
308:(which addresses the issue of feeling disconnected that trauma survivors continue to experience in relation to others and themselves). These themes can be integrated by the teacher all in one class, or may be used individually as a focal point of a particular class.
392:
in 2019 failed to find strong evidence that yoga was effective in PTSD, depression, or anxiety after trauma, as the studies examined were of low quality with a "high risk of bias"; they provided what would if confirmed be strongly beneficial effects with
30:. Its goal is to help trauma survivors to develop a greater sense of mind-body connection, to ease their physiological experiences of trauma, to gain a greater sense of ownership over their bodies, and to augment their overall well-being. However, a 2019
1619:
Nguyen-Feng, V. N.; Morrissette, J.; Lewis-Dmello, A.; Michel, H.; Anders, D.; Wagner, C.; Clark, C. J. (2018). "Trauma-sensitive yoga as an adjunctive mental health treatment for survivors of intimate partner violence: a qualitative examination".
1039:
Pradhan, B.; Kluewer, J. D.; Makani, R.; Parikh, T. (2016). "Nonconventional interventions for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: ketamine, repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and alternative approaches".
70:
their overactive internal sensations without relying on external stimuli, such as food, substances, or self-harm. Therefore, psychological trauma is not only associated with psychological disorders such as
2474:
744:
Christopher, Michael (March 2004). "A broader view of trauma: A biopsychosocial-evolutionary view of the role of the traumatic stress response in the emergence of pathology and/or growth".
580:
Nguyen-Feng, Viann N.; Clark, Cari J.; Butler, Mary E. (August 2019). "Yoga as an intervention for psychological symptoms following trauma: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis".
201:
Trauma-sensitive yoga has been formulated from five core domains which if nonoptimal could produce adverse side effects among a traumatized population by reminding them of their traumas:
1015:; Stone, L.; West, J.; Rhodes, A.; Emerson, D.; Suvak, M.; Spinazzola, J. (2014). "Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial".
1533:
Macy, Robert D.; Johnson Macy, Dicki; Gross, Steven I.; Brighton, Pamela (2003). "Healing in familiar settings: Support for children and youth in the classroom and community".
89:
focus on the psychological effects of trauma first and foremost, attrition rates are still high, possibly due to heightened physiological arousal during the initial stages of
2733:
1140:
Macy, R. J.; Jones, E.; Graham, L. M.; Roach, L. (2018). "Yoga for trauma and related mental health problems: a meta-review with clinical and service recommendations".
289:
David
Emerson has identified four clinically informed key themes in trauma informed yoga practice that have been beneficial for the trauma survivors. These include: 1)
346:
as it differs between trauma-sensitive yoga instructors and mental health professionals. Though instructors are most often required to complete at least 200 hours of
1272:
Granath, Jens; Ingvarsson, Sara; von Thiele, Ulrica; Lundberg, Ulf (March 2006). "Stress
Management: A Randomized Study of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Yoga".
1098:
Berg, A. L.; Sandahl, C.; Bullington, J. (2010). "Patients' perspective of change processes in affect-focused body psychotherapy for generalised anxiety disorder".
1461:
Schreiner, Istvan; Malcolm, James P. (September 2008). "The
Benefits of Mindfulness Meditation: Changes in Emotional States of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress".
2565:
381:
Practitioners state that trauma-sensitive yoga should be used only as an alternative and complementary treatment to other evidence-based treatments (e.g.,
1749:
1569:
958:
Afari, Niloofar; Ahumada, Sandra M.; Wright, Lisa
Johnson; Mostoufi, Sheeva; Golnari, Golnaz; Reis, Veronica; Cuneo, Jessica Gundy (January 2014).
65:
occurs when an individual has experienced a traumatic event which becomes lived and relived in the body and the mind. Trauma can trigger a chronic
520:
Spinazzola, J.; Rhodes, A. M.; Emerson, D.; Earle, E.; Monroe, K. (2011). "Application of yoga in residential treatment of traumatized youth".
1664:
118:
Postural yoga teachers may respectfully adjust a pupil's body hands-on, whereas trauma-sensitive yoga requires giving space to participants.
