243:
308:
30:
203:(now in South Dakota), to the consternation of the Cheyenne and the Arapaho. "... the Sioux were given rights to the Black Hills and other country that the Northern Cheyennes claimed. Their home country was the Black Hills," declared a Cheyenne historian in 1967. Arapaho chief Black Coal complained in 1875: "I have never got anything yet for my land . It is part mine, and part the Sioux... In the first place, they came from the Missouri River and reached this place, and now they have got up this far, and they claim all this land."
233:
20:
260:, a mass immigration of miners and settlers into Colorado occurred. White settlers took over the treaty's established territories in order to mine them, "against the protests of the Indians." These settlers established towns, farms, and improved roadways. Before 1861, the Cheyenne and Arapaho "had been driven from the mountain regions down upon the waters of the
283:
land to slaughter buffalo, providing protection and sometimes ammunition. One hundred thousand buffalo were killed each year until they were on the verge of extinction, which threatened the tribes' subsistence. These mass killings affected all tribes thus the tribes were forced onto each other's hunting grounds, where fighting broke out.
315:
The Crow territory outlined in the treaty was split to provide land to two different reservations. The Crow
Reservation was created in the center of the original territory in 1868. The reservation of the Northern Cheyennes was designated in 1884. It is located entirely within the boundaries of the
286:
By summer 1862, all three tribes had been forced out of their shared treaty territory. "We, the
Arikara, have been driven from our country on the other side of the Missouri River by the Sioux," stated chief White Shield in 1864. The elimination of buffalo also meant that the Yanktonai Sioux moved
282:
Though intertribal fighting had existed before the arrival of white settlers, some of the post-treaty intertribal fighting can be attributed to targeted mass killings of bison by white settlers and government agents. The U.S. Army did not enforce treaty regulations and allowed hunters onto Native
299:
was their country , until 1859, when they were driven from it by the Sioux." In 1868, after a series of battles with the United States army in the contested area, the
Lakotas finally succeeded in turning a part of the Crow Indian territory of 1851 into unceded Indian territory of their own.
303:
Later again, huge parts of the different Indian territories would in one way or another be added to the holdings of the United States. Smaller areas of the initial Indian territories became separate reservations, usually populated with
Indians from the tribe, which held the treaty right in
107:
and allowed roads and forts to be built in their territories, in exchange for promises of an annuity in the amount of fifty thousand dollars for fifty years. The treaty also sought to "make an effective and lasting peace" among the eight tribes, who were often at odds with each other.
246:
The Crow Indian territory (area 517, 619 and 635) as described in Fort
Laramie Treaty (1851), now in Montana and Wyoming, included the western Powder River area and the Yellowstone area with tributaries like the Tongue River, the Rosebud River, and the Bighorn
671:
With the treaty duly agreed to and signed, the
Lakotas promptly went north, and over the next two years, attacked the Crows, invaded their lands in what would become Wyoming and Montana, moved in and drove them out. The Cheyennes joined in the attacks in
905:
Weist, Tom: A History of the
Cheyenne People. Billings, 1894, p. 84 and p. 104. Serial 4015, 56th Congress, 1st Session, pp. 918-919. Compare the location of the Northern Cheyenn Reservation with the boundaries of the Crow territory of
242:
190:
ratified the treaty, adding
Article 5 which adjusted compensation from fifty to ten years. All tribes, with the exception of the Crow, accepted. Several tribes never received the commodities promised as payments.
731:. Washington, D.C., 1893, pp. 572–573. For an exploit by Sitting Bull about two years after the signing of the treaty, see Greene, Candance: Verbal Meets Visual: Sitting Bull and the Representation of History.
264:." Such immigrants competed with the tribes for game and water, straining limited resources and causing conflicts. The U.S. government did not enforce the treaty to keep out the immigrants. In 1864, Colonel
334:, both placed north of the Missouri in what is now Montana. The treaty territory of the Assiniboine south of the Missouri was just a small portion of the wide range used by these northern plains Indians.
290:
Before long, the Crows saw their western Powder River area flooded with trespassing
Lakotas in search of bison, and "... large scale battles with invading Sioux" took place near what is now the city of
999:
279:, when a detachment of U.S. soldiers illegally entered a Sioux encampment to arrest those accused of stealing a cow, and in the process sparked a battle in which Chief Conquering Bear was killed.
