Treaty of London (1915) - Knowledge (XXG)

663: 235: 175: 106: 550: 871: 301: 1272: 187: 130: 118: 960: 263: 163: 94: 82: 1221:, a senior member of the British Cabinet, demanding support for unification of Croatia, Istria, and Dalmatia and then for a political union with Serbia. News of the treaty also compelled the Yugoslav Committee to adopt a less critical view of Serbian demands concerning the method of political unification of the South Slavs as it became clear that the unity of the Croats and the unity of the Slovenes would depend on success of Serbia. Full text of the treaty text was published by the 1314:

Germany. Lack of preparation of the army was cited as the decision for the non-compliance with the treaty. Failure to declare war on other Central Powers, especially Germany, led to isolation of Italy among the Entente powers. Following pressure from the Entente and internal political struggle, war was declared on the Ottoman Empire on 20 August. Italy did not declare war on Germany until 27 August 1916. Italy was nearly militarily defeated by the Central Powers in 1917, at the

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interests in preventing westward spread of Slavic domains under Russian influence – specifically by preventing Slavic influence in the Adriatic, where irredentists claimed Dalmatia. While Castello instructed Imperiali to tell the British that Italy would not decide to abandon its neutrality before the Entente accepted their conditions, Grey insisted on Italy first committing to joining the Entente and the talks collapsed again.

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self-determination principle on which the Niš Declaration rested and the lack of consultations with Serbia. He demanded the Entente refrain from treaties with Hungary or Romania on borders of interest to Croatia without conferring with Serbia first, as well as requesting assurances of future political union of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Pašić telegraphed his proposal to Grey from the provisional wartime capital of

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Orlando and Sonnino left Paris in protest and were celebrated in Italy as champions of national honour. Even after their return on 7 May, they refused to take any initiative expecting a conciliatory offer from the Allies. In absence of the Italian delegation, the French and the British decided to annul the Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne for lack of Russian consent and not to honour any Italian claims in

1185: 285: 199: 142: 713: 248: 939:, informed Sazonov that Italian and Romanian support would be needed urgently to regain the initiative. In response, Sazonov accepted the proposal put forward by Delcassé, insisting that Italy enter the war by the end of April and leaving all treaty-related demilitarisation matters to the British Prime Minister 1486:, Istria, and several islands. Rijeka was assigned the status of an independent city – following negotiations between Orlando and Trumbić. Italian gains included corrections of the Treaty of London borders around Tarvisio to give Italy a direct rail link with Austria. In Dalmatia, the British Prime Minister 3621: 3611: 1481:

Orlando and Sonnino held different positions regarding the eastern Adriatic shore claims. Orlando was prepared to give up on Dalmatia except Zadar and Šibenik while insisting on annexing Rijeka. Sonnino held the opposite view. This led to adoption of a widely publicised slogan of "Pact of London plus

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and Sonnino demanded enforcement of the Treaty of London relying on application of the security principle, and annexation of Rijeka on the basis of self-determination. The British and the French would not publicly endorse any claims exceeding those afforded by the treaty while privately holding Italy

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to push Russia out of the region despite being promised control of the city by the Entente. Sonnino saw the combined Bulgarian and Greek entry into the war likely to assure Entente victory in the Balkans. On 4 March, Imperiali informed Grey that Italy would enter the war and presented him with the 16

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While the Entente Powers were negotiating with Italy, they led a concurrent diplomatic effort aimed at obtaining Bulgarian alliance (or at least friendly neutrality). This situation led to a conflict of territorial claims staked by Italy and Serbia. Namely, awarding Italy Dalmatia would largely block

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in April 1917. While it was apparent that the Italian interests were clashing with the British and the French, Italian representatives insisted on fulfilment of the promise given under the 1915 Treaty of London in the region of Antalya. To reinforce proportionality of Italian gains to those of their

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Hoping to achieve the diplomatic breakthrough in securing alliances with Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece, Grey turned Sonnino's 16 points into a draft agreement and forwarded it to Russia against protests by the Yugoslav Committee. Sazonov objected to the draft agreement and dismissed an Italian offer

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Grey noted that the Italian claims were excessive, but also that they did not conflict with British interests. He also thought that recent Russian stubborn objections against Greek attack to capture Constantinople could be overcome by addition of Italian troops, and that Italian participation in the

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Nonetheless, Castello managed to obtain British endorsement for Italian occupation of Vlorë. The move was made as a preparation for Italian intervention and designed to lend some prestige to the Italian government. Expecting opposition from Sazonov, Castello asked Grey to get the Russians to let him

1544:, decided to pull out occupying Italian troops from Rijeka and hand the city over to the inter-Allied military command. That prompted D'Annunzio to lead a force consisting of veterans and rebelling soldiers (with the support of regular troops deployed in the border area) in what became known as the 1096:

River with exception of the strip between Pelješac and a point 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of Dubrovnik and in Montenegrin territory where military bases were allowed through prewar arrangements. The demilitarisation was meant to assure Italy of military dominance in the region. The coast

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The motives for the Entente's overture to Italy and Italian consideration of entering the war were entirely opportunistic. The Entente saw Germany as the principal enemy and wanted to force it to divert some of its forces away from the existing battlefields. Italy had basically different interests

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Article 1 of the treaty determined that a military agreement shall be concluded to guarantee the number of troops committed by Russia against Austria-Hungary to prevent it from concentrating all its forces against Italy. Article 2 required Italy to enter the war against all enemies of the United

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did not break off the negotiations completely. They used the subsequent months to wait for a chance to increase Italian demands to the maximum at an opportune time. There was an attempt to relaunch the negotiations in London on 16 September when Castello told Rodd that British and Italian shared

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on account of fundamental changes of circumstances following the breakup of Austria-Hungary. While the British and the French representatives remained passive on the issue, Wilson published a manifesto explaining his principles and appealing for sense of justice among Italians on 24 April 1919.

896:, but on security concerns in a future war – as the Italian negotiators alleged that Russia might occupy the Austrian-controlled coast while Italy had no defensible port on the western shore of the Adriatic. The Committee of Imperial Defence was concerned about rising Russian naval power in the 1313:

by declaring war against Austria-Hungary alone. This ignored the requirement set out in Article 2 to wage war against all the Central Powers. France accused Italy of violating the Treaty of London, and Russia speculated on the potential existence of a non-aggression agreement between Italy and

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in an apparent attempt to keep the Central Powers at bay until further negotiations were possible with the Entente. These talks collapsed on 15 February 1915. The following day, Sonnino sent Imperiali a specific list of conditions set out in sixteen points necessary for Italy to enter the war.