170:
as associated with the mindfulness component, a greater sense of interconnectedness with others when practiced in group settings, enhanced
370:. Survivors of interpersonal violence who engage in trauma-sensitive yoga have reported increased feelings of safety and agency, higher
301:(which addresses the inability to escape the traumatic event that trauma survivors have experienced during the trauma incident), and 4)
853:
820:
792:
589:
2667:
362:. Improvements may include a reduction in symptom severity of post-traumatic stress disorder, reduction in severity of symptoms of
2178:
1742:
1237:
Follette, Victoria; Palm, Kathleen M.; Pearson, Adria N. (March 2006). "Mindfulness and trauma: implications for treatment".
297:(which addresses the issue of lack of choice and helplessness that trauma survivors experience during a traumatic event); 3)
293:(which addresses the trauma survivors' predicament of being unable to be fully present in the moment or in their bodies); 2)
2947:
2702:
1928:
1891:
1414:"Trauma sensitive yoga as a complementary treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a qualitative descriptive analysis"
71:
2852:
378:, decreased feelings of isolation, greater feelings of relaxation, and a greater sense of agency over their own bodies.
422:
Emerson, D.; Sharma, R.; Chaudhry, S.; Turner, J. (2009). "Trauma-sensitive yoga: principles, practice, and research".
94:
2012:
2865:
2166:
191:
470:
Nolan, C. R. (2016). "Bending without breaking: a narrative review of trauma-sensitive yoga for women with PTSD".
2661:
2638:
2583:
1954:
1735:
685:
155:
102:
114:
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2419:
1498:
Berrol, Cynthia F. (1992). "The neurophysiologic basis of the mind-body connection in dance/movement therapy".
195:
2921:
2707:
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2137:
86:
2040:
158:. Thus, yoga reduces the overall intensity of the stress response and improves the ability to self-soothe.
2916:
2911:
2352:
1867:
1470:
640:
Tzu, G.; Bannerman, B. (2017). "Transforming trauma into healing and being: a non-dual therapy approach".
51:
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2131:
2082:
1862:
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Trauma-sensitive yoga is effective for improving the psychological symptoms for women who have survived
347:
1872:
1683:
Price, M.; Spinazzola, J.; Musicaro, R.; Turner, J.; Suvak, M.; Emerson, D.; van der Kolk, B. (2017).
2942:
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2215:
2124:
1324:
924:
213:
62:
55:
34:
found that the studies to date were not sufficiently robustly designed to provide strong evidence of
27:
1568:
Cloitre, M.; Courtois, C.; Ford, J.; Green, B.; Alexander, P.; Briere, J.; van der Hart, O. (2012).
1475:
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2024:
1801:
1012:
912:
869:
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is a mind-body practice with many forms and styles. It typically includes physical postures called
1685:"Effectiveness of an extended yoga treatment for women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder"
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1214:
1157:
1057:
989:
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849:
816:
788:
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720:"Yoga Psychotherapy: the integration of western psychological theory and ancient yogic wisdom"
609:
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31:
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35:
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1978:
1933:
1301:
1069:
813:
Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society
621:
549:
394:
1315:
Brown, R. P.; Gerbarg, P. L. (2009). "Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity".
1053:
401:=0.40β1.06. The reviewers called for further studies with "more rigorous design".
398:
1111:
975:
2891:
2797:
2746:
2720:
2689:
2600:
2285:
2273:
845:
371:
350:
with a focus on trauma, confidentiality is typically not the focus of training.
175:
134:
1200:
483:
2886:
2844:
2834:
2738:
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2224:
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2019:
1997:
1923:
1834:
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1250:
885:
757:
653:
138:
1183:
Ross, Alyson; Friedmann, Erika; Bevans, Margaret; Thomas, Sue (August 2013).
1153:
605:
533:
2435:
2290:
2255:
1829:
1811:
1570:"The ISTSS expert consensus treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults"
1185:"National survey of yoga practitioners: Mental and physical health benefits"
936:
130:
1718:
1554:
1447:
1344:
1293:
1218:
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1061:
993:
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1700:
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2792:
2578:
2268:
2156:
2002:
318:
1633:
1511:
1429:
597:
367:
79:
342:
Consumers of trauma-sensitive yoga may need to consider the matter of
234:
Internal sensations important, for feelings of safety, self-acceptance
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1727:
1773:
1546:
915:(2006). "Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD".
872:(2002-06-17). "Posttraumatic Therapy in the Age of Neuroscience".
238:
126:
113:
50:
26:, adapted from 2002 onwards for work with individuals affected by
2881:
1659:. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. pp. 192β259.