272:
against a peaceful camp of mostly
Cheyennes, killing and mutilating the bodies of many men, women, and children. This event led to years of war between the Cheyennes and the United States.
849:
John C. Ewers, Intertribal Warfare as the Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. 397-410
1366:
992:
95:
and did not claim any part of it. The boundaries agreed to in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 would be used to settle a number of claims cases in the 20th century. The
1334:
895:, vol. 2, pp. 1008–1011 – via (Treaty with the Crows, 1868). American Memory. Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894. Map: Montana 1
504:
307:
171:, because the area around Fort Laramie lacked food for the horses. Many natives have referred to the treaty as the Horse Creek Treaty. Representatives from the
985:
644:
1253:
971:
23:
The campsite location of Fort Laramie Mounted riflemen in 1851 near the junction of the North Platte River and Horse Creek west of Morrill, Nebraska.
1285:
953:
440:
962:
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904, pp. 594–596. Through Oklahoma State University Library, Electronic Publishing Center.
1008:
771:
323:, Wyoming. The Southern Cheyenne and the Arapaho live in a common reservation in what is now Oklahoma, also far from their 1851 treaty land.
96:
29:
1201:
168:
33:
222:
384:
424:
Lincoln and London, 1977, p. 186. Sutton, Imre (Ed.): Irredeemable America. The Indians Estate and Land Claims. Albuquerque, 1985.
316:
1851 Crow territory, after the Indians in question had "earned the right to stay in the north" after the Fort Robinson outbreak.
1279:
692:
474:
161:
1342:
1227:
519:
1296:
133:
408:
319:
The Arapahoe (Northern Arapaho) settled down on the reservation of their past enemies, the Shoshone, in what is now
1346:
1291:
1269:
1099:
915:
Fowler, Loretta: Arapahoe Politics, 1851-1978. Symbols in Crises of Authority. Lincoln and London, 1982, pp. 66-67.
977:
786:
648:
331:
141:
257:
1248:
1232:
1028:
814:
John C. Ewers, "Intertribal Warfare as the Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains",
343:
1376:
1094:
320:
287:
into Assiniboine hunting grounds in North Dakota and Montana, where the Assiniboine made peace with them.
157:
729:
Picture-writing of the American Indians, 10th annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1888–89
327:
950:
572:
444:
167:
The treaty was negotiated and signed at the mouth of Horse Creek, 30 miles (48 km) downriver from
1322:
1274:
663:
226:
187:
129:
1371:
1312:
1180:
295:. The outnumbered Crows were displaced little by little. "The country from the Powder River to the
269:
1338:
1084:
207:
140:(superintendent at Saint Louis) recommended a council with the tribes to prevent a conflict. The
69:
206:
The Cheyenne and Arapaho, the southernmost of the treaty tribes, held an area southward of the
937:
Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Washington, 1904. Vol. 1, pp. 264-265.
767:
761:
390:
380:
296:
176:
137:
1089:
276:
179:, Lone Horn), Cheyenne, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa, Shoshone, Crow (
92:
1104:
957:
867:
Serial 1308, 40th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 1, Senate Executive Document No. 13, p. 127.
696:
478:
265:
160:
had appropriated one hundred thousand dollars to the assembly, endorsed by Luke Lea (the
1185:
1170:
840:
Serial 1220, 38th Congress, 2. Session, Vol. 5, House Executive Document No. 1, p. 408.
787:
J. Weston Phippen, 'Kill Every Buffalo You Can! Every Buffalo Dead Is an Indian Gone',
747:
Counting Coup and Cutting Horses. Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains, 1738–1889
292:
261:
221:
The Crow treaty territory (now in Montana and Wyoming) included the area westward from
153:
149:
125:
624:
Arapahoe Politics, 1851–1978. Symbols in Crises of Authority. Lincoln and London, 1982
1360:
1041:
172:
145:
117:
49:
37:
1175:
1145:
1140:
1016:
966:
183:, Sits-on-Edge-of Fortification), and Arapaho took part in the treaty discussions.
121:
104:
689:
598:
Nation to nation: treaties between the United States & American Indian Nations
471:
256:
The treaty was broken almost immediately after its inception. In 1858, during the
232:
878:
Indian Land Cessions in the United States, 1784 to 1894. See the different tribes
858:
Medicine Crow, Joseph: From the Heart of the Crow Country. New York, 1992, p. 84.
