242:. In the treaty signed on 11 January 1913, Mongolia and Tibet declared mutual recognition and allegiance. Both sides declared mutual relationships based on the "Yellow religion" (Gelug sect of Buddhism), obliged to provide aid each other against "internal and external enemies", declared free trade etc.(see for facsimile of Mongolian and Tibetan originals and for comments to text). The Mongolian representatives signing the treaty were foreign minister Da Lama Ravdan and commander-in-chief
258:, and Tibetan officials in Mongolia: Ngawang Choizin, Yeshe Gyatso and Gendun Kalsang. There existed some doubts to the validity of this treaty: the 13th Dalai Lama denied that he had authorized Dorjiev to negotiate political issues. It was supposed more important that neither the cleric nor the Tibetan government appeared to have ever ratified the treaty. Nevertheless, such ratification in that time monarchic Mongolia and Tibet was not necessary.
383:
The validity is often questioned, mainly on grounds of the authority of
Dorjiev to negotiate on behalf of Tibet... the fact that Dorjief was a Russian citizen while ethnically Tibetan somewhat compromises his role; the treaty had some advantages to Russia in that it could be interpreted as extending
276:
There are data that the treaty signed by Russia with
Mongolia in 1912 (i.e. before signing the treaty with Tibet) meant international recognition of Mongolia as a state which was not required a sanction from a third side; as a result, the treaty between Tibet and Mongolia is considered as de jure
261:
The
Russian government maintained that, as a Russian subject, Dorjiev could not possibly act in a diplomatic capacity on behalf of the Dalai Lama. Nevertheless, before signing the treaty, Dorjiev met in Mongolia I. Ya. Korostovets, Russian plenipotentiary in Urga, and told him that Tibet wants to
284:
continued to recognize at least the suzerainty of the
Republic of China over these areas. Russia and the UK were more comfortable with formally recognizing China's suzerainty and keeping an ambivalent position towards Mongolia and Tibet's independence. In addition, there was also a concern among
262:
come in treaties with
Mongolia and Russia. Korostovets, having mentioned that "Khlakha (Outer Mongolia) had just declared its independence, recognized by Russia", had no objections against conclusion of treaty between Mongolia and Tibet, but he was against a treaty of Tibet with Russia
285:
Russia and UK that recognizing
Tibetan or Mongolian independence would allow those areas to come under the other power's influence, respectively, a situation which all concerned believed to be worse than a situation in which those areas were nominally under the control of a weak China.
446:, New York, 1962, "In 1913 the Tibetan Government entered into a treaty with the Government of Mongolia. This entreaty was entered into under the authority of the Dalai Lama. By this treaty Tibet and Mongolia declare that they recognized each other as independent countries"
31:
301:, was signed by Mongolia, the Republic of China and Russia on 25 May 1915. The agreement affirmed Mongolia's complete autonomy in internal matters and Russian privileges in Mongolia, and at the same time formally recognized China's suzerainty over the country.
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297:, who feared that Russia might use the treaty to gain influence on Tibetan matters. While China ultimately did not sign the Simla Convention, a similar treaty, the tripartite
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declared their formal independence from China under theocratic heads of states, and both had had no success in gaining official recognition from the
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401:
Kuzmin, S.L. The Treaty of 1913 between
Mongolia and Tibet: new data. - Oriens (Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences), no 4, 2011, pp. 122—128
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In any case, the independence of both Tibet and
Mongolia continued being unrecognized in international law although Russia and the
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362:"Tibet - Mongolia Treaty of 1913, a proof of Tibet's independence: Interview with Prof. Elliot Sperling"
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The
Chinese government initialed but refused to ratify the Agreement. See Goldstein, Melvyn C.,
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News of the treaty aroused considerable suspicion amongst the
British negotiators at the
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Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet
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Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet
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553:
Mehra, Parshotam (1969). "The Mongol–Tibetan Treaty of January 11, 1913".
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was signed on 11 January 1913 (corresponding to 29 December 1912 of the
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There have been questions about the authority of a Tibetan negotiator,
568:"A geopolitical reading of the 1913 Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia"
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29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
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13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
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Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
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Russia's protectorate over Mongolia to encompass Tibet.
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Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
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Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
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541:English translation of the Treaty from Tibetan
1002:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
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381:Smith, Warren, "Tibetan Nation", p.186: "
65:in 1982, and in 2007 an original copy in
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18:Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913)
427:UK Foreign Office Archive: FO 371/1608;
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759:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
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408:
75:
27:1913 treaty between Mongolia and Tibet
840:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
456:Alexandrowicz, Charles Henry (2017).
7:
967:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
459:The Law of Nations in Global History
217:
526:The Fight For The Republic In China
508:Mongolia - Modern Mongolia, 1911-84
945:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
900:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
73:surfaced from Mongolian archives.
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982:Protests and uprisings since 1950
972:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
277:recognition of Tibet as a state.
1792:Treaties of Mongolia (1911–1924)
1090:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
1080:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1065:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1320:Patron and priest relationship
1286:Central Tibetan Administration
1095:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
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113:
99:
1:
1685:Historical and cultural sites
1050:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
360:Phurbu Thinley (2008-11-12).
218:Treaty's signing and validity
63:Mongolian Academy of Sciences
1025:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
418:, 1924, pp 150f, 228f, 304f.
1045:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
935:British expedition to Tibet
925:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
895:Battle of the Salween River
462:. Oxford University Press.