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Even though the treaty was meant to be secret, an outline of its provisions became known to the Yugoslav Committee and its supporters in London in late April 1915. Serbia and the Yugoslav Committee protested it in strong terms in Entente capitals. Pašić condemned the disregard for the

3559: 1600:, Albanian forces forced out the Italian garrison deployed to Vlorë; the latter retained Sazan Island. On 22 July, Italy renounced the Venizelos–Tittoni agreement and guaranteed Albanian independence within its 1913 borders instead. Italy directly contacted the newly established 922:

who was ready to pay any price to obtain an alliance with Italy believing it would bring about alliances with Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania as well. Delcassé proposed a reduction in the Italian claim in Dalmatia to favour Serbia in exchange for unrestricted possession of the

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to Bulgaria requested by the Entente as enticement to Bulgaria. Sazonov wanted to strengthen his offer to Serbia and indirectly to Bulgaria by guaranteeing such an outlet to Serbia, but Grey blocked the initiative – arguing that an Italian alliance was more important.

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and Rodd in November. Sonnino proposed a non-binding agreement which could be turned into a binding one at an opportune time. Even though similar proposals by his predecessor were turned down, Rodd was informed through his contacts in the Italian government that the

3564: 617:, presented Grey with Italy's conditions, but Grey did not consider the talks could produce any practical results. He told Imperiali that Britain would not consider the matter any further until Italy committed itself to joining the Entente. On Grey's instructions, 813:

Sazonov objected to any Italian role regarding Constantinople – seeing it as a threat to Russian control of the city promised by the allies in return for Russian losses in the war. This led Grey to obtain formal recognition of the Russian claim to the city by the

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if Italy could enter the war. Salandra informed Rodd that this was impossible at the time and that any premature attempt to abandon neutrality would jeopardise any prospect of a future alliance. Sazonov was informed accordingly, and Russia abandoned the matter.

1350:, Bulgaria became convinced the Entente would lose the war. In August, the Entente powers sent a note to Pašić, promising territorial gains in exchange for territorial concessions in Vardar Macedonia to Bulgaria. The note promised Bosnia and Herzegovina, 829:

The request concerning the Turkish Straits was found acceptable by Grey since the British never anticipated Italy would take part in the campaign against Constantinople. The bulk of the Italian claim, concerning acquisition of Trentino, Trieste, and

638:. Initially, the majority of the Italian public favoured neutrality, but groups favouring an expansionist war against Austria-Hungary formed in every part of the political spectrum. The most ardent supporters of war became irredentist groups such as 1573:. Nitti's successor Giolitti and "democratic renouncers" of Dalmatian heritage were next criticised by the nationalists. D'Annunzio formulated the charge in the slogan "Victory of ours, you shall not be mutilated", referencing the promise of 1116:

in foreign relations, but it was also required to acquiesce to its partition between Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece if the United Kingdom, France, and Russia decided so. Article 8 gave Italy full sovereignty over the Dodecanese Islands.

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by describing the Italian claims as absurd and Grey's policies as unjust. Grey responded by reiterating that in the event of victory in the war, Serbia would receive territories from Austria-Hungary allowing its enlargement.

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given in the Treaty of London, failure to annex the "utterly Italian" city of Rijeka, and elusive Adriatic domination as rendering Italian participation in the war meaningless. His position thus gave rise to the myth of the

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were prepared to intervene by February 1915 – prompting Rodd to urge Grey to consider the proposal. However, Grey declined the idea as a hypothetical bargain as he appeared indifferent to an Italian alliance at this point.

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The entry of Italy into the war did not entice Bulgaria to join the Entente as it became more cautious regarding further developments after early British and French setbacks at Gallipoli. Following the German capture of

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produced a sense that Italy was losing the peace. Patriotic fervour gave way to nationalistic grievance and the government was seen as incapable of defending national interests. Orlando's successor as Prime Minister,

777:, the British were convinced that Bulgaria would enter the war on the side of the Entente within weeks, certain of its victory. Even though it worked to bring Bulgaria on board, Russia was anxious that Bulgarian and 662: 884:

Nonetheless, negotiations extended for six weeks over disagreements as the extent of Italian territorial gains in Dalmatia was still objected to by Sazonov. The Italian claim of Dalmatia to the

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between the point 10 kilometres southeast of Dubrovnik and the Drin River was to be divided between Serbia and Montenegro. Articles 4 and 5 thus added to Italy's population 200,000 speakers of

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as a port for South Slavs as it lacked inland transport routes. Sazonov demanded Split in addition as a better port and objected to the requested demilitarisation of the coast belonging to the

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to decide. Asquith produced a draft agreement on 9 April and it was accepted by Sonnino with minor amendments five days later. The agreement was signed on 26 April by Grey and ambassadors

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Fiume" – and demanding the London Treaty promises and Rijeka becoming the matter of Italian national honour. Ultimately, Italian gains on the eastern Adriatic shore were limited to the

862:. Sazonov acquiesced, adding that he has nothing to say on behalf of the Croats and the Slovenes and would not approve Russian forces to fight "half a day" for liberty of the Slovenes. 3720: 3585: 686: 1640:

north of Rijeka and a strip of land between the city and Italian-controlled Istria. The Treaty of Rapallo nonetheless added 350,000 Slovenes and Croats to the population of Italy.

678: 1374:. The Slovene Lands not promised to Italy appeared to be meant to remain in Austria-Hungary. On 6 October, Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and attacked Serbia five days later. 3397: 912:. Grey drew up a document taking into consideration the Russian objections and forwarded it to Imperiali, but Sonnino threatened to end the negotiations over the differences. 3409: 3311: 3170: 900:

and it is possible, although there is no direct evidence, that this influenced the British support for the Italian claims in the Adriatic – as means to deny it to Russia.

1326:, Italy was allowed to occupy Austro-Hungarian territory promised to her under the Treaty of London – parts of which were also claimed by the diplomatically unrecognised 735:. Sazonov warned Grey not to offer Dalmatia in exchange and the latter replied that no such offer was made as the canal remaining open was in Italian interests too. 3705: 818:

and by France – leading Sazonov to acquiesce to an agreement with Italy, except he would not consent to Italy taking the Adriatic coast south of the city of

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In May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary but waited a year before declaring war on Germany – leading France and the UK to resent the delay. At the

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of war objectives called for the struggle to liberate and unify "unliberated brothers", referring to "three tribes of one people" meaning the Serbs, the

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Approximate extent of territorial promises (red) to Serbia at the expense of Austria-Hungary made around the time of conclusion of the Treaty of London.

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Grey's policy and the treaty were criticised in British press. An early example of such critique was "The National Union of South Slavs and the

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The August–September 1914 negotiations between the Entente and Italy were conducted on Russian initiative. On 4 August, only a day after Italy

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Provisions detailing territorial gains beyond Europe were comparably vaguely written. Article 9 promised Italy territory in the area of

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setting out a plan for post-war unification of South Slavs to counter the Italian territorial claims outlined in the Treaty of London.

