Treaty of the Triple Alliance

197: 359:. Although Francisco Solano López of Paraguay did not trust the Blancos and did not sign an alliance with Uruguay, he nevertheless built up his strength. Because women had always grown the subsistence crops in Paraguay, all able bodied men aged 16–50 were available for service and, in March 1864, they were conscripted for "intensive" military training. By September 1864 López had an estimated 48,000–150,000 men on a war footing, more than any other power in the region. Wrote Thomas L. Whigham: "Paraguay was the only country in the region that could boast of its military preparedness and a full treasury". 795: 1459: 806:

burthen the transit and direct navigation of the merchantmen and vessels-of-war of the allied States proceeding to their respective territory, or to territory not belonging to Paraguay, and they will take suitable guarantees for the effectiveness of those arrangements on the base that those regulations of fluvial police, whether they be for those two rivers or likewise for the River Uruguay, shall be made by common accord between the allies and such other bordering States as shall, within the term to be agreed upon by the said allies, accept the invitation made to them.

1527: 92: 565:: each version gave prominence to its own nation, diplomatic representative and army by naming them first if possible. For example, in the Uruguayan version, Uruguay and its diplomat, Dr. de Castro, are mentioned before the much larger Brazil and Argentina and their representatives. Another example, in Article III (Uruguayan version) is that the role of the Uruguayan commander, Venancio Flores, is described before the role of the commander of the much larger Brazilian land forces. The reverse happens in the Brazilian version. 39: 1263: 208: 1120:

Paraguayan territory adjoining Argentina. Because Brazil had incomparably the biggest navy, however, they agreed that command of the naval forces should be conferred initially on the Brazilian admiral Joaquim Marques Lisboa, the Viscount of Tamandaré. The decisions, however, caused a lot of friction and dissension with the Uruguayans accusing Mitre of being overcautious and the Argentines accusing Brazil's navy of failing to cooperate with the army. It is discussed in

953: 1412:, sent a harshly-worded missive, excoriating Brazil for trying to negotiate privately with Paraguay. The Buenos Aires press misunderstood and exaggerated the extent of Brazil's breach of faith and claimed that war with Brazil was the only way of answering it. (In fact, Brazil and Paraguay signed four treaties in 1872, but none of them had any implications for the rights of Argentina; they dealt with extradition, commerce, and consular privileges). 355:, traditionally hostile to Brazil, and now alarmed because its bitter enemies had seized power in Buenos Aires too, felt itself to be acutely short of allies. It began a covert diplomatic campaign to turn Paraguay aggressively against Buenos Aires. This campaign, which continued through 1864, insinuated that Buenos Aires had designs on both Paraguay and Uruguay, who should make a warlike alliance, detach Argentine provinces and seize 1331:". With the intention of soothing him, de Castro gave him, in confidence, a complete copy of the treaty. However, Lettsom was not satisfied and wondered if confiscation of part of its territory was really better than a general annexation. He decided to send a copy to Lord Russell. The British government had for long been opposed to any sort of territorial concessions in Uruguay and, by extension, anywhere in the Plate region: 104: 1106: 186: 445: 573: 116: 2089:

of transferring their immense hatreds to the larger stage of the distracted Argentine Confederation... After a battle between the Argentine parties their Uruguayan allies would seek each other out for purposes of massacre and outrage... The connection between Argentines and Uruguayans was so close that in the wars of either country the principal chiefs of each fought or struggled in co-operation". (

368: 1478:

taking advantage of the fact that Paraguayan envoy Jaime Sosa was in Rio de Janeiro at the time. They signed the Tejedor-Sosa treaty, which called for the territory of Villa Occidental to be given to Argentina. The treaty was quickly rejected by the Paraguayan government. It seems that Tejedor and Sosa expected that outcome, but that Tejedor signed the treaty anyway to defy Brazil.

697: 1191:

territories; and like considerable parts of South America they were not really occupied by anyone other than aboriginal inhabitants. Brazil and Paraguay had been in dispute about the borders between Paraguay and the Mato Grosso; and large parts of the territories of the Chaco and the Misiones were in dispute between Paraguay and Argentina. Thus the territories were

2462:(the British diplomat at Buenos Aires), Argentine foreign minister Rufino de Elizalde told him Argentina had no wish to annex Paraguay, but hoped that in the long term Paraguay might voluntarily join the Argentine Confederation, as was contemplated by Article 13 of the Argentine Constitution; the Argentine Congress feared the Treaty provision might prevent this. 2138:, pp. 155–162: Describing his sources, Box wrote that the Uruguayan diplomat Juan José de Herrera, who was involved in the secret diplomatic manoeuvres, first as an envoy to Asunción and then as Uruguay's foreign minister, kept "a veritable mine of invaluable documents" relating to these intrigues; they were published in the twentieth century by his son. 644: 655: 1183:

motives on this point. Brazil and Argentina were traditional rivals, and neither wanted the other to absorb Paraguay. That this was so in the case of Brazil is demonstrated twice, not only when she insisted in this clause in the first place, but after winning the war, when she could easily have annexed Paraguay had she wished to do so.

383:

grievance. In April 1864 political agitation brought Brazilian anger to the boil. In May 1864 Brazil sent a diplomatic mission to Uruguay to demand reparations, accompanied by a naval squadron; Brazilian troops massed along the border. On 30 August 1864 Paraguay warned Brazil against military action in Uruguay, but this was ignored: the

1208:

war. This interpretation is supported by the words "in conformity with the foregoing article". The foregoing article (article 8) said that "the Paraguayan people may elect their own government and give it any institutions they make fit", which would not have been possible until López's overthrow—i.e., until the end of the war.

287:. Established near the mouth of the River Paraguay and known as the Gibraltar of South America, the fortress was the gateway to the country. However, it may have caused the Paraguayan government to feel itself invulnerable (wrongly, as it turned out), and it caused tension with Brazil. As explained by lieutenant colonel 2589:

The text available on Spanish Wikisource, as retrieved 28 November 2019, is not accurate: it lacks the preambles, for example, and omits the role of Venancio Flores and the Uruguayan forces in Article III. Even the version published on the Argentine Ministry of Justice's website as Ley 127 of 24 May

1450:

In April 1874, Uruguay, the junior partner of the alliance, negotiated a separate treaty of friendship with Paraguay, under the auspices of Brazil. Argentina broke off diplomatic relations with Uruguay. The American minister thought that if war broke out between Argentina and Brazil, Uruguay would be

1182:

This reiterated that the Allies bound themselves to respect the independence and sovereignty of the Paraguayan Republic, because the real enemy was the López regime. Although at the time some objected to this as a cynical manoeuvre, there is really little ground to doubt the sincerity of the Allies'

1143:

By this article the Allies pledged not to lay down their arms, unless by mutual consent, until they had abolished the López government, nor to treat separately with the enemy. This article has been criticised for making it difficult to negotiate peace. Indeed, after the initial enthusiasm, Argentina

825:

The allies will exact from this Government payment of the expenses of the war which they have seen themselves obliged to accept, as well as reparation and indemnification for the damages and injuries caused to their public and private properties, and to the persons of their citizens, without express

636:

Persuaded that the peace, security, and well-being of their respective nations is impossible while the actual Government of Paraguay exists, and that it is an imperious necessity, called for by the greatest interest, to cause that Government to disappear, respecting the sovereignty, independence, and

382:

However, as events transpired, López did not launch this force on Argentina, but on Brazil. Across the border in Uruguay lived many who claimed Brazilian nationality, and Brazil complained these people were being mistreated with the connivance of Uruguay's ruling Blanco party: it was a long-standing

2088:

There were frequent civil wars between the Blancos and Colorados of Uruguay, rival Argentine political factions backing each side. Likewise, rival Uruguayan factions supplied military support to each side in the Argentine civil wars. Wrote Pelham Horton Box: "Blancos and Colorados were in the habit

1490:

On 9 January 1872, Paraguay and Brazil signed a treaty in which Paraguay recognized, as debt to Brazil, all damages caused to Brazilian people and cities at an interest of 6% with an annual amortization of 1%. Paraguay opened up all of its waterways, the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, to Brazilian trade

1229:

By this article the allies agreed the boundaries that would result from their victory in the war. Subject to the later Hayes arbitration (which awarded the Chaco north of the Pilcomayo river to Paraguay), and subject to the territorial dispute between Paraguay and Bolivia (which was resolved by the

805:

The present Government of Paraguay being overthrown, the Allies will proceed to make the necessary arrangements with the authority constituted, to insure the free navigation of the Rivers Parana and Paraguay, in such manner that the regulations or laws of that Republic shall not obstruct, hinder nor

342:

of a military medical corps who trained Paraguayan medical students. Thus Paraguay became an important regional power. However, as noted by John Hoyt Williams, "the dizzying speed with which his nation was 'modernized' and strengthened tempted López to flex his new muscle and seek an ever-expanding,

263:

a region which needed only peaceful intercourse and open rivers for rapid economic growth to transform the lives of its inhabitants. Unfortunately, after the onset of the independence era those conditions seldom offered themselves for more than a few years at a time. Wars and political and economic

1546:

The Argentine-Paraguay territorial disputes in the Chaco were resolved as follows. The portion south of the main Pilcomayo riverbed was assigned to Argentina. The portion north of the Verde River (23° 10' Latitude South) was assigned to Paraguay. The central portion was submitted to arbitration.

