200:
138:
176:
114:
188:
126:
45:
164:
102:
496:
took on a protectionist stance, built up its navy, and tried to create a mercantile empire. The United States was one of the leading "treaty powers" in China, forcing open a total of 23 foreign concessions from the
Chinese government. While it is often noted that the United States did not control any
682:
The
Treaties of Tientsin use several words that have somewhat ambiguous meanings. For example, the words "settlement" and "concession" can often be confused. The term "settlement" refers to a parcel of land, leased to a foreign power, which is composed of both foreign and national peoples, and
2302:
1473:
1427:
2366:
1782:
2200:
2961:
1328:
Chan, Mitchell. "Rule of Law and China's
Unequal Treaties: Conceptions of the Rule of Law and Its Role in Chinese International Law and Diplomatic Relations in the Early Twentieth Century."
2922:
3276:
2295:
1550:
1520:
2966:
621:, pledged to be opened within the year, and a further three ports to be opened after the suppression of the Taipings. This clause was later used to establish treaty ports at
2802:
687:" refers to a long-term lease of land to a foreign power, under which the foreign nation has complete control of the land, which is governed by consular representatives.
2641:
2381:
1633:
1489:
1443:
1997:
3261:
2786:
2757:
2376:
1832:
1766:
669:
Addenda to the treaties settled China's duties and tariffs on terms advantageous to the victors and pledged the Qing Empire would pay an indemnity of 6,000,000
2458:
3301:
3236:
602:
throughout the Qing Empire for pleasure or business so long as they possessed a valid passport, but the Qing Empire was able to prevent them from lawfully
385:
192:
187:
125:
3291:
2446:
2431:
706:
2133:
3271:
1378:
Johnstone, William C. (October 1937). "International
Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China".
3266:
3169:
2508:
1801:
3281:
3200:
2441:
2058:
591:, to be a harmful superstition. All laws, regulations, and practices limiting its observance became null and void everywhere in the country.
2670:
2421:
2334:
2073:
3286:
2339:
2243:
1626:
3296:
2886:
2255:
2128:
1952:
3175:
3016:
2891:
2248:
1825:
1787:
1699:
1452:
2986:
3103:
2346:
2033:
1919:
1761:
673:
of silver: 2 million to France, 2 million to
Britain for military expenses, and 2 million as compensation to British merchants.
2068:
2007:
1967:
2687:
2553:
2321:
1977:
1619:
1423:
477:
240:
130:
2168:
2108:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1498:
561:. The ports at Haicheng and Penglai being found inadequate for European vessels, their status was later extended to nearby
3241:
3121:
2896:
2752:
2436:
2426:
2411:
2406:
2238:
2188:
1942:
573:
259:
1751:
827:
The third port was
Nanjing, which had been opened by the French treaty and the most-favored nation clauses of the others.
2880:
2658:
2525:
2391:
2285:
1895:
1885:
1818:
1528:
2797:
2780:
2290:
2265:
2228:
2138:
2098:
1850:
701:
581:
515:
Russia, which had previously been limited to trading at designated border posts, received the right to trade with the
3180:
2626:
2088:
1875:
598:
of
American citizens and Russian, British, and French subjects was reaffirmed. They further received the right to
3231:
3190:
2909:
2838:
2631:
2163:
1957:
31:
1756:
1333:
3111:
2931:
2665:
2636:
2386:
1735:
1664:
481:
401:
142:
666:
China was forbidden from establishing or permitting any further monopolies or cartels over its domestic trade.
2707:
2173:
2158:
1992:
1890:
645:
577:
369:
1659:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3088:
2976:
2857:
2682:
1900:
1709:
684:
329:
216:
2981:
2043:
1947:
1704:
3162:
3021:
2648:
2610:
2498:
2478:
2396:
2195:
2178:
2012:
1469:
711:
585:
473:
118:
1719:
3093:
3060:
3026:
2971:
2851:
2833:
2543:
2473:
2280:
2063:
1689:
1684:
588:
425:
409:
381:
204:
199:
137:
3146:
2996:
2936:
2868:
2548:
2401:
2356:
2103:
1982:
1962:
1870:
1654:
1588:
595:
520:
44:
2742:
2737:
2563:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2307:
2153:
1972:
1403:
1395:
1356:
546:
859:
Wang, Dong. China's
Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Lexington Books, 2005, p. 16.
