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who were the occupants of Fort St. Anthony in the town. Over time, the agreement was in part superseded and replaced by new contracts and agreements. The treaty did remain the basis for Dutch jurisdiction and political relations between Axim and the Dutch until the latter left the Gold Coast in 1872.
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The agreement with the two paramount chiefs of Axim was concluded on 17 February 1642, immediately after the conquest of the fort. The agreement included several distinctive elements, dealing with very different issues. In the first place, the shift in allegiance from the
Portuguese to the Dutch was
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The
Portuguese and their allies in the fort and town were given safe passage and assistance with their departure from Axim. The remainder of the treaty dealt with mutual assistance in time of war, judicial authority, taxes and trade regulations. For the latter on copied the regulations in force at
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in 1637, the Dutch West India
Company quickly broke Portuguese resistance elsewhere along the coast. The fort at Axim was the main remaining stronghold. The Dutch captured the fort in 1642, gave the Portuguese and their allies free passage, and negotiated a treaty with the political leadership of
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The Axim chiefs declare with the Dutch that the King of Spain and his allies are to be an enemy forever. They further declare to acknowledge as legitimate authorities the States
General of the United Netherlands, His Highness the Prince of Orange, and the Dutch West India Company, of which they
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drawn up 14 years later. In that document only diplomatic and political issues were dealt with (peace and friendship and establishing a protectorate), which made that treaty remain in force in its entirety for more than 213 years. This was not the case with the Treaty of Axim, although the
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In diplomatic terms only part of the agreement can be considered a proper treaty. Over the years the domestic regulations were renewed repeatedly through negotiated contracts. Moreover, their character is not really diplomatic. In this respect the Treaty of Axim differed considerably from the
228:, constituted a regional power in the form of a city state with two chiefs, each with their own territory and constituency. Axim had been a Portuguese trading post since the late 15th century, fortified with the fort St. Antonio (St. Anthony) since the early 16th century.
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tackled with a declaration of enmity towards the enemies of the Dutch. In terms of jurisdiction the Dutch demanded control over the foreign affairs of the state, presumably only in relation to other
European powers, though it could be read to include all foreign nations.
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The Dutch promised safe passage to the
Portuguese, Africans of mixed Euro-African descent, Muslims, and slaves that were part of the Portuguese establishment, and their dependants, on condition that they accept Dutch
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Civil and criminal matters were to be dealt with by the chiefs of Axim and the "merchant of the fort" (i.e. the Dutch governor), who will act as president. The fines imposed go to the chiefs, as was the practice in
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The chiefs of Axim are paid one ounce of gold for each newly arriving ship from the
Netherlands, bringing cargo for the Gold Coast. Depending on the value or volume of goods unloaded that sum will be increased or
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The contracting partners on the Axim side were the "caboceers" (chiefs) of Axim, presumably represented by the two paramount chiefs of the state, also the signatories of the treaty, Atty Ansi and Peter Agoey.
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Ownership of all houses, gardens, compounds, and the fort, formerly property of the
Portuguese, is transferred to the Dutch government to be used for any purpose. No one is allowed to damage the property.
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The excise on fish is set at the same level as at Elmina: 1 good fish in 5 and the head of a big fish. Evasion of payment would incur a penalty of the fishing canoe being broken or confiscated.
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Sources for the Mutual
History of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s
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In case of a war being waged against the contracting parties by an outside party, the contracting parties were to assist each other forthwith on pain of punishment.
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and the caboceros of Axem, sealed A.D. 17 February 1642." Ruijchaver was the incumbent director general of the Dutch Gold Coast, the senior officer of the
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To assure that the treaty is binding, the parties will sign the document, and the chiefs of Axim each hand over one of their sons to the Dutch.
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The contracting parties on the Dutch side were: the Dutch West India
Company, for itself, and by way of its director general representing the
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The treaty was signed by both the Axim and Dutch delegates at fort St. Anthony in Axim on 17 February 1642 and took effect immediately.
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The Axim leaders were not allowed to correspond or trade with any foreign nation without permission from the Dutch authorities.
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The treaty or agreement dealt with matters of allegiance and security, as well as domestic affairs in ten articles.
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Axim in order to normalise the situation. With the conquest of Axim, the Dutch became the major power in the area.
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diplomatic and political framework remained in force until the Dutch left the Gold Coast on 6 April 1872.
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The Castles of Ghana: Axim, Butre, Anomabu. Historical and architectural research of three Ghanaian forts
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Africans buying goods at Axim are allowed a "dash" (gift) in accordance with the system used in Elmina.
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in the town and polity of Axim after the Dutch West India Company had successfully attacked the
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Elmina, which may have been the same as those in force under Portuguese jurisdiction.
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near Axim on 17 February 1642. The treaty regulated the jurisdiction of the
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Agreement confirming mutual jurisdictions and regulating mutual obligations
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1642 treaty between the Netherlands and the chiefs of Axim
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was concluded between the Netherlands and the chiefs of
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Doortmont, Michel R.; Savoldi, Benedetta, eds. (2006),
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After conquering the Portuguese main establishment at
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The treaty is titled "Agreement between the General
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498:Doortmont, Michel R.; Jinna Smit (2007).
274:in Africa and the representative of the
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220:The state of Axim, in what is now the
544:: Associazione Giovanni Secco Suardo.
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564:Political history of the Netherlands
304:Republic of the United Netherlands
280:Republic of the United Netherlands
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136:States General of the Netherlands
55:First page of the Treaty of Axim.
569:Legal history of the Netherlands
465:See text of treaty at Wikisource
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40:General Jacob Ruijchaver of the
589:Treaties of the Dutch Republic
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327:declare to be loyal servants.
278:, the sovereign power of the
187:in the western region of the
517:van Dantzig, Albert (1981).
521:. Accra: Sedco Publishing.
479:Doortmont; Savoldi (eds.),
435:Doortmont; Savoldi (eds.),
380:Gold Coast (British colony)
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594:1642 in the Dutch Republic
519:Forts and Castles of Ghana
419:Forts and Castles of Ghana
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44:and the caboceers of Axim
272:Dutch West India Company
205:Dutch West India Company
139:Dutch West India Company
115:Director general of the
42:Dutch West India Company
574:17th century in Ghana
168:Treaty of Axim (1642)
33:Treaty of Axim (1642)
18:Treaty of Axim (1642)
481:The Castles of Ghana
437:The Castles of Ghana
421:. pp. 7, 17–18.
294:Contracting partners
105:(some parts earlier)
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390:Swedish Gold Coast
142:Government of Axim
509:978-90-04-15850-4
502:. Leiden: Brill.
439:, pp. 48–49.
286:Location and date
226:Republic of Ghana
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351:decreased.
334:authority.
216:Background
209:Portuguese
189:Gold Coast
172:Wikisource
121:Chiefs of
100:Expiration
157:Full text
92:Effective
362:See also
203:and the
149:Language
77:Location
338:Elmina.
257:Content
224:of the
131:Parties
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376:(1656)
370:(1612)
233:Elmina
69:Signed
401:Notes
318:Terms
262:Title
152:Dutch
85:Ghana
83:(now
523:ISBN
504:ISBN
185:Axim
179:The
123:Axim
81:Axim
61:Type
170:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