1455:, where there was considerable opposition to the government in Buenos Aires and were virtually self-governing, would break away. He would not be surprised if, under Brazilian influence, there was formed "a new Riverine Republic... would be composed of Uruguay, Entre Rios, Corrientes and Paraguay". 1207:

An objection against Article 9 was that the guarantee was only for 5 years, which was practically meaningless since the war lasted for 5 years anyway. However, the Allies were not to know this in 1865. Besides, another interpretation is that the 5 years would begin to run at the conclusion of the

872:

The allies guarantee to each other reciprocally the faithful fulfilment of the agreements, arrangements, and Treaties that are to be celebrated with the Government that shall be established in Paraguay, in virtue of what is agreed upon by the present Treaty of Alliance, which shall always remain in

773:

The allies oblige themselves to respect the independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Republic of Paraguay. Consequently, the Paraguayan people may choose their Government and give to themselves the Institutions they please, not incorporating it nor asking for a Protectorate under

707:

The operations of the war being to commence in the territory of the Argentine Republic, or on a part of Paraguayan territory bordering on the same, the command in chief and the direction of the allied armies remains entrusted to the President of the Argentine Republic, General-in-chief of its army,

2667:

The order in which the signatures appear is explained as follows. There were three original copies of the Treaty, one being retained by Brazil, one by Argentina, and one by Uruguay. According to diplomatic usage each copy would name its own country first. This corroborates the fact that the copy

1522:

The Treaty of Peace, Commerce and Navigation was signed on 13 December 1873, between Paraguay and Uruguay. As with the Brazilian treaty, Paraguay recognized the expenses, damages, and detriments of the Uruguayan campaign. Both governments also committed to return all prisoners of war and to reopen

1173:

would be admitted to join the Allies. It has been objected that the Paraguayan Legion were traitors to their country, but there can be no doubt that the López government was a dictatorship with an emigrée opposition. A different objection is that Paraguayan prisoners of war were forced to join the

299:

Paraguay made all vessels anchor and ask permission before they could pass up the river. As this was the only practicable road which Brazil had to her province of Matto-Grosso , she naturally disapproved of her stoppage of the river, and gradually accumulated large military stores in Matto-Grosso,

2232:"While Brazil had a huge national guard, that force was poorly equipped, untrained, and effectively useless – when the war began, the government created a new army rather than rely on the guard – and the standing army was a small, ill-trained force that consisted largely of press-ganged vagrants: 1477:

In 1875, Emperor Pedro II of Brazil decided to try to prevent a war with Argentina by taking up the matter with Tejedor himself. Matters seemed to be progressing well until Tejedor suddenly left Brazil. It appeared that Tejedor had been negotiating Argentina's own unilateral treaty with Paraguay,

1374:

The war was a catastrophe for Paraguay, which on a conservative estimate lost between a quarter and a half of its population. Despite Article XIV's stipulations on indemnities, Paraguay's bankruptcy meant that the expenses of the war were irrecoverable and so the demands were eventually dropped.

1353:

seemed inclined to do the same. On the other hand, when the treaty was published in a Paraguayan weekly, many people were convinced that López was right to wage war with the Allies and that "Paraguay was compelled to fight for her very existence." Thompson noted that "it gave me a further zest to

897:

In testimony whereof, the Undersigned Plenipotentiaries of his Excellency the Provisional Governor of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, of His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, and of his Excellency the President of the Argentine Republic, in virtue of our full powers, do sign this Treaty and do

892:

The stipulations of this Treaty which do not require legislative authorization for their ratification, shall begin to take effect so soon as they are approved by the respective Governments, and the others from the exchange of the ratifications, which shall take place within the term of forty days

483:

Because Argentina and Brazil were traditional enemies, Brazil did not trust Argentine intentions in the River Plate basin. Otaviano thought the Argentine government meant to get aid from Brazil without assuming any obligations so that once the conflict was over, it could reincorporate Paraguayan

410:

Paraguay, difficult of access, might have resisted Brazilian retaliation for a long time, but now it took a step that was to give Brazil what it had lacked hitherto: a good forward base from which to attack it. It did so by invading Argentina. On 14 January 1865, the Paraguayan government asked

309:

Furthermore, immense territories were disputed. Not effectively occupied by anyone, except the aboriginal inhabitants, they had no obvious international boundaries. There was a boundary dispute between Brazil and Paraguay going back to colonial times, and there were large areas in dispute between

1481:

In the end Brazil and Argentina resolved their differences because " had both learned from past experience that even a successful war would end in national financial disaster". In December 1876 they signed an agreement by which the island of Cerrito was ceded to Argentina, the Chaco south of the

1203:

Still on the theme that the war was really against the López regime, this article provided that the Allies would collectively guarantee the independence of Paraguay for five years. In nineteenth century international practice a Power that guaranteed the independence of a country was agreeing to

876:

In order to obtain this result they do agree that, in the case that one of the High Contracting Parties should be unable to obtain from the Government of Paraguay the fulfilment of what is agreed upon, or that this Government should attempt to annul the stipulations adjusted with the Allies, the

854:

The Empire of Brazil shall be divided from the Republic of Paraguay on the side of the Parana by the first river below the Salto de las Siete Cahidas, which, according to the recent map by Manchez, is the Igurey, and from the mouth of the Igurey and its course upwards until reaching its sources.

733:

Although the High Contracting Parties are agreed not to change the field of the operations of war, nevertheless in order to preserve the sovereign rights of the three nations, they do agree from this time, on the principle of reciprocity for the command in chief, in the event of those operations

722:

The land forces of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, a division of the Argentine forces, and another of the Brazilian forces to be designated by their respective superior chiefs, will form an army under the immediate orders of the Provisional Governor of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay,

226:

Although the Empire of Brazil and Argentina were traditional enemies, they, together with Uruguay, united against Paraguay in 1865. The causes of the war were various and have been hotly disputed by modern writers, and have even been traced back to territorial disputes between Portugal and Spain

1119:

By this article the Allies agreed to confer the overall command of the land forces on president Bartolomé Mitre of Argentina initially, even though the Brazilian military resources were much larger, mainly because the initial campaign would have to take place in Argentine territory, and then in

479:

since there was no telegraph link with that capital. His general instructions had been that Paraguay should have to pay for the war, the Humaitá fortifications must be destroyed to guarantee freedom of navigation, and a boundary treaty must be signed with Paraguay according to certain Brazilian

1542:

A treaty was signed on 3 February 1876, between Paraguay and Argentina. In it, Paraguay recognized all war expenses, damages, and detriments caused to Argentine public and private property, though they were never paid (see above). The Paraguay, Paraná, and Uruguay rivers were also reopened to

1303:

That said, some provisions of the Treaty were obvious at the time or easy to guess (such as that there was some sort of alliance against López) and others were less so (such as the precise extent to which Argentina's territorial claims were to be vindicated). Confusion arose because all of the

1295:

Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, which committed the three countries to a war to remove Solano López.... The Treaty as published declared that the Allies would respect the independence of Paraguay... The Treaty also contained secret clauses which foresaw

1237:

Note that, by the second indent of this Article, Argentina was supposed to receive territory on the right bank of the River Paraguay (i.e. in the Gran Chaco) all the way up to Bahia Negra. That is about 600 km to the north of the present boundary at the Pilcomayo river. For the reasons

1190:

of Paraguay, because they meant to help themselves to large portions of Paraguayan territory. However, this objection presupposes that those territories were, in international law, Paraguayan, when in fact they had long been in dispute. No third-party State recognised anyone's claim to those

2898:

for damages suffered by them personally during the War. The latter were adjudicated by the Paraguayan-Argentine Mixed Commission and the Paraguayan-Brazilian Mixed Claims Commission, which awarded damages totalling approximately 10 million Swiss francs for Argentine and Brazilian citizens,

755:

The allies pledge themselves solemnly not to lay down their arms unless by common accord, nor until they have overthrown the present Government of Paraguay, nor to treat with the enemy separately, nor sign any Treaty of peace, truce, armistice, or Convention whatsoever for putting an end or

632:

The two last, finding themselves at war with the Government of Paraguay by its having been declared against them in fact by this Government, and the first in a state of hostility, and its internal security menaced by the said Government, which violated the Republic, solemn Treaties, and the

1513:

The last and definite treaty was signed on 21 May 1927, in Rio de Janeiro. A complement to the first treaty, it established that the limit between both countries was the riverbed of the Paraguay river from the mouth of the Apa River with the Paraguay River up to its mouth in Bahía Negra.

2265:, p. 6). Northern Uruguay was a lawless area and there were frequent complaints of beheadings, burnings, forced conscriptions, and other atrocities. Brazil complained that the Uruguayan government did not do enough to prevent them, indeed that some officials were complicit: 1045:. In Argentina, it was ratified by the Senate and the House of Representatives in secret session on 24 May 1865 but subject to a little-known exception. Instruments of ratification were exchanged between Argentina and Brazil on 12 June and between Argentina and Uruguay on 13 June. 1430:

of Argentine territory located entirely in Uruguayan territorial waters. At the time, however, it was a longstanding bone of contention, being disputed between Argentina and Uruguay (backed by Brazil). Its location off the Uruguayan coast near the mouths of the Rivers Paraná and

1509:

On 16 January 1872, another treaty was signed for the release of all deserters, prisoners, and war criminals. Two days later a new treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation was signed. By the 7 January 1874 protocol, the Estrella stream was considered the Apa River's source.

231:(1494). "Indeed the Paraguayan War was just the last chapter in a two-century conflict between the Spanish and Portuguese over the region". But for the purposes of this article, it may be enough to outline the geopolitical situation and the immediate antecedents of the treaty. 488:. Accordingly, Otaviano insisted that the Treaty of the Triple Alliance guarantee the independence of Paraguay. This did not go down well with Argentina, which insisted on receiving its Misiones and Chaco territorial claims in full, all the way up to the Bolivian border. 528:, near the Bolivian border. After the War of the Triple Alliance, by a long-drawn out process, Brazil managed to prevent Argentina from getting territory to the north of the Pilcomayo, and that river is still the international boundary between the Argentine province of 842:

In order to avoid the discussions and wars which questions of boundaries involve, it is established that the allies shall exact from the Government of Paraguay that it celebrate definitive boundary Treaties with their respective Governments upon the following basis:–

787:

It is agreed between the High Contracting Parties that the exemptions, privileges, or concessions which they may obtain from the Government of Paraguay, shall be common to all gratuitously, if they be gratuitous, and with the same compensation if they be conditional.