3041:
3036:
3011:
2956:
2951:
2874:
2822:
2727:
2558:
2463:
2361:
2260:
2223:
2148:
2078:
2048:
2002:
1694:
1598:
1544:
1514:
1483:
1437:
815:
614:
550:
530:
469:
458:
444:
106:
94:
90:
497:
settlements in China, it shared
British land grants and was actually invited to take land in
3195:
3078:
3001:
2941:
2747:
2468:
2329:
2275:
2118:
2083:
1987:
1912:
1880:
1387:
1348:
455:
437:
421:
417:
287:
523:
clauses in each treaty further ensured that all concessions were shared by the four powers.
440:
authorized negotiations for the treaty on May 29, 1858. His chief representatives were the
3210:
3156:
3006:
2991:
2815:
2270:
2233:
2183:
2143:
2093:
2038:
1907:
1674:
1669:
663:") in official documents to refer to officials, subjects, or citizens of the four nations.
1460:
308:
3073:
2946:
2712:
2675:
2123:
2113:
2053:
1714:
696:
463:
393:
377:
361:
168:
163:
101:
58:
3225:
3185:
3151:
3116:
2732:
2722:
2538:
1929:
1605:
Correspondence
Relative to the Earl of Elgin's Special Missions to China and Japan...
1407:
610:
493:
441:
389:
322:
180:
175:
113:
17:
3205:
2902:
2844:
2533:
2515:
2371:
1841:
1475:
Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between the United States of America and China
516:
397:
294:
3141:
2862:
2583:
2578:
1339:
Bloch, Kurt (May 1939). "The Basic Conflict over Foreign Concessions in China".
641:
373:
269:
266:
250:
247:
220:
156:
2809:
2653:
2603:
2573:
2416:
613:
but established that no legal trade would be permitted with areas held by the
449:
27:
1858 unequal treaty between Qing China and the UK, France, Russia, and the US
2598:
2588:
660:
618:
526:
392:
were the parties involved. These treaties, counted by the Chinese among the
3083:
2828:
2775:
2717:
2593:
2568:
633:
626:
498:
77:
1611:
1429:
Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China
3068:
1399:
1360:
637:
566:
558:
542:
529:
and the four treaty ports opened to foreign trade and residence by the
405:
365:
1810:
654:
811:
562:
554:
538:
534:
1391:
1352:
480:, and finalized on June 26; and the French treaty was negotiated by
756:
Then known as "Chau-chau", "Swatow", "Chawchow", and "Chaou-Chaou".
2792:
2351:
632:
The four nations gained the right to station permanent diplomatic
622:
413:
2451:
670:
501:
but refused because the land was thought to be disadvantageous.
472:
and finalized on June 13; the American treaty was negotiated by
1814:
1615:
476:
and finalized on June 18; the British treaty was negotiated by
1802:
Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation (2001)
609:
The Qing Empire permitted foreign vessels to navigate on the
492:
Following the pattern set by the great powers of Europe, the
738:
Then known as "Taiwan-fu", "Tai-wan", "Taiwan", or "TaĆÆwan".
648:
in Beijing was also exempted from its previous restrictions.
2962:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
1783:
Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950)
617:
until their reconquest. Foreign trade was to be limited to
747:
Then known as "Tsion-chou", "Kiungchow" or "Kiung-Tchau".