1217:
1125:
1056:
1012:
200:
65:
967:
Map of North America following the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie at omniatlas.com
422:
The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras.
1317:
1165:
829:
The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras
645:"Tribal Historical Overview - Lakota Migration - The 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty"
180:
1135:
1130:
1120:
394:
91:
The United States acknowledged that all the land covered by the treaty was
1036:
374:
215:
53:
545:
1051:
1046:
1020:
690:
Report to the President by the Indian Peace Commission, January 7, 1878
472:
Report to the President by the Indian Peace Commission, January 7, 1868
211:
100:
81:
77:
61:
88:, the treaty set forth traditional territorial claims of the tribes.
73:
311:
De Smet map of the 1851 Fort Laramie Indian territories (light area)
19:
376:
The patriot chiefs : a chronicle of American Indian resistance
1061:
505:"Lone Horn's Peace: A New View of Sioux-Crow Relations, 1851-1858"
306:
241:
231:
57:
28:
18:
763:
The destruction of the bison: an environmental history, 1750-1920
132:
beginning in 1848 greatly increased traffic. The next year, both
116:
Although many European and European-American migrants to western
735:, vol. 62, No. 2 (April 2015), pp. 217–240. Picture on page 228.
981:
379:(Revised ed.). New York: Penguin Books. pp. 249–251.
434:
432:
430:
326:
The Assiniboine in the United States has since 1888 lived in
611:
Stands In Timber, John and Margot Liberty: Cheyenne Memories
156:
rivers to ensure protected right-of-way for the migrants.
346:, which would negotiate the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie
199:
The Lakota Sioux received exclusive treaty rights to the
925:
960:
11 StatsAffairs: Laws and Treaties — Vol. II: Treaties.
409:
Report to The President By The Indian Peace Commission
924:
Serial 4015, 56th Congress, 1st Session, pp. 852-853.
1305:
1262:
1241:
1210:
1194:
1158:
1113:
1077:
1070:
1027:
972:
National Park Service, Treaties and Broken Promises
632:
One Hundreds Years of Old Man Sage. An Arapaho Life
613:. Lincoln and London, 1972, p. 162. See also p. 54.
711:. Norman, 1987, pp. 137–163, 164–222. Hoig, Stan:
573:"Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 (Horse Creek Treaty)"
1335:History of Native Americans in the United States
951:"Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, Etc., 1851."
52:treaty commissioners and representatives of the
16:Treaty on territorial claims of Native Americans
803:American Environmental History: An Introduction
630:. New York, 1966, p. 11. Anderson, Jeffrey D.:
459:The Commissioners of Indians Affairs, 1824–1977
628:The Arapaho Way. A Memoir of an Indian Boyhood
491:The Commissioners of Indian Affairs, 1824–1977
993:
709:Life of George Bent. Written form His Letters
544:Crow, Joe Medicine; Press, Daniel S. (1966).
8:
766:. Cambridge University Press. p. 127.
547:A Handbook of Crow Indian Laws and Treaties
229:ran through the center of the Crow domain.
1367:United States and Native American treaties
1254:Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion
1074:
1000:
986:
978:
600:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
489:Kvasnicka, Robert M. and Herman J. Viola:
457:Kvasnicka, Robert M. and Herman J. Viola:
40:, where the treaty of 1868 was negotiated.
1233:Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)
818:, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Oct., 1975), pp. 397–410
684:
682:
680:
275:The situation escalated in 1854 with the
136:(agent of Upper Platte and Arkansas) and
48:was signed on September 17, 1851 between
1286:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians
805:, Columbia University Press, 2007, p.20
493:. Lincoln and London, 1979, pp. 49–55 .
236:The Lands of the 1851 Ft. Laramie Treaty
356:
723:
721:
664:"The Indian Trail of Broken Treaties"
7:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
831:. Lincoln and London, 1977, p. 108.
441:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties"
34:Fort Laramie National Historic Site
634:. Lincoln and London, 2003, p. 72.
461:. Lincoln and London, 1979, p. 43.