829:

The Oriental Republic of the Uruguay will likewise exact an indemnification proportioned to the damage and injury caused to it by the Government of Paraguay through the war into which it is forced to enter to defend its security threatened by that Government.

970:

1. That in fulfilment of the Treaty of Alliance of this date, the fortifications of Humaitá shall be caused to be demolished, and it shall not be permitted that others of an equal nature should be erected, which might impede the faithful execution of that

1216:

This article provided that Paraguay would pay an indemnity for the war, which was criticized for being excessively harsh. But at the war's end, Paraguay was in no position to pay any indemnities, which were ultimately cancelled, nothing having been paid.

865:

In the interior from the summits of the mountain of Maracayú, the streams on the east belonging to Brazil, and those on the west to Paraguay, and drawing lines as straight as possible from the said mountain to the sources of the Apa and of the Igurey.

318:. Then, there were no obvious and accepted principles according to which they might have been resolved, and no established practice of international arbitration existed. In international law victory in war was a recognised way of acquiring territory. 3373:

Ministério das Relaćōes Exteriores (Brazil) (1872). "Correspondence between the Brazilian and Argentine governments respecting the treaties concluded between Brazil and the Republic of Paraguay and the withdrawal of troops from the Island of Atajo".

1084:

Argentina's refusal to ratify the Protocol came to light when it and Brazil were disputing the meaning and effect of the treaty, and the Brazilian government published some of the correspondence. (See Conflict between Argentina and Brazil, below.)

515:

to blockade Paraguay if necessary. Otaviano's terms were severely criticised, but he claimed that the situation in 1865 was so critical that if Argentina had wanted to take advantage of it "we would have given them twice, or three times as much."

435:

of Uruguay, which by now had come into power. The three countries had been accustomed to thinking about Paraguay as a backward upstart and were outraged. Their foreign ministers met in Buenos Aires and negotiated the Treaty of the Triple Alliance.

338:) was disrespecting it. Paraguay imported some 200 foreign technicians, mostly British, and developed an iron foundry, an arsenal, a shipyard, a telegraph and a railway. This modernisation was military-oriented. It also imported from Britain the 1056:

In 1872, historian Louis Schneider wrote that the allies did not ratify all of the clauses of the Treaty but without further specifying. However, in a note published in the Portuguese translation of Schneider's work (1902), the Brazilian diplomat

1442:

As a result, Brazil reinforced its fleet in the River Plate. Argentina began to acquire war materiel and to buy warships. The American minister in Rio de Janeiro also thought that Argentina was behind an unsuccessful attempt to topple president

1088:

It was never determined whether the Argentine legislature's refusal to ratify Article 1 of the Protocol was effective according to the law of nations or whether it was ineffective because it was not communicated to Brazil in a timely manner.

1220:

Paraguay successfully argued that if Paraguay had to pay indemnities, it would indicate, contrary to the Allies' claim, that the war was against the nation of Paraguay rather than López, the former president and instigator of the war.

976:

2. That it being one of the measures necessary to guarantee peace with the Government that shall be established in Paraguay not to leave arms or elements of war, those that are met with shall be divided in equal shares between the

1562:

The 1864–1870 war eventually settled the boundary disputes in the Chaco, but not between Paraguay and Bolivia, which continued to fester. In 1931 Bolivian oil hunger caused its military to invade the disputed area, leading to the

964:

THEIR Excellencies the Plenipotentiaries of the Argentine Republic, of the Oriental Republic, of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, and of his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil being assembled at the Department for Foreign Affairs,

2848:

At least, the Allies collectively. There were currents in Argentina who would indeed have liked to absorb Paraguay, but Brazil was resolutely opposed to this. Her traditional policy in the River Plate was to undermine Argentine

1246:

The treaty was to be secret until its principal object had been fulfilled. Secret treaties, though they went out of fashion after the First World War, and are now regarded as unwise, were commonplace in the nineteenth century.

1204:

protect it by force should it be threatened. Bearing in mind the traditional rivalry and suspicion between Brazil and Argentina, what this signified was that if one threatened Paraguay the other would come to Paraguay's aid.

524:. The Pilcomayo flows through the Gran Chaco into the right bank of the River Paraguay (see map), but Argentina's claim to the Chaco went far north of that. Indeed, according to Article XVI it was to receive territory up to 1419:, a settlement in the Central Chaco, to the north of the Pilcomayo River. The Central Chaco was an area claimed by Paraguay and Argentina but had been given to Argentina by Article XVI of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. 780:

The independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of the Republic of Paraguay will be guaranteed collectively in conformity with the foregoing Article by the High Contracting Parties during the period of five years.

1392:

At the end of the war, a provisional government was set up in Paraguay, under the auspices of the Allies. Paraguay continued to be occupied by Allied troops, chiefly Brazilian. Additionally, Brazilian forces occupied the

596:. The British government ordered it to be printed and laid before both houses of Parliament, the text of which is reproduced in this article. It is the version utilised in most scholarly accounts in the English language. 846:

The Argentine Republic shall be divided from the Republic of Paraguay by the Rivers Parana and Paraguay, until meeting the boundaries of the Empire of Brazil, these being on the right margin of the River Paraguay, the

1148:, winner of the 1868 presidential election on an anti-war platform, did try to bring about Argentina's unilateral withdrawal — Article VI or not. But he was unable to do so, in part because of anti-López sentiment. 1238:

explained in the second section of this Article, from the moment the Treaty was signed Brazil set out to frustrate Argentina's claim to this territory, and succeeded. For a detailed account see Warren, chapter 10.

610:

A German version was published in Schneider, 1872, and can be downloaded. However, it is not a direct translation from either Portuguese or Spanish, but a translation of the English (British parliamentary) text.

1469:

In 1875, Argentina started fortifying Martín García Island again, which the U.S. saw as a full treaty violation, threatening free navigation: "The problem was compounded by the appearance of two new Argentine

766:

all the citizens of that nation who may choose to concur to overthrow the said Government, and will furnish them with all the elements they may require, in the form and under the conditions to be agreed upon.

1680:

Even in 1929 there were almost no paved or hard-surfaced roads in Argentina, outside of towns; nearly all were dirt roads, originally created by oxcarts, impassable to motor vehicles after a single downpour:

1506:; from the Guairá Falls, by the summit of the Mbaracayu Range and later by Amambay's up to Apa River's source, from where it follows its riverbed down to its mouth on the eastern shore of the Paraguay River. 1156:

As foreshadowed in Article 6, this stipulated that the enemy was the Paraguayan government (i.e., López) rather than the country of Paraguay. (The concept was not without precedent in international affairs.

818:

The allies will appoint in due season the Plenipotentiaries required to celebrate the arrangements, Conventions or Treaties that may have to be made with the Government that shall be established in Paraguay.

474:

The Paraguayan attack on Argentine territory (13 April) precipitated the Brazil-Argentina alliance so that the 40-year old Otaviano had to negotiate its terms on the spot, without specific instructions from

519:

The Section of Foreign Affairs said that as it was now too late to renegotiate the treaty, the best way out, despite what it said, was that Argentina must not obtain "a handbreadth of territory" above the

1335:

The text of the Treaty seemed to violate long-established diplomacy in the region. The British government decided to ignore Lettsom's promises of discretion, and hastened to publish the entire treaty...

176:

After the defeat of Paraguay in 1870, Brazil and Argentina, who were traditional enemies, hovered on the brink of mutual warfare for six years because of disputes and misunderstandings about the treaty.

2015:"Though unique in many respects, the government's industrialization program was strictly limited to military concerns and could do little to create the infrastructure necessary for 'a new Paraguay'": 668:

His Excellency the Emperor of Brazil: his Excellency Senhor Dr F. Octaviano de Almeida Rosa, of his Council, Deputy to the General Legislative Assembly and Officer of the Imperial Order of the Rose;

499:

When the Brazilian government discovered what Otaviano had negotiated, particularly his concessions toward Argentina, it was not pleased, and the terms of the treaty were strongly criticised by the

1081:. What was objectionable, for Argentina, was not that the Humaitá fortifications should be demolished, but the stipulation that no similar ones should be built even after the overthrow of López. 1422:

Argentina sent former president Bartolomé Mitre to Brazil to help to restore good relations, and by late 1873 the tension seemed to be over. However, it was not long before Argentina fortified

684:

The Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, and the Argentine Republic unite in offensive and defensive Alliance in the war provoked by the Government of Paraguay.

1065:

There only was not approved by the Argentine Congress the clause relating to the fortifications, and this lack of approbation, kept secret, was only communicated to Brazil long after the war.

665:

His Excellency the Provisional Governor of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay: his Excellency Doctor Carlos de Castro, his Minister Secretary of State in the Department of Foreign Affairs;

1554:, who awarded Central Chaco to Paraguay in 1878. The Argentine army left in May 1879. In gratitude, Paraguay renamed the department as "Presidente Hayes" and the capital as "Villa Hayes". 1367:

It took nearly a year to expel Paraguayan troops from allied territory. In April 1866 the allies invaded Paraguay. Eventually, after four years of warfare – in most of which they were

633:

international usages of civilised nations and committed unjustifiable acts after having disturbed the relations with its neighbours by the most abusive and aggressive proceedings:

2126:, Paraguay's attitude to Buenos Aires, though usually unfriendly, was always firm, cautious and defensive. Thus Paraguay's traditional policy was to keep out of regional disputes. 812:

The allies reserve to themselves to concert the measures most suitable in order to guarantee peace with the Republic of Paraguay after the overthrow of the present Government.