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Partition of the Ottoman Empire was discussed by the Entente powers at two conferences in London in January and February 1917, and in

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Kingdom, Russia, and France, and Article 3 obliged the French and British navies from supporting the Italian war effort by destroying

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Riccardi, Luca (2019). "Italy and the Entente in the First World War: The Policy of Sidney Sonnino". In Pavlović, Vojislav G. (ed.).

3735: 3297: 3280: 3146: 3121: 3092: 3001: 2976: 2948: 2919: 2851: 2736: 2661: 2608: 2580: 1461:, hold Italian ambitions in check in the Adriatic by advocating self-determination of the area in accordance with point nine of his 440:

The results of the Paris Peace Conference transformed wartime national fervour in Italy into nationalistic resentment championed by

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In the final weeks before entering the war, internal struggle took place in Italy. National fervour was whipped up by speeches of

870: 3680: 1366:. Pašić agreed, offering to cede to Bulgaria a part of Vardar Macedonia largely along the lines agreed in 1912 at the end of the 506:) as an ally of the Entente was in August–September 1914. The matter became closely related to contemporary efforts to obtain an 3499: 1495: 1037:

River and its tributaries in the Italian territory. The article also awarded Italy all Austro-Hungarian Adriatic islands except

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the Adriatic outlet offered to Serbia (in addition to Bosnia and Herzegovina) as compensation to Serbia's cession of much of

539: 696:. He added that if Dalmatia were annexed by Italy, it would inherit a problem from Austria-Hungary – that of having a large 581: 21:

Multiple geographical names mentioned below changed in the discussed period. The article uses modern English or local names.

3725: 3690: 3220: 1330:. Italian troops began to move into those areas on 3 November 1918, entered Rijeka on 17 November and were stopped before 1248:

ambitions against Dalmatia causing a crisis. Evans expanded on his criticism in article "Italy and Dalmatia" published by

815: 1298:– calling for war as a measure of national worth and inciting violence against neutralists and the former Prime Minister 858:, as means to attract support from South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary, Pašić was primarily concerned with achieving a 2904:

Pavlović, Vojislav G. (2019). "Italy and the Creation of Yugoslavia. Delenda Austria?". In Pavlović, Vojislav G. (ed.).

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Provisions of the Treaty of London were a major point of dispute between Italy and the remaining Entente powers at the

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at the cost of 600,000 dead, social unrest in the country and a badly damaged economy. Under the provisions of the

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in any settlement of questions raised by the war, and Article 16 stipulated that the treaty was to be kept secret.

459: 3339: 393:. A new agreement produced at the conference reduced the territorial gains promised by the treaty: Italy received 370:

and Austria-Hungary – to divert some of their forces away from existing battlefields. The Entente also hoped that

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under provisions of the Treaty of Rapallo. It comprised settlement of the border awarding Italy territory on the

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To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and Nationalist Socialist Dictatorships

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Orlando's and Sonnino's inability to secure all the territory promised by the Treaty of London or the city of

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advocating interests of South Slavs living in Austria-Hungary. On the other hand, the Serbian Prime Minister

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have this without making any concessions in return as a necessary evil to attract Italy to join the Entente.

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should be added to the claim as potentially important to win over Italian public opinion on joining the war.

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in favour of Greece while the two countries agreed to support each other's claims in partition of Albania.

1405:. The French required that the Russia confirm the agreement though – which proved impossible following the 3785: 3755: 3675: 3509: 2752: 2678: 2542: 1295: 1149: 1141: 568: 503: 441: 362:

and in Africa where it was promised enlargement of its colonies. The Entente countries hoped to force the

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Articles 11 and 14 promised a share in any war indemnity and a loan to Italy in the amount of 50 million

2628: 988: 980: 928: 909: 491: 335: 239: 3131:Živojinović, Dragoljub (2019). "Serbia and the 1915 Treaty of London". In Pavlović, Vojislav G. (ed.). 1591: 1108:, and surrounding territory necessary for defence – requiring it to leave a strip of land west of the 834:

was likely to attract protests against handing predominantly Slav-populated territories to Italy from

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who saw the war as an opportunity for ethnic struggle against neighbouring South Slavic populations.

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Article 5 awarded Dalmatia to Italy – specifically the part north of a line running northeast from

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shore. The Entente went back on its promises to provide Italy with expanded colonies and a part of

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Moos, Carlo (2017), "Südtirol im St. Germain-Kontext", in Georg Grote and Hannes Obermair (ed.),

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for a compromise on their borders on the eastern Adriatic shores. The border was settled by the

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objectives in Austria-Hungary, to gain a dominant position in the Adriatic basin and to expand

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Furthermore, Article 5 required demilitarisation of the coast between the Cape Planka and the

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war would expedite a decision from Bulgaria and Romania – still waiting to commit to the war.

778: 647: 511: 445: 2832:(2003). "The Yugoslav Question, the First World War and the Peace Conference, 1914–1920". In 1450:

deserved little because of its reserved attitude towards Germany in early stages of the war.

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respectively. Article 15 promised Entente support to Italian opposition to inclusion of the

794: 766: 622: 594:, and a dominant position in the Adriatic. Believing that such a move by Italy would prompt 510:, or at least secure its neutrality, in return for territorial gains against Entente-allied 499: 454: 343: 313: 268: 186: 129: 122: 117: 2536:

Agreement between France, Russia, Great Britain and Italy, signed at London, April 26, 1915

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could be established instead. The Regency of Carnaro was significant in the development of

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Agreement between France, Russia, Great Britain and Italy. Signed at London April 26, 1915.

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of European diplomacy. He held the treaty invalid by application of the legal doctrine of

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if it was captured by the Entente militarily. On Sonnino's request, Pašić was not offered

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in Africa. In Article 12, Italy upheld the Entente powers in support of future control of

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In the Shadow of the Sword: Italy's Neutrality and Entrance Into the Great War, 1914-1915

1214: 448:. He led a successful march of veterans and disgruntled soldiers to capture the port of 3539: 3187: 2694: 1458: 1430: 1145: 1066: 1034: 859: 819: 802: 798: 782: 752: 739: 728: 716: 635: 599: 559: 495: 487: 483: 363: 359: 351: 339: 253: 198: 146: 141: 134: 2929:

Pavlowitch, Kosta St. (2003). "The First World War and Unification of Yugoslavia". In

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and published in April 1915. Evans described the treaty as a manifestation of Italian

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only supported a free-city status for Zadar and Šibenik, while French Prime Minister

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In late October, there was an attempt to get Italy to intervene against an expected