30:
For the later treaty that ended the Sino-French War, see
313:
299:
3134:
3102:
3059:
3052:
2967:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2921:
2766:
2698:
2619:
2524:
2320:
2211:
2021:
1928:
1858:
1849:
1796:
1775:
1744:
1728:
1647:
683:
governed by locally elected foreigners. The term "
420:, which had begun in 1856 and were ratified by the
334:
328:
321:
307:
293:
286:
281:
258:
239:
230:
212:
150:
84:
72:
64:
54:
1530:Russia: Treaty of Tientsin [Tianjin], 1858
1500:France: Treaty of Tientsin [Tianjin], 1858
412:activity, and effectively legalized the import of
1797:Russian Federation and People's Republic of China
1457:600 Years of Urban Planning in and around Tianjin
1549:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1519:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1249:
1132:
1108:
1017:
969:
880:
2367:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1288:
1273:
1237:
1222:
1183:
1156:
1144:
1091:
1046:
984:
954:
939:
892:
868:
49:Signing of the Anglo-Chinese treaty of Tianjin
2787:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2758:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1826:
1627:
1300:
1261:
1195:
1168:
1120:
1079:
996:
904:
652:
651:China was forbidden from using the character
264:
245:
8:
810:Specifically, the formerly separate city of
37:
1776:Soviet Union and People's Republic of China
1601:Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons
3277:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801ā1922)
3056:
1855:
1833:
1819:
1811:
1634:
1620:
1612:
1533:, archived from the original on 2016-03-06
1503:, archived from the original on 2016-03-05
1488:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1459:, Cornell University, 2004, archived from
1442:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1075:
278:
36:
2447:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1312:
1284:
1282:
1218:
1216:
1179:
1177:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
916:
707:19th-century Protestant missions in China
606:in the interior with extraterritoriality.
2296:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1767:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945)
980:
978:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
814:north and west of the confluence of the
774:Then known as "TĒngchow" or "Tan-Tchau".
569:, effectively opening another two ports.
2903:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1233:
1231:
965:
963:
950:
948:
852:
722:
468:. The Russian treaty was negotiated by
1542:
1512:
1481:
1435:
1207:
227:
3201:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2442:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1380:The American Political Science Review
584:, whether practiced by foreigners or
572:China was forbidden from considering
7:
3262:Treaties of the Second French Empire
2422:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1729:Russian Empire and Republic of China
1453:"Treaties of Tianjin, 1858 and 1860"
792:Then known as "Nanking" or "Nankin".
416:. They ended the first phase of the
3170:History of Qing (People's Republic)
1752:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Peking (1924)
428:in 1860, after the end of the war.
360:, is a collective name for several
2887:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2256:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2249:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2129:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1953:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1745:Soviet Union and Republic of China
836:Then known as "Peking" or "Pekin".
25:
3176:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3017:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2892:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2044:DograāTibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1372:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
2987:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2303:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2059:Red Turban Rebellion (1854ā1856)
372:as Tientsin) in June 1858. The
198:
186:
174:
162:
136:
124:
112:
100:
43:
2034:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1920:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1591:United States Statutes at Large
335:
3302:ChinaāRussian Empire relations
3272:Treaties of the Russian Empire
3237:ChinaāUnited Kingdom relations
2688:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1978:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1472:; et al. (18 June 1858),
1426:; et al. (26 June 1858),
640:, which had previously been a
478:James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
398:Chinese ports to foreign trade
314:
300:
265:
246:
131:James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
1:
3292:ChinaāUnited States relations
3267:Treaties of the United States
3122:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2897:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2753:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2437:Provincial military commander
2427:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2412:Imperial Household Department
2239:Preparative Constitutionalism
1943:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3282:Treaties of the Qing dynasty
2881:Researches on Manchu Origins
2286:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1896:Transition from Ming to Qing
1886:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2781:Changzhou School of Thought
2291:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2266:Railway Protection Movement
2244:1909 Parliamentary election
2229:British expedition to Tibet
2139:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2099:Self-Strengthening Movement
2074:NepalāTibet War (1855ā1856)
582:Roman Catholic Christianity
3318:
3181:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2069:Miao Rebellion (1854ā1873)
2008:Miao Rebellion (1795ā1806)
1998:Battle of Ngį»c Hį»i-Äį»ng Äa
1968:Miao Rebellion (1735ā1736)
1762:Non-Aggression Pact (1937)
1757:Khabarovsk Protocol (1929)
1665:Kyakhta (1727, 1768, 1792)
801:Then known as "Chinkiang".