1339:

The treaty was published in March 1866 and denounced in the London newspapers. The news reached South America some weeks later and created an avalanche of adverse publicity.

511:, which advised that the treaty was disadvantageous to Brazil in several ways by making it too easy for Argentina to annex Paraguay at some future date and too hard for the 1498:

The borders between Paraguay and Brazil were established in three different treaties. In the treaty signed on 9 January 1872, the limits were set to be the riverbed of the

2611:

For the sake of clarity, colons have been used to introduce the plenipotentiaries, but in the original translation as laid before the House of Commons, commas were used.

1097:

To this day, South America continues to debate the merits (or lack thereof) of specific treaty articles. In particular, Articles III, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XIV, and XVIII.

749:

The High Contracting Parties will afford mutually all the assistance or elements which they may have, and which the others may require, in the form to be agreed upon.

503:

opposition. The general belief in Brazil was that it did not need an alliance with Argentina to beat Paraguay, only that Argentina should keep out of the way. Emperor

1401: 1234:), the boundaries are those which exist now. The lower part of the Mato Grosso belongs to Brazil. The provinces of Formosa, Chaco and Misiones belong to Argentina. 394:

as it was steaming up the River Paraguay on its routine monthly voyage to the Mato Grosso. It proved to be carrying military stores. Paraguayan armies proceeded to

4406: 716: 1280:

must be demolished and that "it shall not be permitted that others of an equal nature should be erected, which might impede the faithful execution of the Treaty."

467:

region. Paraguay was at war with Brazil but had not yet attacked Argentina. Some of his instructions were to bolster the Uruguayan government of the pro-Brazilian

3953:

Der Krieg der Triple-Allianz (Kaiserthum Brasilien, Argentinische Conföderation und Republik Banda Oriental del Uruguay) gegen die Regierung der Republik Paraguay

259:

province. These rivers were of crucial importance to landlocked Paraguay, to Brazil and to the trade of some Argentine provinces. It was, as wrote D.S. Chandler

4416: 4212:

Whigham, Thomas L.; Kraay, Hendrik (2004). "Introduction: War, Politics and Society in South America, 1820s–60s". In Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas L. (eds.).

1195:, and in the nineteenth century it was not surprising that, if there was to be a war, the victor should occupy territories in dispute as the spoils of victory. 549:

Following the diplomatic usage of the era, the treaty has three different versions. There are no significant differences but the sequence of passages may vary.

569:

Thus, a precise label of a particular provision might require one to say, for example, "Article III, third indent (Uruguayan version)" (as the case might be).

743:

The pay, victuals, munitions of war, arms, clothing, equipment, and means of transport of the allied troops will be for the account of the respective States.

4411: 1731:

By a geographical quirk, Brazil had no practical access to its Mato Grosso province – a land as big as Germany – except by the Paraná-Paraguay river route:

1053:

The legislature of the Argentine Republic did not fully ratify Article I of the Protocol to the Treaty, which omission was kept secret until after the war.

640:

Have resolved with this object to celebrate a Treaty of Alliance offensive and defensive, and thereto have appointed to be their Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

1291:

Some writings on the Paraguayan war may give the impression that certain special clauses of the Treaty were secret but that others were not. For example:

388: 1254:, Thomas Hutchinson, thought that the "principal object" referred to the demolition of the Fortress of Humaitá, though not mentioned until the Protocol. 1144:

had a strong antiwar party and had it not been for Brazil, it is possible that Argentina might have opted to negotiate peace. As against that, however,

727: 1482:

Pilcomayo River went to Argentina, the northern Chaco was left to Paraguay, and the Central Chaco was to be arbitrated between Argentina and Paraguay.

629:

The Government of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, the Government of his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, and the Government of the Argentine Republic:

4451: 2171:

It was so intensive that, according to George Thompson (who became a lieutenant colonel in the Paraguayan army), 6,000 men died on these manoeuvres:

32:

Treaty of Triple Alliance celebrated the 1st of May 1865 between the Empire of Brazil, the Republic of Argentina and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay

4436: 1300:

However, under Article 18 of the treaty, all of its clauses were equally secret. None of them was public, and all have been given in this article.

1058: 330:, Carlos Antonio López's son, Paraguay built up its military forces because it thought that the outside world (in particular Brazil, Argentina, the 4446: 880:

If these exertions should be useless, the allies will concur with all their means in order to make effective the execution of what is stipulated.

1408:

to negotiate a separate treaty with Paraguay without any explanation to Argentina or Uruguay. Argentina was infuriated and its foreign minister,

173:, its articles (plus a Protocol) prescribed the allies' actions both during and after the war. The war led to the near-annihilation of Paraguay. 1567:. There turned out to be no oil worth fighting over. The Paraguay-Bolivia boundaries were not finally resolved until a treaty of 28 April 2009. 1397:, an island near the mouth of the Paraguay River that was claimed by Argentina but which had served as Brazil's main naval base during the war. 2119: 192:

The free navigation of the rivers Paraná and Paraguay had long been disputed by contending powers. (The boundaries shown here are present day.)

3873: 3854: 2983:, p.2: "The details of the Treaty are, it is true, not made public as yet, but many persons conceive they know what are its chief provisions." 1718:

As late as 1960 Paraguay depended "almost completely on the Paraguay-Paraná rivers for the transport of freight" and its international trade:

4299: 4259: 3556: 4231:

Whigham, Thomas L. (2004). "The Paraguayan War: A Catalyst for Nationalism in South America". In Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas L. (eds.).

2894:

War indemnities (claimed by Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, but never paid, and eventually cancelled) should be distinguished from claims by

3801: 2590:

1865, as retrieved 28 November 2019, lacks the Preamble, contains a misprint and wrongly implies the Protocol was ratified by the Congress:

2223:, p. 6: 28,000–57,000 men plus reserves of 20,000–28,000 – "that is to say, virtually the entire adult male population was under arms" 1371:– they overthrew the government of López, who was killed in battle. As required by the Protocol, they razed the Fortress to the ground. 836:

In a special Convention shall be determined the manner and form of liquidating and paying the debt proceeding from the aforesaid causes.

826:

declaration of war, and for the damages and injuries committed subsequently in violation of the principles which govern the laws of war.

607:

The Argentine version, as published in a 1884 reprint of the Registro Nacional, may be downloaded. Defective versions circulate online.

726:

The land forces of His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil will form an army under the immediate orders of their General-in-Chief, Brigadier

3718: 592:, the British minister at Montevideo, who, on 27 June, forwarded a translation of the Uruguayan version to British Foreign Secretary 415:, which was refused. On 13 April, Paraguayan ships fired upon and seized two Argentine naval vessels moored in the Argentine port of 4240: 4221: 4202: 4117: 3921: 3778: 3759: 3347: 2668:

leaked to the British government − the one published in most learned writings – came from de Castro, the Uruguayan representative.

1739:, p. 26). The overland journey from coastal Brazil ran through bad country and would have taken 3 months by horse-drawn cart: 471:, to see how Uruguay might co-operate in the war against Paraguay, and to stop the Argentine government from making any obstacles. 3472: 1296:

fundamental adjustments in Paraguay's borders after the war.... Paraguay would be reduced to a quarter of its existing territory."

703:

Ferried by the Brazilian navy, Argentine troops land at Curuzú. The brunt of the military effort was borne by Brazilian soldiers.

374:

was a cause of the war. Brazilian prisoners caricatured as hideous Afro-Americans in a Paraguayan government propaganda cartoon (

3450:

Chandler, D.S. (1992). "The Politics of River Trade: Tradition and Development in the Upper Plata, 1780–1870 by Thomas Whigham".

20: 794: 4060:

The War In Paraguay: With a Historical Sketch of the Country and Its People and Notes Upon the Military Engineering of the War

552:

The treaty was celebrated (made) at Buenos Aires on 1 May 1865, and each country had its own version, with these differences:

3537: 1327:, had asked Uruguayan Foreign Minister Carlos de Castro directly whether the allies planned to partition Paraguay "like some 1078: 1074: 678:

Who after having exchanged their respective credentials, which were found to be in good and due form, did agree as follows:-

593: 485: 215: 431:

Paraguay had now made war on the much more populous Empire of Brazil, on Argentina (also more populous), and threatened the

196: 2386:

Before the war Brazil's population was about 10 million; Argentina's, about 1.5 million; Paraguay's, possibly 300–400,000:

1131:

Venancio Flores, whose function was to hurry ahead through the eastern part of the province of Corrientes, as described in

3507:(4). Oxford University Press on behalf of Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History: 783–758. 982:

3. That the trophies and booty that may be taken from the enemy shall be divided between the allies who make the capture.

690:

The allies will contribute with all the means they can dispose of by land or on the rivers according as may be necessary.

893:

counted from the date of the said Treaty, or sooner, if it be possible, which shall be done in the city of Buenos Ayres.

343:

activist role in international affairs". López became ruler of Paraguay in September 1862 after the death of his father.

1526: 456: 4381: 3667:

Kleinpenning, Jan M.G. (2002). "Strong Reservations about 'New Insights into the Demographics of the Paraguayan War'".

987:

4. That the Chiefs in command of the allied armies shall concert measures to carry what is here agreed on into effect.

873:

its full force and vigour to the effect that these stipulations be respected and executed by the Republic of Paraguay.

4172:

Whigham, Thomas Lyle (1981). "Review: The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870 by John Hoyt Williams".

2236:, p. 9. In 1864 the Argentine army was not even strong enough to protect frontier communities from Indian raids: 1601: 1409: 1389:

Argentina and Brazil were on the brink of war between 1870 and 1876 because of treaty disputes and misunderstandings.