2618: 1653: 1629: 1617: 1558:. It became a model for an alternative parliamentary order sought by the Fascists. 1483: 1310: 1245: 1241: 1105: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1011: 835: 666: 523: 430: 398: 1184: 452:– claimed by Italy and denied by the Entente powers. The move became known as the 3270: 3132: 3107: 2987: 2962: 2934: 2905: 2880: 2837: 2726: 2698: 2672: 2647: 2622: 2594: 2566: 3320: 1193: 1070: 1022: 999: 995: 964: 944: 932: 889: 697: 692:

who remarked that Sazonov was right to claim that Dalmatia wished to unite with

586:, its ambassador to Russia said that Italy might join the Entente in return for 479: 347: 179: 3081:

Notes of a Plenipotentiary: Russian Diplomacy and War in the Balkans, 1914–1917

3211: 2803:"Between old Austria and new foes: Italy and the Yugoslav project (1917-1918)" 2769: 2554: 1475: 1284: 1222: 1109: 1086: 1082: 1030: 994:

Article 4 of the treaty determined that Italy shall receive Trentino, and the

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to join the Entente as well against Austria-Hungary, Russian foreign minister

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but asked for further territorial gains – by addition of Central Croatia and

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area (green). Dalmatia, after WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to

498:– sought to attract more allies to their side. The first attempt to bring in 2562: 1597: 1331: 1250: 1074: 905: 822:

and as long as the Italian troops did not participate in the capture of the

712: 2686: 354:. The agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against 685:

Particular opposition to the Italian claim against Dalmatia came from the

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in the city – before being forced out by the Italian military so that the

1574: 1359: 1355: 1213:. However, Grey declined both requests. The Yugoslav Committee president 1168: 1046: 1042: 1007: 972: 855: 670: 591: 426: 402: 3203: 3165: 1401:

vilayets to the claim. Most of the Italian demands were accepted in the

1085:. The article specified that the remaining coast between Rijeka and the 3289: 3253: 3215: 3071: 3053: 3041: 3015: 2785: 2747: 1565:

brought about the fall of the Nitti government under pressure from the

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in September 1919, when the inhabitants of the city were mostly Italian

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The matter of an Italian alliance was taken up by Castello's successor

607: 514:. As compensation, Serbia was promised territories which were parts of 2534: 1621: 1536: 1521: 1499: 1351: 1343: 1157: 1015: 851: 831: 751:

Following this, Salandra and Sonnino conducted negotiations with the

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in the city; its system of government influenced the development of

1498:, Italy renounced its claims over the Dodecanese Islands except for 1206: 1112:

to allow a border between Serbia and Greece. Italy was to represent

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applied pressure to void the treaty as contrary to the principle of

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A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015

2113: 2111: 1652:– 1941 treaties agreed with states under the effective control of 1625: 1515: 1422: 1371: 1278: 1270: 1183: 1153: 1026: 958: 869: 793: 711: 661: 548: 422: 2964:

The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918–2005

2128: 2126: 3028:(117). London: Modern Humanities Research Association: 560–585. 1658:

unfulfilled parts of Dalmatia and small parts of adjacent shores

409:. Italy was compelled to settle its eastern border with the new 3293: 3066:(14). London: Modern Humanities Research Association: 271–297. 2568:

The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics

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The Balkans, 1804–2012: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers

2427:"Italiano popolare a Fiume. Lettere di semicolti (1915-1945)" 1849: 1847: 1550:

to the successful capture of Rijeka. D'Annunzio declared the

1309:

On 22 May 1915, the Italian government decided to launch the

1104:

Articles 6 and 7 gave Italy full sovereignty over Vlorë, the

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by defining a new Italian–Austrian frontier line between the

1229:. In 1917, Pašić and Trumbić negotiated and agreed upon the 786:

conditions insisting on curtailing Slavic westward advance.

621:, British ambassador to Italy, asked Italian Prime Minister 3102:

Velikonja, Mitja (2003). "Slovenia's Yugoslav Century". In

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by city-organised defence including a battalion of Serbian

951:, behalf of the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Russia. 378:

would be encouraged to join them after Italy did the same.

330:) was a secret agreement concluded on 26 April 1915 by the 2816:(1–2). Podgorica: Istorijski institut Crne Gore: 115–138. 2674:

The Doctrine of "rebus sic stantibus" in International Law

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who favoured neutrality. This period became known as the

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from the Entente powers. It saw opportunities to fulfil

2731:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2596:

Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period 1918–1940

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World War I treaty between Italy and the Triple Entente

3054:"Italian Intervention and the Secret Treaty of London" 2649:

Consumed by War: European Conflict in the 20th Century

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drive D'Annunzio from Rijeka, and the city became the

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only supported such a status for Zadar. In the secret

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Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

2865:, Oxford-Berne-New York: Peter Lang, pp. 27–39, 1675: 1673: 846:

and Sazonov found it acceptable. Even though Serbian

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on the other, in order to entice the latter to enter

304:

Territories promised to Italy in the treaty of London

1445:. The chief Italian representatives, Prime Minister 1148:

colonial empires made territorial gains against the

963:

Territories promised to Italy by the Entente in the

892:

Peninsula and all Adriatic islands was not based on

3599: 3578: 3473: 3431: 3332: 1128:, while Article 10 gave it rights belonging to the 444:by declaring that the outcome of Italy's war was a 277: 211: 154: 73: 65: 50: 42: 34: 29: 3171:History: The Journal of the Historical Association 3109:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 2936:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 2839:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992 1006:, and a new eastern Italian frontier running from 2533: 1465:. Wilson deemed the Treaty of London a symbol of 2728:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country 1140:. Article 13 promised Italy compensation if the 1089:is awarded to Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro. 801:interests were represented by Foreign Minister 429:, along with several islands along the eastern 927:Islands. The initiative succeeded because the 613:The Italian ambassador to the United Kingdom, 3305: 2748:"Britain and Italian Intervention, 1914–1915" 700:population looking for greater independence. 602:pursued the matter. British Foreign Minister 401:in addition to the occupation of the city of 325: 8: 3711:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 2117: 1254:on 27 April. Evans was joined by historians 773:In mid-February, following the start of the 458:, and D'Annunzio proclaimed the short-lived 24: 2132: 3721:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 3477: 3428: 3329: 3312: 3298: 3290: 3016:"British Diplomacy and Bulgaria 1914–1915" 2228: 2049: 1923: 23: 2516: 2369: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2156: 2037: 1433:objected to the Treaty of London at the 299: 3591:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt 3216:"Seton-Watson and the Treaty of London" 2504: 2413: 2396: 2381: 2330: 2315: 2267: 2066: 1853: 1838: 1730: 1706: 1694: 1669: 2453: 2342: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2022: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1628:and several islands. Giolitti had the 411:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 3706:Treaties of the French Third Republic 3021:The Slavonic and East European Review 2252: 2240: 2144: 1911: 1899: 1602:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1346:in Lithuania in late June during the 880:was the principal British negotiator. 7: 3555:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments 2492: 2477: 2465: 2354: 2168: 2007: 1959: 1947: 1935: 1887: 1870: 1826: 1814: 1802: 1790: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1718: 1679: 1403:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1384:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1378:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1289:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1018:just outside the Italian territory. 1453:The French and the British let the 1328:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 838:– a dominant figure in the nascent 553:Rival military coalitions in 1914: 3188:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1941.tb00752.x 1419:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 1192:was representing interests of the 677:Salandra and his foreign minister 14: 3134:Serbia and Italy in the Great War 2989:Serbia and Italy in the Great War 2907:Serbia and Italy in the Great War 1010:in the north to the coast in the 790:Russian claim over Constantinople 606:supported the idea; he said that 3079:Trubetskoi, Grigorii N. (2016). 1160:by an independent Muslim state. 283: 261: 246: 233: 219: 197: 185: 173: 161: 140: 128: 116: 104: 92: 80: 3761:History of the Slovene Littoral 3650:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 1126:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 69:London, England, United Kingdom 46:Entry of Italy into World War I 3746:Italy–United Kingdom relations 3716:Treaties of the Russian Empire 1455:President of the United States 1033:, as well as the basin of the 540:Italian entry into World War I 1: 3731:Political history of Slovenia 3221:The Journal of Modern History 1596:, in what is termed the 1920 816:Committee of Imperial Defence 3166:"The Treaty of London, 1915" 3164:Howard, Christopher (1941). 3139:Institute for Balkan Studies 2994:Institute for Balkan Studies 2912:Institute for Balkan Studies 2654:University Press of Kentucky 1526:Gabriele D'Annunzio and his 1471:clausula rebus sic stantibus 935:and its commander in chief, 588:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 395:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 3560:Italian reparation payments 3230:University of Chicago Press 2801:Merlicco, Giordano (2021). 1496:Venizelos–Tittoni agreement 1393:allies, the Italians added 1209:through British ambassador 1101:, and 600,000 South Slavs. 915:The deadlock was broken by 694:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 518:at the time – specifically 478:Soon after the outbreak of 3807: 3701:Treaties concluded in 1915 3269:Renzi, William A. (1987). 2882:Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 2762:Cambridge University Press 2705:Cambridge University Press 2703:. Vol. I. Cambridge: 2677:. Vol. IX. Columbia: 1552:Italian Regency of Carnaro 1509: 1416: 1381: 949:Alexander von Benckendorff 760:Seeking Bulgarian alliance 537: 460:Italian Regency of Carnaro 204:Alexander von Benckendorff 20: 3639: 3480: 3427: 3328: 2770:10.1017/S0018246X00007275 2646:Hall, Richard C. (2014). 1587:Mutiny of the Bersaglieri 1447:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1324:Armistice of Villa Giusti 1320:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 1267:Further course of the war 708:Sonnino replaces Castello 679:Antonino Paternò Castello 282: 3736:20th century in Slovenia 3570:U.S.–German Peace Treaty 3565:Sino-German Peace Treaty 3085:Cornell University Press 2969:Indiana University Press 2573:Cornell University Press 1624:and the city-enclave of 866:Final six weeks of talks 721:Italian Foreign Minister 387:United States of America 3681:Modern history of Italy 2879:Morgan, Philip (2004). 1567:Italian Socialist Party 1542:Francesco Saverio Nitti 1428:United States President 1390:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 931:lost initiative in the 917:French Foreign Minister 289:Treaty of London (1915) 54:26 April 1915 3751:Italy–Russia relations 3741:France–Italy relations 3433:Paris Peace Conference 2753:The Historical Journal 2679:University of Missouri 2671:Hill, Chesney (1934). 