1731:
1085:
Yoga and mindfulness based cognitive therapy--A clinical guide
1929:
International
Association of Yoga Therapists β’ Richard Miller
682:
Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy
223:
Space is welcoming, safe, comfortable for vulnerable students
190:, adapted from modern postural yoga. It was developed at the
145:, enhance physical health, and heighten one's sense of self.
1239:
Journal of
Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
718:
Caplan, Mariana; Portillo, Adriana; Seely, Lynsie (2013).
960:"Psychological Trauma and Functional Somatic Syndromes"
522:
Journal of the
American Psychiatric Nurses Association
1689:
The
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
1657:
Overcoming trauma through yoga: Reclaiming your body
1007:
1005:
1003:
907:
905:
903:
840:
Theory and practice of counselling and psychotherapy
642:
International
Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
58:
can follow from the experience of a traumatic event.
2874:
2531:
2492:
2395:
2299:
2214:
2149:
2055:
2048:
1988:
1963:
1942:
1890:
1850:
1772:
1765:
837:
815:. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 417β440.
780:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1034:
1032:
1030:
787:. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books.
417:
415:
413:
1743:
811:; McFarlane, A. C.; van der Hart, O. (2007).
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
465:
8:
1412:West, J.; Liang, B.; Spinazzola, J. (2017).
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
675:
673:
671:
472:Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
97:offer a complementary method to traditional
1368:"Teaching Yoga in urban elementary schools"
2866:Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)
2052:
1769:
1750:
1736:
1728:
1655:Emerson, David; Hopper, Elizabeth (2011).
1418:International Journal of Stress Management
1317:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
917:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
635:
633:
631:
1708:
1474:
1437:
1383:
1208:
1100:Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy
983:
680:Ogden, P.; Minton, K.; Pain, C. (2006).
203:
178:, and a feeling of overall empowerment.
727:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
409:
1678:
1676:
1087:. Switzerland: Springer International.
1372:International Journal of Yoga Therapy
424:International Journal of Yoga Therapy
248:Allow space between teacher and pupil
7:
1535:New Directions for Youth Development
1042:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
2405:Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace
1385:10.17761/ijyt.20.1.x8373458w8140810
1189:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
436:10.17761/ijyt.19.1.h6476p8084l22160
186:Trauma-sensitive yoga is a form of
82:, but also with somatic disorders.
590:American Psychological Association
38:; it called for further research.
14:
2668:Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga
1622:Spirituality in Clinical Practice
1500:American Journal of Dance Therapy
47:Psychological trauma and the body
36:yoga's effectiveness as a therapy
16:Yoga in the use of mental therapy
2039:
1337:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04394.x
783:Waking the tiger: Healing trauma
259:Gentle, students stay in control
2179:Yoga and cultural appropriation
291:experiencing the present moment
1017:Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
273:Directive language acceptable
72:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
1054:10.1080/15299732.2015.1046101
844:(9 ed.). United States:
1112:10.1080/17432979.2010.494853
976:10.1097/psy.0000000000000010
1274:Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
1142:Trauma, Violence, and Abuse
251:Polite hands-on acceptable
141:. Postural yoga can reduce
2969:
2167:Sexual abuse by yoga gurus
1201:10.1016/j.ctim.2013.04.001
746:Clinical Psychology Review
484:10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.05.006
270:Non-directive instructions
192:Justice Resource Institute
2922:Modern Yoginis (template)
2662:Vishnudevananda Saraswati
2584:Tirumalai Krishnamacharya
2088:Harmonial gymnastics/yoga
2037:
1955:International Day of Yoga
1286:10.1080/16506070500401292
1251:10.1007/s10942-006-0025-2
886:10.1080/10481881209348674
758:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.12.003
654:10.1007/s11469-016-9659-1
87:evidence-based treatments
2917:Yoga teachers (category)
2912:Yoga scholars (template)
2420:A History of Modern Yoga
1154:10.1177/1524838015620834
874:Psychoanalytic Dialogues
534:10.1177/1078390311418359
196:Brookline, Massachusetts
2708:Satchidananda Saraswati
2459:The Path of Modern Yoga
2138:Autobiography of a Yogi
1083:Pradhan, B. K. (2014).
1013:van der Kolk, Bessel A.
937:10.1196/annals.1364.022
913:van der Kolk, Bessel A.
870:van der Kolk, Bessel A.