120:had previously passed through the
14:
893:Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties
420:See, for example, Meyer, Roy W.:
816:The Western Historical Quarterly
626:, p. 56. See also Bass, Althea:
144:undertook negotiations with the
1280:The Journey Museum and Gardens
162:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1:
1228:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
1223:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
974:, retrieved November 23, 2016
443:. p. 594. Archived from
1297:Republic of Lakotah proposal
891:Kappler, Charles J. (1904),
439:Kappler, Charles J. (1904).
99:guaranteed safe passage for
1029:Historic and present tribes
880:– via American Memory
760:Andrew C. Isenberg (2000).
596:Harjo, Suzan Shown (2014).
46:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
1393:
1333:For more information, see
1292:Lakota Nation Invitational
1270:Seizure of the Black Hills
1218:History of the Black Hills
745:McGinnis, Anthony (1990).
695:February 17, 2006, at the
503:Bray, Kingsley M. (1985).
477:February 17, 2006, at the
373:Josephy, Alvin M. (1993).
268:'s armies perpetrated the
1331:
669:. Wild West. p. 40.
210:in common (now mainly in
1263:Modern events and places
956:August 12, 2014, at the
662:Michno, Gregory (2006).
332:Fort Belknap Reservation
142:United States government
1249:Great Sioux Reservation
713:The Sand Creek Massacre
518:: 28–47. Archived from
344:Indian Peace Commission
84:Nations. Also known as
1195:Traditional narratives
553:. Crow Agency, Montana
321:Wind River Reservation
312:
248:
237:
41:
24:
926:http://memory.loc.gov
328:Fort Peck Reservation
310:
258:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
245:
235:
32:
22:
1323:Charmaine White Face
1275:Crazy Horse Memorial
525:on December 18, 2010
227:Little Bighorn River
188:United States Senate
130:California gold rush
36:, with tipis across
1313:Charlotte Black Elk
1181:Inyan Kara Mountain
447:on August 12, 2014.
270:Sand Creek massacre
148:living between the
801:Carolyn Merchant,
727:Mallery, Garrick:
313:
266:John M. Chivington
249:
238:
134:Thomas Fitzpatrick
124:on the Oregon and
86:Horse Creek Treaty
42:
25:
1354:
1353:
1154:
1153:
773:978-0-521-00348-3
707:Hyde, George E.:
651:on July 25, 2016.
622:Fowler, Loretta:
411:, January 7, 1868
297:Yellowstone River
138:David D. Mitchell
1384:
1337:. Nearby modern
1186:Six Grandfathers
1159:Spiritual places
1090:Sherman Coolidge
1075:
1071:Historic figures
1009:Native Americans
1002:
995:
988:
979:
938:
935:
929:
922:
916:
913:
907:
903:
897:
896:
888:
882:
881:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
825:
819:
812:
806:
799:
793:
784:
778:
777:
757:
751:
750:
742:
736:
725:
716:
705:
699:
686:
675:
674:
668:
659:
653:
652:
647:. Archived from
641:
635:
620:
614:
608:
602:
601:
593:
587:
586:
584:
582:
577:
569:
563:
562:
560:
558:
552:
541:
535:
534:
532:
530:
524:
512:Nebraska History
509:
500:
494:
487:
481:
468:
462:
455:
449:
448:
436:
425:
418:
412:
405:
399:
398:
370:
195:Treaty territory
97:Native Americans
93:Indian territory
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1327:
1301:
1258:
1242:Historic places
1237:
1211:Historic events
1206:
1190:
1150:
1109:
1105:Margaret Poisal
1066:
1023:
1006:
958:Wayback Machine
947:
942:
941:
936:
932:
923:
919:
914:
910:
904:
900:
890:
889:
885:
876:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
827:Meyer, Roy W.:
826:
822:
813:
809:
800:
796:
791:, May 13, 2016
785:
781:
774:
759:
758:
754:
744:
743:
739:
726:
719:
715:. Norman, 1961.