2543:H.M. Stationery Office 1532: 1443:Paris Peace Conference 1438: 1435:Paris Peace Conference 1413:Paris Peace Conference 1291: 1276: 1211:Charles Louis des Graz 1201: 1150:German colonial empire 1025:– including cities of 989:Austro-Hungarian fleet 983: 881: 806: 724: 674: 572: 520:Bosnia and Herzegovina 508:alliance with Bulgaria 417:. Italy thus received 413:through the bilateral 383:Paris Peace Conference 326: 317: 305: 3791:London in World War I 3771:Kingdom of Montenegro 3586:Regime of the Straits 3446:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 3345:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 3275:. New York: P. Lang. 2629:House of Anansi Press 1519: 1426: 1282: 1274: 1187: 962: 929:Russian Imperial Army 910:Kingdom of Montenegro 888:River, including the 873: 797: 715: 665: 552: 522:and an outlet to the 342:on the one part, and 303: 3726:World War I treaties 3691:Partition (politics) 3141:. pp. 121–136. 3050:Seton-Watson, Robert 2914:. pp. 245–278. 2746:Lowe, C. J. (1969). 781:forces might occupy 745:Italian Armed Forces 646:and Trieste) led by 3375:Act of 5th November 3059:The Slavonic Review 2282:, pp. 262–264. 2159:, pp. 119–120. 2135:, pp. 131–135. 2120:, pp. 292–293. 2052:, pp. 101–102. 1962:, pp. 546–548. 1950:, pp. 544–546. 1938:, pp. 542–544. 1914:, pp. 102–103. 1856:, pp. 572–573. 1817:, pp. 539–540. 1781:, pp. 537–538. 1757:, pp. 535–536. 1745:, pp. 174–175. 1709:, pp. 565–568. 1656:awarding Italy the 1634:Free State of Fiume 1316:Battle of Caporetto 1296:Gabriele D'Annunzio 1256:Robert Seton-Watson 937:Grand Duke Nicholas 731:attack against the 658:Occupation of Vlorë 636:its colonial empire 632:Italian irredentist 615:Guglielmo Imperiali 577:declared neutrality 464:Free State of Fiume 442:Gabriele D'Annunzio 385:after the war, the 350:on the side of the 192:Guglielmo Imperiali 38:Multilateral treaty 26: 3114:C. Hurst & Co. 2996:. pp. 43–80. 2941:C. Hurst & Co. 2887:Palgrave Macmillan 2844:C. Hurst & Co. 2601:Praeger Publishers 1569:, D'Annunzio, and 1533: 1492:Georges Clemenceau 1488:David Lloyd George 1439: 1407:Russian Revolution 1292: 1277: 1227:October Revolution 1202: 1190:Yugoslav Committee 984: 920:Théophile Delcassé 894:self-determination 882: 840:Yugoslav Committee 807: 775:Gallipoli campaign 725: 675: 573: 407:Dodecanese Islands 391:self-determination 318:Trattato di Londra 306: 111:Théophile Delcassé 3781:April 1915 events 3776:Adriatic question 3766:Kingdom of Serbia 3658: 3657: 3635: 3634: 3469: 3468: 3451:Neuilly-sur-Seine 3423: 3422: 2959:Ramet, Sabrina P. 2896:978-1-4039-3251-8 2872:978-3-0343-2240-9 2810:Istorijski Zapisi 2714:978-0-521-87860-9 2638:978-1-77089-273-6 2591:Burgwyn, H. James 2507:, pp. 15–16. 2456:, pp. 45–46. 2357:, pp. 60–61. 2306:, pp. 66–67. 2195:, pp. 50–52. 2183:, pp. 48–49. 2118:Seton-Watson 1926 2093:, §§ 9–10, 12–13. 2010:, pp. 27–39. 1614:Austrian Littoral 1606:Treaty of Rapallo 1580:mutilated victory 1512:Mutilated victory 1506:Mutilated victory 1300:Giovanni Giolitti 1238:Adriatic Question 1231:Corfu Declaration 969:Austrian Littoral 947:, Imperiali, and 875:Foreign Secretary 723:in November 1914. 648:Giovanni Giuriati 446:mutilated victory 425:as an enclave in 415:Treaty of Rapallo 298: 297: 3798: 3478: 3429: 3330: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3291: 3286: 3265: 3207: 3178:(100). Hoboken: 3152: 3127: 3116:pp. 84–99. 3098: 3075: 3045: 3007: 2982: 2954: 2943:pp. 27–41. 2925: 2900: 2875: 2857: 2846:pp. 42–56. 2830:Mitrović, Andrej 2825: 2807: 2797: 2760:(3). Cambridge: 2742: 2718: 2690: 2667: 2642: 2614: 2586: 2558: 2540: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2133:Živojinović 2019 2130: 2121: 2115: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2020: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1857: 1851: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1683: 1677: 1650:Treaties of Rome 1610:Slovene Littoral 1595: 1571:Benito Mussolini 1563:Impresa di Fiume 1547:Impresa di Fiume 1368:First Balkan War 1336:prisoners of war 1283:Italian zone in 767:Vardar Macedonia 640:Trento e Trieste 623:Antonio Salandra 585: 566: 557: 455:Impresa di Fiume 421:and the city of 329: 310:Treaty of London 287: 286: 271: 267: 265: 264: 256: 252: 250: 249: 238: 237: 229: 225: 223: 222: 202: 201: 190: 189: 178: 177: 166: 165: 145: 144: 133: 132: 123:Antonio Salandra 121: 120: 109: 108: 97: 96: 85: 84: 61: 59: 27: 25:Treaty of London 3806: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3696:Secret treaties 3686:1915 in Croatia 3661: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3645:Fourteen Points 3631: 3595: 3574: 3465: 3419: 3324: 3318: 3283: 3268: 3210: 3180:Wiley-Blackwell 3163: 3160: 3158:Further reading 3155: 3149: 3130: 3124: 3101: 3095: 3078: 3048: 3010: 3004: 2985: 2979: 2967:. Bloomington: 2957: 2951: 2928: 2922: 2903: 2897: 2878: 2873: 2860: 2854: 2828: 2805: 2800: 2745: 2739: 2721: 2715: 2695:Knox, MacGregor 2693: 2670: 2664: 2645: 2639: 2617: 2611: 2589: 2583: 2561: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2403: 2395: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2333:, pp. 7–8. 2329: 2322: 2318:, pp. 4–7. 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2229:Pavlowitch 2003 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2109: 2105:, §§ 11, 14–16. 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2056: 2050:Trubetskoi 2016 2048: 2044: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1924:Pavlowitch 2003 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1877: 1869: 1860: 1852: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1686: 1678: 1671: 1667: 1646: 1638:Snežnik Plateau 1620:)) but gaining 1589: 1514: 1508: 1463:Fourteen Points 1421: 1415: 1386: 1380: 1364:Central Croatia 1348:Russian retreat 1269: 1198:Austria-Hungary 1182: 1177: 1165:pounds sterling 1138:Treaty of Ouchy 1124:in a potential 977:Snežnik Plateau 975:(tan), and the 957: 868: 848:Niš Declaration 824:Turkish Straits 792: 762: 710: 690:Arthur Nicolson 660: 579: 571: 569:Triple Alliance 564: 562: 555: 547: 542: 536: 516:Austria-Hungary 504:Triple Alliance 502:(a part of the 476: 468:Italian fascism 366:– particularly 356:Austria-Hungary 327:Patto di Londra 284: 262: 260: 259: 247: 245: 244: 232: 220: 218: 217: 196: 184: 172: 160: 139: 127: 115: 103: 91: 79: 57: 55: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3671:1915 in London 3663: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3550:Rapallo (1922) 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3485:Rapallo (1920) 3481: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3389:Brest-Litovsk 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3333:During the war 3326: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3266: 3238:10.1086/237965 3228:(1). Chicago: 3212:May, Arthur J. 3208: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3128: 3122: 3099: 3093: 3076: 3046: 3012:Robbins, Keith 3008: 3002: 2983: 2977: 2955: 2949: 2926: 2920: 2901: 2895: 2876: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2826: 2798: 2743: 2737: 2723:Lampe, John R. 2719: 2713: 2691: 2668: 2662: 2643: 2637: 2615: 2609: 2587: 2581: 2559: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2517:Velikonja 2003 2509: 2497: 2495:, p. 276. 