809:van der Kolk, Bessel A.
299:effective action taking
129:, breathing exercises (
1868:European Union of Yoga
964:Psychosomatic Medicine
779:Levine, P. A. (1997).
582:Psychological Services
360:interpersonal violence
119:
59:
2624:Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga
2132:Paramahansa Yogananda
1912:Trauma-sensitive yoga
1863:British Wheel of Yoga
1701:10.1089/acm.2015.0266
1485:10.1375/bech.25.3.156
348:yoga teacher training
210:Trauma-sensitive yoga
154:enhance capacity for
149:Physiological effects
117:
54:
20:Trauma-sensitive yoga
2948:Alternative medicine
2907:List of yoga schools
2778:Yoga the Iyengar Way
2682:Satyananda Saraswati
2677:Bihar School of Yoga
2413:Yoga in Modern India
2322:Lilias, Yoga and You
2125:Seetharaman Sundaram
214:Modern postural yoga
194:'s Trauma Center in
95:Mind-body approaches
63:Psychological trauma
56:Psychological trauma
28:psychological trauma
2734:Himalayan Institute
2596:T. K. V. Desikachar
2571:Swami Kuvalayananda
2385:Selvarajan Yesudian
1366:Harper, J. (2010).
1329:2009NYASA1172...54B
929:2006NYASA1071..277V
237:Achieve particular
226:Any suitable space
2840:Beryl Bender Birch
2791:c. 1975
2622:c. 1948
2611:Srivatsa Ramaswami
2548:The Yoga Institute
2518:Breath of the Gods
2103:Genevieve Stebbins
1873:AndrΓ© Van Lysebeth
1634:10.1037/scp0000177
1512:10.1007/bf00844132
1430:10.1037/str0000040
836:Corey, G. (2013).
598:10.1037/ser0000191
156:emotion regulation
120:
60:
2930:
2929:
2902:Asanas (template)
2897:Post-lineage yoga
2527:
2526:
2483:The Story of Yoga
2236:Frank Jude Boccio
2093:Marguerite Agniel
2063:Early modern yoga
2035:
2034:
1666:978-1-58394-533-9
390:systematic review
277:
276:
256:Teacher qualities
231:Physical exercise
207:Five Core Domains
32:systematic review
2960:
2765:B. K. S. Iyengar
2752:Bikram Choudhury
2629:K. Pattabhi Jois
2616:Vanda Scaravelli
2428:Positioning Yoga
2280:Paddleboard Yoga
2110:Physical culture
2098:Mary Bagot Stack
2053:
2043:
1950:Competitive yoga
1918:Restorative Yoga
1900:Yoga using props
1852:Teacher training
1802:Meditation seats
1770:
1759:Yoga as exercise
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1616:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1576:. Archived from
1565:
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1524:
1523:
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1489:
1488:
1478:
1463:Behaviour Change
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467:
440:
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397:in the range of
262:Often directive
204:
166:, a decrease in
91:exposure therapy
24:yoga as exercise
2968:
2967:
2963:
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2961:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2953:Yoga as therapy
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2870:
2535:
2523:
2488:
2475:Yoga in Britain
2443:The Subtle Body
2391:
2314:Yoga for Health
2295:
2261:Phillip Moffitt
2210:
2162:Science of yoga
2145:
2044:
2031:
1984:
1959:
1938:
1906:Accessible yoga
1886:
1846:
1821:Accompaniments
1787:Standing asanas
1761:
1756:
1726:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1618:
1617:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1476:10.1.1.452.7892
1460:
1459:
1455:
1411:
1410:
1393:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1011:
1010:
1001:
957:
956:
952:
911:
910:
901:
868:
867:
863:
856:
835:
834:
830:
823:
807:
806:
802:
795:
778:
777:
773:
743:
742:
738:
722:
717:
716:
693:
679:
678:
669:
639:
638:
629:
579:
578:
557:
519:
518:
499:
469:
468:
443:
421:
420:
411:
407:
376:self-compassion
356:
344:confidentiality
340:
338:Confidentiality
331:
314:
287:
282:
188:yoga as therapy
184:
151:
112:
67:stress response
49:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2822:Jivamukti Yoga
2818:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2657:Sivananda Yoga
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:Kino MacGregor
2641:
2636:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2590:Yoga Makaranda
2586:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2558:Hansa Yogendra
2555:
2543:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:Rachel Brathen
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Jon Kabat-Zinn
2248:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2184:In advertising
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:Matthew Remski
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2085:
2083:Pierre Bernard
2080:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:Hasta Vinyasas
1837:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Sun Salutation
1804:
1799:
1797:Lotus position
1794:
1789:
1784:
1782:List of asanas
1778:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1695:(4): 300β309.