765:Then known as "Newchwang".
484:and finalized on June 27.
29:
3191:Names of the Qing dynasty
2839:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2169:Dungan Revolt (1895ā1896)
2164:Gongche Shangshu movement
2109:Dungan Revolt (1862ā1877)
1958:Chinese Rites controversy
653:
346:
277:
235:
42:
32:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
3112:Great Qing Treasure Note
2932:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2642:Administrative divisions
2459:Administrative divisions
2387:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1736:Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)
1648:Russian and Qing empires
783:Then known as "Taashwi".
482:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
241:Traditional Chinese
143:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
2708:Chengde Mountain Resort
2509:Three Eastern Provinces
2159:First Sino-Japanese War
2134:Northern Chinese Famine
1993:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1891:Qing invasion of Joseon
1788:Border Agreement (1991)
1700:Saint Petersburg (1881)
1581:China Foreign Relations
729:Then known as "Canton".
404:in the Chinese capital
260:Simplified Chinese
3287:ChinaāFrance relations
3089:Great Qing Copper Coin
2977:Convention of Tientsin
2910:Annotated Bibliography
2858:Qing official headwear
1901:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1470:Reed, William Bradford
1250:American treaty (1858)
1133:American treaty (1858)
1109:American treaty (1858)
1018:American treaty (1858)
999:, Art. 2, 9, & 40.
987:, Art. XXIV & LIV.
970:American treaty (1858)
881:American treaty (1858)
646:ecclesiastical mission
217:National Palace Museum
3297:ChinaāRussia treaties
3163:Draft History of Qing
3022:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2803:performance criticism
2407:Imperial Commissioner
2397:Great Qing Legal Code
2196:Eight-Nation Alliance
2179:Third plague pandemic
2089:PuntiāHakka Clan Wars
2013:White Lotus Rebellion
1715:Boxer Protocol (1901)
1642:Sino-Russian treaties
1289:British treaty (1858)
1274:Russian treaty (1858)
1238:British treaty (1858)
1223:British treaty (1858)
1184:British treaty (1858)
1157:British treaty (1858)
1145:Russian treaty (1858)
1092:Russian treaty (1858)
1047:British treaty (1858)
985:British treaty (1858)
955:Russian treaty (1858)
940:Russian treaty (1858)
893:British treaty (1858)
869:Russian treaty (1858)
712:William Bradford Reed
659:(understood to mean "
474:William Bradford Reed
315:Tāien-chin Tāiao-yĆ¼eh
119:William Bradford Reed
3242:1858 in American law
3094:Great Qing Gold Coin
3027:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2972:Convention of Peking
2852:Pentaglot Dictionary
2834:Literary inquisition
2544:Ever Victorious Army
2377:Deliberative Council
2281:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2234:1905 Batang uprising
2174:Hundred Days' Reform
2064:Small Swords Society
1368:Cassel, PƤr (2012),
1301:French treaty (1858)
1262:French treaty (1858)
1196:French treaty (1858)
1169:French treaty (1858)
1159:, Art. XV & XVI.
1121:French treaty (1858)
1080:French treaty (1858)
997:French treaty (1858)
972:, Art. XV & XXX.
905:French treaty (1858)
488:American involvement
426:Convention of Peking
410:Christian missionary
382:Second French Empire
356:, also known as the
18:Treaties of Tientsin
3147:Anti-Qing sentiment
2997:Treaty of the Bogue
2937:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2869:Complete Tang Poems
2549:Green Standard Army
2432:Provincial governor
2402:Imperial Clan Court
2382:Diplomatic missions
2357:Consultative Bureau
2104:Tongzhi Restoration
1983:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1963:Ten Great Campaigns
1871:Jurchen unification
1589:American treaty in
1370:Grounds of Judgment
1330:Penn History Review
1171:, Art. 38 & 39.