337:, Bonn 1999, p.119–122,380f
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870:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
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496:A History of Modern Tibet
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1040:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
992:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
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519:Treaty text quoted from
484:Simla Convention of 1914
244:Manlaibaatar DamdinsĂĽren
94:Traditional Chinese
1385:TAR People's Government
1345:Serfs' Emancipation Day
885:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
348:Geschichte der Mongolei
335:Geschichte der Mongolei
186:Mongol-Tövödiin geree
108:Simplified Chinese
1055:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
1009:Special Frontier Force
566:Miele, Matteo (2015).
416:Tibet Past and Present
184:Монгол-Төвөдийн гэрээ
57:This treaty's text in
39:
38:, with official seals.
34:The treaty written in
1428:Qinghai–Tibet railway
1423:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
1390:TAR People's Congress
1362:India–Tibet relations
1335:Independence movement
987:1959 Tibetan uprising
875:Battle of Dafei River
723:Era of Fragmentation
444:My Land and My People
189:á ®á Łá ©á á Łá Ż á ˛á Ąá Şá ˇá łâ€Żá ¦á ¨ á á ˇá ·á Žá ˇ
61:was published by the
33:
1736:Traditional medicine
950:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
771:Relations with Ming
741:Relations with Song
713:Relations with Tang
651:European exploration
510:, Country Studies US
350:, Bonn 1999, p. 380f
1380:Regional Government
1357:CIA Tibetan program
1340:Serfdom controversy
1224:Traditional regions
1075:Simla Accord (1914)
997:2008 Tibetan unrest
821:List of Qing ambans
766:Phagmodrupa dynasty
482:Treaty text of the
311:History of Mongolia
1694:(ceremonial scarf)
1665:Dzong architecture
1482:Imperial Preceptor
1352:Sovereignty debate
1298:Etymology of Tibet
910:Lhasa riot of 1750
905:Jinchuan campaigns
890:Battle of Dartsedo
808:Qing dynasty rule
751:Yuan dynasty rule
725:(9th–13th century)
521:B. L. Putnam Weale
254:, i.e. subject of
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915:Sino-Nepalese War
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828:Post-Qing to 1950
781:Rinpungpa dynasty
692:(7th–9th century)
498:, p75 for details
469:978-0-19-876607-0
346:Udo B. Barkmann,
333:Udo B. Barkmann,
299:Treaty of Kyakhta
265:According to the
240:Republic of China
224:Xinhai Revolution
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166:བོད་སོག་ཆིངས་ཡིག་
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131:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
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578:(1–02): 14–16.
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1638:sand mandala
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1564:Sinicization
1536:Panchen Lama
1531:Lhamo La-tso
1514:Ganden Tripa
1308:Human rights
1182:Grand Canyon
1162:Namcha Barwa
1155: /
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833:Tibetan Army
731:Guge kingdom
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366:. Retrieved
364:. Phayul.com
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228:Qing dynasty
226:against the
221:
201:
155:Tibetan name
138:Hanyu Pinyin
88:Chinese name
56:
43:
41:
1648:wall murals
1552:Catholicism
1136:Environment
810:(1720–1912)
773:(1368–1644)
753:(1270–1350)
674:(Neolithic)
672:Prehistory
222:During the
52:Ulaanbaatar
1786:Categories
1731:Tibetology
1700:Literature
1519:Dalai Lama
1372:Government
1330:Tibet Area
1325:Golden Urn
1291:Parliament
816:Lifan Yuan
743:(960–1279)
680:Zhangzhung
665:Chronology
561:(1): 1–22.
368:2008-11-13
322:References
1713:Chronicle
1675:Festivals
1487:Dpon-chen
1457:Languages
1452:Education
1201:Changtang
1143:Mountains
1110:Geography
1018:Documents
863:conflicts
715:(618–907)
634:Overviews
289:Aftermath
59:Mongolian
1771:Category
1655:Calendar
1589:Diaspora
1462:Religion
1266:Politics
1167:Tanggula
1157:Changtse
861:Wars and
736:Tsongkha
698:Timeline
641:Timeline
618:articles
305:See also
1755:Outline
1719:writers
1660:Cuisine
1625:thangka
1606:Culture
1579:Changpa
1494:Nyingma
1441:Society
1406:Economy
1241:Ăś-Tsang
1215:Valleys
1173:Rivers
1148:Kailash
708:Lönchen
690:Empire
626:History
230:, both
204:Dorjiev
161:Tibetan
36:Tibetan
1706:Annals
1670:Emblem
1632:tsakli
1504:Jonang
1153:Lhotse
1097:(2008)
796:Kashag
616:
576:XLVIII
466:
256:Russia
252:Buryat
212:Buryat
71:script
1762:Index
1726:Music
1691:Khata
1594:Names
1584:Yolmo
1557:Islam
1509:Gelug
1499:Kagyu
1477:Sakya
1280:(TAR)
1246:Ngari
1131:Fauna
1126:Flora
614:Tibet
232:Tibet
1680:Flag
1619:rugs
1541:list
1524:list
1313:LGBT
1236:Kham
1231:Amdo
464:ISBN
250:, a
234:and
114:蒙藏条约
100:蒙藏條約
69:and
1614:Art
1467:Bon
54:).
1788::
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523:,
407:^
391:^
273:.
214:.
42:A
606:e
599:t
592:v
559:3
472:.
386:"
371:.
20:)
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