654: 533: 500: 4039: 3567: 4421: 4154: 3951: 2459: 1423: 1145: 356: 288: 239:

In the middle of the 19th century, vast tracts of South America were undeveloped, railways were few and short, and

219: 4309:

Williams, John Hoyt (1980). "The Undrawn Line: Three Centuries of Strife on the Paraguayan-Mato Grosso Frontier".

3393:"La guerra del Paraguay a través de la memoria de sus actores: el proyecto historiográfico de Estanislao Zeballos" 3336: 1709:, p. 431. In 1935, noted Lindsay, 1,000 ton ships of 4 to 6 feet draft steamed from Buenos Aires to Corumbá. 1586: 1379: 327: 251:

rivers. Using the Paraná-Paraguay system, quite large ships could steam 1,870 miles (3,010 km) upriver from

4377:

English language text of the Treaty of the Triple Alliance (British Parliamentary translation of Uruguayan text)

3832:

Mondain, Pierre (1976). "Un conflit oublié : la guerre du Paraguay contre la Triple Alliance (1864–1870)".

2654:

The spelling in the Portuguese version of the Treaty is "Mouchez". The reference is to the French hydrographer

4461: 4456: 4431: 4386: 4088:

The History of Paraguay: With Notes of Personal Observations, and Reminiscences of Diplomacy Under Difficulties

3932: 1354:

fight for Paraguay, as I believed, from the terms of the Protocol, that she must either fight or be absorbed."

432: 1436: 283:

In 1855 Paraguay, with an understandable fear and distrust of its neighbours, began to develop the formidable

4352: 1743:, p. 39. It was far quicker to steam down the Atlantic, up the River Plate, and up the Paraná-Paraguay: 4426: 4401: 2544:

The diplomatic usage as applied to the treaty is explained in a note by Paranhos in Schneider, 1902, p. 151.

2123: 1492: 1316: 1127:

The third indent of Article III led to the creation of the Army of the Vanguard led by the fierce Uruguayan

898:

cause to be put thereto our seals in the city of Buenos Ayres, the 1st of May, in the year of our Lord 1865.

740:

The internal military order and economy of the allied troops will depend solely on their respective chiefs.

512: 277: 3614:(28). Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers): 1–22. 4441: 2442: 1576: 1452: 1324: 1277: 848: 762:

The war not being against the people of Paraguay, but against its Government, the Allies may admit into a

589: 352: 284: 38: 1073:, who noted that the Protocol (concerning fortifications) had not been submitted for ratification by the 3585:

Ganson, Barbara J. (1990). "Following Their Children into Battle: Women at War in Paraguay, 1864–1870".

269: 243:

practically did not exist; so navigable rivers were "vital arteries". Of particular relevance were the

228: 1283:

The protocol also required the disarmament of Paraguay and the sharing of military trophies and booty.

1262: 1121: 207: 3694:

Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons: Thirty-Nine Volumes: Session 1 February – 10 August 1866

395: 273: 3651:

The Paraná; With Incidents of the Paraguayan War and South American Recollections From 1861 to 1868

1596: 1591: 1551: 1444: 1368: 1132: 1070: 420: 412: 137: 4086: 1315:

According to Professor Thomas L. Whigham, the detailed text was published as follows. The British

1273:

The Protocol was an appendix to the treaty signed on the same day, apparently as an afterthought.

47: 4376: 4354:

El Tratado de Alianza: Exposición Hecha en la Universidad de Buenos Aires el 30 de Agosto de 1872

4339: 4318: 4278: 4181: 4134: 4026: 3997: 3900: 3841: 3820: 3738: 3737:(2). Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Institute of International Affairs: 231–340. 3689: 3676: 3649: 3636: 3615: 3594: 3516: 3459: 3379: 3323: 1162: 672: 559:: the Argentine and Uruguayan versions were in Spanish. The Brazilian version was in Portuguese. 504: 460: 256: 3970: 2106: 1174:

Legion or, at any rate, the Allied armies, which, had it been true, would have been outrageous.

801:

Paraguayan infantrymen wore kilts and went barefoot; their courage was admired by their enemies.

709: 464: 1458: 952: 886:

This Treaty shall be kept secret until the principal object of the alliance shall be obtained.

4295: 4255: 4236: 4217: 4198: 4113: 3917: 3797: 3774: 3755: 3714: 3552: 3533: 3343: 2776: 1251: 1170: 763: 399: 315: 4269:

Williams, John Hoyt (1977). "Foreign Tecnicos and the Modernization of Paraguay, 1840–1870".

4009:

Strauss, Norman T. (1978). "Brazil after the Paraguayan War: Six Years of Conflict, 1870–6".

264:

rivalries meant that more often than not, high tariffs and blockades vexed the river system.

4018: 3750:

Lynch, John (1993). "From independence to national organization". In Bethell, Leslie (ed.).

3508: 3480: 3410: 3400: 1471: 1394: 1328: 572: 529: 508: 339: 154: 133: 96: 91: 3811:

McLynn, F.J. (1984). "Consequences for Argentina of the War of Triple Alliance 1865–1870".

1312:

According to Thompson, the main provisions were quickly leaked to the Buenos Aires press.

1166: 671:

His Excellency the President of the Argentine Confederation: his Excellency Señor Dr. Don

521: 468: 292: 3432: 1503: 1499: 244: 4106: 3790: 2655: 1581: 1192: 525: 476: 335: 248: 170: 4128: 2903:(Paraguayan government bonds) but it is not clear whether these bonds were ever paid: 959:

Today, nothing else remains of the formidable fortress, razed according to the Treaty.

715:

The maritime forces of the allies will be under the immediate command of Vice-Admiral

276:

had restricted river traffic to put pressure on upstream Paraguay, and Paraguay under

4395: 4138: 3606:

Gordon East, W. (1960). "The Geography of Land-Locked States: Presidential Address".

3484: 2636:

The proper spelling of his name was Manuel Luís Osório, afterwards Marquês do Herval.

1784:

Rosas "viewed Paraguay as an errant province belonging to the orbit of Buenos Aires".

1432: 384: 331: 4080:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Asunción: Imprenta Nacional (the Paraguayan State Press). 1400:

Despite Article VI, which forbade a separate peace treaty, in 1872, Brazil sent the

1169:

was Napoleon alone, and not the French people".). Therefore, a volunteer anti-López

1105: 696: 185: 3314:

Barclay, W. S. (1917). "The Geography of the South American Railways (Continued)".

1042: 444: 252: 240: 67: 4330:

Ynsfran, Pablo Max (1954). "Sam Ward's Bargain with President López of Paraguay".

3572:(in French) (2nd ed.). Brussels, Leipzig, Ghent, London: C. Muquardt, Trubner 2682: 1416: 1405: 4058: 3934:

Rejistro nacional: que comprende los documentos espedidos desde 1810 hasta 1873

643: 604:

The Brazilian version was published in Schneider, 1902, and may be downloaded.

367: 4022: 2261:

About 10% of Uruguayan residents were (or claimed to be) Brazilian nationals (

1320: 1158: 416: 311: 3512: 3405: 2623:

in official British translation. In the Brazilian version it is, of course,

1564: 1231: 1186:

A separate complaint was that the Allies did not really mean to respect the

1069:

That had already been acknowledged in 1872 by the future Argentine diplomat

859: 158: 108: 103: 3771:

Massacre in the Pampas, 1872: Britain and Argentina in the age of migration

1491:

and navigation. Brazil also reserved the right to occupy Paraguay with its

1426:. This island is a geographical anomaly, since by agreement it is today an 877:

other shall employ actively their exertions to cause them to be respected.

719:, Commander-in-chief of the squadron of His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil. 4294:. Austin: Institute of Latin American Studies; University of Texas Press. 3627:

Hudson, Manley O. (1925). "The Registration and Publication of Treaties".

3996:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 174–176. 3990:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

675:, his Minister and Secretary of State in the Department Foreign Affairs; 166: 3904: 3845: 3520: 3415: 3383: 579:. The British government obtained a copy of the treaty and published it. 4343: 4322: 4001: 3824: 3742: 3680: 3640: 3598: 3327: 1439:, which makes up one-fourth of the South American continent's surface. 1427: 1342: 162: 120: 115: 4282: 4235:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 179–198. 4185: 4030: 3972:

A Guerra da Tríplice Aliança contra o Governo da Republica do Paraguay

3619: 3463: 78:

Variable according to Article XIX. Some immediate, some when ratified.

4108:

Rebirth of the Paraguayan Republic: The First Colorado Era, 1878–1904

3729:

Lindsay, J. W. (1935). "The War over the Chaco: A Personal Account".

1128: 150: 4252:

The Road to Armageddon: Paraguay Versus the Triple Alliance, 1866–70

4233:

I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870

4214:

I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870

3392: 3368:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences. 1451:

on Brazil's side and that the Argentine provinces of Corrientes and

1115:

sunk by a Paraguayan mine at Curuzú, 1,200 km from the nearest ocean

4216:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 1–22. 3891:

Pla, Josefina (1970). "Los Britanicos en el Paraguay (1850–1870)".

2777:

Correspondence between the Brazilian and Argentine governments 1872

3956:(in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: B. Behr's Buchhandlung (E. Bock) 2751:

But note: in 1872, the precocious Zeballos was only 18 years old:

2556:, pp. 79–83: or see External links at the end of this article 1525: 1457: 1350: 1261: 1104: 951: 793: 695: 653: 443: 366: 206: 184: 3988:

Stewart, Dr. (William) (1889). "On the Inhabitants of Paraguay".

661:

the Uruguayan foreign minister (from a newspaper obituary, 1911)

3937:(in Spanish). Vol. 5. Buenos Aires: Imprenta "La República" 1346: 1304:

clauses were closed to public inspection, which led to rumours.

625:

The red superscript numerals are not part of the original text.)