818:and Yangtze Rivers.
702:Imperialism in Asia
596:extraterritoriality
557:, and (notionally)
521:Most-favored nation
39:
3032:Treaty of Tientsin
2743:Western Qing tombs
2738:Eastern Qing tombs
2564:Peking Field Force
2308:Manchu Restoration
2201:Declaration of war
2154:Jindandao incident
1973:Lhasa riot of 1750
1599:British treaty in
1341:Far Eastern Survey
957:, Art. 4 & 12.
354:Treaty of Tientsin
231:Treaty of Tientsin
38:Treaty of Tientsin
3219:
3218:
3130:
3129:
3042:Treaty of Whampoa
3037:Treaty of Wanghia
3012:Treaty of Nanking
2982:LiāLobanov Treaty
2957:Chefoo Convention
2952:Burlingame Treaty
2823:Kangxi Dictionary
2728:Old Summer Palace
2559:Firearm Battalion
2362:Cup of Solid Gold
2316:
2315:
2261:Manchurian plague
2224:Late Qing reforms
2215:(1901–1912)
2149:Sikkim expedition
2079:Panthay Rebellion
2049:Taiping Rebellion
2025:(1801–1900)
2003:Sino-Nepalese War
1948:DzungarāQing Wars
1934:(1683–1799)
1862:(1616–1683)
1808:
1807:
1690:Tarbagatai (1864)
615:Taiping Rebellion
531:Treaty of Nanjing
470:Yevfimiy Putyatin
402:foreign legations
358:Treaty of Tianjin
350:
349:
342:
341:
336:Tien-zin Tiau-yok
288:Standard Mandarin
226:
225:
107:Yevfimiy Putyatin
76:Haiguang Temple,
16:(Redirected from
3309:
3232:Unequal treaties
3196:New Qing History
3079:Qianlong Tongbao
3057:
3002:Treaty of Canton
2942:Unequal treaties
2748:Fuling Mausoleum
2347:Advisory Council
2276:Wuchang Uprising
2216:
2119:Tianjin Massacre
2084:Second Opium War
2026:
1988:Sino-Burmese War
1935:
1913:Battle of Penghu
1881:Seven Grievances
1863:
1856:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1655:Nerchinsk (1689)
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1585:
1577:Russian treaties
1554:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1464:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1411:
1373:
1364:
1332:25.2 (2018): 2.
1316:
1313:Johnstone (1937)
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1050:
1044:
1021:
1015:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
973:
967:
958:
952:
943:
937:
920:
917:Johnstone (1937)
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
857:
837:
834:
828:
825:
819:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
658:
657:
644:. The Russians'
574:Russian Orthodox
467:
453:
438:Xianfeng Emperor
422:Emperor of China
418:Second Opium War
394:unequal treaties
362:unequal treaties
338:
337:
317:
316:
303:
302:
279:
273:
272:
254:
253:
228:
203:
202:
191:
190:
179:
178:
167:
166:
141:
140:
129:
128:
117:
116:
105:
104:
47:
40:
21:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3211:Willow Palisade
3157:Chuang Guandong
3126:
3098:
3048:
3007:Treaty of Kulja
2992:Treaty of Aigun
2925:
2917:
2816:History of Ming
2768:
2762:
2700:
2694:
2620:Special regions
2615:
2554:Imperial Guards
2520:
2312:
2271:1911 Revolution
2217:
2214:
2207:
2184:Boxer Rebellion
2144:Sino-French War
2094:Amur Annexation
2039:First Opium War
2027:
2024:
2017:
1936:
1933:
1924:
1908:Great Clearance
1864:
1861:
1845:
1839:
1809:
1804:
1792:
1771:
1740:
1724:
1680:Tientsin (1858)
1643:
1640:
1603:, Vol. XXXIII:
1583:
1561:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1480:
1468:
1451:
1434:
1422:
1419:
1417:Primary sources
1414:
1392:10.2307/1947920
1377:
1367:
1353:10.2307/3023092
1347:(10): 111ā116.