1672:
1665:
1647:
1590:
1560:
1525:
1490:
1469:(3): 156β168.
1453:
1424:(2): 173β195.
1391:
1358:
1307:
1264:
1224:
1195:(4): 313β323.
1175:
1125:
1106:(2): 151β169.
1090:
1075:
1026:
999:
950:
923:(1): 277β293.
899:
880:(3): 381β392.
861:
855:978-0534348236
854:
828:
822:978-1572304574
821:
800:
794:978-1556432330
793:
771:
736:
691:
667:
627:
555:
528:(6): 431β444.
497:
441:
408:
406:
403:
355:
352:
339:
336:
330:
327:
313:
310:
295:making choices
286:
283:
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
264:
263:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
246:
242:
241:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
183:
180:
150:
147:
111:
108:
48:
45:
43:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2965:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:Sharon Gannon
2825:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:Dharma Mittra
2784:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:Light on Yoga
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:Integral Yoga
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:Larry Schultz
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:Kaivalyadhama
2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Shri Yogendra
2551:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:Enlighten Up!
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:Roots of Yoga
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:Geeta Iyengar
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:Hugger Mugger
2011:
2009:
2008:Angela Farmer
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:Asana Journal
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1880:Yoga Alliance
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1849:
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1833:
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1828:
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1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
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1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1580:on 2015-02-15
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:10.1002/yd.44
1544:
1541:(98): 51β79.
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
908:
906:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
862:
857:
851:
847:
842:
841:
832:
829:
824:
818:
814:
810:
804:
801:
796:
790:
785:
784:
775:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
737:
732:
728:
721:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
634:
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
404:
402:
400:
396:
391:
386:
384:
383:psychotherapy
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
337:
335:
328:
326:
322:
320:
311:
309:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
279:
272:
269:
266:
265:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
229:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
189:
181:
179:
177:
173:
172:self-efficacy
169:
165:
159:
157:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Postural yoga
116:
110:Postural yoga
109:
107:
104:
100:
99:psychotherapy
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
57:
53:
46:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2853:Anusara Yoga
2816:Forrest Yoga
2808:Sarah Powers
2803:Paul Grilley
2776:
2769:
2760:Iyengar Yoga
2726:Stephen Cope
2716:Kripalu Yoga
2666:
2634:Mysore style
2588:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2451:Selling Yoga
2449:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2380:Switzerland
2336:Lyn Marshall
2320:
2312:
2246:Janice Gates
2241:Anne Cushman
2231:Mindful Yoga
2206:Yoga tourism
2189:For children
2136:
2073:
1979:Yoga Journal
1977:
1970:
1934:Janice Gates
1911:
1792:Downward dog
1692:
1688:
1656:
1650:
1628:(1): 27β43.
1625:
1621:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:the original
1573:
1563:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1506:(1): 19β29.
1503:
1499:
1493:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1421:
1417:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1323:(1): 54β62.
1320:
1316:
1310:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1245:(1): 45β61.
1242:
1238:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1148:(1): 35β57.
1145:
1141:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1078:
1048:(1): 35β54.
1045:
1041:
1020:
1016:
967:
963:
953:
920:
916:
877:
873:
864:
839:
831:
812:
803:
782:
774:
752:(1): 75β98.
749:
745:
739:
730:
726:
686:W. W. Norton
684:. New York:
681:
645:
641:
585:
581:
525:
521:
475:
471:
427:
423:
395:effect sizes
387:
380:
357:
341:
332:
323:
315:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
280:Key features
200:
185:
160:
152:
121:
103:dissociative
85:Though most
84:
61:
19:
18:
2943:Yoga styles
2892:Modern yoga
2858:John Friend
2798:Paulie Zink
2747:Bikram Yoga
2721:Amrit Desai
2690:Ananda Yoga
2601:A. G. Mohan
2286:Aerial yoga
2115:B. C. Ghosh
2068:Vivekananda
1280:(1): 3β10.
970:(1): 2β11.
846:Brooks/Cole
592:: 513β523.