4130:

Logics of War: Explanations for Limited and Unlimited Conflicts

3530:

The Chaco War 1932–35: South America's greatest modern conflict

3499:

Cote, Stephen (2013). "A War for Oil in the Chaco, 1932–1935".

3245: 3243: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3213: 3211: 1447:

of Paraguay, who, the Argentines said, was a Brazilian puppet.

3875:

Diario de la campaña de las fuerzas aliadas contra el Paraguay

3856:

Diario de la campaña de las fuerzas aliadas contra el Paraguay

2899:

respectively. Paraguay liquidated these claims by delivering

1843: 1841: 1474:, which caused further Brazilian apprehension and curiosity". 1435:

meant it could be used to threaten the free navigation of the

3049:

Not counting the Mato Grosso, where it took very much longer.

2951: 2949: 991:

And they signed this at Buenos Ayres on the 1st of May,1865.

507:

referred the Treaty to the Section of Foreign Affairs of the

3899:. Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 339–391. 1502:

from Yguasu's mouth up to Paraná's Seven Falls waterfall or

1269:

Captured Paraguayan artillery at Humaitá, prior to shareout.

734:

having to pass over to the Oriental or Brazilian territory.

2425: 2423: 2410: 2408: 3608:

Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)

2445:, Venancio Flores of Uruguay also insisted on this point: 1735:, p. 158. There was no railway link until the 1910s ( 756:

suspending the war, unless by a perfect agreement of all.

3878:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Montevideo: Biblioteca Artigas 3859:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Montevideo: Biblioteca Artigas 3635:(2). The American Society of International Law: 273–292. 3090: 3088: 1804: 1802: 1550:

The arbitrator chosen by both nations was U.S. president

44:

Allied troops recapturing Corrientes province, Argentina.

3549:

Maldita guerra: Nueva historia de la Guerra del Paraguay

588:

The treaty was secret, but de Castro supplied a copy to

300:

with the view, no doubt, of some day destroying Humaitá.

4292:

The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800–1870

4127:

Weisiger, Alex (2013). "War to the Death in Paraguay".

2553: 1533:, arbitrator, who awarded the Central Chaco to Paraguay 4195:

The Paraguayan War, Volume 1, Causes and Early Conduct

3378:. The University of Manchester, John Rylands Library. 4357:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Imprenta de Jorge E. Cook 4153:

Wheaton, Henry (1866). Dana, Richard Henry Jr (ed.).

4104:

Warren, Harris Gaylord; Warren, Katherine F. (1985).

3975:(in Portuguese). Vol. I. Rio de Janeiro: Garnier 2702: 2700: 484:

territory into an Argentine-led successor to the old

411:

Argentina for permission to attack Brazil across the

4197:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 858:

On the side of the left bank of the Paraguay by the

774:

any one of the allies as a consequence of this war.

455:

In March 1865, a change of government in Brazil had

2577: 637:territorial integrity of the Republic of Paraguay: 129: 82: 74: 63: 55: 31: 4271:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 4105: 3789: 3675:(3). Latin American Studies Association: 137–142. 2187:, p. 17: 92,000 men in various training camps 387:began. In November 1864, Paraguay fired upon and 203:(cross-hatched areas) were larger than California. 1632: 16:South American military alliance against Paraguay 3840:(2). Presses Universitaires de France: 385–418. 3696:. Vol. 76. House of Commons. pp. 79–83 2568:, pp. Appendix 101-4: or see External links 1495:to maintain peace and ensure treaty compliance. 3342:. London: Institute of Latin American Studies. 297: 261: 4112:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 3754:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–43. 3322:(4). The Royal Geographical Society: 241–247. 3016:Because it too claimed territory in the Chaco. 4044:. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office 3473:"Paraguayan War (War of the Triple Alliance)" 3471:Chesterton, Bridget; Whigham, Thomas (2014). 280:had done the same to put pressure on Brazil. 8: 4382:Brazilian text of the Treaty (in Portuguese) 3551:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé Editores. 3261: 3249: 3234: 3217: 3058: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2882: 1656: 1041:The treaty could not take full effect until 396:invade the Brazilian province of Mato Grosso 169:. Signed in 1865, after the outbreak of the 26: 4317:(1). University of Wisconsin Press: 17–40. 1719: 235:Disputes over vital communications arteries 4277:(2). Cambridge University Press: 233–257. 3593:(3). Cambridge University Press: 335–371. 3434:Letters from the Battle-Fields of Paraguay 3376:Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection 3297: 2955: 1415:As a result, Argentina took possession of 222:one of 200 British technicians in Paraguay 25: 4387:Argentine text of the Treaty (in Spanish) 3629:The American Journal of International Law 3414: 3404: 2788: 2730: 2718: 2669: 2599: 2580:, pp. 209–211: or see External links 2565: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2429: 2414: 1744: 1736: 1682: 326:Between 1854 and 1864, and supervised by 4017:(1). Cambridge University Press: 21–35. 3792:Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas 3773:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 3452:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 3037: 3025: 2992: 2858: 2812: 2800: 2764: 2233: 2184: 2172: 2147: 2076: 2064: 2028: 1991: 1967: 1955: 1871: 1847: 1820: 1808: 1793: 1772: 1740: 1732: 642: 571: 451:, poet and diplomat, the Brazilian envoy 363:Paraguay invades two Brazilian provinces 195: 4332:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4091:. Vol. I. Boston: Lee and Shephard 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3079: 3004: 2870: 2836: 2399: 2387: 2374: 2362: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2278: 2262: 2249: 2220: 2208: 2052: 2016: 1943: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1859: 1832: 1706: 1694: 1668: 1644: 1635:, which contains a useful bibliography. 1620: 1613: 723:Brigadier-General Don Venancio Flores. 201:The disputed territories before the war 4407:Military alliances involving Argentina 3391:Brezzo, Liliana M. (1 February 2006). 2979:See Lettsom to Russell, May 29, 1865, 2967: 2940: 2824: 2752: 2159: 1748: 1276:Article 1 expressly provided that the 406:Paraguay invades an Argentine province 4338:(3). Duke University Press: 313–331. 3690:"Treaty of Alliance against Paraguay" 2237: 1760: 1385:Conflict between Argentina and Brazil 1061:qualified that assertion as follows: 491:The treaty was signed on 1 May 1865. 389:seized the Brazilian government ship 7: 4417:Military alliances involving Uruguay 4076:Vasconsellos, César Augusto (1931). 3916:. Richmond: Richmond Publishing Co. 3431:Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1870). 3397:Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos (en ligne) 3285: 3273: 4412:Military alliances involving Brazil 4159:(8 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown 2706: 2463: 2446: 2350: 2290: 2266: 2196: 2135: 2102: 2090: 2040: 2003: 1979: 1931: 4041:The Automotive Market in Argentina 2672:, p. 151, note 1 by Paranhos. 1369:held up by the Fortress of Humaitá 1349:protested against the treaty, and 461:Francisco Otaviano de Almeida Rosa 14: 4063:. London: Longman’s, Green and Co 4011:Journal of Latin American Studies 3914:The British in Paraguay 1850–1870 3366:The Origins of the Paraguayan War 1110:The 1,000 ton Brazilian ironclad 532:and the Paraguayan department of 463:sent on a special mission to the 419:and the Paraguayans proceeded to 214:made in Asunción on the advanced 19:For other uses of this term, see 4452:Treaties of the Empire of Brazil 3688:Lettsom to Earl Russell (1866). 3337:"The Paraguayan War (1864–1870)" 2120:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia 114: 102: 90: 37: 21:Triple Alliance (disambiguation) 4437:19th-century military alliances 4254:. University of Calgary Press. 2981:Hostilities in the River Plate 2199:, p. 208: follows Thompson 862:from its mouth to its sources. 650:the Argentine foreign minister. 495:Brazilian government's reaction 3893:Revista de Historia de América 3711:Eliza Lynch: Queen of Paraguay 3669:Latin American Research Review 3648:Hutchinson, Thomas J. (1868). 3528:de Quesada, Alejandro (2011). 3485:10.1093/OBO/9780199766581-0159 2211:, p. 187: 150,000 reserve 1122:the article Passage of Humaitá 486:Viceroyalty of the River Plate 310:Paraguay and Argentina in the 1: 4351:Zeballos, Estanislao (1872). 4156:Elements of International Law 4038:Tewksbury, Howard H. (1929). 3547:Doratioto, Francisco (2008). 3458:(2). The MIT Press: 435–436. 1633:Chesterton & Whigham 2014 147:Treaty of the Triple Alliance 27:Treaty of the Triple Alliance 4290:Williams, John Hoyt (1979). 4133:. Cornell University Press. 3931:República Argentina (1884). 3752:Argentina Since Independence 3713:. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. 3566:Du Graty, Alfred M. (1865). 2742:Knowledge (XXG) translation. 2685:in the original translation. 2554:Lettsom to Earl Russell 1866 2105:, p. 277 (They won the 1059:José Maria da Silva Paranhos 1028:F. OCTAVIANO DE ALMEIDA ROSA 923:F. OCTAVIANO DE ALMEIDA ROSA 4250:Whigham, Thomas L. (2017). 4193:Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). 3479:. Oxford University Press. 3364:Box, Pelham Horton (1930). 1602:Women in the Paraguayan War 1161:had also obtained from the 322:Paraguayan military buildup 50:(1840–1902), who was there. 4478: 4447:Argentina–Brazil relations 4085:Washburn, Charles (1871). 3872:Palleja, León de (1960b). 3853:Palleja, León de (1960a). 3437:. London: Tinsley Brothers 2602:, pp. Appendix 43-46. 1531:President Rutherford Hayes 1377: 1146:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 421:invade the province itself 212:Paraguayan artillery piece 18: 4057:Thompson, George (1869). 4023:10.1017/S0022216X00019726 3969:Schneider, Louis (1902). 3950:Schneider, Louis (1872). 3654:. London: Edward Stanford 3569:La République du Paraguay 1587:Paraguayan War casualties 1380:Paraguayan War casualties 1049:Exception to ratification 36: 4078:Los Límites del Paraguay 3709:Lillis, Michael (2014). 3335:Bethell, Leslie (1996). 3316:The Geographical Journal 3276:, pp. 743, 747–750. 2929:Warren & Warren 1985 2917:Warren & Warren 1985 2905:Warren & Warren 1985 2883:Warren & Warren 1985 2578:República Argentina 1884 1946:, pp. 315, 318–321. 1657:Whigham & Kraay 2004 1543:navigation and transit. 1287:Alleged "secret clauses" 957:Ruins of Humaitá church. 494: 314:and in the territory of 255:well into the Brazilian 220:Lt. Col. George Thompson 3406:10.4000/nuevomundo.1677 3070:See Article XIV, above. 1523:commerce on the rivers. 398:. Later, they invaded 351:In 1862, the Uruguayan 3912:Pla, Josefina (1976). 2827:, pp. 88–9, 96–7. 2767:, pp. 41, 43, 39. 2443:William Garrow Lettsom 1534: 1466: 1337: 1325:William Garrow Lettsom 1298: 1270: 1250:The British consul at 1165:that the enemy of the 1116: 1079:Argentine constitution 1067: 960: 802: 708:Brigadier-General Don 704: 662: 651: 590:William Garrow Lettsom 584:Source reproduced here 580: 452: 379: 328:Francisco Solano López 302: 266: 223: 204: 193: 4311:Luso-Brazilian Review 4139:10.7591/j.ctt1xx5pk.7 3731:International Affairs 3513:10.1093/envhis/emt066 3501:Environmental History 3477:Oxford Bibliographies 2118:Under the regimes of 1529: 1461: 1333: 1329:South American Poland 1293: 1265: 1188:territorial integrity 1108: 1063: 955: 797: 717:Viscount de Tamandaré 701:Invasion of Paraguay. 699: 657: 648:Dr Rufino de Elizalde 646: 575: 447: 370: 270:Buenos Aires Province 229:Treaty of Tordesillas 210: 199: 188: 3796:. London: SR Books. 3788:Lynch, John (2001). 3769:Lynch, John (1998). 2861:, pp. 101, 102. 2694:Treaty, Article XIX. 2402:, pp. 217, 252. 2124:Carlos Antonio López 1685:, pp. iii, 7–8. 1424:Martín García Island 1193:genuinely in dispute 799:Paraguayan prisoner. 357:Martín García Island 305:Territorial disputes 278:Carlos Antonio López 274:Juan Manuel de Rosas 3288:, pp. 751–752. 3061:, pp. 141–142. 2943:, pp. 273–292. 2931:, pp. 147–164. 2885:, pp. 137–141. 2645:That is, Uruguayan. 2460:Sir Edward Thornton 2377:, pp. 260–261. 2341:, pp. 192–216. 2329:, pp. 160–161. 2281:, pp. 145–147. 2269:, pp. 110–111. 2162:, pp. 346–349. 2043:, pp. 388–390. 2031:, pp. 268–269. 1910:, pp. 716–717. 1886:, pp. 109–115. 1850:, pp. 563–564. 1763:, pp. 137–142. 1671:, pp. 258–259. 1647:, pp. 386–387. 1592:Paraguay expedition 1577:Fortress of Humaitá 1552:Rutherford B. Hayes 1445:Salvador Jovellanos 1278:Fortress of Humaitá 1077:as required by the 1071:Estanislao Zeballos 659:Dr Carlos de Castro 577:Parliamentary paper 480:proposals of 1853. 413:Corrientes Province 285:Fortress of Humaitá 28: 2466:, pp. 270–271 2006:, pp. xv–xvi. 1898:, pp. 93–109. 1535: 1467: 1271: 1163:Congress of Vienna 1117: 1075:Argentine Congress 1015:RUFINO DE ELIZALDE 961: 936:RUFINO DE ELIZALDE 803: 728:Manoel Luis Osorio 705: 673:Rufino de Elizalde 663: 652: 600:In other languages 581: 505:Pedro II of Brazil 453: 449:Francisco Otaviano 380: 227:stemming from the 224: 205: 194: 4422:1865 in Argentina 4301:978-0-292-77017-1 4261:978-1-55238-809-9 3558:978-950-04-2574-2 3262:Vasconsellos 1931 3250:Vasconsellos 1931 3235:Vasconsellos 1931 3218:Vasconsellos 1931 3145:, pp. 28–29. 3059:Kleinpenning 2002 3028:, pp. 168–9. 2907:, pp. 138–9. 2779:, pp. 11, 27 1922:, pp. 90–91. 1874:, pp. 17–40. 1437:River Plate basin 1402:Baron of Cotegipe 1317:chargé d'affaires 1171:Paraguayan Legion 1093:Specific articles 1002:CARLOS DE CASTRO. 764:Paraguayan legion 400:Rio Grande do Sul 391:Marquês de Olinda 218:here directed by 216:Whitworth pattern 143: 142: 4469: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4347: 4326: 4305: 4286: 4265: 4246: 4227: 4208: 4189: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4123: 4111: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4081: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4034: 4005: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3908: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3849: 3834:Revue Historique 3828: 3807: 3803:978-0-8420-28981 3795: 3784: 3765: 3746: 3724: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3684: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3644: 3623: 3602: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3543: 3524: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3467: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3408: 3387: 3369: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3331: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3215: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3082:, p. 23–24. 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3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3205:, p. 33. 3204: 3199: 3196: 3193:, p. 32. 3192: 3187: 3184: 3181:, p. 31. 3180: 3175: 3172: 3169:, p. 30. 