1338:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1268:
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1016:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
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961:
953:
946:
938:
923:
915:
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903:
899:
891:
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879:
875:
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:
845:
840:
835:
831:
826:
822:
809:
805:
800:
796:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
769:
764:
760:
755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
720:
693:
680:
533:were joined by
512:
507:
490:
461:
447:
434:
301:TiÄnjÄ«n TiĆ”oyuÄ
197:
185:
173:
161:
135:
123:
111:
99:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
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3239:
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3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Kangxi Tongbao
3071:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Boxer Protocol
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2807:
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2790:
2783:
2778:
2772:
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2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
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2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Forbidden City
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2676:General of Ili
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:List of ambans
2656:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2456:
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2454:
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2439:
2434:
2429:
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2414:
2409:
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2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
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2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Margary Affair
2121:
2116:
2114:Mudan incident
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:Nian Rebellion
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1720:Qiqikar (1911)
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1695:Livadia (1879)
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1586:
1560:
1559:External links
1557:
1556:
1555:
1525:
1495:
1466:
1449:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1375:
1365:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1315:, p. 942.
1305:
1293:
1278:
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1254:
1242:
1227:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1173:
1161:
1149:
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1125:
1113:
1096:
1084:
1051:
1022:
1001:
989:
974:
959:
944:
921:
919:, p. 945.
909:
897:
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851:
849:
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841:
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829:
820:
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758:
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716:
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709:
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699:
697:Unequal treaty
692:
689:
679:
676:
675:
674:
667:
664:
649:
630:
607:
592:
570:
524:
511:
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489:
486:
433:
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396:, opened more
386:United Kingdom
378:Russian Empire
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282:Transcriptions
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209:
208:
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193:United Kingdom
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133:
121:
109:
97:
86:
82:
81:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
59:Unequal treaty
56:
52:
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3314:
3303:
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3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:1860 treaties
3255:
3253:
3252:1858 treaties
3250:
3248:
3247:1858 in China
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Manchu people
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Canton System
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Hubu Guanpiao
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
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3087:
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3010:
3008:
3005:
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3000:
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2988:
2985:
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2968:
2965:
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2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
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2943:
2940:
2938:
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2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2907:
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2904:
2900:
2898:
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2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:Society &
2765:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Summer Palace
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Mukden Palace
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:Palaces &
2697:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
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2655:
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2651:
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2647:
2643:
2640:
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2628:
2625:
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2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2605:
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2600:
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2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
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2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Eight Banners
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
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2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Grand Council
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
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2325:
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2259:
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2254:
2250:
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2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2212:20th century
2210:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2022:19th century
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
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1892:
1889:
1887:
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1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Peking (1898)
1708:
1706:
1705:Moscow (1896)
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Peking (1860)
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
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1623:
1618:
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1607:
1606:
1602:
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1526:
1522:
1516:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:on 2010-06-21
1462:
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1431:
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1421:
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1416:
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1389:
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1381:
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1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
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1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:, p. 62.
1209:
1208:Cassel (2012)
1204:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
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1134:
1129:
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1117:
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1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
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1093:
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1068:
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1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
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611:Yangtze River
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41:
33:
19:
3206:Treaty ports
3168:
3161:
3135:Other topics
3031:
2908:
2901:
2879:
2867:
2850:
2845:Peiwen Yunfu
2843:
2821:
2814:
2785:
2534:Beiyang Army
2516:Zongli Yamen
2372:Da-Qing Bank
2189:Red Lanterns
1842:Qing dynasty
1679:
1675:Aigun (1858)
1670:Kulja (1851)
1604:
1600:
1590:
1584:(in English)
1580:
1535:, retrieved
1529:
1505:, retrieved
1499:
1474:
1461:the original
1456:
1428:
1424:Bruce, James
1386:(5): 942ā8.