2482: 2470: 2468:, p. 223. 2458: 2443: 2418: 2401: 2386: 2374: 2359: 2347: 2345:, p. 371. 2335: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2270:, p. 580. 2257: 2245: 2243:, p. 129. 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2171:, p. 177. 2161: 2149: 2147:, p. 119. 2137: 2122: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2054: 2042: 2027: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1890:, p. 542. 1875: 1873:, p. 541. 1858: 1843: 1841:, p. 570. 1831: 1829:, p. 545. 1819: 1807: 1805:, p. 539. 1795: 1793:, p. 538. 1783: 1771: 1769:, p. 537. 1759: 1747: 1735: 1723: 1721:, p. 535. 1711: 1699: 1697:, p. 574. 1684: 1682:, p. 534. 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1645: 1642: 1585:Following the 1510:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1459:Woodrow Wilson 1431:Woodrow Wilson 1417:Main article: 1414: 1411: 1382:Main article: 1379: 1376: 1268: 1265: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 956: 953: 867: 864: 860:Greater Serbia 803:Sergey Sazonov 791: 788: 783:Constantinople 761: 758: 753:Central Powers 740:Sidney Sonnino 717:Sidney Sonnino 709: 706: 659: 656: 600:Sergey Sazonov 563: 560:Triple Entente 554: 546: 543: 535: 532: 488:United Kingdom 484:Triple Entente 475: 472: 364:Central Powers 360:Ottoman Empire 352:Triple Entente 332:United Kingdom 322:Pact of London 296: 295: 280: 279: 275: 274: 273: 272: 257: 242: 230: 227:United Kingdom 213: 209: 208: 207: 206: 194: 182: 170: 156: 152: 151: 150: 149: 147:Sergey Sazonov 137: 135:Sidney Sonnino 125: 113: 101: 89: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 36: 32: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3803: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786:H. H. Asquith 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3756:Konya vilayet 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3676:1915 in Italy 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3284: 3282:9780820404103 3278: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3148:9788671791038 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3123:1-85065-663-0 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3104:Djokic, Dejan 3100: 3096: 3094:9781501757327 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3003:9788671791038 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2978:9780253346568 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2950:1-85065-663-0 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2931:Djokic, Dejan 2927: 2923: 2921:9788671791038 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2853:1-85065-663-0 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834:Djokic, Dejan 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2738:0-521-77357-1 2734: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2665: 2663:9780813159959 2659: 2655: 2652:. Lexington: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2619:Glenny, Misha 2616: 2612: 2610:9780275948771 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2582:0-8014-1675-2 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2519:, p. 87. 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2480:, p. 98. 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2416:, p. 15. 2415: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2399:, p. 12. 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2372:, p. 54. 2371: 2370:Mitrović 2003 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2304:Riccardi 2019 2300: 2297: 2294:, p. 69. 2293: 2292:Riccardi 2019 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280:Pavlović 2019 2276: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2255:, p. 43. 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2231:, p. 36. 2230: 2225: 2222: 2219:, p. 64. 2218: 2217:Riccardi 2019 2213: 2210: 2207:, p. 53. 2206: 2205:Riccardi 2019 2201: 2198: 2194: 2193:Riccardi 2019 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181:Riccardi 2019 2177: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2157:Merlicco 2021 2153: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2040:, p. 49. 2039: 2038:Mitrović 2003 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1926:, p. 30. 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1902:, p. 40. 1901: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612:(also called 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1520:Residents of 1518: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260:Wickham Steed 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1240:" written by 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 954: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941:H. H. Asquith 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 918: 913: 911: 907: 901: 899: 898:Mediterranean 895: 891: 887: 879: 876: 872: 865: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 827: 825: 821: 817: 811: 804: 800: 796: 789: 787: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 759: 757: 754: 749: 746: 741: 736: 734: 730: 722: 718: 714: 707: 705: 701: 699: 695: 691: 688: 683: 680: 672: 668: 664: 657: 655: 653: 652:Alfredo Rocco 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 627: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 583: 578: 570: 561: 551: 544: 541: 533: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486:powers – the 485: 481: 473: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 323: 319: 315: 311: 302: 294: 290: 281: 276: 270: 258: 255: 243: 241: 236: 231: 228: 216: 215: 214: 210: 205: 200: 195: 193: 188: 183: 181: 176: 171: 169: 164: 159: 158: 157: 153: 148: 143: 138: 136: 131: 126: 124: 119: 114: 112: 107: 102: 100: 95: 90: 88: 87:H. H. Asquith 83: 78: 77: 76: 72: 68: 64: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 28: 19: 3525:Tartu (1921) 3510:Alexandropol 3490:Tartu (1920) 3354: 3271: 3225: 3219: 3175: 3169: 3137:. Belgrade: 3133: 3108: 3080: 3063: 3057: 3025: 3019: 2992:. Belgrade: 2988: 2963: 2935: 2910:. Belgrade: 2906: 2885:. New York: 2881: 2862: 2838: 2813: 2809: 2757: 2751: 2727: 2699: 2673: 2648: 2623: 2599:. Westport: 2595: 2567: 2553:– via 2535: 2512: 2505:Burgwyn 1997 2500: 2473: 2461: 2434:. Retrieved 2432:(in Italian) 2421: 2414:Burgwyn 1997 2397:Burgwyn 1997 2384:, p. 8. 