706:
702:
697:Wayback Machine
687:
678:
666:
661:
660:
656:
643:
642:
638:
621:
617:
609:
605:
595:
594:
590:
580:
578:
575:
571:
570:
566:
556:
554:
550:
543:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
507:
502:
501:
497:
488:
484:
479:Wayback Machine
469:
465:
456:
452:
438:
437:
428:
419:
415:
406:
402:
387:
372:
371:
358:
353:
340:
254:
197:
126:Santa Fe Trails
114:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:Black Elk Peak
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1007:
1005:
1004:
997:
990:
982:
976:
975:
969:
964:
946:
945:External links
943:
940:
939:
930:
917:
908:
898:
883:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
820:
807:
794:
779:
772:
752:
737:
717:
700:
676:
654:
636:
615:
603:
588:
564:
536:
495:
482:
463:
450:
426:
413:
407:Paragraph 69,
400:
385:
355:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
339:
336:
293:Wyola, Montana
277:Grattan affair
253:
250:
196:
193:
113:
110:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1389:
1378:
1377:1851 treaties
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:Modern people
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
989:
984:
983:
980:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
934:
931:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
902:
899:
894:
887:
884:
879:
873:
870:
864:
861:
855:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
830:
824:
821:
817:
811:
808:
804:
798:
795:
792:
790:
783:
780:
775:
769:
765:
764:
756:
753:
748:
741:
738:
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
701:
698:
694:
691:
688:Paragraph 35
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
665:
658:
655:
650:
646:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
616:
612:
607:
604:
599:
592:
589:
574:
568:
565:
557:September 13,
549:
548:
540:
537:
529:September 13,
521:
517:
513:
506:
499:
496:
492:
486:
483:
480:
476:
473:
470:Paragraph 33
467:
464:
460:
454:
451:
446:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
417:
414:
410:
404:
401:
396:
392:
388:
386:0-14-023463-2
382:
378:
377:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
357:
350:
345:
342:
341:
337:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
317:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
288:
284:
280:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
244:
240:
234:
230:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
194:
192:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Plains Tribes
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:North America
111:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:United States
47:
39:
38:Laramie River
35:
31:
27:
21:
1339:reservations
1284:
1222:
1176:Devils Tower
1146:Spotted Tail
1141:Sitting Bull
1017:South Dakota
961:
933:
920:
911:
901:
892:
886:
877:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
828:
823:
815:
810:
802:
797:
789:The Atlantic
788:
782:
762:
755:
749:. Evergreen.
746:
740:
733:Ethnohistory
732:
728:
712:
708:
703:
670:
657:
649:the original
639:
631:
627:
623:
618:
610:
606:
597:
591:
579:. Retrieved
567:
555:. Retrieved
546:
539:
527:. Retrieved
520:the original
515:
511:
498:
490:
485:
466:
458:
453:
445:the original
421:
416:
403:
375:
325:
318:
314:
302:
289:
285:
281:
274:
255:
239:
223:Powder River
220:
208:North Platte
205:
198:
185:
173:Lakota Sioux
169:Fort Laramie
166:
122:Great Plains
115:
105:Oregon Trail
90:
85:
45:
43:
26:
1126:Crazy Horse
1013:Black Hills
201:Black Hills
70:Assiniboine
1372:Sioux Wars
1361:Categories
1343:Pine Ridge
1318:JoAnn Tall
1202:Great Race
1166:Bear Butte
1100:Little Owl
1085:Black Bear
581:August 28,
351:References
181:Big Robber
112:Background
1136:Red Cloud
1131:Lone Horn
1121:Black Elk
252:Aftermath
1037:Cheyenne
954:Archived
693:Archived
475:Archived
395:30361180
338:See also
262:Arkansas
216:Colorado
177:Red Fish
158:Congress
154:Missouri
150:Arkansas
101:settlers
54:Cheyenne
1347:Rosebud
1078:Arapaho
1052:Arikara
1047:Arapaho
1021:Wyoming
1011:in the
330:and in
212:Wyoming
103:on the
82:Arikara
78:Hidatsa
62:Arapaho
1114:Lakota
1095:Friday
1042:Lakota
770:
393:
383:
247:River.
128:, the
80:, and
74:Mandan
1062:Kiowa
906:1851.
672:1853.
667:(PDF)
576:(PDF)
551:(PDF)
523:(PDF)
508:(PDF)
304:1851.
58:Sioux
1345:and
1341:are
1057:Crow
1019:and
768:ISBN
583:2016
559:2021
531:2021
391:OCLC
381:ISBN
214:and
186:The
152:and
66:Crow
44:The
1015:of
218:).
164:).
1363::
720:^
679:^
516:66
514:.
510:.
429:^
389:.
359:^
225:.
76:,
72:,
68:,
64:,
60:,
56:,
1349:.
1001:e
994:t
987:v
928:.
776:.
585:.
561:.
533:.
397:.
175:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