1383:
1379:
1369:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1322:Bibliography
1308:
1296:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1203:
1191:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1111:, Art. XXIX.
1087:
992:
912:
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888:
876:
864:
855:
832:
823:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
681:
603:
599:
517:treaty ports
510:Major points
491:
435:
400:, permitted
374:Qing dynasty
357:
353:
351:
330:Romanization
295:Hanyu Pinyin
3142:Aisin Gioro
3104:Paper money
2863:Qing poetry
2584:Wuwei Corps
2579:Shuishiying
2340:Family tree
1660:Bura (1727)
1240:, Art. III.
1020:, Art. XIV.
895:, Art. LVI.
883:, Art. XXX.
678:Definitions
642:closed city
462: [
448: [
221:Taipei City
85:Signatories
3226:Categories
2810:Four Wangs
2701:mausoleums
2654:Golden Urn
2627:Inner Asia
2604:Xiang Army
2574:Hushenying
2499:Liangguang
2479:Liangjiang
2417:Lifan Yuan
2322:Government
1593:, Vol. XII
1537:2023-09-08
1507:2019-11-27
1303:, Art. 14.
1291:, Art. LI.
1276:, Art. 10.
1252:, Art. II.
1186:, Art. IX.
1135:, Art. XI.
1123:, Art. 13.
1049:, Art. XI.
907:, Art. 42.
871:, Art. 12.
843:References
685:concession
578:Protestant
408:, allowed
388:, and the
364:signed at
309:WadeāGiles
213:Depositary
2632:Manchuria
2599:Huai Army
2589:Yong Ying
2474:Shaan-Gan
1930:High Qing
1876:Later Jin
1478:, Tianjin
1432:, Tianjin
1408:147155580
1264:, Art. 2.
1225:, Art. X.
1198:, Art. 7.
1147:, Art. 7.
1094:, Art. 8.
1082:, Art. 6.
942:, Art. 3.
848:Citations
661:barbarian
634:legations
619:Zhenjiang
527:Guangzhou
370:romanized
68:June 1858
3084:Hongqian
3053:Currency
2923:Treaties
2829:Kaozheng
2776:Booi Aha
2718:Hetu Ala
2671:Timeline
2666:Xinjiang
2637:Mongolia
2594:Chu Army
2569:New Army
2526:Military
2464:Viceroys
1565:American
1545:citation
1515:citation
1484:citation
1438:citation
691:See also
627:Jiujiang
604:residing
589:converts
547:Haicheng
519:by sea.
499:Shanghai
459:Huashana
454:and the
445:Guiliang
95:Huashana
91:Guiliang
78:Tientsin
73:Location
3069:Zhiqian
3061:Coinage
2798:Economy
2769:culture
2504:Yun-Gui
2494:Min-Zhe
2489:Sichuan
2484:Huguang
2330:Emperor
1851:History
1569:British
1400:1947920
1361:3023092
638:Beijing
586:Chinese
567:Yingkou
559:Nanjing
551:Penglai
543:Shantou
424:in the
406:Beijing
366:Tianjin
151:Parties
80:, China
2683:Taiwan
1859:Early
1844:topics
1608:(1859)
1595:(1863)
1575:, and
1573:French
1406:
1398:
1359:
1334:online
812:Hankou
600:travel
580:, and
563:Yantai
555:Tamsui
539:Haikou
535:Tainan
456:Mongol
442:Manchu
368:(then
205:France
169:Russia
65:Signed
2875:Queue
2793:Dibao
2649:Tibet
2469:Zhili
2352:Amban
1404:S2CID
1396:JSTOR
1357:JSTOR
718:Notes
671:taels
623:Wuhan
505:Terms
466:]
452:]
432:Dates
414:opium
323:Hakka
157:China
2611:Navy
2452:Ejen
2335:List
1551:link
1521:link
1490:link
1444:link
625:and
594:The
565:and
436:The
352:The
93:and
55:Type
1579:at
1388:doi
1349:doi
816:Han
636:in
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