2382:Burgwyn 1997 2377: 2350: 2338: 2331:Burgwyn 1997 2316:Burgwyn 1997 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2268:Robbins 1971 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2069:, p. 2. 2067:Burgwyn 1997 2045: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1854:Robbins 1971 1839:Robbins 1971 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1733:, p. 3. 1731:Burgwyn 1997 1726: 1714: 1707:Robbins 1971 1702: 1695:Robbins 1971 1654:Nazi Germany 1630:Italian Navy 1618:Julian March 1584: 1562: 1560: 1545: 1534: 1527: 1484:Julian March 1480: 1452: 1440: 1387: 1340: 1311:Alpine Front 1308: 1304:radiant days 1303: 1293: 1249: 1246:chauvinistic 1242:Arthur Evans 1235: 1215:Ante Trumbić 1203: 1162: 1119: 1106:Sazan Island 1103: 1091: 1055:Drvenik Veli 1051:Drvenik Mali 1020: 1012:Kvarner Gulf 993: 985: 914: 902: 883: 844:Nikola Pašić 836:Frano Supilo 828: 812: 808: 772: 763: 750: 737: 726: 702: 698:South Slavic 684: 676: 667:Italian Navy 639: 628: 619:Rennell Rodd 612: 574: 545:First offers 534:Negotiations 524:Adriatic Sea 477: 453: 439: 431:Adriatic Sea 399:Julian March 380: 321: 309: 307: 18: 3520:Riga (1921) 3500:Riga (1920) 3340:Sykes–Picot 3321:World War I 3182:: 347–355. 2764:: 533–548. 2627:. Toronto: 2454:Morgan 2004 2343:Glenny 2012 2103:Treaty 1920 2091:Treaty 1920 2079:Treaty 1920 2023:Treaty 1920 1996:Treaty 1920 1984:Treaty 1920 1974:, Preamble. 1972:Treaty 1920 1616:, coast or 1590: [ 1478:or Africa. 1194:South Slavs 1071:Sveti Grgur 1023:Cape Planka 1000:Piz Umbrail 996:South Tyrol 965:South Tyrol 945:Paul Cambon 933:Carpathians 878:Edward Grey 719:became the 604:Edward Grey 580: [ 480:World War I 348:World War I 180:Paul Cambon 168:Edward Grey 155:Signatories 99:Edward Grey 74:Negotiators 3665:Categories 3643:See also: 3441:Versailles 3359:Bucharest 3112:. London: 3083:. Ithaca: 2939:. London: 2842:. London: 2571:. Ithaca: 2563:Banac, Ivo 2555:Wikisource 2541:. London: 2436:6 February 2253:Ramet 2006 2241:Banac 1984 2145:Banac 1984 1912:Lampe 2000 1900:Ramet 2006 1665:References 1476:Asia Minor 1287:under the 1285:Asia Minor 1225:after the 1223:Bolsheviks 1219:Lord Crewe 1196:living in 1136:under the 1110:Lake Ohrid 1087:Drin River 981:Yugoslavia 925:Dodecanese 854:, and the 733:Suez Canal 538:See also: 474:Background 435:Asia Minor 293:Wikisource 58:1915-04-26 3474:Aftermath 3262:143758311 3246:0022-2801 3232:: 42–47. 3196:0018-2648 3034:0037-6795 2822:0021-2652 2794:162738142 2778:0018-246X 2551:807191361 2493:Knox 2007 2478:Hall 2014 2466:Knox 2007 2355:Hill 1934 2169:Knox 2007 2081:, §§ 6–8. 2008:Moos 2017 1986:, §§ 1–3. 1960:Lowe 1969 1948:Lowe 1969 1936:Lowe 1969 1888:Lowe 1969 1871:Lowe 1969 1827:Lowe 1969 1815:Lowe 1969 1803:Lowe 1969 1791:Lowe 1969 1779:Lowe 1969 1767:Lowe 1969 1755:Lowe 1969 1743:Knox 2007 1719:Lowe 1969 1680:Lowe 1969 1598:Vlora War 1528:Legionari 1524:cheering 1332:Ljubljana 1251:The Times 1217:met with 1175:Aftermath 1075:Goli Otok 906:Dubrovnik 320:) or the 278:Full text 3627:Portugal 3579:Montreux 3545:Lausanne 3350:Damascus 3323:treaties 3214:(1957). 3204:24401844 3052:(1926). 3014:(1971). 2961:(2006). 2725:(2000). 2697:(2007). 2621:(2012). 2593:(1997). 2565:(1984). 2545:. 1920. 1644:See also 1575:Dalmatia 1360:Slavonia 1180:Response 1169:Holy See 1014:leaving 1008:Tarvisio 973:Dalmatia 890:Pelješac 856:Slovenes 528:Dalmatia 427:Dalmatia 405:and the 397:and the 376:Bulgaria 66:Location 3607:Denmark 3530:Cilicia 3505:Suwałki 3456:Trianon 3398:Ukraine 3254:1872585 3106:(ed.). 3072:4202074 3042:4206453 2933:(ed.). 2836:(ed.). 2786:2638003 2687:1876470 2526:Sources 1556:Fascism 1467:perfidy 1146:British 1122:Antalya 1114:Albania 1083:Koločep 1079:Jakljan 1031:Šibenik 1004:Toblach 886:Neretva 799:Russian 729:Turkish 673:in 1915 608:Trieste 596:Romania 372:Romania 368:Germany 314:Italian 212:Parties 56: ( 43:Context 3622:Sweden 3617:Norway 3612:Greece 3535:Angora 3515:Moscow 3495:Warsaw 3461:Sèvres 3410:Vienna 3405:Berlin 3393:Russia 3385:Buftea 3380:Acroma 3355:London 3279: 3260: 3252: 3244: 3202: 3194: 3145: 3120: 3091: 3070: 3040: 3032: 3000: 2975: 2947: 2918: 2893: 2869: 2850: 2820: 2792: 2784: 2776: 2735: 2711: 2685: 2660: 2635: 2607: 2579: 2549: 2538: 2025:, § 5. 1998:, § 4. 1622:Istria 1537:Rijeka 1522:Rijeka 1500:Rhodes 1352:Syrmia 1344:Kaunas 1158:Medina 1142:French 1130:Sultan 1099:German 1081:, and 1016:Rijeka 971:, and 967:, the 852:Croats 832:Istria 644:Trento 567: 565: 558: 556: 512:Serbia 496:Russia 494:, and 492:France 482:, the 450:Rijeka 419:Istria 358:, the 340:Russia 338:, and 336:France 266: 254:Russia 251: 240:France 224: 51:Signed 3600:Egypt 3415:Batum 3258:S2CID 3250:JSTOR 3200:JSTOR 3068:JSTOR 3038:JSTOR 2806:(PDF) 2790:S2CID 2782:JSTOR 2430:(PDF) 1626:Zadar 1594:] 1399:Adana 1395:Konya 1372:Banat 1356:Bačka 1154:Mecca 1134:Libya 1067:Prvić 1047:Čiovo 1043:Šolta 1027:Zadar 955:Terms 820:Split 779:Greek 671:Vlorë 592:Vlorë 584:] 500:Italy 423:Zadar 403:Vlorë 344:Italy 269:Italy 3540:Kars 3368:1918 3363:1916 3277:ISBN 3242:ISSN 3192:ISSN 3143:ISBN 3118:ISBN 3089:ISBN 3030:ISSN 2998:ISBN 2973:ISBN 2945:ISBN 2916:ISBN 2891:ISBN 2867:ISBN 2848:ISBN 2818:ISSN 2814:XCIV 2774:ISSN 2733:ISBN 2709:ISBN 2683:OCLC 2658:ISBN 2633:ISBN 2605:ISBN 2577:ISBN 2547:OCLC 2438:2021 1561:The 1397:and 1258:and 1188:The 1156:and 1094:Aoös 1039:Brač 1035:Krka 1029:and 1002:and 374:and 308:The 35:Type 3234:doi 3184:doi 2766:doi 2758:XII 1207:Niš 1144:or 1132:in 1063:Rab 1059:Krk 904:of 669:in 650:or 526:in 291:at 3667:: 3256:. 3248:. 3240:. 3226:29 3224:. 3218:. 3198:. 3190:. 3176:25 3174:. 3168:. 3087:. 3062:. 3056:. 3036:. 3026:49 3024:. 3018:. 2971:. 2889:. 2812:. 2808:. 2788:. 2780:. 2772:. 2756:. 2750:. 2707:. 2681:. 2656:. 2631:. 2603:. 2575:. 2485:^ 2446:^ 2404:^ 2389:^ 2362:^ 2323:^ 2260:^ 2125:^ 2110:^ 2057:^ 2030:^ 2015:^ 1878:^ 1861:^ 1846:^ 1687:^ 1672:^ 1592:it 1582:. 1457:, 1409:. 1354:, 1338:. 1306:. 1077:, 1073:, 1069:, 1065:, 1061:, 1057:, 1053:, 1049:, 1045:, 1041:, 991:. 826:. 590:, 582:it 530:. 490:, 470:. 437:. 334:, 316:: 3313:e 3306:t 3299:v 3285:. 3264:. 3236:: 3206:. 3186:: 3151:. 3126:. 3097:. 3074:. 3064:V 3044:. 3006:. 2981:. 2953:. 2924:. 2899:. 2856:. 2824:. 2796:. 2768:: 2741:. 2717:. 2689:. 2666:. 2641:. 2613:. 2585:. 2557:. 2440:. 1660:. 1437:. 1200:. 805:. 642:( 324:( 312:( 60:)

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