3168: 3163: 3160: 3157:, p. 29. 3156: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3133:, p. 27. 3132: 3127: 3124: 3121:, p. 26. 3120: 3115: 3112: 3109:, p. 25. 3108: 3103: 3100: 3097:, p. 24. 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3040:, p. vi. 3039: 3038:Thompson 1869 3034: 3031: 3027: 3026:Thompson 1869 3022: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3007:, p. 45. 3006: 3001: 2998: 2995:, p. 51. 2994: 2993:Thompson 1869 2989: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859:Weisiger 2013 2855: 2852: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2813:Palleja 1960b 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801:Palleja 1960a 2797: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2765:Zeballos 1872 2761: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2625:Sua Magestade 2622: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458:According to 2455: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441:According to 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:Weisiger 2013 2229: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185:Thompson 1869 2181: 2178: 2174: 2173:Thompson 1869 2168: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148:Williams 1979 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2093:, p. 82) 2092: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077:Williams 1979 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065:Williams 1977 2061: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029:Du Graty 1865 2025: 2022: 2019:, p. 549 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992:Williams 1977 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1968:Williams 1979 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956:Williams 1979 1952: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872:Williams 1980 1868: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848:Washburn 1871 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1821:Williams 1979 1817: 1814: 1811:, p. 16. 1810: 1809:Thompson 1869 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:Williams 1977 1790: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773:Chandler 1992 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:Thompson 1869 1738: 1734: 1733:Williams 1979 1728: 1725: 1722:, p. 20. 1721: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1703: 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DE CASTRO. 909: 908: 907: 906: 905: 904: 903: 896: 895: 894: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 874: 870: 869:ARTICLE XVII 867: 863: 861: 856: 852: 850: 844: 840: 837: 834: 831: 827: 823: 820: 816: 815:ARTICLE XIII 813: 810: 807: 800: 796: 792: 789: 785: 782: 778: 775: 771: 770:ARTICLE VIII 768: 765: 760: 757: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 731: 729: 724: 720: 718: 713: 711: 702: 698: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 674: 669: 666: 660: 656: 649: 645: 641: 638: 634: 630: 627: 626: 622: 614: 612: 608: 605: 599: 597: 595: 591: 583: 578: 574: 570: 564: 561: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 544: 539: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 517: 514: 510: 506: 502: 492: 489: 487: 481: 478: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:Liberal Party 450: 446: 439: 437: 434: 426: 424: 422: 418: 414: 405: 403: 401: 397: 393: 392: 386: 385:Uruguayan War 377: 373: 369: 362: 360: 358: 354: 346: 344: 341: 337: 333: 332:United States 329: 321: 319: 317: 313: 304: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 234: 232: 230: 221: 217: 213: 209: 202: 198: 191: 187: 180: 178: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 139: 135: 132: 128: 122: 117: 112: 110: 105: 100: 98: 93: 88: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 48:Cándido López 45: 40: 35: 30: 22: 4359:. Retrieved 4353: 4335: 4331: 4314: 4310: 4291: 4274: 4270: 4251: 4232: 4213: 4194: 4177: 4174:The Americas 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4155: 4142:. Retrieved 4129: 4107: 4093:. Retrieved 4087: 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4059: 4046:. Retrieved 4040: 4014: 4010: 3993: 3989: 3977:. Retrieved 3971: 3958:. Retrieved 3952: 3939:. Retrieved 3933: 3913: 3896: 3892: 3880:. Retrieved 3874: 3861:. Retrieved 3855: 3837: 3833: 3819:(1): 81–98. 3816: 3813:The Americas 3812: 3791: 3770: 3751: 3734: 3730: 3710: 3698:. Retrieved 3693: 3672: 3668: 3656:. Retrieved 3650: 3632: 3628: 3611: 3607: 3590: 3587:The Americas 3586: 3574:. Retrieved 3568: 3548: 3529: 3504: 3500: 3488:. Retrieved 3476: 3455: 3451: 3439:. Retrieved 3433: 3420:. Retrieved 3416:11336/133459 3396: 3375: 3365: 3353:. Retrieved 3319: 3315: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3203:Strauss 1978 3198: 3191:Strauss 1978 3186: 3179:Strauss 1978 3174: 3167:Strauss 1978 3162: 3155:Strauss 1978 3150: 3143:Strauss 1978 3138: 3131:Strauss 1978 3126: 3119:Strauss 1978 3114: 3107:Strauss 1978 3102: 3095:Strauss 1978 3080:Strauss 1978 3075: 3066: 3054: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3012: 3005:Whigham 2017 3000: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2963: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2878: 2873:, p. 9. 2871:Bethell 1996 2866: 2854: 2844: 2837:Mondain 1976 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2747: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2690: 2677: 2663: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2595: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2454: 2437: 2400:Whigham 2002 2395: 2390:, p. 66 2388:Bethell 1996 2382: 2375:Whigham 2002 2370: 2363:Whigham 2002 2358: 2346: 2339:Whigham 2002 2334: 2327:Whigham 2002 2322: 2315:Whigham 2002 2310: 2303:Whigham 2002 2298: 2286: 2279:Whigham 2002 2274: 2263:Whigham 2004 2257: 2250:Whigham 2002 2245: 2240:, p. 16 2228: 2221:Bethell 1996 2216: 2209:Whigham 2002 2204: 2192: 2180: 2175:, p. 17 2167: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2114: 2098: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2053:Stewart 1889 2048: 2036: 2024: 2017:Whigham 1981 2011: 1999: 1987: 1975: 1963: 1951: 1944:Ynsfran 1954 1939: 1927: 1920:Whigham 2002 1915: 1908:Wheaton 1866 1903: 1896:Whigham 2002 1891: 1884:Whigham 2002 1879: 1867: 1860:Whigham 2002 1855: 1835:, p. 3. 1833:Bethell 1996 1828: 1816: 1789: 1780: 1768: 1756: 1727: 1714: 1707:Lindsay 1935 1702: 1695:Mondain 1976 1690: 1676: 1669:Barclay 1917 1664: 1659:, p. 2. 1652: 1645:Mondain 1976 1640: 1628: 1621:Whigham 2002 1616: 1561: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1530: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1504:Guairá Falls 1500:Paraná River 1497: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1463:Dom Pedro II 1462: 1449: 1441: 1421: 1414: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1373: 1366: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1314: 1311: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1249: 1245: 1236: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1206: 1202: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178:Article VIII 1155: 1142: 1135:'s diaries. 1126: 1118: 1111: 1109: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1052: 1043:ratification 1040: 1037:Ratification 993: 990: 956: 947: 946: 943: 901: 891: 889:ARTICLE XIX 888: 885: 882: 879: 875: 871: 868: 864: 857: 853: 845: 841: 839:ARTICLE XVI 838: 835: 832: 828: 824: 822:ARTICLE XIV 821: 817: 814: 811: 809:ARTICLE XII 808: 804: 798: 790: 786: 783: 779: 776: 772: 769: 761: 759:ARTICLE VII 758: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 732: 725: 721: 714: 706: 700: 693:ARTICLE III 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 670: 667: 664: 658: 647: 639: 635: 631: 628: 624: 620: 618: 609: 606: 603: 594:Lord Russell 587: 576: 568: 562: 556: 551: 548: 518: 501:Conservative 498: 490: 482: 473: 454: 448: 440:Negotiations 430: 409: 390: 381: 376:El Centinela 375: 371: 353:Blanco Party 350: 325: 308: 298: 282: 267: 262: 253:Buenos Aires 238: 225: 211: 200: 189: 175: 146: 144: 68:Buenos Aires 46:Painting by 43: 4361:22 November 4163:21 November 4095:21 November 4067:23 November 4048:18 November 3979:23 November 3960:23 November 3941:28 November 3882:23 November 3863:23 November 3700:23 November 3658:23 November 3490:27 November 3441:30 November 3355:22 November 2968:Lillis 2014 2941:Hudson 1925 2825:McLynn 1984 2753:Brezzo 2006 2683:dittography 2160:Ganson 1990 1749:Burton 1870 1308:Publication 1230:much later 1225:Article XVI 1212:Article XIV 1152:Article VII 1101:Article III 902:(Signed) 849:Bahia Negra 833:ARTICLE XV 791:ARTICLE XI 777:ARTICLE IX 752:ARTICLE VI 737:ARTICLE IV 687:ARTICLE II 526:Bahía Negra 465:River Plate 257:Mato Grosso 83:Signatories 70:, Argentina 4396:Categories 4144:4 February 3576:9 December 3539:1849084173 3532:. Osprey. 3308:References 2238:Lynch 1998 1761:Lynch 2001 1453:Entre Ríos 1321:Montevideo 1199:Article IX 1159:Talleyrand 1139:Article VI 994:(Signed) 784:ARTICLE X 746:ARTICLE V 681:ARTICLE I 417:Corrientes 372:Xenophobia 334:, and the 312:Gran Chaco 181:Background 138:Portuguese 59:1 May 1865 3422:13 August 3286:Cote 2013 3274:Cote 2013 2970:chapter 7 2849:hegemony. 1565:Chaco War 1538:Argentina 1472:ironclads 1358:Aftermath 1232:Chaco War 1167:Coalition 860:River Apa 347:Intrigues 159:Argentina 130:Languages 109:Argentina 75:Effective 3905:20138938 3846:40952519 3521:24690460 3384:60235190 2707:Box 1930 2464:Box 1930 2447:Box 1930 2351:Box 1930 2291:Box 1930 2267:Box 1930 2197:Box 1930 2136:Box 1930 2103:Box 1930 2091:Box 1930 2041:Pla 1970 2004:Pla 1976 1980:Pla 1970 1932:Box 1930 1571:See also 1406:Asunción 1258:Protocol 948:Protocol 563:Sequence 557:Language 378:, 1867). 316:Misiones 249:Paraguay 167:Paraguay 165:against 64:Location 4344:2508877 4323:3513374 4002:2842414 3825:1006949 3743:2602089 3725:(ebook) 3681:1512517 3641:2189254 3599:1007017 3328:1779597 2901:polizas 1558:Bolivia 1518:Uruguay 1433:Uruguay 1428:exclave 1343:Bolivia 1252:Rosario 977:allies. 971:Treaty. 965:agreed: 540:Sources 530:Formosa 459:member 291:of the 163:Uruguay 134:Spanish 121:Uruguay 4342: 4321: 4298: 4283:174705 4281: 4258: 4239: 4220: 4201: 4186:980849 4184: 4137: 4116: 4031:155846 4029: 4000: 3920: 3903: 3844: 3823: 3800: 3777: 3758: 3741: 3717: 3679: 3639: 3620:621111 3618: 3597: 3555: 3536: 3519: 3464:205349 3462: 3382: 3346: 3326: 1486:Brazil 1363:Allies 1267:Booty. 1129:gaucho 427:Upshot 272:under 245:Paraná 161:, and 151:treaty 149:was a 56:Signed 4340:JSTOR 4319:JSTOR 4279:JSTOR 4182:JSTOR 4135:JSTOR 4027:JSTOR 3998:JSTOR 3901:JSTOR 3842:JSTOR 3821:JSTOR 3739:JSTOR 3677:JSTOR 3637:JSTOR 3616:JSTOR 3595:JSTOR 3517:JSTOR 3460:JSTOR 3380:JSTOR 3340:(PDF) 3324:JSTOR 2681:Sic: 1608:Notes 1351:Chile 340:cadre 268:Thus 4363:2019 4296:ISBN 4256:ISBN 4237:ISBN 4218:ISBN 4199:ISBN 4165:2019 4146:2023 4114:ISBN 4097:2019 4069:2019 4050:2019 3981:2019 3962:2019 3943:2019 3918:ISBN 3884:2019 3865:2019 3798:ISBN 3775:ISBN 3756:ISBN 3715:ISBN 3702:2019 3660:2010 3578:2017 3553:ISBN 3534:ISBN 3492:2019 3443:2019 3424:2016 3357:2019 3344:ISBN 2122:and 1347:Peru 1345:and 621:Note 615:Text 247:and 145:The 4019:doi 3838:256 3509:doi 3481:doi 3411:hdl 3401:doi 2621:Sic 1404:to 1319:in 4398:: 4336:34 4334:. 4315:17 4313:. 4275:19 4273:. 4178:37 4176:. 4025:. 4015:10 4013:. 3994:18 3992:. 3897:70 3817:41 3815:. 3735:14 3733:. 3692:. 3673:37 3671:. 3633:19 3631:. 3612:28 3610:. 3591:46 3589:. 3515:. 3505:18 3503:. 3475:. 3456:23 3454:. 3409:. 3395:. 3320:49 3318:. 3242:^ 3225:^ 3210:^ 3087:^ 2948:^ 2699:^ 2422:^ 2407:^ 2109:). 1840:^ 1801:^ 1323:, 1124:. 851:. 730:. 712:. 623:: 536:. 423:. 402:. 295:: 157:, 136:, 4365:. 4346:. 4325:. 4304:. 4285:. 4264:. 4245:. 4226:. 4207:. 4188:. 4167:. 4148:. 4122:. 4099:. 4071:. 4052:. 4033:. 4021:: 4004:. 3983:. 3964:. 3945:. 3926:. 3907:. 3886:. 3867:. 3848:. 3827:. 3806:. 3783:. 3764:. 3745:. 3723:. 3704:. 3683:. 3662:. 3643:. 3622:. 3601:. 3580:. 3561:. 3542:. 3523:. 3511:: 3494:. 3483:: 3466:. 3445:. 3426:. 3413:: 3403:: 3386:. 3359:. 3330:. 2815:. 2803:. 2658:. 2627:. 1982:. 1157:" 619:( 23:.

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