430:: 123β128.
372:self-esteem
220:Environment
182:Description
176:self-esteem
135:mindfulness
2937:Categories
2887:Hatha yoga
2864:2006
2851:1997
2845:Bryan Kest
2835:Power Yoga
2833:1995
2820:1984
2814:1982
2785:1975
2758:1975
2745:1973
2739:Swami Rama
2732:1971
2714:1966
2701:1966
2695:Kriyananda
2688:1965
2675:1963
2655:1959
2639:Tim Miller
2606:Indra Devi
2577:1934
2564:1924
2546:1918
2515:2012
2507:2009
2499:2006
2480:2020
2472:2019
2464:2017
2456:2016
2448:2015
2433:2010
2425:2005
2410:2004
2402:1996
2300:By country
2284:2014
2278:2013
2267:2003
2229:1990
2225:Naked yoga
2223:1938
2120:K. V. Iyer
2072:1896
2020:Yoga pants
1998:Yoga brick
1924:Yoga nidra
1922:2008
1916:2007
1910:2002
1904:1979
1859:Standards
1584:2018-10-17
1378:: 99β109.
733:: 139β158.
405:References
364:depression
329:Mechanisms
168:depression
139:meditation
76:depression
42:Background
2436:Yoga Body
2291:Beer yoga
2256:Cyndi Lee
2194:For women
2075:Raja Yoga
2025:Lululemon
1830:Pranayama
1812:Tree pose
1520:143951465
1471:CiteSeerX
1120:143616856
894:219731484
648:: 63β79.
606:1939-148X
478:: 32β40.
131:pranayama
2793:Yin Yoga
2579:Viniyoga
2269:Acroyoga
2157:Hot yoga
2003:Yoga mat
1964:Journals
1719:28121466
1642:81917757
1555:12970987
1448:28458503
1353:21179120
1345:19735239
1294:16500773
1259:51788230
1219:23876562
1170:36050242
1162:26656487
1062:26162001
994:24336429
945:16891578
766:14992807
662:28086545
614:29620390
542:21868714
492:27502798
354:Evidence
319:Savasana
312:Approach
303:creating
267:Language
239:postures
74:(PTSD),
2875:Related
2533:Schools
2348:Germany
2330:Britain
2307:America
2216:Hybrids
2150:Aspects
2049:History
1892:Therapy
1835:VinyΔsa
1825:Drishti
1817:Warrior
1710:5393408
1439:5404814
1325:Bibcode
1302:8924302
1210:3721070
1070:5318679
985:3894419
925:Bibcode
622:4607801
550:2219421
368:anxiety
306:rhythms
245:Assists
80:anxiety
2368:Sweden
2363:Russia
2343:France
1943:Events
1774:Asanas
1766:Topics
1717:
1707:
1663:
1640:
1553:
1518:
1473:
1446:
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1351:
1343:
1300:
1292:
1257:
1217:
1207:
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1160:
1118:
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1060:
1023:: 1β7.
992:
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943:
892:
852:
819:
791:
764:
660:
620:
612:
604:
548:
540:
490:
285:Themes
164:stress
143:stress
137:, and
127:asanas
78:, and
2538:Gurus
2493:Films
2396:Books
2383:1941
2372:2015
2358:Italy
2353:India
2334:1976
2319:1970
2311:1961
2056:Early
1990:Props
1638:S2CID
1574:ISTSS
1516:S2CID
1349:S2CID
1298:S2CID
1255:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1116:S2CID
1066:S2CID
890:S2CID
723:(PDF)
658:S2CID
618:S2CID
588:(3).
546:S2CID
2882:Yoga
2502:Guru
2274:Doga
1715:PMID
1661:ISBN
1551:PMID
1539:2003
1444:PMID
1341:PMID
1321:1172
1290:PMID
1215:PMID
1158:PMID
1058:PMID
990:PMID
941:PMID
921:1071
850:ISBN
817:ISBN
789:ISBN
762:PMID
610:PMID
602:ISSN
538:PMID
488:PMID
374:and
366:and
174:and
1705:PMC
1697:doi
1630:doi
1543:doi
1508:doi
1481:doi
1434:PMC
1426:doi
1380:doi
1333:doi
1282:doi
1247:doi
1205:PMC
1197:doi
1150:doi
1108:doi
1050:doi
980:PMC
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754:doi
650:doi
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530:doi
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